Rogiznaya Anna
Research work done by a 9th grade student Anna Rogizna on the topic "Mystical prophecies of the Romanov dynasty", which tells about mystical prophecies and coincidences in the history of the Romanov dynasty, associated with the beginning and end of the dynasty.
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Rogiznaya A.N., Khatmulina Ya.A.
Municipal educational institution
secondary school №25, Perm
Mystical prophecies of the Romanov dynasty
In the history of the government of the Russian state known to us, there were two dynasties: the Rurikovichs (862-1598) and the Romanovs (1613-1917). Between them there was a troubled time (1598-1612) non-dynastic kings and after them, when the chairmen ruled.
The origin of the family and the ascension to the throne of the Romanov family is not unambiguous. The history of the Romanov dynasty, both at the beginning and at the end, is associated with a number of mystical predictions and prophecies.
The purpose of this work is to reveal the mystical prophecies associated with the Romanov family. To do this, the following tasks were performed:
- consider the historical conditions of the Romanovs' accession to the throne and the tragic events of the last years of the dynasty;
- prophecy and mystical coincidences of the Romanov dynasty.
Romanovs - an old Russian noble family, were the founders of 17 Russian noble houses. In the first tribe, they had nicknames instead of surnames, which were then replaced by surnames formed from given names. From the fourth generation (Yuri Zakharyevich) they began to be called the Zakharyins-Yuryevs. From Roman Yuryevich - Zakharyin-Romanov. Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin-Romanov (born c. 1503) and his wife, Ulyana Feodorovna, had five children. Of these, the daughter Anastasia Romanovna - the wife of Tsar Ivan the Terrible (1530) and the son - Nikita Romanovich (1531), and his descendant Theodore Nikitich (1560, later St. Patriarch Filaret) already had a surname simply Romanovs. The son of Theodore Nikitich - Mikhail Feodorovich (07/02/1596, died at the age of 49 on his birthday) is the First Tsar of the Romanov Family.
During the reign of Boris Godunov, almost the entire Romanov family was destroyed. The eldest of the Romanov brothers, Theodore Nikitich, was exiled to the Siysky monastery and tonsured under the name of Filaret, his wife was tonsured under the name of Martha and exiled to the Tolvuysky Zaonezhsky churchyard. And the future first Tsar from the Romanov family, Mikhail, was sent to Beloozero in the sixth year of his life. Separated from his parents, who were forcibly tonsured monastics, he grew up in very harsh conditions, undergoing a severe need for clothing and food. The brother of Feodor Nikitich, boyar Alexander, was exiled on a false denunciation to one of the villages of the Kirillo-Belozersky monastery, where he was killed. Another son of Nikita Romanovich, the stolnik Vasily, was martyred in the Trans-Urals, in the town of Pelym, where he and his brother Ivan were kept chained to the wall. Okolnichiy Mikhail Nikitich Romanov was transported to the remote Permian village of Nyrob and starved to death. All the way he was wearing seven-pound shackles, which remained until his death. Michael, a deeply believing man, prayed for his torturers and from the bottom of his heart wished them grace. He resigned himself to the sent fate, did not anger the Lord, and died in prayer. Almost the entire Romanov family was destroyed. Miraculously, only Ivan Nikitich, nicknamed Kasha, survived. He was sick, ill, and Godunov decided that he was not a hindrance to him.
In the cells of the Ipatiev Monastery built in 1583, in the autumn of 1612, young Mikhail Romanov was reunited with his mother, nun Martha. On March 13, 1613, an embassy of the Zemsky Sobor arrived at the monastery, which elected 16-year-old Mikhail as Tsar, headed by the Archbishop of Ryazan Theodoret, the cellar of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery and the boyar Fedoro Ivanovich Sheremetev. On March 14, 1613, a solemn ceremony of calling Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom was performed in the Trinity Cathedral of the Ipatiev Monastery.
The monastery was founded in 1330 at the expense of the Tatar murza Chet, an influential nobleman of the Golden Horde, who was heading through these parts on his way to Moscow to serve the Grand Duke Ivan Kalita. On the way to Kostroma, Chet chose an oak grove for recreation. While resting, he had a vision of the Mother of God with the Apostle Philip and Hieromartyr Hypatius, after which he was healed of some kind of illness. In gratitude to God, a monastery was soon founded on this place.
Hieromartyr Hypatius was the bishop of the city of Gangra in Paphlagonia (Asia Minor). In 325, he took part in the First Ecumenical Council in Nicaea, where the heresy of Arius was anathematized. When in 326 Saint Hypatius was returning from Constantinople to Gangry, he was attacked in a deserted place by the followers of the schismatics Novatus and Felicissimus. The heretics wounded him with swords and clubs and threw him from the high bank into the swamp. Like the First Martyr Archdeacon Stephen, Saint Hypatius prayed for those who killed him. One Arian woman hit the saint on the head with a stone, and he died. The murderers hid the body of the martyr in a cave. It was discovered by a peasant, who identified the body of the bishop, and the inhabitants of Gangra honorably buried the relics of their beloved archpastor. After his death, the relics of St. Hypatius were glorified by numerous miracles.
For a long time Hieromartyr Hypatius was especially revered in the Russian land. This monastery subsequently occupied a significant place in the spiritual and social life of our people, especially during the Time of Troubles.
The glorious House of Romanovs, reigning successively for more than three hundred years, bestowed on the glory of Russia and on the fear of its enemies the Great Tsars: the Quietest Alexei, who connected Little and White Russia with Great (Moscow) Russia; Great Peter, who "cut through" a window to Europe and raised Russia to the Empire; Great Catherine, who brought Russia to the Black Sea and returned to her her ancient heritage - Western Russia; Blessed Alexander, who reflected "twelve languages", passed through all of Europe and annexed Poland and Finland to Russia; wise Nicholas I; Alexander the Liberator; Alexander the Peacemaker, Nicholas II, who strengthened the national currency, raised exports, built railways and parliament. And his brother Michael II, who did not have time to show himself as king.
Tsesarevich Alexander Alexandrovich had four sons (Nikolai (May 6, 1868), Alexander (May 20, 1869), George (1870) and Mikhail (10/22/1878)) and two daughters (Xenia (March 25, 1875) and Olga (1.6.1882)). All children were required to be truthful and honest. Since Nicky was to become the heir, special attention was paid to him, as well as to his brother George, as the future crown prince (Alexander died in infancy).
The mother's favorite child was Nikolai (Niki), and his father's was Mikhail (Mishuk). The king allowed him such pranks that other children rarely got away with.
The young Grand Duke led an ordinary life for St. Petersburg high society, and until 1917 he attracted everyone's attention to himself only once, secretly entering into a scandalous morganatic marriage.
On December 15 (28), 1912, the tsar signed a decree to the Governing Senate on the transfer of Mikhail Romanov's property to custody, on December 30 (January 12), the title of "ruler of the state" was removed from him. Mikhail was forced to live abroad as a private individual.
Sensing the imminence of the war, in 1913 from Austria-Hungary, he moved with his family to England and settled in Knebworth Castle, near London. Only the beginning of the war and the intervention of the mother who forgave her son softened Nicholas II. In 1914, Mikhail, his wife and son arrived in St. Petersburg, custody of the property was removed, and Natalia Sergeevna was granted the title of Countess Brasova. Soon, Mikhail Romanov, with the rank of major general, left for the front, where he commanded first the so-called "wild division", and later the 2nd cavalry corps. For distinction in battles, he was awarded the St. George Cross.
Some are inclined to accuse Michael of behind-the-scenes intrigues against the reigning brother, is this the case for competent researchers to judge. But the documents show that if anyone was capable of intrigue, then it was the wife of the Grand Duke, Countess Brasova. Michael himself was too soft.
The newly elected Tsar (Mikhail Feodorovich) was sworn in and signed the Letter. Our forefathers, the compilers of the Charter, expressing the conciliar will of the Russian people, vowed for themselves and for their descendants to faithfully serve the Tsar they had chosen - Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov, the ancestor of the rulers in Russia, and all the Tsars, from generation to generation. ...
The curse of the forefathers will fall both on those who break the vow and on their offspring. A clan that has broken the oath will be wiped out by sin from the earth in several generations - if it does not repent. For I am the Lord your God, a jealous God, punishing children for the guilt of their fathers to the third and fourth generation (Ex. 20:5). During the reign of Paul 1, the far-sighted monk Abel lived in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, who predicted the fate of the Romanov family. During the reign of Alexander I, the elder Seraphim of Sarof told about the decline and the murders of the last kings. “Your generation will last three hundred years and three years. It began in the Ipatiev house and will end in the Ipatiev house. It began with Michael and will end with Michael, etc.” John of Kronstadt had a dream in 1908, where Seraphim of Sorofsky told him about the next massacre.
Grigory Rasputin, taking advantage of the illness of the Tsarevich, he pressed and threatened the Empress "The heir is alive while I am alive", "My death will be your death." A few days before his death, he sent a letter to the king with an unpleasant message. I will soon be killed, this cannot be avoided, but if it is completely by the people of the royal family, the days of your reign are numbered. Your entire race will be destroyed forever and ever.
There is another interesting fact. The murder of the royal family looks like ritual mockery and a mystical juggling of facts:
The dismemberment of corpses and the incompleteness of skeletons (the ritual dismemberment of a corpse is described in the Old Testament, in the book of Judges: “I took my concubine, cut her up and sent her into all areas of Israel's possession”);
Burial with a dog (for ritual desecration); preliminary dumping into the mine and into the water instead of burial in the ground (ritual burial of the "unworthy": they say, the victim is unworthy of a regular burial);
Rituality in number 12, mysticism of numbers: 12 executioners kill 12 victims, but in the likeness of 12 apostles or 12 tribes of Israel. In "Yurovsky's Note": "in total 12 people were shot" (the truth about the Yekaterinburg tragedy, p. 20), although 11.0 were shot, that supposedly 12 people were shot. 12 people were preparing for execution, but one boy was released, and 11 remained. However, when the time came for Golgotha, Christ offering Himself on the cross, and 11 apostles remained, one, Judas Iscariot fell away; recognition of some rituality of events by the criminals themselves.
July 17, 1918, the beginning of the First World War August 1, 1914 - the eve of the 9th ABA is the blackest day in the history of the Jewish people, the 1st and 2nd Jerusalem churches were destroyed,
23 steps in the Ipatiev Monastery, when Michael I was called and 23 steps to the basement in the Ipatiev House,
23 years of the reign of Nicholas II;
Assassination attempt on Nicholas II 7 days before his 23rd birthday. The number 23 is a cabalistic symbol of completion.
After studying the topic of literary research, the following conclusions can be drawn:
- Before ascending the throne, the Romanov family (17th century) was almostdestroyed, only Mikhail and his sick uncle Ivan Nikitich remained.
- At the end of the reign of this dynasty, it was again practically destroyed, all that remained later formed Morganist marriages (after such marriages, children are not heirs to the throne), except for Kirill Vladimirovich and his descendants (
The topic is vast, there is a huge potential for learning. I would like to further consider the patterns of undulating bursts in this family. Periodic regicides and what they are connected with. It is possible to find out what the curse was and by whom it was imposed on the family.
In issue "B" for May 15, an interview was published with the deputy director of the Republican Center for Forensic Medical Examination of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Professor Yuri Pigolkin, in which he states: genetic examination and other forensic analyzes have proved that the remains of the royal family found near Yekaterinburg are genuine . It would seem, what can you say against genetics? But today we acquaint the reader with an opinion no less convincing, and fundamentally not coinciding with both the position of physicians and the position of the government. Our interlocutor is a recent guest of Vladivostok, director of the Yekaterinburg Institute of History and Archeology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Veniamin Alekseev. Veniamin Vasilyevich is the author of the book “The death of the royal family: myths and reality”. For the last 10 years, the scientist has been researching this problem, he is a member of the government commission for the burial of the remains, he has studied more than 50 serious special scientific papers on this topic, published in different years abroad, thousands of sheets of archival documents, including from closed and super-closed, as the historian himself says, the archives of the KGB. These documents were published in the book, and all the theoretical background allows Veniamin Alekseev to say today: “The death of the family of the last tsarist emperor is one of the most amazing, but still unsolved mysteries of the 20th century.”
Veniamin Vasilievich, a modern citizen of Russia will not surprise you with the most cynical murder. Well, why is there such a burning interest in the events of 80 years ago?
You are right, only one night - from July 16 to July 17, 1918, and for so many years it excites the minds of scientists, politicians, citizens of many countries of the world. Exaggerated? By no means!
I would name 3 aspects of this interest. The first is "dynastic". Be that as it may, the Romanovs are a royal dynasty, and the question remains whether any of its representatives have survived. Who can claim the Russian throne? Say it's absurd. But, excuse me, in England the king was executed, the queen still reigns, in France the king was executed, the Bourbons returned. A very recent example in Spain: after Franco Philip came? Came. And such conversations are also being held in relation to Russia.
In Yekaterinburg last year, a Moscow historian, Doctor of Science, spoke at a scientific conference, who spent an hour and a half analyzing the act of Paul I on succession to the throne, from which it follows that Maria Vladimirovna, who now lives in Spain, is the legitimate heir to the throne, and most importantly, her son George is the legitimate heir to the Russian throne.
A couple of years ago, Nicholas III was crowned near Moscow. All this is heard as if from afar, no serious importance is attached to this against the background of today's Russian problems, but the question exists!
The second aspect: everything that concerns the last Russian emperor is a serious political issue. How does the school teacher habitually present the situation? The emperor abdicated. And it wasn't that easy, after all. It is still not clear why it happened, who or what made him do it? And then: the most powerful monarch of Europe turned out to be the most defenseless!
Here's a stroke: in Europe from 1938 to 1970 there was a trial - mind you, the longest trial in the history of Europe - Anna Anderson tried to prove that she was the royal daughter Anastasia. The court sat for 32 years and did not come to the conclusion that she was the king's daughter, but did not come to the conclusion that she was NOT the king's daughter.
When I was in Copenhagen, an influential person, in gratitude for my research in this area, offered: “Is there anything I can do for you?” “Very simply,” I said, “it is known that Anna Anderson’s court files are in the Danish Royal Archives, help me get acquainted with them.” “There is nothing easier,” said the lady, “the royal archivist is my friend.” But the next day, I was denied the issuance of documents. It turned out that the Danish queen wrote a resolution on the documents: to keep it in strict confidence until 2060.
So, there is something to classify there, there are moments that are inconvenient for the reigning persons? And the fact is that during the trials, many questions of world politics of such a magnitude were splashed out, which are not yet allowed to be declassified. And one can only speculate.
Well, in fact, why the English king refused to accept Nicholas II, he seemed to want to - the parliament objected, and then the parliament agreed - the king refused ... The German Kaiser, a relative, after all, also tried to somehow help - did not help. In short, all the royal houses of Europe are involved in this very unseemly matter.
And now, when the English queen told Gorbachev that she would not deal with Russia until she was explained what was done to her relative, the Russian emperor, this is just a pose, because it was the English court that did nothing at the time to save king...
We lament: the matter is confused. But the confusion in his investigation began a week after the execution, when the Reds left Yekaterinburg, and the White Guard officer Malinovsky began the first investigation. Soon he ended his days, then two more investigators ended their days, Sokolov - a classic of this investigation - died in Paris under unclear circumstances. Everyone who touches this matter ends badly.
Is it mystic?
No, I'm a realist. This is just evidence that the matter concerns too much world politics. The Reds confused him, destroying the traces of the crime, he was confused by the white investigation. But I must frankly say that the current investigation confuses him even more.
The third aspect is economic. The point is this. In January 1917, Nikolai Alexandrovich, feeling that the throne was shaking under him, sent 5.5 tons of gold to England, they were put on his account. Provided that only blood relatives can use this gold. This gold is still in the English bank. Can you imagine what a huge percentage it has acquired? These are billions of dollars. Whose money is this? A family that has died out, and they must be transferred to the successor state, or will there still be a representative of the Romanov family? Here's an economic question for you.
And there are contenders for consanguinity, as you know. For example, a certain prince Aleko, who until recently lived in Spain, sent 3 volumes of documents to the commission, in which he proved that he was the grandson of the king’s daughter, Maria, that Maria had managed to avoid execution, left for Europe, died in France. Some documents, admittedly, are doubtful, but a number of such that one can only shrug: they seem to be genuine. Another thing is curious: Prince Aleko said that if Russia recognizes him as the legitimate heir, he will immediately sign documents on the issuance of all the gold to Russia. And the situation turned around. The prince was soon shot dead ...
Veniamin Vasilievich, immediately after the government commission made its decision on January 30, 1998, you expressed your “dissenting opinion”. What is it?
I wrote that I recognize and appreciate the work of my colleagues - investigators, forensic experts, ballistics, genetics. But this is a historical event, and it cannot be interpreted as yesterday's murder. It is impossible to solve this problem without historical documents! The results of all examinations carried out must be confirmed by historical documents, they simply must fit together, forming a coherent picture of the event. And in a number of cases they completely contradict each other. And therefore I insist that a historical examination should also be carried out.
Here's an example for you. Kolchak's investigator Sokolov, one of the most authoritative in this problem in the West, said that the whole family had been shot, cut into pieces and burned, the ashes were hidden. Everything, nothing left. Then the question arises: what are we going to bury now in the Cathedral of St. Petersburg? Well, Sokolov could be mistaken, but it is necessary to investigate this, compare the documents of his investigation - they are, these are 9 volumes delivered in 1945 from the Nazi Reich Chancellery.
Yet this question is now being raised seriously. In Moscow, I was invited by Patriarch Alexy II, we talked for 45 minutes, and when I presented my point of view to him, he said: “Yes, this is very convincing. Moreover, - he added, - a lot of commissions worked at different times, they did a lot, but they could be wrong, and your commission could be wrong. But the Orthodox Church in the 1000-year history of Christianity in Russia has never been mistaken in its saints. But in the West, Nicholas and his family have been declared saints, and our church is preparing for canonization.” The patriarch ended the conversation like this: “Until you scientists prove the authenticity of these remains, I will not wave the censer at the funeral.”
And when the commission announced that the remains were royal and should be buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral, the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church decided that it did not recognize these remains, it was written there - Yekaterinburg remains, and that the Orthodox Church would not participate in these funerals. But it is still necessary to bury these remains, only in a symbolic grave-monument. There is a caveat: if someday it is nevertheless proved that these are the royal remains, they can be transferred to St. Petersburg.
It is curious that a day after the decision of the government commission, Metropolitan Vitaly of East, America and New York made a statement that the true remains of the royal family were kept immured in the walls of the temple of Job the Long-suffering in Brussels, and that in 1936 he was present at the laying of these relics in the temple . And the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad recognized these relics as saints.
What are your main arguments where the facts disagree the most?
Let's start with the fact that in no country in the world a decision is made only on the basis of genetic examination, all possible evidence must be collected. This is an axiom of legal practice.
Next, I will give a number of facts that make me seriously doubt the authenticity of the remains. But first, let's go back a bit to history. In the West, a book by the Soviet dissident Felshtinsky “Brest Peace” was published, where there is such a remark: the Brest Peace was signed not only by a Soviet diplomat, but also by Nicholas II. What did it mean? Yes, the fact that the Germans did not believe in the reliability of the power of the Bolsheviks, they needed the signature of the king. And they got it? And here's the thing: from Tobolsk to Yekaterinburg, the Romanov family was not taken all at once, but only with his wife and daughter, the rest were left. What for? They said the boy was sick. Or maybe the disease has nothing to do with it? I am firmly convinced that the family should have been broken up. To put pressure on the king?
Another fact: there are no documents of the Politburo and the Cheka of the period from May 18, 1918 until 1919, not a single one, as if they were not preserved. I can't believe they are nowhere! In the textbooks they wrote: the tsar was shot by order of Lenin. Well, nonsense, I'm sorry. Lenin perfectly understood what it meant to sign the verdict to the imperial family, and even together with the children. Then it was a collective decision. Whose?
Now back to the facts that make you doubt. The entire world press writes about one of them: the infamous bone callus. About 4 years ago I found such a document in the Moscow archive. On November 18, 1918, the Sokolov investigation in one of the Yekaterinburg cemeteries discovered 2 corpses, by all indications - the sovereign and the heir. But for reliability, they found and brought for identification the personal doctor of the imperial family Derevenko, who carried the heir in his arms. He looked, said, "Yeah, obviously he is." And then he felt his head and said: “No!” The following is written in the protocol by his hand: “The corpse of the sovereign-emperor can be found only by the callus on the temple - a trace from the blow of a Japanese saber during his stay in Japan.” It was indeed a major wound that a policeman inflicted on Tsarevich Nikolai in Japan in 1891, 4 large arteries were severed and a section of bone 2.5 cm long was cut out. The wound could not but leave a trace.
And on the remains, which were investigated by the state commission, this bone callus is not! Doctors refer to the fact that the remains supposedly lay so long that the fragments were burned by acid, which was poured over the corpses ... For 29 years, the tsar's personal doctor probed the callus, and then suddenly it disappeared.
There is another piece of evidence. In 1978, Yekaterinburg local historians Avdonin and Ryabov discovered the alleged royal remains and dug up 3 skulls. In a backpack - and taken to Moscow. There they showed one forensic expert, he concluded - and it was published - that on one of the skulls "a callus can be traced." Then the remains were again interred. But the question arises: which skull was presented then and which - now?
The conclusion is this: it is necessary to close the circle of evidence, those historical facts about which I spoke must either be refuted or confirmed. But this question cannot be left half-resolved.
If later it turns out that it is not the remains of the imperial family that are buried, it will be the greatest shame for Russia.
June 7th, 2016 01:24 pm
The reign of the Romanov dynasty began with the demonstrative execution of a three-year-old child and ended with the execution of an entire family. Between these atrocities lay centuries full of wild and unbridled scenes. Conspiracies, torture, murder, betrayal, lust and orgies - remember the known facts and be surprised at what you did not know.
Mikhail Fedorovich (from 1613 to 1645)
The first of the Romanovs was crowned king at the age of 16, and at that time he could hardly read. The following year, by his decree, the three-year-old son of Marina Mnishek, allegedly the grandson and heir of Ivan the Terrible, to whom individual cities managed to swear allegiance, was hanged in Moscow. This was after the heavy Troubles, and the fear of new possible impostors forced the competitor to be eliminated publicly.
Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1676)
The father of the future Emperor Peter the Great was a religious maniac, sometimes he prayed for six hours in a row and cracked down on those who missed church services: without asking about the reasons, he ordered them to be thrown into an icy river.
Peter I (1682-1725)
Lifetime portrait of 44-year-old Peter, artist Antoine Pen:
Many terrible scenes are described in history, when Peter showed himself to be violent, inhumanly cruel and inadequate to the point of madness. Here are just some of the facts. Shooting executions. 26-year-old Peter himself cut off heads in front of a huge crowd and forced each of his retinue to take up an ax (unless the foreigners refused, justifying themselves by the fact that they were afraid to incur the hatred of the Russians). Mass executions actually turned into a grand show: the crowd was poured free vodka and it roared with delight, expressing devotion and love to the dashing sovereign. In a drunken stupor, the king immediately invited everyone who wanted to be the executioners, and many agreed.
"Morning of the Streltsy Execution", Vasily Surikov:
Death of Tsarevich Alexei. Acutely in conflict with his eldest son, Peter forced him to abdicate and began to zealously investigate his misdeeds, for which he specially created the Secret Chancellery. 28-year-old Aleksey was sentenced to death for treason and, after the verdict, he was tortured in prison: in the presence of his father, he received 25 lashes with a whip. According to some reports, he died from this. And Peter the next day feasted noisily, with an orchestra and fireworks, on the occasion of the anniversary of the Battle of Poltava.
"Peter I interrogates Tsarevich Alexei in Peterhof", Nikolai Ge:
Execution of a mistress. The next year, Peter sent his former mistress, one of the most beautiful ladies-in-waiting at court, Maria Hamilton (Gamontova), to the chopping block, having learned that she twice provoked miscarriages and strangled the third baby. Although at that time she was already living with another, the king, apparently, suspected that the children could be from him, and was furious at such "murder". At the execution, he behaved strangely: he raised the severed head of Mary, kissed it and calmly began to lecture the people on anatomy, showing the organs affected by the ax, after which he again kissed the dead lips, threw his head into the mud and left.
"Maria Hamilton before her execution", Pavel Svedomsky:
Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740)
The niece of Peter I, like himself, was a big hunter for entertainment with the participation of dwarfs and "fools" - court jesters. If many of them really were distinguished by their wit, then the inventions of the Empress herself, which led her into stormy fun, were rather obscene. Once, for example, one of her favorites, the Italian violinist Pietro Miro, nicknamed Pedrillo (Petrillo, Petrushka), laughed off an attempt to ridicule his ugly wife, saying that his “goat” was pregnant and would soon bring “kids”. It immediately occurred to Anna Ioannovna to put him to bed with a real goat, dressed for laughs in a peignoir, and to force the whole yard to bring them presents. Pedrillo, who pleased his mistress, enriched himself by several thousand rubles on that day alone. “Jesters at the court of Empress Anna Ioannovna”, Valery Jacobi (Pedrillo on the left, depicted with a violin, in the center of the picture in a yellow caftan, the famous jester Balakirev jumps above all):
The Empress generally adored all sorts of obscenities, especially gossip and stories of a pornographic nature. Knowing this, specially selected girls were sent to the court, capable of conducting such conversations and inventing more and more stories with juicy details.
Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1762)
The daughter of Peter I from childhood was known as a beauty and only did what she had fun, but she took care of her own appearance, remaining almost uneducated. She never read, and even as an adult she did not know that Great Britain is an island. Most of all, Elizabeth was occupied with masquerades and especially the so-called "metamorphoses", where all the ladies had to appear in men's clothes, and men in women's. Moreover, the empress was convinced that her court rivals had ugly legs and that in men's leggings everyone except her made themselves a laughingstock. One of her successful rivals, the lady of state Natalya Lopukhina, who was considered a beauty, Elizabeth "mercifully" saved from the death penalty, ordering instead to be whipped, her tongue torn out and exiled to Siberia. Officially, Lopukhina was arrested and tortured in the case of a political conspiracy, but unofficially it was the empress's revenge for repulsed cavaliers and ridicule in her youth.
Natalya Fedorovna Lopukhina, engraving by Lavrenty Seryakov:
Finally, Elizabeth doomed to a terrible existence the legitimate heir to the throne, appointed before her death by Anna Ioannovna. Emperor Ivan VI was only a year and a half old when Peter's daughter staged a coup and secretly ordered him to be thrown into prison, forever separating him from his parents and protecting him from human contact. The “famous prisoner,” as he was called after the strictest ban on mentioning his name, was stabbed to death by guards at the age of 23, already under Catherine II.
Catherine II (1762-1796)
33-year-old Catherine overthrew and arrested her own husband and second cousin Peter III, with whom relations did not work out from the very beginning. They were married when she was 16 and he was 17. According to one version, he was infantile almost to the point of dementia and avoided marital duty for 9 years, allegedly not knowing what to do in bed with a woman. According to another version (and Catherine admitted this in biographical notes), he did not love her and did not make attempts to get closer. At the same time, he openly made mistresses and even planned to marry one, but died under unclear circumstances 10 days after the deposition.
Coronation portrait of Emperor Peter III, Lucas Conrad Pfanzelt:
Meanwhile, the unfortunate marriage made Catherine herself the greatest mistress on the Russian throne. She gave birth to her first child, the future Emperor Paul I, only 10 years after the wedding, which gave rise to rumors that he was not from Peter, although he looked like him. From different lovers, the empress had two more children, and she gave birth to one in complete secrecy from her husband - in order to distract the emperor and take him away from the palace, her faithful valet set fire to her own house.
Modern painting "The Triumph of Catherine", Vasily Nesterenko (on the right hand of the Empress, her famous favorite Prince Grigory Potemkin)
The “lecherous empress” brought her last favorite at the age of 60: it was the 21-year-old nobleman Platon Zubov, whom she enriched inexpressibly and who, five years after her death, participated in the murder of her son Paul I.
Platon Aleksandrovich Zubov, artist Ivan Eggink:
Alexander I (1801-1825)
The 23-year-old grandson of Catherine came to power as a result of a conspiracy against his own father: he was convinced that if Paul was not overthrown, he would destroy the empire. At the same time, Alexander did not allow the murder, but the performers - officers flushed with champagne - decided otherwise: in the middle of the night they struck the emperor with a powerful blow to the temple with a golden snuffbox and strangled him with a scarf. Alexander, having learned about the death of his father, sobbed, and then one of the main conspirators said in French: “Enough childishness, go reign!” Alexander II (1855-1881)
Having ascended the throne, Alexander, who had previously lived in a happy marriage with many children, began to have favorites, from whom, according to rumors, he had illegitimate children. And at the age of 48, he began to secretly meet with the 18-year-old Princess Katya Dolgorukova, who years later became his second wife.
Their extensive erotic correspondence has been preserved - perhaps the most frank on behalf of the head of state: “Waiting for our meeting, I am again trembling all over. I represent your pearl in the shell"; “We possessed each other the way you wanted. But I must confess to you: I will not rest until I see your charms again ... "
Drawing of the emperor: nude Ekaterina Dolgorukova
Nicholas II (1894-1917)
The most terrible secret was and remains the death of the family of the last Russian emperor.
For many years after the execution in the basement without trial, the Soviet authorities lied to the whole world that only Nikolai was killed, and his wife, four daughters and son were alive and well and "transported to a safe place where nothing threatens them." This gave rise to popular rumors about the allegedly saved princesses and Tsarevich Alexei and contributed to the emergence of a huge army of impostor adventurers. In 2015, at the insistence of the Church, the investigation into the death of the royal family began "from scratch." A new genetic examination has confirmed the authenticity of the remains of Nicholas II, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna and the three Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatyana and Anastasia, found near Yekaterinburg in 1991 and buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. Reconstructed from the remains of the faces of Nicholas II and Princess Anastasia:
Then they began to compare them with the genetic materials of Alexei and Maria, found in 2007. The timing of their burial depends on the readiness of the Church to recognize the remains.
One of the greatest tragedies of the 20th century is the death of the family of Emperor Nicholas II. We can state with a sigh: "The time was like that." But researchers inclined towards the irrational are convinced that the execution in Yekaterinburg is not at all the result of an unfortunate combination of circumstances, but only the last link in a chain of bloody and terrible events with mystical overtones...
TIME, DATE, PLACE
Take, for example, strange coincidences and inexplicable causal relationships in the life of the Romanov dynasty. Its founder, Filaret (Fyodor) Romanov, the father of Tsar Michael, was tonsured at the Ipatiev Monastery. Nicholas II and his family were shot in the basement of the Ipatiev house in Yekaterinburg.
For Emperor Nicholas II, the number 17 became unlucky. The revolution, which deprived him of power, and then of his life, took place in 1917 ... Another fatal figure for him is 23. He reigned for 23 years. 23 steps led to the basement, where the execution of the royal family took place...
WAITING FOR REVENGE
The election to the kingdom of Mikhail Romanov was preceded by cruel crimes - the murder in Uglich of the heir to the Rurik family, Tsarevich Dimitri: the violent, in all likelihood, death of Boris Godunov; the execution of two Azhedmitriev and, finally, the brutal murder of a four-year-old child - the son of Marina Mnishek and False Dmitry II, the "Tushinsky thief".
Three hundred years of the reign of the new dynasty turned into a nightmare of conspiracies, coups, assassinations and atrocities. Peter I almost died in childhood at the hands of the conspirators. He ordered his son, Tsarevich Alexei, to be killed because he dared to go against his father. Elizaveta Petrovna, his daughter, came to power through the head of the legitimate heir, Ivan Antonovich, who died in captivity. Catherine II took the throne from her husband Peter III, who was also killed on her orders. Paul I was strangled with the consent of Alexander's own offspring, who subsequently died himself ...
It was said among the people that all this was not without reason, the Romanovs were angered by the Higher powers, they would not live on the throne. Therefore, the Russian rulers have always been kind to various prophecies and predictions ...
A SERIES OF PROPHECIES
When the future Tsar Alexander II was born, his mother turned to the famous holy fool Fedor with a request to predict the fate of her son. The holy fool replied: "He will be powerful, glorious and strong, he will be one of the greatest sovereigns of the world, but he will still die in red boots."
Once, one of the novices of the Sergius Hermitage, who at times suffered from a mental breakdown, came to a bakery, suddenly grabbed a poker, heated it in the oven, then rushed into the chambers of the archimandrite, where a full-length portrait of the sovereign hung, and with a red-hot poker burned the emperor's legs to the knees.
14 years later, a Narodnaya Volya member Grinevitsky threw a bomb at the feet of the tsar on the embankment of the Catherine Canal. Alexander's legs were shattered to the knees, blood was flowing through them ("red boots"!). Soon he died without regaining consciousness... Back in the reign of Alexander I, Elder Iliodor from the Glinskaya Hermitage had visions about the future of Russian monarchs. It was revealed to him that after the current tsar, Nicholas would take the throne (although the next brother in seniority was the Grand Duke Constantine), then Alexander, whose life would be cut short by a crime, and after him another Alexander (Alexander III), who was destined to reign for a short time, and for him Nicholas (Nicholas II), and with the end of the reign of this latter, the world will plunge into darkness. And this will be connected with the arrival of a great sinner, posing as God (Lenin?) ...
In 1891, while traveling around Japan, the future Emperor Nicholas II visited the blind soothsayer Terakuto. What he heard from the blind man was by no means comforting: he said that the whole family of Nicholas was in for a martyr's death, and Russia - "great sorrows and upheavals." In addition, Terakuto warned the prince about the impending assassination attempt on him: "Danger hovers over your head, but death will recede and the cane will be stronger than the sword ... and the cane will shine with brilliance."
A few days later, in Kyoto, a Japanese struck Nicholas on the head with a saber, but the wound turned out to be harmless. Prince George of Greece, who was present, hit the attacker with a bamboo cane, which saved the life of the heir. When Nicholas and George returned to Russia, Emperor Alexander III ordered that a frame of gold and diamonds be made for the prince's cane. So the blind man's prophecy came true...
During the coronation of Nicholas II in Moscow, on the Khodynka field, tragic events took place: a terrible stampede began during the distribution of gifts, there were many dead and wounded. This was a bad omen. Mindful of the predictions made by Iliodor and Terakuto, the king tried to find out details about the future for himself and his family.
The once famous seer Abel left a sealed message in the Gatchina Palace, which was to be opened at the appointed time by the ruling Russian emperor. This term expired March 12, 1901.
On that day, in the morning, Nikolai and his wife Alexandra Fedorovna, in a cheerful and lively mood, went to Gatchina, where they were to open the casket with the cherished letter. They returned in sadness and thoughtfulness. Since then, according to the testimony of those close to him, the emperor has repeatedly mentioned 1918 as a kind of fatal milestone for the Romanov family. What was contained in the mysterious letter? Nobody knew this...
Nikolai often repeated that unprecedented suffering and trials awaited their family and Russia. This premonition (or knowledge!) was also confirmed by Blessed Paraskeva Sar o v ekaya, who also predicted the birth of an heir to the king and queen, the beginning of the First World War, and much more.
It is not surprising that Grigory Rasputin also gained such influence over the royal family. No matter how charlatan he may be considered, Rasputin's visionary abilities are beyond doubt. So, he dissuaded the tsar from taking Stolypin with him to Kyiv: "they will kill him there." The tsar did not listen, and one of the most talented Russian politicians died without completing his progressive reforms.
Rasputin told the queen: “As long as I am alive, nothing will happen to you. If I don't exist, you won't either." Two months after the murder of this amazing man, Nicholas II was overthrown from the throne, and a year later his family was destroyed by the Bolsheviks who came to power. Rasputin's prediction came true, like many other ominous prophecies about the powers that be...
"SHAMANIC ILLNESS" OF THE EMPRESS
Some of these "powerful ones" themselves possessed remarkable visionary abilities. They say that the last Russian Empress Alexandra Feodorovna was subject to bouts of the so-called shamanic disease, during which she awakened the gift of clairvoyance.
Shortly before leaving for Russia, where Princess Alice of Darmstadt was to be married to the Tsarevich, the future Emperor Nicholas II, she had a seizure. The empress subsequently told a narrow circle of close associates about the vision that had visited her. And she dreamed of her fiance, dressed in a long white shirt. On his head was a crown. He sat on the goats of the carriage and tried to drive the horses. But they did not feel the reins, they rushed, not making out the road, knocking down passers-by who came across on the way. There was a trail of blood behind the carriage. The king could not stop her. But two strangers blocked the way for the crew - a young girl in a black veil and a pockmarked bearded man in a simple village shirt loose. Alix was struck by the peasant's eyes - there was something bestial, wild in them.
Later, the Empress recognized the girl from an old dream in the young Anna Taneeva (in marriage - Vyrubova). At one of the balls, Anya was introduced to the Empress. Alexandra brought her closer to her, made her a maid of honor ... Once, with the assistance of Anna, a Siberian monk-sorcerer with crazy eyes, Grigory Rasputin, was brought to the emperor. He turned out to be a peasant, then, in a dream, stopping the royal carriage. The guest claimed that he could help Tsarevich Alexei, who suffered from hemophilia.
Both - Rasputin and Vyrubova - became the most trusted persons of the queen. She hoped that they would really help save the royal house, save Russia from desecration.
However, 1918 was the last year for the Romanovs. And again, like three hundred years ago, an innocent youth, Tsarevich Alexei, perished. Whether the Romanovs were overtaken by a well-deserved retribution, or simply the whole history of mankind consists of cycles of endless repetitions - we don’t know about that ...
According to news agencies
The accession to the Russian throne of the Romanov family was accompanied by evil and mystical events. Death at the hands of Godunov of almost all relatives of the future king, after - the curse of Marina Mnishek, who died in captivity, whose three-year-old son was hanged in the first years of Michael's reign.
Mystery of the Romanovs
Archpriest Avvakum, who cursed the son of Mikhail Romanov, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich the Quietest, before his execution. The beginning of a series of bloody destinies was laid. After there were Peter I, who was popularly called the "devil", and Paul I, who foresaw his murder. The mysterious death of Alexander I and the appearance of the elder Fyodor Kuzmich. Grigory Rasputin. And the end of the Romanov dynasty, striking in its symbolism: after 23 years of reign, Nicholas II, the last representative of the dynasty that ascended the throne from the cell of the Ipatiev Monastery, was killed with his entire family in the Ipatiev house. He was shot in the basement, where exactly 23 steps led.
The Polish aristocrat and adventurer became a truly sinister figure of the Time of Troubles. Many contemporaries considered her a real sorceress, who, using charms, helped her chosen ones in seizing the Moscow throne. She was in turn the wife of two False Dmitrys. Which, however, were killed, despite all her sorcerous abilities.
Curse of Marina Mnishek
At the end of 1610, a few days after the death of the "Tushinsky thief" - False Dmitry II, Marina Mnishek had a son, Ivan. The compiled horoscope of his birth turned out to be terrible and promised trouble to the child. However, the mother again found herself a patron who could help her seize the Muscovite kingdom. In 1613, in Astrakhan, the dashing ataman of the Volga Cossacks, Ivan Zarutsky, proclaimed the two-year-old Ivan the new tsar. But Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, the first of the Romanov dynasty, who came to power, could not put up with the son of an impostor.
The Cossacks handed over the ex-Queen Mniszek and Ataman Zarutsky to the Romanovs.
Ataman in Moscow was immediately put on a stake, but Marina Mnishek could not be afraid of meeting with the executioner. Formally, thanks to her marriage to False Dmitry I, she was a crowned Russian tsarina, and according to the law, she could not be executed. Even the Muscovite tsar could not ignore this.
However, a minor
Ivashka-Vorenka was sentenced to death by the boyars. Marina Mnishek, who was in the same cell with her son, was afraid to say this. Perhaps they were afraid of her witchcraft charms. Marina Mnishek was assured that Tsar Mikhail would not offend her son, and the executioner took Ivan to the Execution Ground. The boy was hanged, presumably on October 4, 1614.
He learned about the execution of his son and a false promise, the unfortunate mother cursed the entire Romanov family. Marina Mnishek stated that none of them would die a natural death, and crimes would not stop in their families until the dynasty died. But she was the first to die. She died of illness and longing for her executed son, as the Kremlin assured.
There were rumors that Marina herself smashed her head against the wall in the cell. It is also possible that the jailers killed her.
Poor Pavel
Contemporaries and descendants noted the mysticism of Paul I. Indeed, in his life there was something fatal, inexplicable, involuntarily suggestive of interference in the fate of the emperor by some otherworldly forces.
The eighteenth century was the age of the mystics. People of that time believed in ghosts, fortune tellers and soothsayers. Such charlatans as Count Cagliostro were received with honor in high-society salons. Well, Gothic novels, published in large numbers in the second half of the 18th century, were the favorite reading material of Europeans.
And it is not at all surprising that the young Tsarevich Pavel Petrovich believed in everything supernatural. In many ways, his inner world was also influenced by the tragic fate of his father, Emperor Peter III, who was deposed from the throne by his mother and killed in Ropsha. The passions in Paul's family were truly Shakespearean, contemporaries called him "Russian Hamlet", and during the reign of Paul I, the production of this drama by Shakespeare was banned.
One of the most striking mystical episodes associated with Pavel Petrovich is his meeting with the ghost of Emperor Peter the Great. And it became known about her from the words of the great Russian commander - Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov
On the eve of the death of Empress Catherine II, Paul had a dream - some unknown force grabbed him and dragged him upstairs. Waking up in the morning, he told his wife about this dream, and soon the courier on a lathered horse brings the news to the crown prince - his mother is dying, and the crown prince is about to become emperor.
Having ascended the throne, Paul decided to change his place of residence. The Winter Palace - the residence of the Russian autocrats - he did not like. Everything here reminded Pavel of his mother and her arrogant favorites, who did not reckon with the crown prince and treated him in every possible way. He decided to build a castle-palace, impregnable for enemies. He chose a place for construction on the banks of the Fontanka, where the wooden Summer Palace of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna once stood. It was in this palace that the then Grand Duchess Ekaterina Alekseevna gave birth to Pavel. “I want to die where I was born,” said Paul I. That is exactly what happened.
The castle-palace was named Mikhailovsky, in honor of the Archangel Michael - the leader of the heavenly host. Its construction was also associated with various mystical incidents. So, for example, they said that when the construction was already in full swing, an old monk met Paul, who said that the emperor's wife would soon give birth to a son, who should be called Michael. “And remember my words,” said the monk, “THE HOUSE OF YOUR HOUSE WILL BE SUITABLE FOR THE HOLY OF THE LORD IN THE LONGITY OF DAYS.”
Pavel, struck by the prediction of a strange monk, ordered the architect Brenna to fix on the pediment of the main facade of the castle-palace the text that the monk dictated to him.
By the way, another prediction is connected with this text. On the eve of Christmas 1800, the famous holy fool from the Smolensk cemetery, Xenia of Petersburg, predicted that Emperor Paul I would live as many years as there are letters in the saying on the main facade of the new royal residence. There were 47 letters. Pavel, who was born in 1754, should have been 47 years old in 1801.
However, Paul himself already knew about the time and place of his death. At one time, he talked with a certain monk Abel, who had already predicted the date of the death of Empress Catherine II. For this he was put in jail. But after the death of the empress, which happened on the day predicted by Abel, he was released. Paul had a long conversation with the soothsayer. He told the emperor the date of his violent death, and the place - the royal bedroom. Abel even knew that his relatives would also take part in the conspiracy against the autocrat.
The same was predicted to Pavel by the so-called "Ostankino old woman." In Ostankino, where the estate of the Sheremetevs was located, according to legend, a gloomy old beggar woman lived. She appeared out of nowhere and prophesied various misfortunes to people. In 1797, Paul arrived in Moscow for the coronation. He visited the Sheremetev estate, and there he unexpectedly ran into the same old woman. The count's servants wanted to remove the beggar woman, but the emperor opposed this and talked with her for a long time. After which he said: "Now I know when I will be killed ...".
The new royal palace was built in a terrible hurry. Dampness reigned inside, and streams of water flowed down the red-painted walls. “As if blood is flowing,” Pavel said more than once, watching the intricate patterns on the walls of the castle.
The mirrors in the halls were foggy, and the images in them were distorted. “Look,” Paul once said, “what a strange mirror. In it, I see myself as if with my neck rolled to the side. ” And on the eve of the murder, Pavel had a dream that they were putting on a tight shirt that prevented him from breathing.
As you know, Paul I was strangled by his murderers...
Rasputin knew everything...
To paraphrase a well-known expression, we can say that if Rasputin did not exist, he should have been invented. It is difficult to imagine a more “needed” figure at court than the “holy elder”. He was awaited as the second coming. And they waited: a semi-literate man with a ragged beard and a burning gaze literally materialized from the Siberian haze, from the foggy flashes of the mystically boundless Russian expanses inhabited by hermits, wanderers and possessed holy fools.
Rasputin can, of course, be considered a swindler and a pretender, but he amazingly accurately guessed many events that had not yet happened.
Here is what he wrote long before the terrible tragedy of the royal family: “Every time I hug the tsar and mother, and the girls, and the prince, I shudder with horror, as if I were hugging the dead ... And then I pray for these people, because in Russia they most need. And I pray for the Romanov family, because the shadow of a long eclipse falls on them.
Of course, the entire royal circle knew about the prophecies of the elder. And he shared some of them with Alexandra Feodorovna and with the tsar. Once he wrote the following to the sovereign: “Tsar of the Russian land, when you hear the ringing of bells informing you of the death of Gregory, then know: if your relatives committed the murder, then none of your family, i.e. children and relatives will not live longer than two years. They will be killed…”
Julia von Den, Alexandra Feodorovna's closest friend, recalled that the elder once said of the Romanovs: "Willingly or not, they will come to Tobolsk and, before they die, they will see my native village."
What was it? An accidental hit on the target or the highest knowledge bestowed on the Siberian wanderer?
Later, on the way to Tobolsk, the tsarina wrote a letter to Vyrubova, which said: “They don’t tell us where we are going ... and for how long, but we think this is where you recently went / Rasputin’s homeland, p. Pokrovskoe/. Saint / St. John of Tobolsk / calls us there and our Friend / Elder Gregory, by that time martyred /. No wonder we are here."
Rasputin's predictions were the rails along which the train called "The death of the royal family" was rushing. And there was no one in Russia who could change this movement.
Last few days…
In October 1888, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich and his wife were present at the consecration of the Orthodox Church of St. Mary Magdalene in Jerusalem, at the foot of the Mount of Olives. Overwhelmed with delight from contact with biblical history, Elizaveta Feodorovna uttered prophetic words: “How I would like to be buried here!”.
In 1905, the Social Revolutionaries decided to liquidate the former Moscow Governor-General - Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, the fifth son of Alexander II. Azef and Savinkov laid the execution of the sentence on Ivan Kalyaev.
On February 4, 1905, the body of the Grand Duke was torn to pieces, which were scattered by an explosion along the paving stones of the Kremlin.
When the princess was informed of the death of her husband, she ran to the scene of the tragedy and, despite the persuasion of the assembled crowd, sobbed bitterly on the bloodied pavement.
After the death of her husband, Elizaveta Feodorovna retired from secular life and devoted herself entirely to charity and serving God. She bought a manor on Bolshaya Ordynka in Moscow with her jewelry, built the Church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos there according to the project of the academician of architecture Alexei Shchusev and organized the Marfo-Mariinsky Convent of Mercy, becoming its abbess. The painting of the church was carried out by the famous artist Mikhail Nesterov.
The Grand Duchess lived here as an ascetic of the faith of Christ: she strictly observed the fasts and performed all the prayers prescribed by the Orthodox Church; bare boards served as a bed for her; Secretly from her sisters, under her clothes, she even wore chains - iron chains on her naked body.
Like elders in monasteries and sketes, the gift of foresight came to Elizabeth Feodorovna. Seeing the future, she tried, if not to save the country from disaster, then at least to move it away, opening the eyes of the king and queen to the true state of affairs in the country. In vain. In 1916, she made such an attempt for the last time. Nicholas II did not accept her, and Alexandra Feodorovna did not want to listen.
And then the older sister said to the younger sister:
- Remember the fate of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.
This French royal couple ended their lives on the guillotine in 1793.
The security officers arrested Elizaveta Fedorovna on May 7, 1918 and sent to the Urals: first to Perm, then to Yekaterinburg and, finally, to Alapaevsk. The nun of the Martha and Mary Convent Varvara Yakovleva refused to leave her.
On the night of July 18, a day after the execution of the royal family in Yekaterinburg, the abbess was thrown alive into a mine near Alapaevsk. Together with her, the nun Varvara and several representatives of the Romanov family were martyred. Before her death, the Grand Duchess crossed the executioners and repeated the words of Christ: "Forgive them, Lord, for they do not know what they are doing."
