To determine how to correctly write the prefixes pre- and pre-, you need to learn to distinguish what lexical meaning they attach to a particular word. This is in most cases.

Because there are some words that you just need to remember or check in a dictionary.

Prefixes pre- and pre-. Their semantics

1. The prefix pre- means:

a) The highest degree of quality (action) with the meaning "very" or "very". For example: much, exaggerate, elderly.

b) The meaning of the prefix pre- is practically the same as that of the morpheme re-. For example: overcome (overpower), block (block), transform (rebuild).

2. The prefix at- means:

a) adding to something. For example: surcharge, addition.

b) Approaching or being close to something. For example: suburb, coastal.

c) An action occurring at the same time as another action. For example: sing and dance.

d) Incomplete action. For example: open, sit down.

e) The perfect form of the verb, formed from the imperfect, if its meaning does not change. For example: beat-nail, think-think.

More examples

Eloquently testify to the need (for the correct spelling of words) to distinguish what the prefixes pre- and pre- mean, the examples below. To despise (shelter) and despise (consider insignificant, unworthy), arrive (arrive) and stay (locate somewhere), give (add) and betray (change), receiver (device that receives electric current, etc.) and successor ( heir), proceed (start) and transgress (violate), pretend (cover) and transform (realize).

However, there are words in which the prefixes pre- and pre- have an unclear meaning. For example: freedom, neglect, habit, welcome, sentence, adventure, picky, apply, decent, swear. This also applies to words of foreign origin: privilege, drug, president, priority. Their spelling should be checked in a dictionary or memorized. In addition, there is a group of words in which the prefixes pre- and pre- were singled out as a separate morpheme, but now they are not. These include: object, advantage, limit, contradict, pass over, seduce, obstacle, punctuation (signs), bicker, obstacle, satiate, notorious, stumbling, disgust, fastidious, device, order, comely, primitive, decent, take communion, claim , affection, reason.

Spelling: prefixes pre- and pre-

The rule again depends on the semantics of these morphemes.

If you are having difficulty choosing between pre- and pre-, then in this article we will try to collect and summarize all the information related to this topic. First of all, the spelling of the prefixes pre- and depends on the meaning that they carry with their use in each particular case. There are, of course, exceptions, but we will talk about them a little later. If earlier you had difficulties regarding this moment, then after reading the article you will definitely be a little more savvy in the grammar of the Great and Mighty Russian language.

Values

So, what meanings can words with prefixes pre- and pre- carry. First, let's analyze the prefix pri-because it has several semantic loads. Namely:

• Approaching an object, adding some part to something (attach, fasten, run, buy, etc.).
• Completion of any action (to reconcile, cook, teach, etc.).
• Incompleteness of any action or its partial fulfillment (hold, open, sit down, etc.).
• The proximity of objects in space in relation to each other (seaside, coastal, backyard, etc.).
• Also used in verbs with suffixes -iva, -yva (sentence, dance, attach, etc.).

As we can see, the prefix prefix in Russian has many meanings. The prefix has much less of them. But they must also be known and remembered:

• In nouns, it denotes a high degree of quality of the named object or animated person (pretty, amusing, kind, etc.).
• With a verb, the prefix means an action that manifests itself to the highest degree (exaggerate, exalt, succeed, etc.).
• And, finally, if in a word it is close in meaning to (to block, interrupt, refract, etc.).

Thus, in order to be sure that the spelling of the prefix will be correct in a particular word, you need to know exactly its meaning. If you are still not sure what it means, then you can use the explanatory dictionary.

Dahl's or Ozhegov's dictionaries are perfect for this.

Worth remembering

And yet, as in any rule, there are moments that do not obey this very rule. Sometimes the use of the prefixes pre- and pre- may have nothing to do with the meaning of the word. Such words should simply be memorized or their full etymological analysis should be carried out.

In the words that came to us from other languages, the spelling of the prefix should be clarified only with the help of a spelling dictionary. Here are examples of such words: president, primacy, notorious, swear, preamble and many others. Many words imply the use of both prefixes. But depending on the choice and meaning of the word, and possibly the whole phrase, it will change dramatically. For example: bow - bow, transgress - proceed, stay - arrive, receiver - successor and a number of others. Sometimes the prefix, in the course of certain changes, has become part of the root: nature, adventure, invitation.

This rule, like any other, requires a certain amount of time to learn. But, it is worth noting that it is absolutely not necessary to cram it. After all, if your vocabulary is quite extensive, then making a choice between pre- and pre- prefixes in Russian is not at all difficult.

If you still have difficulties, you can try to write a short essay. Choose any topic that interests you and try to use as many of these prefixes as possible in it. And then check yourself with a dictionary or the Internet. And if the result does not suit you, you can do it regularly at some intervals, until the correct prefix is ​​used by itself.

check yourself

And yet the article is aimed at fixing the rules for using the prefixes pre- and pre-. Therefore, we gladly made a selection of words that, in our opinion, may cause difficulties in choosing the right prefix. After reading the article, try to substitute the missing letter in each word from the list below:

Pr_bautka, pr_Amursky, pr_shelets, pr_horn, pr_underneath, pr_zidium, pr_miera, pr_break, pr_serve, pr_parat, pr_ventive, pr_huge, pr_fect, pr_fairy tale, pr_slovous, pr_madonna, pr_burn, pr_lake, pr_feed, pr_passion, pr_torn, pr_ventive, pr_imagination pr_yskurant, pr_vatization.

We hope this article turned out to be really useful and you did 100% with our little test. If suddenly not, then you yourself can find many interesting exercises and tests on the shelves of bookstores or on the Internet.

The spelling of these prefixes is subject to the general rule; both prefixes occur under stress: cf. leash, attack, overtone, whistle, arrived, attached, called and interrupted, betrayed. The application of the general rule requires taking into account the different meanings of these prefixes.

Console at has the following main meanings:

1. proximity, close proximity to something, for example: Primorye, Baltic States, coastal, roadside, frontier, Urals, Volga;

2. approximations, additions, e.g.: to come running, to move, to attach, to attach, to ascribe, to buy;

3. incomplete action, for example: open up, lift up, squat down, cheer up, dampen;

4. bringing an action to a certain result, for example: prepare, accustom, caress, shame, reconcile, try on;

5. in verbs with suffixes -yva (-willow), -wa- the value of the accompanying action, for example: chant, chant, chant.

Console pre in conjunction with adjectives and adverbs denotes a high degree of quality, for example: kind, sweet, obnoxious, obnoxious, calmly, abound. prefix in verbs pre denotes an action that is manifested in a high degree ( exalt, exalt, succeed), or has values ​​close to those of the prefix pen (interrupt, refract, block, endure). In words like to exceed, to surfeit, to surplus, console pre denotes excess, going beyond something.

In some words, the meaning of prefixes pre and at not entirely clear or their isolation is doubtful, e.g.: despise, teach, persecute, present, forward, aged, free, fit, handsome, bizarre, order, hello. The spelling of such words is determined in dictionary order.

E.A. Makovey, teacher of the Russian language, secondary school No. 1 in Adygeysk,
A.I. Arkhipova, Professor of the Kuban State University

§ 2. Spelling prefixes

Console, prefix (from lat. praefixus"attached in front") - part of the word before the root. In Russian words, there can be from 1 to 3 prefixes before the root: tremble, join, open-open. Most Russian prefixes coincide in form and partly in meaning with prepositions (roadless - without a road, verbal - from the verb, from below, from under the brows - from under the forehead), particles (not appearing - not to appear). Among the prefixes of the Russian language there are a number of borrowed ones: a in the meaning of "not", anti - "against", archi - "very", counter - "against", pan - "all", sub - "under", trans - "through" and etc.

2.1. Spelling of invariable prefixes
Most of the prefixes in Russian are invariable, i.e. regardless of the sound in one position or another, they are written in the same way. The spelling of such prefixes should be memorized. See the list of invariable prefixes in the table:

2.2. Spelling of prefixes on ... s - ... s
In Russian, there are prefixes in which letters alternate Z and FROM :
WITHOUT- / WITHOUT-, TIME- / RAS-, WHO- / VOS- (VZ- / VS-), FROM- / IS-, BOTTOM- / NIS-, THROUGH- / THROUGH- (THROUGH- / CHES-)

In .. click; along .. walking; ..do; ra.. burn.

The choice of consonant is carried out according to the following rule:

2.3. Spelling prefixes PRE- and PRI-

Words starting with pre- and at-, have different origins in Russian.
Some came from Latin. In these words, the Latin prefix prae- became part of the Russian root (president, presidium, presumption, predicate, reward, claim, applicant, prefect, precedent, preparation, presentation). The Russian language also borrowed Latin words with a root starting with at (priority, privilege, private).
Others are of Old Slavonic origin. They are characterized by the Slavic prefix pre-, which is often included in the modern root (obstacle, repose, advantage, beautiful). In the language, these words retain their book character.
Finally, many words pre- and at- are of Russian origin.

It is clear that it is impossible to draw up a clear rule for all cases. Therefore, the spelling rule proposed below is suitable mainly for words in which the meaning of the prefix is ​​​​clearly guessed.

2.4. Spelling of vowels in prefixes NE- and NI- in
indefinite and negative pronouns,
pronominal negative adverbs.

Note.The rule applies to words of other parts of speech if they are formed from negative pronouns and adverbs: doing nothing, worthless, worthless, worthless, in a draw.

2.5. Spelling of consonants at the junction of the prefix and the root.

Retelling + tale = retelling (-s-)
race + skaz = story (-ss-)
race + quarrel = quarrel (-ss-)

Remember:calculation (race + even), but: calculate (race + count);
countless (dev + s + even).

In words tear apart, tear apart, ruin write one 3.

To do this, in the Russian language there are four assignments of words, when writing or pronouncing which a person may have problems.

The first is the meaning of adjacency or closeness to something or to something. These are the words: “coastal” (village), “” (site).

The second is or joining something to something. Examples: "come" (to the city), "lean" (against the wall), "glue" (wallpaper).

The third is the meaning of the incompleteness or incompleteness of some action. For example, “close” (the door behind you), “crouch” (entering the door), “embellish” (story).

Fourth - bringing any action to an end. Such words are “shoot” (a sick animal), “invent” (a play).

Cases in which the prefix "pre-" is written

There are two of them in Russian. The first is the meaning of a high degree of quality of something, some action, or something that is close to being combined with the word “very”. For example, the words “nasty” (very nasty, possibly a person), “” (very long, for example, duty), “prevail” (pressure over something).

The second is proximity in its meaning to "re-". Words such as "transform" (change something), "transform" (change something) and "barrier" (blocking something in the way).

All of the above rules have two very important exceptions.

The first of them refers native speakers of the Russian language to the need to distinguish between words that are close in meaning, but different in spelling. Examples: "" (meaning "hate someone or something") and "contemplate" (meaning the provision of shelter), "bending" (for example, kneeling) and "bending" (branches closer to), "enduring" (some then difficulties or misfortunes) and “tolerance” (to some prevailing circumstances), as well as “” (a moment or moment) and “coming” (guest or employee).

The second describes other words that defy all other rules. It includes words in which it has historically merged with the root and is not singled out. For example, “nature”, “reason”, “claim”, “device” and at the same time the words “deceive”, “obstacle”, “contradict”. And also some borrowed words: “presidium”, “preamble”, “drug”, “privilege”, “primitive”, “private” and “priority”, which you just need to remember and memorize.

In case of difficulties with writing the last words, you should refer to the dictionary of the Russian language.