1. According to the model given in the textbook, fill in the table. Include in it the natural objects of your region. Use additional literature and information from the Internet.

2. Read the Chuvash proverbs. Choose the proverbs of the peoples of your region that are suitable for them. Write them down.

In days of happiness, be pure in heart; in days of sorrow, be firm in heart.
On the mountain peaks of pride the water of wisdom does not hold.
You have friends - as deep as the Volga; if you don't have it, it's as small as a puddle.

Whoever gives up in grief will never know happiness.
Happiness is always on the side of the brave.
Do not have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends
To be proud is to be reputed to be stupid.
Better a fool with meekness than a smart one with pride
You need to appreciate yourself, but not overestimate.
An empty ear is higher.
You stand high - do not be proud, you stand low - do not rot.
A tree is supported by roots, and a person by friends.
The light is not sweet when there is no friend.
Rye and wheat will be born in a year, and a true friend will always come in handy.

3. Find out in additional sources who first created the alphabet for your native language. Write down information about this person. Place his portrait if possible.

THE CREATORS OF THE SLAVIC ALPHABET CYRIL AND METHODIUS
At the end of 862, the prince of Great Moravia (the state of the Western Slavs) Rostislav turned to the Byzantine emperor Michael with a request to send preachers to Moravia who could spread Christianity in the Slavic language (sermons in those parts were read in Latin, unfamiliar and incomprehensible to the people).
Emperor Michael sent the Greeks to Moravia - the scientist Constantine the Philosopher (the name Cyril Constantine received when he became a monk in 869, and with this name he went down in history) and his older brother Methodius.
Constantine set about creating the Slavic alphabet. Methodius, who also knew the Slavic language well, helped him in his work. In 863, the Slavic alphabet was created (the Slavic alphabet existed in two versions: the Glagolitic alphabet - from the verb - “speech” and the Cyrillic alphabet; scientists still do not have a consensus which of these two options was created by Cyril). With the help of Methodius, a number of liturgical books were translated from Greek into Slavonic. The Slavs got the opportunity to read and write in their own language. The Slavs not only had their own, Slavic, alphabet, but also the first Slavic literary language was born, many of whose words still live in Bulgarian, Russian, Ukrainian and other Slavic languages.

Known to every bearer of Slavic culture as the creators of the alphabet. Of course, it is they who are at the origins of Slavic literacy, but are we only indebted to them for the alphabet that we still use?

The creation of Slavic writing was caused by the need for Christian preaching among the Slavs. In 862 - 863 years. Prince of Moravia (one of the largest Slavic states at that time) Rostislav sent an embassy to Byzantium with a request to send missionaries to conduct worship in the Slavic language. The choice of Emperor Michael III and Patriarch Photius fell on the well-known apologist for Eastern Christianity Constantine (who later took the name Cyril during monastic tonsure) and his brother Methodius.

For about three years they worked in Moravia: they translated the Bible and liturgical texts from the Greek language, trained scribes from among the Slavs, then went to Rome. In Rome, the brothers and their disciples were solemnly welcomed, they were allowed to serve the Liturgy in Slavic. Constantine-Cyril was destined to die in Rome (in 869), Methodius returned to Moravia, where he continued to translate.

In order to fully appreciate the feat of the "Slovenian teachers", one must imagine what it meant to translate the Holy Scriptures and liturgical books into a language that did not have a written language. To do this, it is enough to remember what topics and how we communicate in everyday life, and compare this with the content of the biblical text, the text of the service. In everyday life, we rarely talk about complex cultural, philosophical, ethical, religious concepts.

Spoken language by itself is not able to develop means of expressing such complex meanings. Today, arguing on abstract topics, we use what has been created for centuries in the philosophical, religious, literary tradition, i.e. purely literary tradition. The Slavic language of the 9th century did not possess this wealth.

The unwritten language of the Slavs of the 9th century had practically no means of expressing abstract concepts, and even more so theological concepts; complex grammatical and syntactic structures were little developed in it. To make the service understandable for the Slavs, the language needed the finest processing. It was necessary either to find in the Slavic language itself, or to unobtrusively bring from another (Greek became this language) everything necessary for this language to become able to convey the Gospel to people, to discover the beauty and meaning of the Orthodox service. Slavic teachers masterfully coped with this task.

By translating the Bible and liturgical texts into the Slavic language, revealing the Gospel to the Slavs, Cyril and Methodius, at the same time, gave the Slavs a book, linguistic, literary, theological culture. They gave the language of the Slavs the right and opportunity to become the language of human communication with God, the language of the Church, and then the language of great culture and literature. The significance of the feat of the brothers for the entire Orthodox Slavic world cannot truly be overestimated. But it is worth remembering the activities of the disciples of Cyril and Methodius, without whom the mission of the First Teachers could not have been completed, but who, unfortunately, remain in the shadow of their great teachers.

The mission of Cyril and Methodius met with resistance. Methodius had to endure about two years of confinement in prison, and after his death, opponents of Eastern Christianity expelled the disciples of Cyril and Methodius from Moravia. Slavic books began to be burned, services in the Slavic language were banned. Part of the expelled students went to the territory of present-day Croatia, and part to Bulgaria.

Among those who went to Bulgaria was one of the outstanding disciples of Methodius, Clement of Ohrid. It was he, according to most modern scientists, who was the creator of the alphabet, which we (albeit with minor changes) use to this day.

The fact is that there are two known Slavic alphabets: Glagolitic and Cyrillic. The verbal letters are very complex, pretentious, and bear little resemblance to the letters of any other alphabet. Apparently, the author of the Glagolitic alphabet used elements of various writing systems, including Eastern ones, and invented some symbols himself. The person capable of doing such a complex philological work was Konstantin-Kirill.

The Cyrillic alphabet was created on the basis of the Greek script, while its creator worked hard to adapt the Greek script to the Slavic phonetic system. Based on painstaking work with manuscripts, studying their linguistic features, distribution area, paleographic characteristics, the researchers came to the conclusion that the Glagolitic alphabet was created earlier than the Cyrillic alphabet, the Glagolitic alphabet, apparently, was created by Cyril, and the Cyrillic alphabet was created by the most talented student of Methodius, Kliment Ohridsky.

Clement (c. 840 - 916), who fled persecution from Moravia, was sent by the Bulgarian Tsar Boris to preach in Ohrid. Here he created the largest school of Slavic writing, one of the most important centers of Slavic culture. Translations were carried out here, original Slavic works of spiritual content (songs, hymns, lives) were compiled. Clement of Ohrid can rightly be called one of the first Slavic writers. Clement's work on teaching adults and children to read and write was also unusually extensive: according to the most conservative estimates, he introduced about 3,500 people to Slavic writing. In 893, Clement was appointed Bishop of Dremvitsa and Velica. He became one of the first Slavic church hierarchs, the first Bulgarian hierarch serving, preaching and writing in the Slavic language. According to most modern scientists, it was he who created the alphabet, which the Orthodox Slavic peoples still use.

Clement of Ohrid is glorified in the face of saints Equal-to-the-Apostles. His memory is celebrated on July 27 (Sobor of the Bulgarian Enlighteners) and on November 25.

“Where does the Motherland begin,” as is sung in an old and soulful song? And it starts small: with love for the native language, with the alphabet. Since childhood, we have all become accustomed to a certain type of letters in the alphabet of the Russian language. And as a rule, we rarely think: when and under what conditions did it arise. Nevertheless, the presence and emergence of writing is an important and fundamental milestone in the historical maturation of every nation in the world, contributing to the development of its national culture and self-consciousness. Sometimes, in the depths of centuries, the specific names of the creators of the writing of a particular people are lost. But in the Slavic context, this did not happen. And those who invented the Russian alphabet are still known. Let's find out more about these people.

The very word "alphabet" comes from the first two letters: alpha and beta. It is known that the ancient Greeks put a lot of effort into the development and spread of writing in many European countries. Who first invented the alphabet in world history? There are scholarly debates about this. The main hypothesis is the Sumerian "alphabet", which appears about five thousand years ago. Egyptian is also considered one of the most ancient (of the known). Writing develops from drawings to signs, turning into graphic systems. And the signs began to display sounds.

The development of writing in the history of mankind is difficult to overestimate. The language of the people, its writing reflects life, way of life and knowledge, historical and mythological characters. Thus, by reading ancient inscriptions, modern scientists can recreate what our ancestors lived.

History of the Russian alphabet

It has, one might say, a unique origin. Its history is about a thousand years old, it keeps many secrets.

Cyril and Methodius

The creation of the alphabet is firmly associated with these names in the question of who invented the Russian alphabet. Let's go back to the ninth century. In those days (830-906) Great Moravia (a region of the Czech Republic) was one of the major European states. And Byzantium was the center of Christianity. The Moravian prince Rostislav in 863 turned to Michael III, the Byzantine emperor at that time, with a request to hold services in the Slavic language in order to strengthen the influence of Byzantine Christianity in the region. In those days, it is worth noting, the cult was sent only in those languages ​​that were displayed on the Jesus cross: Hebrew, Latin and Greek.

The Byzantine ruler, in response to the proposal of Rostislav, sends a Moravian mission to him, consisting of two monk brothers, sons of a noble Greek who lived in Saluny (Thessaloniki). Michael (Methodius) and Constantine (Cyril) and are considered the official creators of the Slavic alphabet for church service. It is in honor of the church name of Cyril and was called "Cyrillic". Konstantin himself was younger than Michael, but even his brother recognized his intelligence and superiority in knowledge. Cyril knew many languages ​​and owned oratory, participated in religious verbal disputes, was a wonderful organizer. This, according to many scientists, allowed him (together with his brother and other assistants) to connect and summarize the data, creating the alphabet. But the history of the Russian alphabet began long before the Moravian mission. And that's why.

Who invented the Russian alphabet (alphabet)

The fact is that historians have unearthed an interesting fact: even before their departure, the brothers had already created the Slavic alphabet, well adapted to convey the speech of the Slavs. It was called Glagolitic (it was recreated on the basis of Greek writing with elements of Coptic and Hebrew characters).

Glagolitic or Cyrillic?

Today, scientists from different countries, for the most part, recognize the fact that the Glagolitic alphabet, created by Cyril back in 863 in Byzantium, was the first. He introduced her in a fairly short time. And another, different from the previous one, the Cyrillic alphabet was invented in Bulgaria, a little later. And there are still disputes about the authorship of this, undoubtedly, a cornerstone invention for the pan-Slavic history. After a brief history of the Russian alphabet (Cyrillic) is as follows: in the tenth century it penetrates into Russia from Bulgaria, and its written fixation is fully formalized only in the XIV century. In a more modern form - from the end of the XVI century.

The name of the Slavic alphabet comes from the name of one of the brothers, Christian preachers - Cyril (Konstantin the Philosopher) and Methodius (Michael) from the city of Thessalonica (Thessaloniki), who are its authors.

It is believed that Cyril decided to use the letters not just as a means of conveying sounds, but also to give them names, to give them a special meaning. Here is one of the versions of reading the alphabetic Cyrillic messagequot ;:

Read more here.

Cyril and Methodius were the first to come up with the alphabet. Cyril and Methodius were brothers and Christian preachers and were the first to create the Old Slavonic alphabet and language. They developed a special alphabet for writing texts - Glagolitic. They are revered as saints both in the West and in the East. In Russian Orthodoxy, the day of memory of saints: Methodius - April 6, Cyril - February 14.

The Slavic alphabet was created Cyril and Methodius.

By the way, this does not mean that before that time all people were illiterate. Before Cyrillic and Glagolitic, there was Velesovitsa. Even villagers could write a simple message.

the question involuntarily arises: why is everyone so silent about the old Russian initial letter ???? which has ancient roots going back to the runes (which were generally the matrix of the universe), each symbol carried a lot of information. CREATED - it means invented ........ and if these symbols already existed then what is it called ???? or about the ancient Slavic initial letter is it all fiction ???????

The Byzantine emperor Michael III had a hand in the creation of the Slavic alphabet, by order of which the monk brothers, Greeks by nationality, Constantine (Cyril) and Methodius, streamlined the writing of the Old Slavonic language. The creators of the alphabet were the most educated people of their time. Kirill and Methodius engaged in educational activities. It is to them that the Slavs owe the appearance of the alphabet. This was an urgent need: the Greek religious texts had to be urgently translated for the Slavs, as Christianity expanded its possessions. According to scientists, around 863 they created the Slavic alphabet of more than 43 letters. Their original number is unknown. The 24 letters of the Greek alphabet served as the basis of Slavic writing, but Slavic speech contained many more sounds, so they also had to be marked with letters.

In connection with the need for Christian preaching among the Slavs, the creation of Slavic writing was caused.

The translation of the Bible and liturgical texts from Greek into Slavonic by Emperor Michael III and Patriarch Photius was entrusted to the apologist of Eastern Christianity Constantine (Cyril) and his brother Methodius.

It is these two people who are considered the creators of the Glagolitic alphabet.

Scientists claim that the creator of the Cyrillic alphabet is not Cyril, but a disciple of Methodius Clement of Ohrid.

The Slavic alphabet was invented by two people, the brothers Cyril and Methodius. But Cyril's real name was Konstantin. In 869, Constantine became a monk and received the name Cyril. By nationality, Cyril and Methodius are Greeks, born in Thessalonica, we know the area as Thessaloniki.

And the alphabet was invented in 863.

In general, from the history of the school curriculum, I distinctly remember that the following characters were the first to be mentioned in the creation of the alphabet. This is Methodius and Cyril. History takes us back to the distant year 863, according to various versions and annals, around this time, these individuals were given the task of systematizing the letters of writing.

At first there was oral creativity, over time, knowledge accumulated, it was necessary to record, perpetuate the exploits of Russian heroes, the glorious deeds of princes. Two Greeks were discharged from Byzantium, who created the Russian alphabet in a year, they systematized sounds and designations into one alphabet. Cyril and Methodius were the first to come up with the alphabet, they got acquainted with the alphabet in 863.

The first Old Slavonic alphabet is called Cyrillic. Named in honor of one of the compilers Cyril and Mifody. They were brothers and Christian preachers.

The year 863 is considered to be the year of creation of the Cyrillic alphabet. However, this does not mean that before that time people were illiterate. Before that, there were other alphabets. Now there are disputes that the primary Cyrillic alphabet was Glagolitic.

Of course, these were the famous Cyril and Methodius. It was these two outstanding people who jointly created the Russian alphabet. And it is not for nothing that the Russian alphabet is called Cyrillic, named after them. The Russian Orthodox Church even elevated them to the rank of saints.

Known to every bearer of Slavic culture as the creators of the alphabet. Of course, it is they who are at the origins of Slavic literacy, but are we only indebted to them for the alphabet that we still use?

The creation of Slavic writing was caused by the need for Christian preaching among the Slavs. In 862 - 863 years. Prince of Moravia (one of the largest Slavic states at that time) Rostislav sent an embassy to Byzantium with a request to send missionaries to conduct worship in the Slavic language. The choice of Emperor Michael III and Patriarch Photius fell on the well-known apologist for Eastern Christianity Constantine (who later took the name Cyril during monastic tonsure) and his brother Methodius.

For about three years they worked in Moravia: they translated the Bible and liturgical texts from the Greek language, trained scribes from among the Slavs, then went to Rome. In Rome, the brothers and their disciples were solemnly welcomed, they were allowed to serve the Liturgy in Slavic. Constantine-Cyril was destined to die in Rome (in 869), Methodius returned to Moravia, where he continued to translate.

In order to fully appreciate the feat of the "Slovenian teachers", one must imagine what it meant to translate the Holy Scriptures and liturgical books into a language that did not have a written language. To do this, it is enough to remember what topics and how we communicate in everyday life, and compare this with the content of the biblical text, the text of the service. In everyday life, we rarely talk about complex cultural, philosophical, ethical, religious concepts.

Spoken language by itself is not able to develop means of expressing such complex meanings. Today, arguing on abstract topics, we use what has been created for centuries in the philosophical, religious, literary tradition, i.e. purely literary tradition. The Slavic language of the 9th century did not possess this wealth.

The unwritten language of the Slavs of the 9th century had practically no means of expressing abstract concepts, and even more so theological concepts; complex grammatical and syntactic structures were little developed in it. To make the service understandable for the Slavs, the language needed the finest processing. It was necessary either to find in the Slavic language itself, or to unobtrusively bring from another (Greek became this language) everything necessary for this language to become able to convey the Gospel to people, to discover the beauty and meaning of the Orthodox service. Slavic teachers masterfully coped with this task.

By translating the Bible and liturgical texts into the Slavic language, revealing the Gospel to the Slavs, Cyril and Methodius, at the same time, gave the Slavs a book, linguistic, literary, theological culture. They gave the language of the Slavs the right and opportunity to become the language of human communication with God, the language of the Church, and then the language of great culture and literature. The significance of the feat of the brothers for the entire Orthodox Slavic world cannot truly be overestimated. But it is worth remembering the activities of the disciples of Cyril and Methodius, without whom the mission of the First Teachers could not have been completed, but who, unfortunately, remain in the shadow of their great teachers.

The mission of Cyril and Methodius met with resistance. Methodius had to endure about two years of confinement in prison, and after his death, opponents of Eastern Christianity expelled the disciples of Cyril and Methodius from Moravia. Slavic books began to be burned, services in the Slavic language were banned. Part of the expelled students went to the territory of present-day Croatia, and part to Bulgaria.

Clement of Ohrid

Among those who went to Bulgaria was one of the outstanding disciples of Methodius, Clement of Ohrid. It was he, according to most modern scientists, who was the creator of the alphabet, which we (albeit with minor changes) use to this day.

The fact is that there are two known Slavic alphabets: Glagolitic and Cyrillic. The verbal letters are very complex, pretentious, and bear little resemblance to the letters of any other alphabet. Apparently, the author of the Glagolitic alphabet used elements of various writing systems, including Eastern ones, and invented some symbols himself. The person capable of doing such a complex philological work was Konstantin-Kirill.

The Cyrillic alphabet was created on the basis of the Greek script, while its creator worked hard to adapt the Greek script to the Slavic phonetic system. Based on painstaking work with manuscripts, studying their linguistic features, distribution area, paleographic characteristics, the researchers came to the conclusion that the Glagolitic alphabet was created earlier than the Cyrillic alphabet, the Glagolitic alphabet, apparently, was created by Cyril, and the Cyrillic alphabet was created by the most talented student of Methodius, Kliment Ohridsky.

Clement (c. 840 - 916), who fled persecution from Moravia, was sent by the Bulgarian Tsar Boris to preach in Ohrid. Here he created the largest school of Slavic writing, one of the most important centers of Slavic culture. Translations were carried out here, original Slavic works of spiritual content (songs, hymns, lives) were compiled. Clement of Ohrid can rightly be called one of the first Slavic writers. Clement's work on teaching adults and children to read and write was also unusually extensive: according to the most conservative estimates, he introduced about 3,500 people to Slavic writing. In 893, Clement was appointed Bishop of Dremvitsa and Velica. He became one of the first Slavic church hierarchs, the first Bulgarian hierarch serving, preaching and writing in the Slavic language. According to most modern scientists, it was he who created the alphabet, which the Orthodox Slavic peoples still use.