Psychological structure of personality is a holistic model, a system of qualities and properties that fully characterizes the psychological characteristics of a person (person, individual).

We use a model of the psychological structure of personality, based on the combination of two schemes, developed first by S. L. Rubinstein, and then by K. K. Platonov.

This basic model is based on the personal-activity approach. This structure includes six interconnected substructures. They are conditionally singled out only to obtain some scheme of a complete personality.

So, the following psychological components, or substructures, are distinguished in personality:

• self-awareness;
• personality orientation;
• temperament and character;
• mental processes and states;
• abilities and inclinations;
• psychic experience of the individual

A.F. Lazursky about the structure of personality.

Another equally important postulate is Sergei Rubinstein’s position addressed by A. N. Leontiev about the external acting through internal conditions. A. N. Leontiev believes: if the subject of life (note, not the individual!) has “independent reaction power,” in other words, activity, then it is true: “the internal (subject) acts through the external and thereby changes itself.”

So, personality development appears to us as a process of interactions of many activities that enter into hierarchical relationships with each other. Personality acts as a set of hierarchical relations of activities.

For the psychological interpretation of “hierarchies of activities,” A. N. Leontiev uses the concepts of “need,” “motive,” “emotion,” “meaning,” and “meaning.”

In essence, the need will be confused by the motive, since “until its first satisfaction, the need “does not know” its object” ... and therefore it “must be discovered. Only as a result of such detection does the need acquire its objectivity, and the perceived (imagined, conceivable) object - its motivating and directing activity, that is, it becomes a motive.” The peculiarity of emotions, A. N. Leontiev clarifies, is that they reflect the relationship between motives (needs) and success or the possibility of successful implementation of the subject’s activity that corresponds to them.

Thus, emotion generates and determines the composition of a person’s experience of the situation of realization-non-realization of the motive of activity. Rational assessment follows this experience, gives it a certain meaning and completes the process of recognizing the motive, comparing it and matching it with the purpose of the activity. It is the personal meaning that expresses the subject’s attitude to the objective phenomena he is aware of.

Exist motives-incentives, i.e. Inducing, sometimes acutely emotional, but devoid of meaning-forming function, and meaning-forming motives or motives-goals, also stimulating activity, but at the same time giving it personal meaning. The hierarchy of these motives constitutes the motivational sphere of the individual, central in the personality structure of A. N. Leontyev, since the hierarchy of activities is carried out through an adequate hierarchy of meaning-forming motives.

All this allows A. N. Leontyev to identify three main personality parameters:

The breadth of a person’s connections with the world (through his activities);

The degree of hierarchization of these connections, transformed into a hierarchy of meaning-forming motives (motives-goals);

The general structure of these connections, or rather motives-goals.

The process of personality formation, according to A. N. Leontiev, is the process of “formation of a coherent system of personal meanings.”

Values, interests, ideals in the motivational sphere of the individual, their role in activity.

Motivational sphere of personality is a hierarchical system of motives personalities.

Motivations arise in a person almost from birth and evolve along with the person. And a certain hierarchy depends on the presence of certain moral and material values ​​in a person, each of which prevails over the others.

The main components of this sphere of personality are: need, attraction, and certain interests, intention, ideal, socio-psychological norms, stereotypes, etc..

An interest, an ideal, a belief is an incentive to action aimed at satisfying an individual’s need: cognitive, to conform to a certain model, to conform in one’s behavior to one’s own principles and views.

The sources of meaning that determine what is significant for a person and what is not, and why, what place certain objects or phenomena occupy in his life, are needs and personal values person. Both occupy the same place in the structure of human motivation.

So, values- this is what a person especially values ​​in life, to which he attaches a special positive life meaning. Each person has his own life values. For some they are material, for others they are spiritual.

Value orientation- this is a mental state that expresses the reflection in a person’s consciousness of values ​​that he recognizes as strategically important goals. Value orientations largely determine the direction of a person. Any material object, social relationship or spiritual phenomenon can act as a value.

Value- this is a property of an object or phenomenon that can satisfy the needs, desires, interests, and inclinations of a person. Values ​​are formed as a result of a person’s awareness of his needs in accordance with objects and phenomena of the surrounding world. A value-based attitude towards the world does not arise until a person discovers that it is problematic to satisfy his current needs. And the more problematic the satisfaction of this need, the greater the value of the object, phenomenon (or method) of its satisfaction. For example, health and life become valuable to a person precisely when they are really threatened by illness and death.

Interest- a mental state that ensures that the individual is focused on identifying goals of activity based on satisfying cognitive needs. In other words, interest is a motive associated with a cognitive need. A person is interested in those objects and phenomena that can satisfy a particular need. Interests, tasks, desires and intentions, although they are part of the system of motivational factors, participate in the motivation of behavior, however, they play not so much an incentive role as an instrumental one. They are more responsible for the style rather than the direction of behavior.

Ideal- this is the image of the desired final goal, which guides a person at the present time and which plays a decisive role in the process of existence of all his activities and actions. Among the basic values, those that have acquired the character of an ideal have a special role. The ideal should be considered as the dominant motive of an individual’s activity and relationships.

Self-esteem and level of personality aspirations.

Self-esteem of personality is part of those processes that form human self-awareness. With self-esteem, a person tries to evaluate his qualities, properties and capabilities. This is done through introspection, introspection, self-report, and also through continuous comparison of oneself with other people with whom a person has to be in direct contact.

The structure of self-esteem has two components:

Cognitive, reflecting everything that an individual has learned about himself from various sources of information;

Emotional, expressing one’s own attitude towards various aspects of one’s personality (character traits, behavior, habits, etc.).

Self-esteem = Success / Level of aspiration

Level of aspiration- the level that an individual strives to achieve in various spheres of life (career, status, well-being, etc.), the ideal goal of his future actions. Success is the fact of achieving certain results, fulfilling a certain program of actions that reflect the level of aspirations. The formula shows that self-esteem can be increased either by reducing the level of aspirations or by increasing the effectiveness of one’s actions.

Personal self-esteem can be adequate, overestimated or underestimated. With strong deviations from adequate self-esteem, a person may experience psychological discomfort and internal conflicts.

High and low self-esteem can be combined with different levels of aspirations (high or low)

With clearly inflated self-esteem, a person acquires a superiority complex, has an idealized idea of ​​himself, interprets his weaknesses as strengths, and associates his failure with external reasons.

With clearly low self-esteem, a person is usually not self-confident, shy, indecisive, overly cautious, easily influenced by other people, too demanding of himself and others, overly self-critical, which often leads to isolation, envy, and suspicion.

Man is a creature with a very complex mental organization. He is born and develops according to the laws of biology and genetics, and in parallel with this, the formation of his personality and self-awareness occurs under the influence of society. In addition, a person is a subject of activity in almost all spheres of life - social, spiritual, economic and political.

The concept of personality and its structure

It is impossible within the framework of one science to embrace all the diversity of facets of human essence, which is why there are many theories about what constitutes a personality. This term is used in modern psychology along with such terms as “individual” and “individuality”; the difference between them is that the latter two definitions are more specific and cover only one or another side of the personality. In a broad sense, personality is a set of qualities of an individual acquired by him in the process of development and manifested in relationships with other individuals or in various spheres of conscious activity. As can be seen from the definition, the concept of personality characterizes a person mainly in social terms. The structure of personality in psychology is represented by many different classifications; the most common of them will be presented below.

Personality theory in psychology according to Freud

In the 20s of the twentieth century, the great German psychologist developed his concept

anatomy of the human soul. The personality structure in Freudian psychology consists of three components: “Id” - It (unconscious), “Ego” - I (conscious) and “Super-Ego” - Super-I (conscience, ideal attitudes). The id occupies a central place in the personality structure throughout an individual’s life; its main principle is receiving pleasure from the immediate satisfaction of one’s irrational desires. The ego is a kind of regulator, trying to satisfy the needs of the id, while at the same time not violating the laws and traditions of society. The super-ego plays the role of a promoter of high moral ideals and is formed in the process of education.

Personality structure in psychology according to Rubinstein

Soviet psychologist and philosopher S.L. Rubinstein proposed his concept of the history of human personality. He also identified three components:

2. Knowledge, abilities and skills (KUN) acquired as a result of cognitive

activities.

3. Individual characteristics expressed in character traits, temperament, abilities.

Personality structure in psychology according to Platonov

K.K. Platonov considered personality as a set of biosocial properties, among which he identified four substructures:

1. Socially oriented qualities (moral qualities, social connections).

2. Experience (habits and knowledge).

3. Individual biologically determined traits (character, temperament, inclinations, needs).

4. Forms of reflection of mental processes (thinking, will, feelings, sensations, memory).

As you can see, Platonov’s classification largely coincides with Rubinstein’s classification, but it is more detailed. This model significantly influenced the development of Soviet psychology.

Scientists have long sought to find in the content behind the concept of “personality” the main aspects of analysis, some components, “blocks”, orientation towards which would help in understanding a specific person. Of course, these aspects can only be abstractions that coarse reality, but without such coarsening there is no knowledge. This is the problem of personality structure. In fact, we already touched on it when we talked about the personality structure proposed by S. Freud. It can be assumed that a hint of the structure of personality is contained in the question we have just considered about the relationship between the concepts of “individual”, “personality”, “individuality”.

In Russian psychology there are some special solutions to this problem, which we will partially present here.

S. L. Rubinstein determined the study of the “mental appearance” of a person by three questions: 1. What does a person want, what is attractive to him, what does he strive for? This is a question about his direction, about his attitudes and tendencies, needs, interests and ideals. 2. What can a person do? This is a question about his abilities and gifts. 3. What is a person? This is the question of “what of his tendencies and attitudes entered his flesh and blood and became entrenched as the core characteristics of his personality. This is a question about a person’s character.”2

Can this diagram help in thinking about a specific person? Certainly. Unconstructive ways of self-affirmation of a certain person, which significantly complicate his life, can stem from an internal conflict between his aspiration for big life goals (direction) and the lack of the habit of working on developing the corresponding abilities. And the very absence of this habit can rightfully be attributed to character.

In the context of specifying the relationship between social and biological factors in personality development, we can turn to the solution to the problem of personality structure proposed by K. K. Platonov. There are four personality substructures here.
1. Substructure of personality orientation, including worldview, beliefs, interests, desires, and drives. In the forms of orientation, both attitudes and moral qualities of the individual are manifested.
2. The substructure of experience, which manifests itself in knowledge, skills, and abilities. It can also be called a preparedness substructure. It is through this substructure that the individual development of personality accumulates the historical experience of mankind.
3. Individual characteristics of individual mental processes or mental functions. Here we can point out the fact that some people think quickly, but perhaps somewhat superficially, others - slowly, but they are more focused on comprehending the essence of phenomena. Similar features are found in other mental processes.
4. Biologically determined substructure. It includes properties associated with gender, age, type of nervous system, and organic changes.

When moving from the fourth substructure to the first, the importance of the biological conditionality of personality traits decreases and the importance of their social determination increases. It is important that biologically determined properties are included in the structure of personality. This fact does not agree with the above statement by A. N. Leontyev about personality as a “special quality” of purely social origin. In his opinion, a person “takes into account” his innate properties and uses them in organizing his activity. As for the personality structure, it is “a relatively stable configuration of the main, internally hierarchized motivational lines,” which is derived from the hierarchy of relevant activities that form the basis of the personality.

Against the background of these judgments, let us present another solution to the question of personality structure. In this case, three hierarchical levels in the functioning of the personality are distinguished: “Firstly, this is the core of the personality, which is a set of motivational structures that set the direction of the “movement” of the personality... Secondly, this is the periphery of the personality, which determines the specific way of implementing the motivational core . The periphery of personality consists of personal meanings, traits, systems of constructs, social roles in which the subject is included, and his personal history. At this level of discussion it is possible to conduct a typology of personality. Thirdly, this is the level of individual prerequisites for the existence of a person, which are essentially impersonal. Individual prerequisites (for example: gender, age, structure and properties of the nervous system, the nature of neurohumoral regulation, etc.) in themselves are not informative in relation to the individual, but they determine the characteristics of the individual’s interaction with the world and with himself.” It turns out that the motivational sphere is the core of personality, but the structure of personality is not exhausted by it.

Let's consider another interesting solution to the problem of personality structure, which has practical significance. Three components of this structure are highlighted by A.V. Petrovsky.

The first is the intra-individual (or intra-individual) substructure. This is the organization of a person’s individuality, represented by the structure of temperament, character, and abilities.

At the same time, personality cannot be considered as something located only in the closed space of the individual’s body. It finds itself in the sphere of inter-individual relations, in the space of interpersonal interactions. Hence the second substructure of personality - interindividual.

The third substructure is meta-individual (or supra-individual). In this case, the focus is on the “contributions” that a person makes through his activity in other people. Thus, the personality is not only taken beyond the organic body of the individual, not only moves beyond the boundaries of his existing, “here and now” existing connections with other people, but also continues himself in other people. This ideal representation of personality in other people due to the “contributions” made to them is called personalization. Apparently, such “contributions” largely determine the scale of the individual.

Thus, we have considered a number of solutions to the question of personality structure. They differ significantly from each other due to the extreme complexity of the object of knowledge, as well as the versatility of approaches to it on the part of researchers. However, together they help to understand the content behind the concept of “personality”.

In most of the most diverse psychological definitions, personality appears as a “totality”, “sum”, “system”, “organization”, etc., i.e. as a certain unity of certain elements, as a certain structure. Both in foreign psychology of various directions, and in domestic psychology, we can find many specific developments of personality structures (3. Freud, C.G. Jung, G. Allport, K.K. Platonov, B.C. Merlin, etc.). At the same time, understanding the problem of personality structure from a general theoretical perspective and subsequent taking into account the most important points when constructing one’s own concept is not so common. Examples of such developments are the personality structures created by K.K. Platonov, G. Eysenck.

Platonov, having analyzed the philosophical and psychological understanding of structure, defines it as the interaction of a really existing mental phenomenon, taken as a whole (in particular, personality), and its substructures, elements and their comprehensive connections. To describe the structure of personality, according to Platonov, it is necessary to establish what is taken as a whole, to delimit and define it. Then we need to find out what constitutes the elements of this integrity, understanding by them the parts that are indecomposable within the framework of a given system and relatively autonomous. Moreover, it is necessary to take into account the fullest possible number of these elements. At the next stage, the most significant and general connections between the elements, between each of them and the integrity, should be revealed. Next, the necessary and sufficient number of substructures is identified into which all the elements of the analyzed integrity will fit. Substructures and elements are classified. It is then important to examine the genetic hierarchy of component levels.

The result of this structural analysis was the dynamic, functional structure of K.K.’s personality. Platonov. It consists of four adjacent substructures: 1) substructure of personality orientation and relationships; 2) knowledge, skills, abilities, habits, i.e. experience; 3) individual characteristics of individual mental processes; 4) typological, age, gender properties of the individual, i.e. biopsychic. Platonov also identifies substructures of character and abilities, as superimposed on four main substructures.

The ideas of S.L. were important for the development of the problem of personality structure in Russian psychology. Rubinstein and V.N. Myasishchev, although specific structures were created by their followers.

A.G. Kovalev identifies the following components of the personality structure: orientation (system of needs, interests, ideals), abilities (ensemble of intellectual, volitional and emotional properties), character (synthesis of relationships and modes of behavior), temperament (system of natural properties). B.C. Merlin created the theory of integral individuality, he describes two groups of individual characteristics. The first group - “properties of the individual” - includes two substructures: temperament and individual qualitative characteristics of mental processes. The second group - “individuality properties” - has three substructures: 1) motives and relationships; 2) character; 3) abilities. All substructures of the personality are interconnected thanks to the mediating link - activity.

B.G. Ananyev used the broader category of “person,” which included the entire range of private categories, such as individual, personality, individuality, subject of activity. He proposed the general structure of man. Each of the elements of this structure has its own substructure. Thus, the structure of a person as an individual has two levels, and it includes age-sex properties, individual-typical (constitutional, neurodynamic features, etc.), psychophysiological functions, organic needs, inclinations, and temperament. The personality itself is organized no less complexly: status, roles, value orientations are the primary class of personal properties; motivation of behavior, structure of social behavior, consciousness, etc. are secondary personal properties.

In foreign concepts of personality, a lot of attention is also paid to the problem of structure. One of the most famous is the personality structure of 3. Freud. In the concept of K.G. Jung, in which personality, just like Freud, appears as a system, the following important substructures are identified: Ego, personal unconscious and its complexes, collective unconscious and its archetypes, persona, anima, animus and shadow. Within the framework of depth psychology, G. Murray, W. Reich and others also addressed the problem of personality structure.

A large group of foreign researchers considers traits as structural units of personality. G. Allport was one of the first to work in this direction. His theory of personality is called “trait theory.” Allport identifies the following types of traits: personality traits (or general traits) and personal dispositions (individual traits). Both are neuropsychic structures that transform many stimuli and determine many equivalent responses. But personality traits include any characteristics inherent in a certain number of people within a given culture, and personal dispositions are those characteristics of an individual that do not allow comparison with other people, making a person unique. Allport focused special attention on the study of personal dispositions. They, in turn, are divided into three types: cardinal, central and secondary. The cardinal disposition is the most general; it determines almost all human actions. According to Allport, this disposition is relatively unusual and not seen in many people. Central dispositions are the striking characteristics of personality, its building blocks, and they can be easily detected by others. The number of central dispositions on the basis of which a person can be accurately recognized is small - from five to ten. The secondary disposition is more limited in its manifestation, less stable, less generalized. All personality traits are in certain relationships, but are relatively independent of each other. Personality traits exist in reality, and are not just a theoretical invention; they are the driving (motivating) element of behavior. According to Allport, personality traits are united into a single whole by a specific construct, the so-called proprium.

Trait is a basic category in R. Cattell’s personality theory. In his opinion, to obtain knowledge about a person, three main sources can be used: registration data of real life facts (L-data), self-assessment data when

filling out questionnaires (Q-data) and objective test data (OT-data). Cattell and his collaborators spent several decades conducting large-scale surveys of representatives of several age groups in different countries. These data were subjected to factor analysis in order to identify underlying factors that determine or control variation in surface variables. The results of this survey were the consideration of personality as a complex and differentiated structure of traits. A trait is a hypothetical mental structure that is found in behavior and determines the predisposition to act consistently in different settings and over time. Traits can be classified in several ways. Central is the distinction between surface features and underlying features. A superficial trait is a series of behavioral characteristics of a person that accompany each other (in medicine this is called a syndrome). They do not have a single basis and are unstable. More important are the initial features. These are some combined quantities or factors. They are the ones who determine the constancy of a person’s behavior and are the “building blocks of the personality.” According to the results of Cattell's factor analysis, there are 16 initial traits. To measure them, the “16 Personality Factors” (16 PF) questionnaire is used. These factors are: responsiveness - aloofness, intelligence, emotional stability - instability, dominance - subordination, prudence - carelessness, etc.

The original traits can, in turn, be divided into two types depending on their origin: traits reflecting hereditary characteristics - constitutional traits; resulting from the social and physical conditions of the environment - traits shaped by the environment. Initial features can be distinguished in terms of the modality through which they are expressed. Trait-abilities are related to the effectiveness of achieving a desired goal; temperament traits - with emotionality, speed, energy of reactions; dynamic traits reflect the motivational sphere of the individual. Dynamic traits are divided into three groups: attitudes, ergs and feelings. Cattell examines the complex interactions of these substructures, and he attaches special importance to the “dominant feeling” - the feeling of Self.

In G. Eysenck's theory, personality is also presented in the form of a hierarchically organized structure of traits. At the most general level, Eysenck identifies three types or supertraits: extraversion - introversion, neuroticism - stability, psychoticism - superego strength. At the next level, traits are surface reflections of the underlying type. For example, extraversion is based on such traits as sociability, liveliness, perseverance, activity, and the desire to succeed. Below are the usual reactions; At the bottom of the hierarchy are specific reactions or actually observed behavior. For each of the supertraits, Eysenck establishes a neurophysiological basis. The severity of a particular super trait can be assessed using specially designed questionnaires, the most famous in our country is the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.

Just like G. Eysenck, J.P. Guilford viewed personality as a hierarchical structure of traits and was one of the first to study it using factor analysis. In personality, he distinguishes the sphere of abilities, the sphere of temperament, the hormic sphere, and the class of pathology parameters. In the sphere of temperament, for example, ten traits are factorially identified: general activity, dominance, sociability, emotional stability, objectivity, tendency to think, etc.

The described classical studies of the structure of personality traits served as a model and stimulus for subsequent numerous works on the empirical reproduction of one or another factor model or on the development of new grounds for a factorial description of personality without a serious analysis of their relationships in the holistic concept of personality.

Personality structure. Personality is a stable system of completely individual, psychological, and social characteristics. Psychology, as a science, considers only the psychological characteristics that form the structure of personality. The concept and structure of personality is a controversial issue among many psychologists; some believe that it cannot be structured and rationalized in any way, while others, on the contrary, put forward new theories of personality structure. But still, there are certain characteristics that, one way or another, exist, and they are worth describing.

It is the most important component of personality; it demonstrates all human relationships in the world. Attitude to other individuals, to some object, situation and, in general, to the whole reality that surrounds him.

– this is a manifestation of the dynamic properties of human mental processes.

is a set of individual typological characteristics that contribute to the manifestation of success in a certain activity.

The orientation of a person determines her inclinations and interests in a particular subject of activity. Volitional qualities reflect the readiness at some point to prohibit oneself, but to allow something.

Emotionality is an important component of the personal structure; with its help, a person expresses his attitude towards something through a certain reaction.

A person is a totality that determines a person's behavior. Social attitudes and values ​​play a major role in a person. It is them that society perceives in the first place and determines its attitude towards the individual. This list of characteristics is not exhaustive; in different theories of personality, additional properties can be found, highlighted by different authors.

Psychological structure of personality

Personal structure in psychology is characterized through certain psychological properties, without particularly affecting its relationship with society and the entire world around it.

Personality structure in psychology briefly. There are several components in personality psychology.

The first component of structure is directionality. The focus structure covers attitudes, needs, interests. One component of orientation determines human activity, that is, it plays a leading role, and all other components rely on it and adapt. For example, a person may have a need for something, but, in fact, he has no interest in a certain subject.

The second component of the structure is capabilities. They give a person the opportunity to realize himself in a certain activity, achieve success and new discoveries in it. It is the abilities that constitute a person’s orientation, which determines his main activity.

Character, as a manifestation of personality behavior, is the third component of the structure. Character is the property that is most easily observed, so a person is sometimes judged simply by her character, without taking into account abilities, motivation and other qualities. Character is a complex system that includes the emotional sphere, intellectual abilities, volitional qualities, and moral qualities that mainly determine actions.

Another component is the system. ensures proper planning of behavior and correction of actions.

Mental processes are also part of the personality structure; they reflect the level of mental activity, which is expressed in activity.

Social structure of personality

When defining personality in sociology, it should not be reduced exclusively to the subjective side; the main thing in the structure is social quality. Therefore, a person must determine objective and subjective social properties that form his functionality in activities that depend on the influence of society.

Personality structure in sociology briefly. It constitutes a system of properties that are formed on the basis of his various activities, which are influenced by society and those social institutions in which the individual is included.

Personal structure in sociology has three approaches to designation.

Within the first approach, a person has the following substructures: activity - purposeful actions of a person in relation to some object or person; culture – social norms and rules that guide a person’s actions; memory is the totality of all knowledge acquired through life experience.

The second approach reveals the personal structure in the following components: value orientations, culture, social status and roles.

If we combine these approaches, then we can say that personality in sociology reflects certain character traits that it acquires in the process of interaction with society.

Personality structure according to Freud

The structure of personality in Freudian psychology has three components: Id, Ego and Super Ego.

The first component of the Id is the oldest, unconscious substance that carries human energy, responsible for instincts, desires and libido. This is a primitive aspect, operating on the principles of biological attraction and pleasure, when the tension of sustained desire is discharged, it is carried out through fantasies or reflex actions. It knows no boundaries, so its desires can become a problem in a person’s social life.

The Ego is the consciousness that controls the It. The ego satisfies the desires of the id, but only after analyzing the circumstances and conditions, so that these desires, when released, do not contradict the rules of society.

The super ego is the repository of a person’s moral and ethical principles, rules and taboos that guide his behavior. They are formed in childhood, approximately 3–5 years, when parents are most actively involved in raising the child. Certain rules are fixed in the ideological orientation of the child, and he supplements it with his own norms, which he acquires in life experience.

For harmonious development, all three components are important: Id, Ego and Super Ego must interact equally. If any of the substances is too active, then the balance will be disrupted, which can lead to psychological abnormalities.

Thanks to the interaction of the three components, protective mechanisms are developed. The main ones are: denial, projection, substitution, rationalization, formation of reactions.

Denial suppresses the internal impulses of the individual.

Projection is the attribution of one's own vices to others.

Substitution means replacing an inaccessible but desired object with another, more acceptable one.

With the help of rationalization, a person can give a reasonable explanation for his actions. Formation of a reaction is an action used by a person, thanks to which he takes an action opposite to his forbidden impulses.

Freud identified two complexes in the personality structure: Oedipus and Electra. According to them, children view their parents as sexual partners and are jealous of the other parent. Girls perceive their mother as a threat because she spends a lot of time with her dad, and boys are jealous of their mother before their father.

Personality structure according to Rubinstein

According to Rubinstein, personality has three components. The first component is directionality. The structure of orientation consists of needs, beliefs, interests, motives, behavior and worldview. A person’s orientation expresses his self-concept and social essence, orients a person’s activity and activity regardless of specific environmental conditions.

The second component consists of knowledge, ability and skills, the basic means of activity that a person acquires in the process of cognitive and objective activity. Having knowledge helps a person to navigate well in the outside world; skills ensure the execution of certain activities. Skills help achieve results in new areas of subject activity; they can be transformed into abilities.

Individual - typological properties constitute the third component of personality; they manifest themselves in character, temperament and abilities, which ensure the originality of a person, the uniqueness of his personality and determine behavior.

The unity of all substructures ensures adequate functioning of a person in society and his mental health.

Also in a person, it is possible to determine certain levels of organization that implement it as a subject of life. Living standard - it includes life experience, moral standards, and worldview. The personal level consists of individual characterological features. The mental level consists of mental processes and their activity and specificity.

For Rubinstein, personality is formed through interaction with the world and society. The core of personality includes the motives of conscious actions, but also, a person has unconscious motives.

Personality structure according to Jung

Jung identifies three components: consciousness, the individual unconscious and the collective unconscious. In turn, consciousness has two substructures: the persona, which expresses the human “I” for others, and the self as it is – the ego.

In the structure of consciousness, the person is the most superficial level (conformity archetype). This component of the personality structure includes social roles and statuses through which a person is socialized in society. This is a kind of mask that a person puts on when interacting with people. With the help of persona, people attract attention to themselves and make an impression on others. Behind external signs, symbols of covering oneself with clothes, accessories, a person can hide his true thoughts, he hides behind external properties. Symbols of confirmation of social status are also important, for example, a car, expensive clothes, a house. Such signs can appear in the symbolic dreams of a person worried about his status, when he dreams, for example, that an object that he is afraid of losing in real life, he loses it in a dream. On the one hand, such dreams contribute to an increase in anxiety and fear, but on the other hand, they act in such a way that a person begins to think differently, he begins to take the thing lost in a dream more seriously in order to preserve it in life.

The ego is the core of personality in its structure and combines all the information known to a person, his thoughts and experiences, and is now aware of himself, all his actions and decisions. The ego provides a sense of coherence, the integrity of what is happening, the stability of mental activity and the continuity of the flow of feelings and thoughts. The ego is a product of the unconscious, but is the most conscious component because it acts from personal experience and based on acquired knowledge.

The individual unconscious is thoughts, experiences, beliefs, desires that were previously very relevant, but having experienced them, a person erases them from his consciousness. Thus, they faded into the background and remained, in principle, forgotten, but they cannot simply be repressed, therefore the unconscious is a repository for all experiences, unnecessary knowledge and transforms them into memories, which will sometimes come out. The individual unconscious has several component archetypes: shadow, anima and animus, self.

The shadow is the dark, bad double of the personality; it contains all the vicious desires, evil feelings and immoral ideas, which the personality considers very low and tries to look less at his shadow, so as not to face his vices openly. Although the shadow is a central element of the individual unconscious, Jung says that the shadow is not repressed, but is another human self. A person should not ignore the shadow, he should accept his dark side and be able to evaluate his good traits in accordance with those negative ones hiding in the shadow.

The archetypes representing the beginnings of women and men are the anima, which is represented in men, the animus - in women. The animus endows women with masculine traits, for example, strong will, rationality, strong character, while the anima allows men to sometimes show weaknesses, lack of strength of character, and irrationality. This idea is based on the fact that the bodies of both sexes contain hormones of the opposite sexes. The presence of such archetypes makes it easier for men and women to find a common language and understand each other.

Chief among all individual unconscious archetypes is the self. This is the core of a person, around which all other components are gathered and the integrity of the personality is ensured.

Jung said that people confuse the meaning of ego and self and give more importance to the ego. But the self will not be able to take place until the harmony of all components of the personality is achieved. The self and ego can exist together, but the individual needs certain experiences to achieve a strong ego-self connection. Having achieved this, the personality becomes truly holistic, harmonious and realized. If a person’s process of integration of his personality is disrupted, this can lead to neuroses. And in this case, analytical psychotherapy is used, aimed at optimizing the activities of the conscious and unconscious. Basically the goal of psychotherapy is to work with the "extraction" of the unconscious emotional complex and work with it so that the person rethinks it and looks at things differently. When a person becomes aware of this unconscious complex, he is on the path to recovery.

Personality structure according to Leontiev

The concept and structure of personality in A. N. Leontyev goes beyond the plane of relations to the world. Behind its definition, personality is another individual reality. This is not a mixture of biological features, it is a highly organized, social unity of features. A person becomes a personality in the process of life activity, certain actions, thanks to which he gains experience and socializes. Personality is experience itself.

Personality is not a complete person, as he is with all his biological and social factors. There are features that are not included in personality, but until it has manifested itself it is difficult to say in advance. Personality appears in the process of relations with society. When a personality arises, we can talk about its structure. The entire personality is a connected, integral unity, independent of the biological individual. An individual is a unity of biological, biochemical processes, organ systems, their functions; they do not play a role in the socialization and achievements of the individual.

Personality, as a non-biological unity, arises in the course of life and certain activities. Therefore, what emerges is the structure of the individual and a personal structure independent of him.

Personality has a hierarchical structure of factors formed by the historical course of events. It manifests itself through the differentiation of different types of activities and their restructuring, in the process secondary, higher connections arise.

The personality behind A. N. Leontiev is characterized as a wide variety of actual relationships of the subject that determine his life. This activity forms the foundation. But not all a person’s activities determine his life and build his personality. People do many different actions and deeds that have no direct relation to the development of the personal structure and may simply be external, not truly affecting the person and not contributing to its structure.

The second thing through which a personality is characterized is the level of development of connections between secondary actions, that is, the formation of motives and their hierarchy.

The third characteristic that denotes personality is the type of structure; it can be monovertex or polyvertex. Not every motive for a person is the goal of his life, is not his pinnacle, and cannot withstand the entire load of the pinnacle of personality. This structure is an inverted pyramid, where the top, together with the leading life goal, is at the bottom and bears all the burden associated with achieving this goal. Depending on the main life goal set, it will depend on whether it can withstand the entire structure and the actions associated with it and the experience gained.

The basic motive of the individual must be defined in such a way as to support the entire structure. The motive sets the activity; based on this, the personality structure can be defined as a hierarchy of motives, a stable structure of the main motivational actions.

A.N. Leontiev identifies three more basic parameters in the personal structure: the breadth of a person’s relationships with the world, the level of their hierarchy and their joint structure. The psychologist also highlighted one interesting aspect of the theory, such as the rebirth of personality, and an analysis of what happens to it at this time. A person masters his behavior, new ways of resolving motivational conflicts that are associated with consciousness and volitional properties are formed. An ideal motive that is independent and lies outside the vectors of the external field, which is capable of subordinating actions with antagonistically directed external motives, can resolve the conflict and act as a mediating mechanism in mastering behavior. Only in the imagination can a person create something that will help him master his own behavior.

Personality structure according to Platonov

In K. K. Platonov, the personality has a hierarchical structure, in which there are four substructures: biological conditioning, forms of display, social experience and orientation. This structure is depicted in the form of a pyramid, the foundation of which is formed by the biochemical, genetic and physiological characteristics of the individual as an organism, in general, those properties that give life and support human life. These include biological characteristics such as gender, age, and pathological changes that depend on morphological changes in the brain.

The second substructure is the forms of reflection, depending on mental cognitive processes - attention, thinking, memory, sensations and perception. Their development gives a person more opportunities to be more active, more observant and better perceive the surrounding reality.

The third substructure contains the social characteristics of a person, his knowledge, and skills that he acquired through personal experience through communication with people.

The fourth substructure is formed by a person’s orientation. It is determined through the beliefs, worldview, desires, aspirations, ideals and drives of a person, which he uses in his work, work or favorite pastime.

In psychological science, the categories man, individual, personality, and individuality are among the basic categories. They are not purely psychological and are studied by all social sciences. Therefore, the question arises about the specifics of the study of these categories by psychology: all mental phenomena are formed and developed in activity and communication, but they belong not to these processes, but to their subject - social individual, personalities.

The problem of personality also acts as an independent problem. The most important theoretical task is to discover the objective foundations of those psychological properties that characterize a person as an individual, as an individual and as a personality. A person is born into the world already a human being.

Concept Human is the widest. This is the accepted classical scientifically generalized name for a special type of living being - “reasonable man”, or homo sapiens. This concept combines everything: natural, biochemical, social, medical, etc.

Individual- a category indicating belonging to the human race. This concept expresses a person’s gender identity, i.e. every person is an individual. This is an emphasis on singularity (as opposed to a person) and indivisibility (as opposed to a person).

The individual emphasizes the biological in a person, but does not exclude the social components inherent in the human race. A person is born as a specific individual, but, having become a person, he does not cease to be an individual at the same time.

Personality- a person who develops in society and enters into interaction and communication with other people using language.

This is a person as a member of society, the result of formation, development and socialization. But what has been said does not mean that a person is only a social being, devoid of biological characteristics. In personality psychology, the social and biological exist in unity. It is possible to understand what a person is only through the study of real social connections and relationships into which a person enters. It is not for nothing that S. L. Rubinstein said that all psychology is the psychology of personality. At the same time, the categories “person” and “personality” are not synonymous. The latter determines the social orientation of a person who becomes an individual, provided that he develops in society (for example, in contrast to “wild children”), interacts with other people (in contrast to those who are deeply ill from birth). Every normal person has several personal manifestations depending on which part of society he is projected onto at the moment: family, work, study, friendship. At the same time, the personality is holistic and unified, systemic and organized.

In psychology, there are other, narrower interpretations of the understanding of personality, when they highlight certain qualities that supposedly act as integral attributes for it. Here it is proposed to consider only someone, for example, who is independent, responsible, and highly developed, as a person. Such criteria are usually subjective and difficult to prove.

The specificity of social conditions of life and a person’s way of activity determines the characteristics of his individual characteristics and properties. All people have certain mental traits, views, customs and feelings, each of us has differences in the cognitive sphere of personality, which will determine our individuality.

is a holistic model, a system of qualities and properties that fully characterizes the psychological characteristics of a person (person, individual).

All mental processes are carried out in a person, but not all act as its distinctive properties. Each of us is in some ways similar to all people, in some ways only like some, and in some ways unlike anyone else.

In psychology, there are a huge number of models of the psychological structure of personality, which stem from various theories about the psyche and personality, from different parameters and tasks. In our manual, we use a model of the psychological structure of personality, based on the combination of two schemes, developed first by S. L. Rubinstein and then by K. K. Platonov.