What people of the ancient world founded the city of London?

What Germanic tribes settled in the British Isles? When did it happen? one.

Legend and true story in the history of England.

In the Middle Ages, legends about the brave and mighty King of England Arthur and his associates, the Knights of the Round Table, were widely known.

The knights performed many feats in the fight against wizards, giants and various monsters. These legends formed the basis of many medieval poems and novels. From the tales of King Arthur came the idea of ​​a round table. The round table during negotiations and meetings meant (and still means) the equality and dignity of each participant in the meeting.

Viking brooch in the form of three male heads

Probably, Arthur really existed in the VI century, but he was not a king, but the leader of the Britons - the ancient inhabitants of the island. The Britons were Celts who, long before the Roman Empire, came to the island from Gaul and gave their name to the British Isles. Arthur led the resistance of the Britons against the invasion of Britain from the continent of the Germans - the Angles and Saxons.

For about two centuries the Britons fought for their freedom, but in the end they were either exterminated or pushed back to the western regions of the island, partially turned into dependent people. Part of the Britons returned to the north of Gaul and gave the name to the Brittany peninsula. And on the territory of Britain, the tribes of the Angles and Saxons formed the seven kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxons. They were constantly at odds with each other.

Since the 4th century, missionaries began to arrive in Britain - messengers of the Pope to spread Christianity. Many monasteries were founded on the island. But the transition of the population to Christianity lasted more than one hundred years.

England in the early Middle Ages

What peoples lived in Ai Li before the Germanic invasion (see map on p. 13)? How many Anglo-Saxon kingdoms did England have? Which one was the biggest? Why did the Normans occupy the eastern part of the island?

About the Lands conquered by the Normans in England in the 9th century.

The boundaries of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the 7th century. 2.

Who are the Normans. One day in June 793, the inhabitants of a monastery on an island off North East England saw the sails of unfamiliar ships in the sea. Severe warriors with battle axes in their hands attacked the monastery, robbed it and burned it; some monks were killed, others were taken into captivity.

From that time on, Britain and other European countries were attacked by the Normans ("people of the north") - the northern Germans: Norwegians,

Swedes, Danes.

They inhabited the Scandinavian and Jutland peninsulas, the islands of the North Sea and the western Baltic. Mountain ranges, dense forests, rocky and poor soils - all made Scandinavia unsuitable for agriculture. They were engaged only in river valleys. Cattle were bred on the mountain pastures. The inhabitants of the coastal strip fished, hunted whales and walruses.

Many Scandinavians left their homeland. They went on sea voyages to capture prey or fertile land. The participants of the campaigns called themselves Vikings. The Vikings acted either as robbers, or as booty traders, or as hired warriors, conquerors and settlers. 3.

"God, deliver us from the fury of the Normans!" The attacks of the Normans caught the population of Western Europe by surprise. Seeing from afar their long deckless ships, accommodating up to a hundred people each, under a quadrangular woolen red or striped sail, with frightening carved heads of dragons or snakes on their prows, the inhabitants of the coast hurried to take refuge in the forests. Those who did not have time to hide died under the blows of battle axes or they were taken prisoner and taken away from their native places. Everything that the attackers could not take with them, they burned. People at that time often prayed like this: "God, deliver us from the fury of the Normans!"

From individual attacks on the coast, the Normans moved on to major campaigns. Their leaders camped at the mouths of large rivers, gathered forces here, and then, moving up against the current, penetrated into the interior of the country. Several times the Normans besieged Paris, and attacked other cities of France. Kings had to pay off them with silver.

The Vikings are building a ship. From a 12th century miniature.

The Normans from the east of Scandinavia, known in Russia as the Varangians, made campaigns in Eastern Europe. They reached the upper reaches of the Volga and descended along its course to the Caspian Sea, where they traded with the Arabs and other peoples of the East. Along the Dnieper, the Varangians moved to the Black Sea and reached Constantinople. It was the way from the Varangians to the Greeks. The Varangians, especially the Swedes and Norwegians, often served in Russia as warriors and mixed with the Slavs. From one of their forefront of hotels - Rurik, the princes of Ancient Russia (Rurikovichi) led their family.

Northern bark (with steering oar. Ship in kings. Images on seals X

The Normans were excellent sailors and warriors. But, of course, their Dust successes are mainly due to the weakness of the countries of Europe, torn apart by internecine wars and mutual struggles. four.

The struggle of the Anglo-Saxons with the Normans. Nmhodians from Scandinavia moved en masse to Ireland and East Anglia. The Danes managed to capture a significant part of England, along with the city of London, and to fortify themselves there. The state of the country became desperate.

The struggle of the Anglo-Saxons against the Danes was led by the king of one of the states, Alfred, who was later called the Great (H71-899). He was an educated man and invited scientists to England as a monk from other European countries; at his direction, the first general English collection of laws was compiled.

Vikings on a sea voyage. Modern drawing

|"1| | Describe the Viking ships. What made it possible for them to suddenly attack European settlements?

At first, Alfred suffered defeat from the Danes. He had to hide in the forests with his troops and secretly gather military forces. Along with the militia of the peasants, Alfred created a cavalry army. To defend against the Danes, he built fortresses, built a navy to protect the coast from enemies.

Alfred succeeded in pushing the Danes back across the River Thames, freeing Lon-Siege of the city by the Normans.

Medieval stained glass

Under the successors of Alfred, the Anglo-Saxons subjugated the local Danes, and England united into a single state. But the British were forced to pay tribute to the Normans for many years to come in gold and silver - the so-called Danish money. 5.

Norman states. In the 9th-11th centuries, the kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway were formed in the Scandinavian countries. But for a long time the kings had to tame the rebellious nobility.

At the beginning of the 10th century, one of the Norman detachments managed to gain a foothold in the north of France.

Who was the first European to come to America?

Studying the oral ancient legends of the Scandinavians - sagas, recorded in the XIII century, scientists learned that the inhabitants of Norway became famous in the Norman era for the discovery and settlement of a number of islands in the North-East Atlantic. So, at the end of the 9th century, the settlement of the island of Iceland began (which means "Country of Ice"). Later, the Icelandic Norwegian Eirik the Red reached an unknown land. He liked the valleys, overgrown with thick grass, the abundance of fish in the sea. To attract settlers, Eirik named the island Greenland (that is, "Green Land").

Around the year 1000, Eirik's son Leif the Happy sailed to unknown lands west of Greenland. It was a new continent for Europeans, later named America. But the Scandinavians were not able to gain a foothold here for a long time: these lands were already very far from their homeland, and perhaps the resistance of the local residents, the Indians, also prevented. At that time, the rest of Europe did not learn about the discovery. It was also forgotten by the Scandinavians, and the memory of it was preserved only in the sagas. tions. The territory they occupied became known as the Duchy of Normandy.

Now people from Normandy began to sail in the Mediterranean. Their leaders, having conquered the southern part of Italy and Sicily, united them into a single Sicilian kingdom.

Like many conquerors, the Normans with flint, settling on new lands, stopped robberies and robberies, turned into peaceful people, began to engage in trade and enjoy the benefits of European culture. The Norman warriors adopted the Christian faith and mingled with the locals.

From the 11th century, the campaigns of the Normans to other countries ceased: the European states could already repulse them.

1. List which peoples and states succeeded each other in the destruction of the British Isles. 2. How do the names relate to each other: Norman Normans, Vikings and Varangians? 3. Why did the Vikings leave their native places and make long trips to foreign lands? 4. Why could the Normans keep the population of Europe in fear for a long time? 5. What states in Europe were created by the Normans? 6. What geographical discoveries were made by Scandinavian sailors?

1. What do you think, is Columbus, rather than Leif the Lucky, considered to be the discoverer of America? 2. The Vikings called their ships “horses of the sea”. What meaning did they put into these words? Using the textbook illustrations and additional information from the Internet, make a schematic drawing of the Viking ship, sign the functions of its various parts, equipment and the material from which they were made. 3. What was the similarity between the military reforms of Charles Martel and Alfre, the Great? How can this similarity be explained? 4. With the help of additional literature and Internet resources, make a presentation "The Legend of King Arthur: Fact and Fiction" (6-7 slides).

Summing up

They learned that:

by the 6th century, the states of the Germans were formed on the territory of the Western Roman Empire;

the strongest of the German kingdoms was the kingdom of the Franks, created by Clovis;

in the VIII century, the ruler of the Franks, Charlemagne, created a huge state and was proclaimed emperor;

in the VIII-X centuries, European countries experienced attacks by enemies - Arabs, Normans, Hungarians, who settled some lands in Western Europe;

kings needed a strong army to fight their enemies. They handed out fiefs to their soldiers for service in the cavalry;

in the 9th-11th centuries in Western Europe, the time of feudal fragmentation and the weak power of kings began;

by the beginning of the 9th century in Western Europe and Byzantium, the doctrine and structure of the Christian church had formed, monasteries arose, which became centers of education and culture.

Questions and tasks for chapter I

y 1. Why did the kingdom of the Franks turn out to be more durable than other barbarian states that formed on the lands of the former Western Roman Empire? 2. What trace did the Normans leave in European culture? 3.

Charlemagne called his state "the restored empire." What meaning did he put into these words? Do you consider his empire to be a new state or restored to the former (what?)? 4. What were the reasons for the establishment of feudal fragmentation in Western Europe? Evaluate this period in the history of Europe. 5. Place in chronological order the events of European history of the VI-XI centuries: a) the battle of the army of Charles Martel with the Arabs near the city of Poitiers; b) coronation of Charlemagne in Rome; c) the liberation of London from the Normans by the army of Alfred the Great; d) the baptism of Clovis. 6. What was not in France in the X-XI centuries (choose the correct answers): a) wars between feudal lords; b) uniform royal legislation; c) division of the country into separate fiefs; d) "Palace Academy"?

Creative works and projects

Information project "Medieval monastery". Find information about one of the oldest monasteries in Europe with the help of additional, reference books and online resources. Draw its plan, sign the names of buildings. What made the monastery you chose famous for? What role did he play in the fate of the state in whose territory he was? How did everyday life go on in the monastery and how did its relations develop with the inhabitants of the surrounding villages? Make a conclusion about the role of monasteries in the Middle Ages.

Divide the information into topics, logically arrange the collected material and design the work.

Historical reconstruction "Journey of the Vikings". Write the story of one of the Viking voyages along any of their many routes that you can find on the map. Approximately calculate how long your heroes should have been at sea (using the scale of the map and taking into account the peculiarities of sailing on a sailing and rowing vessel, the need for time to rest). Explain how they navigated the open water during the day and at night.

§ 1.1. The barbarian world is on the move

• How did the states develop in different parts of Western Europe? Set the similarities and differences.
• Why did the kingdom of the Franks turn out to be the most durable compared to other Germanic kingdoms?

The ancient Greeks and Romans regarded as barbarians all foreigners who did not speak Greek or Latin and therefore deserved only a condescending or even contemptuous attitude. Of all the barbarians, the most important role in the fate of the Roman Empire was played by the Germans.

• Find on the map the area of ​​​​settlement of the Germans.

The Germans lived in rare sparsely populated settlements, lost in the forests east of the Rhine, they hunted, were engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding, craft and trade, and fought a lot. The structure of society among the Germans gradually changed. Among the free and equal tribesmen, the most influential people stood out - to know. Important issues in the life of the tribe were decided at the people's assembly. Over time, more and more often the tribe simply approved of the decision that the priests and elders made in advance.

The power of the leaders in peacetime was weak: they could neither order, nor judge, nor legislate. But in wartime, the leader led the tribe. The squad was the true support of the leader. The warriors considered war to be the best of all occupations and always strived for new campaigns and battles. In the event of victory, the leader and squad acquired both fame and rich booty. Death on the battlefield was considered the most worthy. By the 4th-5th centuries, the power of the leaders began to be inherited.

The Germans fought with Rome for many centuries. But gradually the onslaught of the barbarians on the Roman border began to grow, and it was more and more difficult to resist the weakened Rome.

New topic

1 . We have to answer the main question § Why did the kingdom of the Franks turn out to be the most durable compared to other Germanic kingdoms?

Let's remember where the word "barbarian" came from, what it meant. In ancient times, all foreigners who did not speak Greek and Latin were considered barbarians, and the attitude towards them was contemptuous. Of all the barbarians, it was the Germans who played the main role in the fate of the Roman Empire.

Let's look at the map of the territory of their settlement (p. 13). They lived east of the river. Rhine in a wooded area. The main occupations are hunting, agriculture and cattle breeding, crafts and trade. They were militant. We read from. . During wars, the role of leaders increased, the squad being their true support. For the squad, the war was the best occupation, because in case of victory they acquired rich booty and military glory. Therefore, it is natural that the Germans aspired to new campaigns and battles, and they fought with Rome for many centuries.

At the end of the 4th century, the Germanic tribe of the Visigoths took refuge in the territory of the Roman Empire from the onslaught of Asian nomads - the Huns. But the Visigoths behaved quite belligerently, they began to plunder the Roman provinces. Following the Visigoths, many Germanic tribes began to move. This is how it startedThe Great Migration of Peoples - the era of mass movements of tribeswhich ultimately led to the death of the Western Roman Empire.

2 . Remember the date of the collapse of the Roman Empire. 395 - the empire was divided into Western and Eastern. We will talk about the Eastern Roman Empire later, but the age of the Western was short-lived. Already in 410 it was captured by the Visigoths. And in 476 the last Roman emperor was deprived of his power. This event ends the history of the Ancient World.

Gradually, the Germanic tribes settled in the territory of the former Roman Empire. In 418, the Visigoths founded the first Germanic kingdom in southern Gaul, with its capital at Toulouse. Later they also captured the Iberian Peninsula. One after another, new kingdoms arose: the Vandals in North Africa, the Angles and Saxons in Britain, the Burgundians and Franks in Gaul, the Ostrogoths in Italy (show on the map). Before the Germans did not know the state, they lived in a tribal system. And all these formations are attempts to adapt to the new conditions of life in the conquered lands. Those.with the help of the formation of the state, the Germans tried to consolidate their power.Since they did not have their own state traditions, they tried to use Roman traditions. But, as a rule, tribal customs were too strong, which undoubtedly weakened the power of the Germans, and their states turned out to be fragile.

3 . During the Great Migration of Nations, the tribal union of the Franks, who lived along the lower reaches of the Rhine and off the coast of the North Sea, also began to move. Led by the young Franks Clovis who became the founder of the Merovingian dynasty. Under the leadership of Clovis, the Franks conquered a rather vast territory - Gaul. And the Franks faced a big problem - how to manage such a large territory. Clovis from an ordinary leader of a tribe turned into the ruler of a vast country. It is one thing to win, but it is also necessary to keep. It is in this matter that the wisdom of Clovis manifested itself. We read from. 15 (how Clovis ruled the state).

What policy did Clovis pursue? There were ten times fewer Franks than the conquered population. Therefore, each franc received a plot of land, which he cultivated himself. Those. they entrenched themselves on the ground, started their own economy. Clovis generously gave gifts to his associates, and they were ready to recognize that he had much more power than before. Well, the local population, the Gallo-Romans, had no choice but to also recognize his authority.

Now let's talk about the organization of government in the Frankish kingdom. Let's try to make a diagram. "Solely" → king . Royal court, militia(below), squad, counts. That. all threads of control converge to the king. Management functions - the royal court, which was the conductor of the power of the king. At the court were servants and courtiers, part of the squad, which was the military support of the king's power. On the ground, the king's policy was carried out by counts, who were appointed from among his entourage. The royal militia was directly subordinate to the monarch.

A serious step towards strengthening the royal power in the new state was the appearance of the first written collection of laws written on the orders of Clovis - "Salic Truth". The Salic Truth is a unique document that has given historians the opportunity to analyze the economic and social life of the Franks. So Clovis should be thanked very much that it occurred to him to write down these ancient judicial customs.

4 . Clovis strengthened his position by distributing lands, dealt with possible contenders for the throne, strengthened his power with the help of a collection of laws. His next step is the adoption of baptism according to the Roman model, in contrast to other Germans who adopted Arianism. What does it mean? Support for the local population, the church, the local population in the neighboring German states, who did not like their Arians rulers. This made subsequent conquests easier for him. The church became a faithful ally of the Frankish kings, and the Franks and Romans gradually began to merge into one nation.

Now let's remember the main question of today's lesson. Why did the kingdom of the Franks turn out to be the most durable compared to other Germanic kingdoms?

Distribution of lands (fixing on the ground, strengthening the power of Clovis)

A system of government based on strong royal power (among the Ostrogoths - Roman law, the Senate)

Bringing the Romans to Power

Adoption of Christianity according to the Roman model.

What conclusion can be drawn? The use of the heritage of the already non-existent empire contributed to the progress in the historical development of the Germanic peoples.