Means of speech expressiveness- these are speech turns, the main function of which is to give the language beauty and expressiveness, versatility and emotionality.
Phonetic (sound), lexical (associated with the word), syntactic (associated with the phrase and sentence) means are distinguished.
Phonetic means of expression
1. Alliteration- repetition in the text of consonant or identical consonant sounds.
For example: G about R od g R abil, g R fuck, g R abastal.
2. Assonance- repetition of vowels. For example:
M e lo, m e lo to sun e th e mle
Sun e limits.
St e cha gore e la on the table e,
St e cha burned ... (B. Pasternak)

3. Onomatopoeia- Reproduction of natural sound, imitation of sound. For example:
How do they wear drops of news about the ride,
And all through the night everyone clatters and rides,
Knocking a horseshoe on one nail
Here, then there, then in that entrance, then in this one.

Lexical means of expression (tropes)
1. Epithet- A figurative definition characterizing a property, quality, concept, phenomenon
For example: golden grove, cheerful wind
2. Comparison- Comparison of two objects, concepts or states that have a common feature.
For example: And the birches stand like big candles.
3. Metaphor- figurative meaning of the word based on similarity.
For example: The chintz of the sky is blue.
4. Personification- the transfer of human properties to inanimate objects.
For example: Sleeping bird cherry in a white cape.
5. Metonymy- replacement of one word by another based on the adjacency of two concepts.
For example: I ate three bowls.
6. Synecdoche- replacement of the plural by the singular, use of the whole instead of the part (and vice versa).
For example: Swede, Russian stabs, cuts, cuts...

7. Allegory- allegory; the image of a particular concept in artistic images (in fairy tales, fables, proverbs, epics).
For example: A fox- an allegory of cunning, hare- cowardice
8. Hyperbole- exaggeration.
For example: I haven't seen you in two hundred years.
9. Litota- an understatement.
For example: Wait 5 seconds.
10. Paraphrase- paraphrase, a descriptive phrase containing an assessment.
For example: King of beasts (lion).
11. Pun- a play on words, a humorous use of polysemy of words or homonymy.
For example:
Sitting in a taxi, DAKSA asked:
"What is the TAX for the fare?"
And the driver: "Money from TAX
We don't take it at all. That's SO-S!"
12. Oxymoron- a combination of opposite words.
For example: ringing silence, hot snow
13. Phraseologisms- stable combinations of words.
For example: bury talent in the ground.
14. Irony- subtle mockery, use in a sense opposite to the direct one.
For example: Have you been singing? This is the case: so come on, dance.
Syntactic means of expression (stylistic figures)
1. Inversion- violation of the direct word order
For example: We have been waiting for you for a long time.
2. Ellipsis- omission of any member of the sentence, more often the predicate.
For example: We sat down - in ashes, hailstones - in dust, In swords - sickles and plows.
3. Default- interrupted statement, giving the opportunity to speculate, reflect.
For example: I suffered... I wanted an answer... I didn't wait... I left...
4. Interrogative sentence- syntactic organization of speech, which creates a manner of conversation.
For example: How to earn a million?
5. Rhetorical question- a question that contains a statement.
For example: Who can't catch up with him?

6. Rhetorical appeal- highlighting important semantic positions.
For example: O Sea! How I missed you!
7. Syntactic parallelism- similar, parallel construction of phrases, lines.
For example: To be able to ask for forgiveness is a sign of strength. To be able to forgive is an indicator of nobility.
8. Gradation- the location of synonyms according to the degree of increase or weakening of the sign.
For example: Silence covered, leaned, engulfed.
9. Antithesis- stylistic figure of contrast, comparison, opposition of opposite concepts.
For example: Long hair, short mind.
10. Anaphora- unanimity.
For example:
Take care of each other,
Kindness warm.
Take care of each other,
Let's not offend.

11. Epiphora- repetition of final words.
For example:
The forest is not the same!
The bush is not the same!
Thrush is not the same!

12. Parceling- division of the proposal into parts.
For example: A man has gone. In a leather jacket. Filthy. Smiled.

TROPE

Trope is a word or expression used figuratively to create artistic image and achieve greater expressiveness. Pathways include techniques such as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes referred to as hyperbolas and litotes. No work of art is complete without tropes. The artistic word is polysemantic; the writer creates images, playing with the meanings and combinations of words, using the environment of the word in the text and its sound - all this makes up the artistic possibilities of the word, which is the only tool of the writer or poet.
Note! When creating a trail, the word is always used in a figurative sense.

Consider the different types of trails:

EPITHET(Greek Epitheton, attached) - this is one of the tropes, which is an artistic, figurative definition. An epithet can be:
adjectives: gentle face (S. Yesenin); these poor villages, this meager nature ... (F. Tyutchev); transparent maiden (A. Blok);
participles: edge abandoned(S. Yesenin); frantic dragon (A. Blok); takeoff radiant(M. Tsvetaeva);
nouns, sometimes together with their surrounding context: There he is, leader without squad(M. Tsvetaeva); My youth! My dove is swarthy!(M. Tsvetaeva).

Each epithet reflects the uniqueness of the author's perception of the world, therefore it necessarily expresses some kind of assessment and has a subjective meaning: a wooden shelf is not an epithet, so there is no artistic definition, a wooden face is an epithet that expresses the impression of the interlocutor speaking about the facial expression, that is, creating an image.
There are stable (permanent) folklore epithets: remote burly kind well done, clear the sun, as well as tautological, that is, epithets-repetitions that have the same root with the word being defined: Oh you, grief is bitter, boredom is boring, mortal! (A. Blok).

In a work of art An epithet can perform various functions:

• characterize the subject: shining eyes, eyes diamonds;
• create atmosphere, mood: gloomy morning;
• convey the attitude of the author (narrator, lyrical hero) to the subject being characterized: "Where will our prankster"(A. Pushkin);
• combine all previous functions in equal proportions (in most cases, the use of the epithet).

Note! All color terms in a literary text are epithets.

COMPARISON- this is an artistic technique (tropes), in which an image is created by comparing one object with another. Comparison differs from other artistic comparisons, for example, similes, in that it always has a strict formal feature: a comparative construction or a turnover with comparative conjunctions. as, as if, as if, exactly, as if and the like. Type expressions he looked like... cannot be considered a comparison as a trope.

Comparison examples:

Comparison also plays certain roles in the text: sometimes authors use the so-called extended comparison, revealing various signs of a phenomenon or conveying one's attitude to several phenomena. Often the work is entirely based on comparison, as, for example, V. Bryusov's poem "Sonnet to Form":

PERSONALIZATION- an artistic technique (tropes), in which an inanimate object, phenomenon or concept is given human properties (do not confuse, it is human!). Personification can be used narrowly, in one line, in a small fragment, but it can be a technique on which the whole work is built (“You are my abandoned land” by S. Yesenin, “Mom and the evening killed by the Germans”, “Violin and a little nervously” by V. Mayakovsky and others). Personification is considered one of the types of metaphor (see below).

Impersonation task- correlate the depicted object with a person, make it closer to the reader, figuratively comprehend the inner essence of the object, hidden from everyday life. Personification is one of the oldest figurative means of art.

HYPERBOLA(Greek Hyperbole, exaggeration) is a technique in which an image is created through artistic exaggeration. Hyperbole is not always included in the set of tropes, but by the nature of the use of the word in a figurative sense to create an image, hyperbole is very close to tropes. A technique opposite to hyperbole in content is LITOTES(Greek Litotes, simplicity) is an artistic understatement.

Hyperbole allows the author to show the reader in an exaggerated form the most characteristic features of the depicted object. Often, hyperbole and litotes are used by the author in an ironic vein, revealing not just characteristic, but negative, from the author's point of view, sides of the subject.

METAPHOR(Greek Metaphora, transfer) - a type of so-called complex trope, speech turnover, in which the properties of one phenomenon (object, concept) are transferred to another. Metaphor contains a hidden comparison, a figurative likening of phenomena using the figurative meaning of words, what the object is compared with is only implied by the author. No wonder Aristotle said that "to compose good metaphors means to notice similarities."

Metaphor examples:

METONYMY(Greek Metonomadzo, rename) - type of trail: a figurative designation of an object according to one of its signs.

Examples of metonymy:

When studying the topic "Means of artistic expression" and completing tasks, pay special attention to the definitions of the above concepts. You must not only understand their meaning, but also know the terminology by heart. This will protect you from practical mistakes: knowing for sure that the comparison technique has strict formal features (see theory on topic 1), you will not confuse this technique with a number of other artistic techniques that are also based on a comparison of several objects, but are not a comparison .

Please note that you must start your answer either with the suggested words (by rewriting them), or with your own version of the beginning of the full answer. This applies to all such assignments.

Recommended literature:

• Literary criticism: Reference materials. - M., 1988.
• Polyakov M. Rhetoric and Literature. Theoretical aspects. - In the book: Questions of Poetics and Artistic Semantics. - M.: Sov. writer, 1978.
• Dictionary of literary terms. - M., 1974.

Lesson - workshop in Russian for grade 11

"Means of artistic expression".

Goals:

Systematization and generalization of work with the taskAT 8 (preparation for the exam)

The development of logical thinking, the ability to prove one's point of view and defend it.

Education of communication skills, ability to work in groups.

Task number 1.

Students are divided into multi-level groups of 4 people.

When working, students take turns commenting on the text, finding all the paths and figures of speech.

Each student must take part in the analysis of the text.

If someone has difficulties, the rest help the student to understand the topic.

All members of the group should get the same work, the assessment is set one for all.

The work uses the memo "Paths and figures of speech"

The following text is proposed for work:

GREAT JOY...

The city was asleep. Silence stopped the vain chaotic molecular movement. The darkness was palpably viscous, and even the standard joyful pre-New Year's illumination did not help illuminate this impenetrability.

And he walked, ran, flew ... Where to? What for? What's there? He did not know. Yes, it was not so important! The main thing is that they were waiting for him there.

A series of dull, monotonous school days suddenly turned into festive fireworks, into the sweet agony of waiting for each new day, when one day SHE entered the class .. Entered. She sat down next to her and, famously clicking a pink bubble inflated from chewing gum, said “Hi” with a smile. This simple word turned his whole gray life upside down! Small, boyishly angular, fragile, with huge eyes the color of the sky and a red explosion of naughty small curls on her head, she instantly drove the entire male population of the class crazy. The school buzzed every time this amazing creature swept along the long corridor like a fiery torch.

He understood that the chances were zero, but his heart and reason were clearly out of tune! It rustled with a crazy whisper, stirring balls in the soul with hope ... And he took a chance. The note, which she had suffered in sleepless nights, went into her notebook. Time stopped. Freeze. Gone. He waited. The days dragged on like thick raspberry syrup. Two. Five. Ten... Hope dies last. And he waited.

The night call woke him up, breaking off her long, wonderful kiss. "I'm in the hospital, come." The whisper of rustling leaves, the rattle of a strong, fragile, iridescent ice crust underfoot simply tore the brain. Her throat was beating: “She is sick. She needs me. She called me."

And he walked. Ran. Flew. Without looking at the road. not noticing the cold and uninvited peas of tears on the cheeks. My heart was bursting with thousands of emotions. Where? Why?... There... Then...

5. Summing up.

6. Homework.

Create your own text by analogy with the work done, complicating it as much as possible.

THEORETICAL MATERIALS TO HELP.

1. Antonyms - different words related to the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning (kind - evil, mighty - powerless). The opposition of antonyms in speech is a vivid source of speech expression, which establishes the emotionality of speech: he was weak in body, but strong in spirit.

2. Contextual (or contextual) antonyms - these are words that are not opposed in the language in meaning and are antonyms only in the text: Mind and heart - ice and fire - this is the main thing that distinguished this hero.

3. Hyperbole - a figurative expression that exaggerates any action, object, phenomenon. It is used to enhance the artistic impression.: Snow fell from the sky in pounds.

4. Litota - an artistic understatement: a man with a fingernail. Used to enhance the artistic impression.

5. Synonyms - these are words related to one part of speech, expressing the same concept, but at the same time differing in shades of meaning: Love - love, friend - friend.

6. Contextual (or contextual) synonyms - words that are synonymous only in this text: Lomonosov - a genius - a beloved child of nature. (V. Belinsky)

7. Stylistic synonyms - differ in stylistic coloring, scope of use: grinned - giggled - laughed - neighed.

8. Syntactic synonyms - parallel syntactic constructions that have a different structure, but have the same meaning: start preparing lessons - start preparing lessons.

9.Metaphor - a hidden comparison based on the similarity between distant phenomena and objects. At the heart of any metaphor is an unnamed comparison of some objects with others that have a common feature.

There were, are, and, I hope, will always be more good people in the world than bad and evil ones, otherwise disharmony would set in the world, it would warp ... capsize and sink. Epithet, personification, oxymoron, antithesis can be considered as a kind of metaphor.

10. Expanded metaphor - a detailed transfer of the properties of one object, phenomenon or aspect of being to another according to the principle of similarity or contrast. Metaphor is particularly expressive. Possessing unlimited possibilities in bringing together a wide variety of objects or phenomena, metaphor allows you to rethink an object in a new way, reveal, expose its inner nature. Sometimes it is an expression of the individual author's vision of the world.

11. Metonymy – transfer of values ​​(renaming) according to the adjacency of phenomena. The most common cases of transfer:

a) from a person to any of his external signs: Is lunch coming soon? - asked the guest, referring to the quilted waistcoat;

b) from the institution to its inhabitants: The entire boarding house recognized the superiority of D.I. Pisarev;

12. Synecdoche - a technique by which the whole is expressed through its part (something less included in something more) A kind of metonymy. "Hey beard! And how to get from here to Plyushkin?

13. Oxymoron - a combination of contrasting words that create a new concept or idea. Most often, an oxymoron conveys the author's attitude to an object or phenomenon: Sad fun continued ...

14. Personification - one of the types of metaphor, when the transfer of a sign is carried out from a living object to an inanimate one. When personified, the described object is externally used by a person: Trees, bending down towards me, extended their thin arms.

15. Comparison - one of the means of expressiveness of the language, helping the author to express his point of view, create whole artistic pictures, give a description of objects. Comparison is usually joined by unions: like, as if, as if, exactly, etc. but it serves for a figurative description of the most diverse features of objects, qualities, and actions. For example, comparison helps to give an accurate description of the color: Like the night, his eyes are black.

16. Phraseologisms - these are almost always bright expressions. Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and pictorial characteristics of heroes, the surrounding reality, etc.: people like my hero have a spark of God.

17. Epithet - a word that highlights in an object or phenomenon any of its properties, qualities or signs. An epithet is an artistic definition, i.e. colorful, figurative, which emphasizes some of its distinctive properties in the word being defined. Any meaningful word can serve as an epithet, if it acts as an artistic, figurative definition for another:

1) noun: magpie talker.

2) adjective: fatal hours.

3) Adverb and participle: eagerly peers; listens frozen; but most often epithets are expressed with the help of adjectives used in a figurative sense: sleepy, tender, loving eyes.

SYNTAXIC MEANS OF EXPRESSION.

1. Anaphora - this is the repetition of individual words or phrases at the beginning of a sentence. Used to enhance the expressed thought, image, phenomenon: How to talk about the beauty of the sky? How to tell about the feelings that overwhelm the soul at this moment?

2. Antithesis - a stylistic device that consists in a sharp opposition of concepts, characters, images, creating the effect of a sharp contrast. It helps to better convey, depict contradictions, contrast phenomena. It serves as a way of expressing the author's view of the described phenomena, images, etc.

3. Gradation - a stylistic figure that consists in the consistent injection or, conversely, the weakening of comparisons, images, epithets, metaphors and other expressive means of artistic speech: For the sake of your child, for the family, for the people, for the sake of humanity - take care of the world!

4 Inversion - Reverse word order in a sentence. In direct order, the subject precedes the predicate, the agreed definition comes before the word being defined, the inconsistent definition after it, the addition after the control word, the modifier of the mode of action before the verb: Modern youth quickly realized the falsity of this truth. And with inversion, the words are arranged in a different order than is established by grammatical rules. This is a strong expressive means used in an emotional, excited speech: Beloved homeland, my native land, should we take care of you!

5. Parceling - a technique for dividing a phrase into parts or even into separate words. Its goal is to give speech intonational expression by its abrupt pronunciation: The poet suddenly stood up. Turned pale.

6.Repeat - the conscious use of the same word or combination of words in order to enhance the meaning of this image, concept, etc.: Pushkin was a sufferer, a sufferer in the full sense of the word.

7. Rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations - a special means of creating the emotionality of speech, expressing the author's position.

What summer, what summer? Yes, it's just magic!

8. Syntactic parallelism - the same construction of several adjacent sentences. With its help, the author strives to highlight, emphasize the expressed idea: Mother is an earthly miracle. Mother is a sacred word.

It is known that not a single European lexicon can be compared with juiciness: this opinion is expressed by many literary critics who have studied its expressiveness. It has Spanish expansion, Italian emotionality, French tenderness. Language tools used by Russian writers resemble the strokes of an artist.

When experts talk about the expressiveness of a language, they mean not only the figurative means that they study at school, but also an inexhaustible arsenal of literary devices. There is no single classification of figurative and expressive means, however, language means are conditionally divided into groups.

In contact with

Lexical means

Expressive means, working at the lexical language level, are an integral part of a literary work: poetic or written in prose. These are words or phrases used by the author in a figurative or allegorical sense. The most extensive group of lexical means of creating imagery in the Russian language is literary tropes.

Varieties of trails

There are more than two dozen tropes used in the works. Table with examples combined the most used:

№	trails	Explanations for the term	Examples
1	Allegory	Replacing an abstract concept with a concrete image.	"In the hands of Themis", which means: in justice
2		These are paths based on figurative comparison, but without the use of conjunctions (like, as if). Metaphor involves the transfer of the qualities of one object or phenomenon to some other.	Bubbling voice (voice as if murmuring).
3	Metonymy	Substitution of one word for another, based on the adjacency of concepts.	The class was noisy
4	Comparison	What is comparison in literature? Comparison of objects on a similar basis. Comparisons are art media, with enhanced imagery.	Comparison: hot as fire (other examples: turned white like chalk).
5	personification	The transfer of human properties to inanimate objects or phenomena.	Whispered tree leaves
6	Hyperbola	These are tropes based on literary exaggeration, which enhances a certain characteristic or quality on which the author focuses the reader's attention.	Sea of ​​work.
7	Litotes	Artistic understatement of the described object or phenomenon.	Man with nails.
8	Synecdoche	Replacing some words with others regarding quantitative relations.	Invite to zander.
9	Occasionalisms	Artistic means formed by the author.	The fruits of education.
10	Irony	A subtle mockery based on an outwardly positive assessment or a serious form of expression.	What do you say, smart guy?
11	Sarcasm	A caustic subtle mockery, the highest form of irony.	The works of Saltykov-Shchedrin are full of sarcasm.
12	paraphrase	Substitution of a word with an expression similar in lexical meaning.	King of beasts
13	Lexical repetition	In order to strengthen the meaning of a particular word, the author repeats it several times.	Lakes all around, deep lakes.

The article contains main trails, known in the literature, which are illustrated by a table with examples.

Sometimes archaisms, dialectisms, professionalisms are referred to as paths, but this is not true. These are means of expression, the scope of which is limited to the depicted era or area of ​​application. They are used to create the color of the era, the place described or the working atmosphere.

Specialized expressive means

- words that were once called objects familiar to us (eyes - eyes). Historicisms mean objects or phenomena (actions) that have gone out of use (caftan, ball).

Both archaisms and historicisms - means of expression, which are readily used by writers and screenwriters who create works on historical topics (examples are "Peter the Great" and "Prince Silver" by A. Tolstoy). Poets often use archaisms to create a sublime style (bosom, right hand, finger).

Neologisms are figurative means of language that have entered our lives relatively recently (gadget). They are often used in a literary text to create an atmosphere of a youth environment and an image of advanced users.

Dialectisms - words or grammatical forms used in colloquial speech of the inhabitants of one locality (kochet - rooster).

Professionalisms are words and expressions that are typical for representatives of a particular profession. For example, a pen for a printer is, first of all, a spare material that was not included in the room, and only then the place where the animals stay. Naturally, a writer who tells about the life of a printing hero will not bypass the term.

Jargon is the vocabulary of informal communication used in the colloquial speech of people belonging to a certain circle of communication. For example, linguistic features of the text about the life of students will allow the word "tails" to be used in the sense of "exam debt", and not parts of the body of animals. This word often appears in works about students.

Phraseological turns

Phraseological expressions are lexical language means, whose expressiveness is determined by:

1. Figurative meaning, sometimes with mythological background (Achilles' heel).
2. Everyone belongs to the category of high set expressions (sink into oblivion), or colloquial turns (hang ears). These can be linguistic means that have a positive emotional coloring (golden hands - a load of approving meaning), or with a negative expressive assessment (small fry - a shade of disdain for a person).

Phraseologisms use, to:

• to emphasize the clarity and figurativeness of the text;
• build the necessary stylistic tone (colloquial or elevated), having previously assessed the linguistic features of the text;
• express the author's attitude to the reported information.

The figurative expressiveness of phraseological turns is enhanced due to their transformation from well-known to individually authorial ones: to shine in all Ivanovskaya.

A special group is aphorisms ( idioms). For example, happy hours are not observed.

Aphorisms include works of folk art: proverbs, sayings.

These artistic means are used in literature quite often.

Attention! Phraseologisms as figurative and expressive literary means cannot be used in an official business style.

Syntactic tricks

Syntactic figures of speech are turns used by the author in order to better convey the necessary information or the general meaning of the text, sometimes to give the passage an emotional coloring. Here are some syntactic means expressiveness:

1. Antithesis is a syntactic means of expressiveness based on opposition. "Crime and Punishment". Allows you to emphasize the meaning of one word with the help of another, opposite in meaning.
2. Gradations are means of expressiveness that use synonymous words arranged according to the principle of the rise and fall of a feature or quality in the Russian language. For example, the stars shone, burned, shone. Such a lexical chain highlights the main conceptual meaning of each word - “shine”.
3. oxymoron - right opposite words nearby. For example, the expression "fiery ice" figuratively and vividly creates the contradictory character of the hero.
4. Inversions are syntactic expressive means based on the unusual construction of a sentence. For example, instead of "he sang" it says "he sang". At the beginning of the sentence, the word that the author wants to emphasize is taken out.
5. Parceling is the intentional division of one sentence into several parts. For example, Ivan is nearby. Worth watching. In the second sentence, an action, quality or sign is usually taken out, which takes on the author's emphasis.

Important! These figurative means Representatives of a number of scientific schools refer to stylistic. The reason for replacing the term lies in the influence exerted by the expressive means of this group on the style of the text, albeit through syntactic constructions.

Phonetic means

Sound devices in Russian are the smallest group of literary figures of speech. This is a special use of words with the repetition of certain sounds or phonetic groups in order to depict artistic images.

Usually such figurative means of language used by poets in poetry, or writers in lyrical digressions, when describing landscapes. The authors use repetitive sounds to convey thunder or the rustling of leaves.

Alliteration is the repetition of a series of consonants that create sound effects that enhance the imagery of the described phenomenon. For example: "In the silky rustle of snow noise." The pumping of sounds С, Ш and Ш creates the effect of imitation of the whistle of the wind.

Assonance - the repetition of vowel sounds in order to create an expressive artistic image: "March, march - we wave the flag / / We march to the parade." The vowel “a” is repeated to create an emotional fullness of feelings, a unique feeling of universal joy and openness.

Onomatopoeia - the selection of words that combine a certain set of sounds that creates a phonetic effect: the howling of the wind, the rustling of grass and other characteristic natural sounds.

Expressive means in Russian, tropes

Use of words of speech expressiveness

Conclusion

It is the abundance of figurative means expressiveness in Russian makes it truly beautiful, juicy and unique. Therefore, foreign literary critics prefer to study the works of Russian poets and writers in the original.

The figurative and expressive means of the language allow not only to convey information, but also to clearly and convincingly convey thoughts. Lexical expressive means make the Russian language emotional and colorful. Expressive stylistic means are used when an emotional impact on listeners or readers is necessary. It is impossible to make a presentation of oneself, a product, a company without the use of special language tools.

The word is the basis of figurative expressiveness of speech. Many words are often used not only in the direct lexical meaning. The characteristics of animals are transferred to a description of the appearance or behavior of a person - clumsy like a bear, cowardly like a hare. Polysemy (polysemy) - the use of a word in various meanings.

Homonyms are a group of words in the Russian language that have the same sound, but at the same time carry a different semantic load, serve to create a sound game in speech.

Types of homonyms:

• homographs - words are spelled the same, they change meaning depending on the stress set (lock - lock);
• homophones - words when written differ in one or more letters, but are perceived the same way by ear (the fruit is a raft);
• homoforms - words that sound the same, but at the same time refer to different parts of speech (I'm flying in an airplane - I'm flying a runny nose).

Puns - used to give speech a humorous, satirical meaning, betray sarcasm well. They are based on the sound similarity of words or their ambiguity.

Synonyms - describe the same concept from different angles, have a different semantic load and stylistic coloring. Without synonyms, it is impossible to build a vivid and figurative phrase; speech will be oversaturated with tautology.

Synonym types:

• full - identical in meaning, used in the same situations;
• semantic (semantic) - designed to give shade to words (conversation-conversation);
• stylistic - have the same meaning, but at the same time refer to different styles of speech (finger-finger);
• semantic-stylistic - have a different shade of meaning, refer to different styles of speech (do - bungled);
• contextual (author's) - used in the context used for a more colorful and multifaceted description of a person or event.

Antonyms - words have the opposite lexical meaning, refer to the same part of speech. Allows you to create bright and expressive phrases.

Tropes are words in Russian that are used in a figurative sense. They give speech and works imagery, expressiveness, are designed to convey emotions, vividly recreate the picture.

Trail definition

	Definition
Allegory	Allegorical words and expressions that convey the essence and main features of a particular image. Often used in fables.
Hyperbola	Artistic exaggeration. Allows you to vividly describe properties, events, signs.
Grotesque	The technique is used to satirically describe the vices of society.
Irony	Tropes that are designed to hide the true meaning of the expression through light mockery.
Litotes	The opposite of hyperbole - the properties and qualities of the subject are deliberately underestimated.
personification	A technique in which inanimate objects are attributed the qualities of living beings.
Oxymoron	Connection in one sentence of incompatible concepts (dead souls).
paraphrase	Description of the item. A person, an event without a precise name.
Synecdoche	Description of the whole through the part. The image of a person is recreated by describing clothes, appearance.
Comparison	The difference from metaphor is that there is both what is being compared and what is being compared with. In comparison, unions are often present - as if.
Epithet	The most common figurative definition. Adjectives are not always used for epithets.

Metaphor is a hidden comparison, the use of nouns and verbs in a figurative sense. There is always no object of comparison in it, but there is something with which they are compared. There are short and extended metaphors. Metaphor is aimed at an external comparison of objects or phenomena.

Metonymy is a hidden comparison of objects by internal similarity. This distinguishes this trope from a metaphor.

Syntactic means of expression

Stylistic (rhetorical) - figures of speech are designed to enhance the expressiveness of speech and works of art.

Types of stylistic figures

The name of the syntactic construction	Description
Anaphora	The use of the same syntactic constructions at the beginning of adjacent sentences. Allows you to logically highlight a section of text or a sentence.
Epiphora	The use of the same words and expressions at the end of adjacent sentences. Such figures of speech give the text emotionality, allow you to clearly convey intonations.
Parallelism	Construction of neighboring sentences in the same form. Often used to reinforce a rhetorical exclamation or question.
Ellipsis	Deliberate exclusion of an implied member of a sentence. Makes speech more lively.
gradation	Each subsequent word in the sentence reinforces the meaning of the previous one.
Inversion	The arrangement of words in a sentence is not in direct order. Reception allows you to enhance the expressiveness of speech. Give the phrase a new sound.
Default	Conscious understatement in the text. It is designed to awaken deep feelings and thoughts in the reader.
Rhetorical address	Emphasized appeal to a person or inanimate objects.
Rhetorical question	A question that does not imply an answer, its purpose is to attract the attention of the reader or listener.
Rhetorical exclamation	Special figures of speech to convey expression, tension of speech. Make the text emotional. Grab the reader's or listener's attention.
polyunion	Repeated repetition of the same unions to enhance the expressiveness of speech.
Asyndeton	Intentional omission of unions. This technique gives dynamism to speech.
Antithesis	Sharp opposition of images, concepts. The technique is used to create a contrast, it expresses the author's attitude to the event being described.

Tropes, figures of speech, stylistic means of expression, phraseological statements make speech convincing and vivid. Such turns are indispensable in public speeches, election campaigns, rallies, presentations. In scientific publications and official business speech, such means are inappropriate - accuracy and persuasiveness in these cases is more important than emotions.