Activity - 1) a specific, human form of relationship to the outside world. the content of which is its expedient change in the interests of people; condition the existence of society. Activity includes the goal, means, result and the process itself. Activity is an organic unity of sensory-practical and theoretical forms.

2) a set of actions, operations, techniques (S. G. Molchanov).

Decentralization of education management is the principle of delegating certain competencies to the level of lower levels of management.

Diagnostics (< греч. - способность распознать) - study of signs characterizing the presence of defects in processes, objects to predict possible deviations in their work (or states); the doctrine of the methods and principles of recognition and identification.

Term D. widely used in medicine, automotive industry, etc. In the practice of education, it is better to use term"assessment", since assessment is a key procedure within the certification

Diversification (political knowledge; goals of the Bologna process).

"Organized Diversification" as one of the fundamental principles for the development of higher education. This implies, on the one hand, a careful attitude to the existing diversity of national systems, types of educational institutions, areas and types of training, content of training programs that represent a common value and potential for future development. On the other hand, this diversity and the desire to preserve it should not become an obstacle to uniting efforts, to bringing education systems closer together, to their convergence. Hence the need for a selective attitude towards diversification and its regulation in such a way that obstacles to inter-university and inter-country academic exchanges are removed, so that the comparability of qualifications of different countries is easily and openly established, and the remaining differences would stimulate the development of their education systems.

Diversification (from lat. diversus - different and facere - to do)– expansion of areas of activity.

[lat. diversus different + facere do] - diversity, diversified development.

The didactic complex is a combination of the following constituents: 1) curriculum; 2) educational materials; 3) formalized and non-formalized tasks that allow you to check the assimilation of the standard amount of educational information; 4) description of the ways of organizing the assimilation (teaching and learning) educational information and methods of cognitive activity, (A) forms of organization of training, b) sets of teaching methods, c) sets of teaching methods, d) teaching aids); 5) a set of techniques that allow identifying the degree of severity of individual parameters of the main areas of personality.

Didactic-methodical complex - (see educational and methodical complex) it is a didactic complex (educational materials) and methodological support (description of forms, methods, techniques and means of work) For teacher explaining how to work with the didactic complex.

Diploma - graduates from a university in the framework of a five-year one-stage model of education.

The educational program of a graduate is focused on the development and consolidation of practical professional skills.

Differentiation (< франц. - разность, различие) - division, dismemberment of the whole into parts according to the accepted basis.

Additional training sessions - a form of group or individual differentiated training that ensures the development of basic educational information (standard content of education of the relevant academic discipline) and ways of learning.

The unified state exam is a form of state assessment of the level of education of secondary school graduates.

Identification (social)- reproduction of social experience based on involvement in reproductive activities to master the basic social experience.

Change (changes)- change-transformation, which is of an intra-system nature, which means that a change in one of the components does not lead to a transformation of the system, its transition to a new quality. (see development)

Power Meter (expressions) one indicator in comparison with another; determinant "weight" indicator, its quantitative characteristics.

I. determines a) the number or range of the indicator; b) the frequency of some manifestation (the more often it is detected, the higher the value of the property); c) intensity, magnitude or strength of manifestation.

Measurement is carried out, often in the form of attributing a number to the measured objects. (phenomena) according to certain rules.

I. - a tool for evaluating the quantitative and qualitative features of the object of the phenomenon.

Individualization (social)- mastery, transformation, adaptation of social experience according to individual manifestations. Based on the assimilation of social experience, the individual partly develops, specializes his individual experience through “subjective discoveries”, realizing, thinking out, adding independently to one-sidedly or partially mastered social experience. The activity of society and the individual at this level of socialization is approximately the same.

Indicator - (pointer) device a device that displays a change in k. -l. parameter of the controlled technological process or object in the form most convenient for human perception. Apply visual, acoustic, tactile, etc.

Indicator (in the field of education)- group or individual expert assessment, reflecting quantitative or qualitative changes in any feature of the educational system (other educational facilities) in the form of expert judgment (about the sign of the object) or giving him numerical value.

Tool - a tool that allows you to establish the degree of severity of signs (properties, qualities) object, identify the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the object.

Integration (education) – (from lat. integratio - restoration, replenishment)- interconnectedness, system connection into a single whole and the corresponding process of establishing such connections, convergence, unification of organizations, industries, regions or countries, etc. (as opposed to differentiation) .

[< лат. integration восстановление, восполнение < integer целый] – объединение в целое каких-либо частей, элементов (opposite disintegration) .

Informal pedagogical education - non-institutionalized transmission from generation to generation carried out by social institutions teachers norms and values ​​of general and professional culture; learning process is the interaction between learners and objective pedagogical reality(Wednesday) and teacher does not recognize himself as an object of the learning process, during which he acquires the knowledge, skills and abilities of the poem.

Informal education is a non-institutionalized transfer from generation to generation of the norms and values ​​of a common culture carried out by social institutions; the learning process in it is the interaction between students and objective reality (Wednesday), and the student is not aware of himself as an object of the learning process, during which he masters new information and ways of cognitive activity.

In accordance with the accepted in Russia terminology(compared to terminology of the World Bank) additional education of children can be qualified as informal education (See also - Informal O.).

Quality is a philosophical category that expresses the essential certainty of an object, thanks to which it is precisely this and not another. Quality is an objective and universal characteristic of objects, which is found in the totality of their properties” (247, p. 567).

"... an objective and universal characteristic of objects, which is found in the totality of their properties ..." (1, p. 560)

The quality of education - when determining the essence and meaning of this definition, it is necessary, first of all, to determine the philosophical understanding term(concepts)"quality".

The quality of education is the degree of manifestation of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of education as a function of the state, as an education system, as an educational system.

Quality is a holistic set of properties, their connections and relationships that distinguish one object or one phenomenon from another. Quality is a holistic, relatively stable set of properties that determines the specifics of a given object or phenomenon.

The quality of knowledge is an integral set of relatively stable properties of knowledge that characterize the result of educational and cognitive activity of students .

Our understanding is this. Quality is inherent in any object (object or phenomenon) and the subject, but it manifests itself only in relations with other subjects. It is perceived by the subject as a sign, property, characteristic. The severity of the trait in the individual or public consciousness (socially significant norm, value) and there is a level of quality. Consequently, quality is a concrete historical norm about the degree of expression of one or another feature of the object or phenomenon under consideration.

The quality of education is the quality of all features of the object - education. The difficulty is that terminological confusion makes it difficult to understand the definition. This is due to the fact that in some cases education is understood as a) the education system, b) the process of obtaining education, c) the level of education, etc. If we consider all these definitions of EDUCATION. as its features (properties), then it is necessary to continue the description of each of these complex features through the set of features of the 2nd order, then the 3rd, etc., i.e., to the level required by the researcher or manager in order to isolate such signs (objects), the dynamics of which could be controlled and tools could be created to measure the degree of their severity.

The quality of education is the degree of manifestation of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of education as a function of the state, as an education system, as an educational system.

The quality of knowledge, skills and abilities or "key" competencies - an integral set of relatively stable properties of knowledge that characterize the result of educational and cognitive activity of students (T. I. Shamova, T. M. Davydenko). K. inherent in any object (object or phenomenon) and the subject, but manifests itself only in relations with other subjects. K. is perceived by the subject as a sign, property, characteristic. The severity of the trait in the individual (individual norm, value) or public consciousness (socially significant norm, value) and there is the level of K. K. - a concrete historical norm that fixes the degree of expression of one or another feature of an object or phenomenon.

K. - the degree of severity of h. y. n. or k.k., in relation to their required representation in the education of the subject in the form of the mastered content of education.

Qualimetry - methods for quantifying quality (from lat. qualis - what kind of quality) sign of an object or an object as a whole.

Cluster - group (Class) objects, united by a common feature (s). (S. G. Molchanov).

Cluster analysis - 1) “a mathematical procedure for multivariate analysis that allows, based on a set of indicators characterizing a number of objects (for example, subjects, to group them into classes (clusters) in such a way that objects belonging to one class are more homogeneous, similar in comparison with objects belonging to other classes. Based on the numerically expressed parameters of objects, the distances between them are calculated, which can be expressed both in the Euclidean metric (the most commonly used, and in other metrics. The cluster analysis method has found wide application in psycholinguistics” (219, p. 162);

2) the division of the whole into parts and the assignment of each part to a specific group, type, class on a common basis.

Qualification - [cf. -lat. qualification< лат. quails какой, какого качества + facere делать – 1) характеристика предмета, явления, отнесение его к какой-либо категории, группе; 2) степень и уровень профессиональной подготовленности к какому-либо виду труда; 3) профессия, специальность .

(from lat. quails - what kind of quality)- 1) definition of quality, evaluation, characterization of something; 2) the degree of suitability, the level of preparedness for any type of work; 3) profession, specialty acquired as a result of training

(In Great Britain) certification of a student's achievement or competency, indicating the type and title of training, which qualifies the student to enter and continue to advance academically and professionally.

In Russia, this is not a document on education (as stated in the Lisbon Convention of 1997, signed by Russia, but only an entry in a document issued to graduates. This is a special position in a diploma that claims not to be academic, but to be professional in nature (for example, specialty "Jurisprudence", qualification "Lawyer") . In accordance with the Lisbon Convention, an academic qualification is a document issued upon graduation from a higher education institution, and not an entry in this document, as we are used to. Our record speaks, rather, of a professional qualification, which may or may not be in the document issued by the educational institution. In the latter case, a document on professional qualifications, if necessary, is issued by the relevant professional community (as a rule, after the applicant for such a qualification has received some work experience upon completion of theoretical training).

Diploma comparison. "Equivalence" involves full legal (and actual) the equivalence of documents on education, established on the basis of comparative studies of all conditions and requirements necessary to obtain them in the compared educational institutions.

"Confession" establishes the legal conformity of levels of education, but reserves the right for contracting parties to introduce additional requirements for admission to educational institutions or employment, different from those that apply to persons with national educational documents, degrees and titles.

Naturally, we are talking about the academic recognition of the relevant documents.

Qualification (professional pedagogical (PPKv and PUKv)- measure of effectiveness (economy, operationality, adequacy) professionally- pedagogical(- managerial impact and interaction in the current educational space.

Convention [< лат. conventio договор, соглашение] – международный договор, соглашение по какому-либо специальному вопросу, напр. железнодорожная, почтовая конвенции, конвенция по охране авторских прав .

An international treaty on some special issue that establishes the mutual rights and obligations of the contracting parties (usually multilateral); Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, Geneva Conventions of 1949

A convention, unlike a declaration, is a binding legal instrument.

Conversion - (convertibility) diplomas

Convertibility (from lat. convertere to change, transform)- convertibility, the ability of the national currency to be freely exchanged for a foreign one in any form and in all types of transactions without restrictions.

Concept (from Latin - understanding, system)- a certain way of understanding, interpretation of a phenomenon, the main point of view.

Communicative abilities are the abilities of a person that ensure the effectiveness of her communicative activity, primarily communication with other personalities, and psychological compatibility in activities. Communication skills are an essential component of organizational skills and leadership abilities.

Competence -

1) (from lat. - I achieve, I correspond, I approach)- 1) terms of reference provided by law, charter or other act of a particular body or official;

2) occupations and experience in this or that area.

2) [ < лат. competere добиваться; соответствовать, подходить] – 1) круг полномочий какого-л. органа или должностного лица; 2) круг вопросов, в которых кто-л. хорошо осведомлен (7, p. 295).

3) - a set of theoretical ideas about the object and practical ways of working with this object.

Competence - 1) possession of competence; 2) the possession of knowledge to judge smth. (7, p. 295).

Competence (professional)- a set of educational, professional, socio-professional, social and personal competencies.

Competence (professional pedagogical or professional managerial (PPK and PUK) is a systemic concept that defines the scope of competencies, terms of reference in the field of professional pedagogical activity. In a narrower sense, professional pedagogical competence refers to the range of issues in which the subject has knowledge, experience; the totality of which reflects the socio-professional status and professional pedagogical qualification, as well as certain personal, individual characteristics (abilities that provide the possibility of implementing a certain professional activity.

Qualification, in turn, is provided by the initial or corrected level of mastery of the content of the taught academic disciplines, teaching methods, methods pedagogical impacts and interactions, theories pedagogy and educational psychology, the level of practical skills, abilities, creative activity teacher(182)

The CPC also defines the scope of competencies, terms of reference teacher in the social sphere, especially in that part of it that is directly adjacent to the professional sphere itself. Based on this, the PPC should fix its social aspect, which reflects the characteristics of the profession. teacher as a representative of a group of professions in the social sphere.

The main relationships between the components of the systemic concept of professional pedagogical competence can be described in the following scheme:

Table 1

Relations between the components of the concept

"professionally- pedagogical competence”

PROFESSIONALLY- PEDAGOGICAL COMPETENCE

PROFESSIONALLY- PEDAGOGICAL QUALIFICATION SOCIO-PROFESSIONAL STATUS

Professionally- pedagogical practical readiness and theoretical readiness Social status teacher in the social system (outward facing aspect)

Professional productivity pedagogical activities Social status teacher in the educational system (inward facing aspect)

Professionally significant personality traits

The above ideas about the content of the concept "professionally- pedagogical competence» are the basis for the content of the method of expert assessments recommended by the current Standard Regulations on Certification (182) . However, for professional assessment pedagogical competence, it is necessary, first of all, to describe the whole set of concepts that describe the space of this term, as well as their interrelationships and interdependencies.

All this will make it possible to objectively assess the professional pedagogical competence of the pedagogical(managerial) employee as part of his attestation.

It should be noted that in certification, when assigning qualification categories, one should not discuss and take into account personal professionally significant features, but they need to be evaluated. But just to help teacher or the manager to build a personality-oriented trajectory for the growth of professional competence and productivity.

Convergence (educational systems of European countries) – [< лат. convergere приближаться, сходиться] – схождение, сближение .

Competitiveness (European system of higher education)- a set of consumer properties of a given product or product, characterizing their difference from a competitor's product in terms of the degree of compliance with specific social needs, taking into account the costs of satisfying them, prices, etc.

concentric - the union of a set of educational units (competencies, around a common center for them ( "key" competence) and their systematic shuttle presentation (from the educational unit to the center or from the center to the educational unit along different radii).

Communiqué [fr. communicate< лат. communicare сообщать] – официальное правительственное сообщение о международных переговорах и соглашениях, о важных событиях во внутренней жизни страны (напр., конференциях, совещаниях, о ходе военных действий и т. д.

The system of credits is a very effective mechanism for comparing quantitative and qualitative indicators of the level of students' preparation, allowing, on the basis of objective criteria, to establish an individual rating of each student based on the results of training;

Tool for improving the quality of education;

A certain philosophy of education, focused on the transition of educational institutions from collectivist to individualistic forms of education, forms of organization of the educational process that are convenient for the educational services market - and, therefore, to a market understanding of the quality of education, when price characteristics of their educational activities become a key aspect of the functioning of educational institutions.

It is intended to measure the results of previous education and form a unified approach to ensuring academic mobility within the framework of interuniversity exchanges. It is used in many countries of the world as a measure of comparable quantitative assessments of the volume of various educational programs, the importance of their constituent academic disciplines, as well as periods of study.

Is a measure of activity, not quality, acts as a surrogate for goals and achievements (–) ; simplicity, flexibility and the ability to trust the results (+) .

The system of credit units is a systematic way of describing educational programs by assigning credit units to its components (disciplines, courses, etc.) .

Offset - type of verification test (in higher education, in sports achievements) .

Credit unit ( credit) is a unit of measurement by which all education received is described in the diploma supplement.

"credit unit" called ‘credit’ in English (confidence) and cannot be translated into Russian as "credit" .

It makes sense term"credit unit" use as a Russian-language counterpart terms"credit hour" or "credit", since in national languages ​​in a number of European countries these terms are denoted as"credit conversion units", which is semantically consonant with their meaning in Russian.

Credit [< лат. creditum ссуда, долг < credere верить] – 1) предоставление в долг на определенный срок товаров или денежных средств, как правило, с уплатой процента; 2) включенная в смету сумма, в пределах которой разрешен расход на определенные цели; 3) доверие .

At present, there is no clear understanding term"credit". The meaning of this concept is not limited to the definition of a unit of measure of academic load - to the fact that a credit hour is a larger unit compared to an academic hour. The use of credit in the educational process has a wider appointment: it is considered as one of the most convenient parameters for assessing and comparing the results for any period of study in different educational institutions and, therefore, as an effective tool for streamlining lifelong education and ensuring academic mobility. Yes, credit hour. allows: 1) take into account the relative importance of various types of classes: lectures, seminars, laboratory, etc.; 2) to determine the significance of a particular discipline studied by a student, its relative contribution to the final average indicator received by him at the end of any period of study; 3) to rank students according to the results of training and to identify, on the basis of objective indicators, an individual rating of each of them.

The use of a credit hour makes it possible to switch to an asynchronous organization of the educational process, which creates the prerequisites for the development of academic mobility both within the country and abroad.

Credit is a quantitative indicator of the adequacy of education, which is assigned to a student as confirmation of the reliability of achieving learning outcomes at a given level.

With regard to the system of higher professional education, the definition of credit is based on various parameters, such as the overall labor intensity of the student's work or the time of contact with the teacher when mastering the discipline of the curriculum, the results of his learning.

Credit is also a way to quantify learning outcomes - a set of competencies (what the student will know, understand or be able to master after completing the learning process).

Credit [< лат. credit он верит] – правая сторона бухгалтерских счетов; в активе кредит представляет расходную часть, куда заносятся все расходы по данному счету, а в счетах пассива – приходную часть, в которой группируются все поступления по счету .

Stress on the first syllable (from lat. credit - he believes)- confidence; in Russian, it is customary to use credit as an economic term, which means the right side of an account opened to any person, on which the amounts due to him or the amounts received on the account of any person are entered. Lending means "to write down the amount in the credit of the account".

Using credit as term related to education is a new aspect of this concept for the Russian language and mentality. In the educational process under the concept "credit" implied following:

1) each discipline has its own index of labor intensity for its development, which is the number of hours per week allotted for its study, while not only classroom studies are meant, but also the time that the student must spend on extracurricular independent work. The same number is equal to the number of credits (credits received by the student after completing the study of the discipline;

2) the number of credits also shows the share of a particular discipline in the total annual workload (lectures, seminars, laboratory classes, tests, exams, etc., since the educational institution determines in advance the amount of credits that must be earned in order to master the full program, for example, a bachelor's or master.

The world system uses two types loans: credit-hour and credit-point. A credit hour corresponds to the number of hours per week devoted to the study of a given discipline during one semester. A credit point corresponds to the student's total workload, more precisely, the amount of work expended in studying any unit of study, such as a module.

The number of credits awarded for the discipline (course) is strictly fixed and does not depend on the quality of the student's preparation. Credits are awarded to the student only for successful work. The quality of the student's work is not reflected by credits, but by grades on the ECTS scale, according to which grades A, B , C, D and E credits accrue, while FX and F grades do not accrue credits.

Credit hour - (in USA) semester volume of the training course taught one lecture hour (50 min.) per week, along with the hours of practical training allocated for this course, laboratory work, independent work of the student, as well as the time allotted for assessing the development of this course by trainees.

A credit consortium is a group of educational institutions united on a voluntary basis and cooperating in the development and use of credit systems. Each consortium puts forward a specific scheme for accumulating and transferring credits.

The credit system is a system for quantifying the content of an educational program. The rating system is a system for quantifying the quality of its development.

Credit-credit systems, as a rule, proceed from the understanding of credit as a unit for assessing labor costs for the development of an educational program or its part.

Credit-accumulative systems basically define credit as a unit for evaluating the results of mastering educational programs - acquired knowledge, skills and abilities.

Student rating - an individual comprehensive assessment of his performance in all areas of educational activity (mastering the disciplines of the curriculum; passing all types of practices; passing the final state exam; performing and defending final qualifying works).

Rating (English rating)- 1) assessment, classification; assignment to a particular class, category, rank; significance score, the popularity of a person or phenomenon relative to others similar to him; 2) position, class, rank, rank.

When organizing the educational process, it is necessary to use a rating system for assessing the quality of mastering modules (courses, disciplines) educational program, bearing in mind the conformity of the actual results (knowledge, competencies, etc.) planned. It should be noted that the assessment of the quality of mastering the educational program should be a) individual and b) absolute as a measure of compliance with the Educational Standard (rather than relative in a group of students). The rating system for assessing the quality of mastering the educational program involves the current control of the success of the student's cognitive activity during the semester and the final control during the session.

Module [< лат. modulus мера] – отделяемая, относительно самостоятельная часть какой-либо системы, организации, устройства

IN pedagogical "functional node" two characteristics

Criterion -

1) (from the Greek. kriterion - a means for judgment)- a sign on the basis of which an assessment, definition or classification of something is made; evaluation yardstick.

(from the Greek kriterion - a distinctive feature, measure, means of judgment) - the basis on which something is evaluated, defined or classified; evaluation yardstick.

Well (training)- a systematic presentation of any science or its separate part, which act as subjects in general education programs (for example, mathematics consists of algebra, geometry, etc.; chemistry - of organic and inorganic chemistry).

Well (elective)- a course of study that can be chosen by the student.

Linear (building the content of education)– combining a set of educational units (competencies) in line (along with other competencies) for their consistent systematic presentation along a trajectory close to a straight line.

Student-centered educational process - the process of education and training, taking into account personal (cognitive, emotional-volitional and effective-practical) characteristics of the student; his needs, as well as realizing

Personal approach to learning - a system of specially selected ways of professional pedagogical impact(interactions that provide an adequate impact on the cognitive, emotional-volitional and effective-practical spheres of the individual.

License - permission for the right to conduct educational activities.

Master [< лат. magister начальник; наставник] – в ряде стран – вторая академическая степень, присуждаемая лицам, окончившим университет или приравненное к нему высшее учебное заведение и имеющим степень бакалавра, прошедшим дополнительный курс в течение 1–2 лет, сдавшим специальный экзамен и защитившим диссертацию ;

second, middle (between Bachelor and PhD) scientific degree in most foreign countries in the system of multi-stage higher education, awarded to persons who graduated from a university, college or university (having a bachelor's degree, after 1–2 years of study and public defense of a diploma or master's thesis.

Master (from "master") - the system and form of training of specialists with completed higher education (with bachelor's degree) in most Western countries, within 1–2 years, with the defense of a diploma or master's thesis;

(graduate)- the second cycle of a two-stage higher education, focused on the development of creative abilities.

Graduates of the second level must:

7) master the subject area at an advanced level, that is, master the latest methods and techniques (research, know the latest theories and their interpretations;

8) critically monitor and comprehend the development of theory and practice;

9) master the methods of independent research and be able to explain its results at an advanced level;

10) be able to make an original contribution to the discipline in accordance with the canons of this subject area, for example, as part of a qualifying work;

11) demonstrate originality and creativity;

12) master competencies at a professional level.

The educational program of the master is focused on the piecewise preparation of scientific and scientific pedagogical highly qualified workers.

Function management in the educational system - 1) maintaining the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the components of the educational system (c.o.s.) at baseline; 2) ensuring the constant compliance of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the f.o. With. changing external and internal the conditions of its functioning; 3) designing new elements of a f.o. s., the introduction of which does not imply a change in its current state and transfer to a new one; 4) generation of new norms for the functioning of a f.o. s., leading to a shift in emphasis (redistribution "by weight" contributions) of the system-forming features of the f.o. With. within the framework of its current state as a system; 5) forecasting new norms and k.o. s., changing its current state in accordance with the established (identified during peer review) trends in the development of the socio-educational system as a whole, and each K. o. s., in particular.

Management in the educational system - the presentation of requirements a) negative, aimed at the termination of any actions or the existence of objects; b) neutral, aimed at maintaining, providing and constructing any actions or objects; c) positive, meaning the generation and forecasting or initiation of fundamentally different from the previous (traditional) actions within the educational system and outside it in situations where the previous framework does not allow these actions to be carried out.

In this case, all three groups of requirements (negative, neutral and positive) are carried out according to certain technological chains, which can be presented in the form of a classification according to the degree of their relevance to the current state of educational systems: 1) promising and 2) operational.

Method (upbringing, training)- a professional way pedagogical impact(interaction that provides changes in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the object of influence (interactions).

Teaching methods - .... the development of educational units (competences, i.e. the assimilation of theoretical ideas about the units of the content of education and how to work with them.

Teaching methods are ways of organizing teaching and learning that ensure the assimilation of educational and cognitive information and the development of methods of cognitive activity.

Methodological work is an integral part of professional pedagogical(-managerial) activities in which theoretical products are created that provide pedagogical or management actions. The subject of methodological work is not only the means of professional pedagogical communication but also the content of learning (educational materials).

Mobility - [< фр. mobile < лат. mobilis] – подвижность .

Mobility (principle) [< фр. mobile < лат. mobilis– подвижный]

– access of students to all educational services; teachers, researchers and administrative staff should be recognized and credited for periods of time spent in Europe – for research, internships and teaching, without prejudice to their rights.

The ability of students to acquire loans, including those outside higher education institutions (including continuing education), and re-credit them when condition recognition by the respective universities of the organizations that issue them.

In Russia, it is preferable to talk rather than about territorial (spatial) mobility, but about professional mobility, carried out within a particular region.

The mobility of specialists is the desire not only to improve their qualifications within the limits of the previously obtained, but also to obtain a new one.

IN conditions It would be more expedient for Russia to develop the so-called "virtual mobility" associated with the organic inclusion in the educational process contemporary information technologies. With their help, it would be possible to minimize the time of separation of students from "why home", bring the training itself as close as possible to what is really required in a particular regional labor market. (see regionalization, regionalization of the labor market).

Modernization is a change, an improvement that meets modern requirements(SES, p. 817).

Module - conventional unit, fixing the size, volume of one of the elements of the content of education, used to coordinate the size of the parts of the training course (in academic hours, in educational units, in the forms of training, in the forms of training sessions, methods, techniques, tools, etc.) its relatively independent part, which can be assigned numerical value.

Module [< лат. modulus мера] – отделяемая, относительно самостоятельная часть какой-либо системы, организации, устройства (e.g. spacecraft module); a functionally completed node that is part of a specific system and has the property of substitutability.

Modules are thematically completed sections into which the material of the academic discipline is divided.

Some part of the whole in the learning system, clearly defined by functional properties; training module - a fragment of the program unified in structure, designed as its independent part and intended primarily for individual training. A module can be studied for one or two semesters and is estimated at 10 or 20 credits, which characterizes the time that must be spent on studying it. How these hours are distributed by types of educational activities depends on the content of the module, but in any case, the time spent on independent work of students is also taken into account.

Modules are logical blocks into which the program material of the course is divided (subject, representing the completed cycle of educational work. Most often, this is one or more topics. As structural and logical independent modules (in each academic discipline) individual topics or sections, term papers, individual program tasks for independent study of theoretical material, etc. can be considered. Threshold rating values ​​in points are developed for these modules, which are set to students as an assessment depending on the quality and timing of assignments.

A module is a complete set of knowledge, skills and abilities, united by a logical connection, corresponding to a fragment (block, functional unit) educational program of the training course [Galochkin A. I., Bazarnova N. G., Markin V. I., Kasko N. S. Problem-modular learning technology // Sociology and education on the threshold of the third millennium. Materials of reports. And. speeches of section XI. - Barnaul, 1996].

IN pedagogical In a sense, a functional unit is a certain integrity, which is at the same time a subsystem of a wider system. In concept "functional node" two characteristics: the knot as the integrity and functioning of this formation, the dynamics inherent in nature.

A modular program is a system of means, techniques, with the help and through which the ultimate goal of training is achieved. Thus, the modular program includes elements of cognitive activity management and, together with the teacher, helps to effectively use the study time.

The educational material included in the module should be such a complete block of information that it is possible to construct a complete modular program from individual modules. At the same time, the modular program should ensure the assimilation of the subject in accordance with the State Educational Standard, as well as provide an opportunity for a higher level of assimilation of educational material.

Monitoring - 1) constant observation of any process in order to identify its compliance with the desired result or initial assumptions; 2) observation, assessment and forecast of the state of the environment in connection with human economic activity.

Monitoring (educational)- 1) constant monitoring of the educational process with the help of standardized tools in order to identify its compliance with a posteriori given quantitative and qualitative indicators taken from the indicators established in certain of its "points", and establishing compliance with the desired result or initial assumptions; 2) observation, assessment and forecast of the state of the educational system in connection with the socio-political and economic situation within the country and abroad.

Monitoring (educational)- a system for organizing the collection, storage, processing and dissemination of information about the functioning of the educational system, which ensures continuous monitoring of its state and forecasting its development.

Monitoring of the learning process - continuous monitoring of the processes of teaching and learning.

M. of the teaching process is carried out as part of the demonstration of training sessions and the presentation of their abstracts (training materials, forms of training, forms of training sessions, methods, techniques and teaching aids) during certification teaching staff. M. is implemented within the framework of methodological, scientific and methodological work and additional professional teacher education.

M. of the learning process is carried out as part of the intermediate and final certification for the following indicators: educational information, ways of cognitive activity, ways of social behavior (in the educational space, ways of introverted activity (e.g. health-saving). The indicators are the quantity of mastered content of education and the quality (degree of expression) mastery of each unit of educational content.

Monitoring of education is a system of intermediate and final certification, including the Unified State Examination, provided with control and measuring materials.

Nostrification (diplomas)- the approach used in the practical solution of issues of equivalence and recognition of diplomas of higher education, academic degrees and titles; is based on the results of a comparative analysis of education systems, which determines the general criteria for assessing the levels of education, diplomas, degrees and titles (For more on aspects of analysis, see 2.6.) .

Nostrification of documents on education, recognition and establishment of the equivalence of a diploma or other document on general education, primary, secondary and higher and postgraduate professional education, on the award of an academic title, carried out abroad by a university or other scientific institution. The recognition of documents of foreign states is understood as the consent of the relevant authorities to the validity of these documents in the territory of the Russian Federation. Federation. Nostrification is within the competence of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. Establishing the equivalence of documents on the education of foreign states means that public authorities must provide the holders of these documents with the same academic and (or) professional rights, as the holders of documents Ros. Federation. Nostrification of documents of foreign countries does not release

Authoritarian style - the style of communication between the teacher and students, when the teacher alone decides all issues related to the life of both the class team and each student. Based on his own attitudes, he determines the goals of interaction, subjectively evaluates the results of activities.

Author's training programs- curricula that, taking into account the requirements of the state standard, may contain a different logic for constructing an academic subject, their own points of view regarding the phenomena and processes being studied, if there is a review from scientists in this subject area, teachers, psychologists, methodologists, they are approved by the pedagogical council of the school.

Acmeology is a science that studies the patterns and facts of achieving the heights of professionalism, creative longevity of a person.

Analysis- a method of scientific research by decomposing an object into its component parts or by mentally dismembering an object by logical abstraction.

Basic curriculum of a general education school- the main state normative document, which is an integral part of the state standard in this field of education. It serves as the basis for the development of standard and working curricula and the source document for school funding. The basic curriculum as part of the education standard for basic schools is approved by the State Duma, and for complete and secondary schools - by the Ministry of General and Vocational Education of the Russian Federation.

Conversation- a question-answer method of active interaction between a teacher and students, which is used at all stages of the educational process: to communicate new knowledge, to consolidate, repeat, test and evaluate knowledge.

Intraschool management- purposeful, conscious interaction of participants in a holistic pedagogical process based on the knowledge of its objective patterns in order to achieve an optimal result.

Upbringing - specially organized activities of teachers and pupils to achieve the goals of education in the conditions of the pedagogical process.

Deviant behavior is behavior that deviates from the norm.

Deductive Methods - logical methods of generalization of data obtained empirically, suggesting the movement of thought from a general judgment to a particular conclusion.

Actions- processes, the motives of which are in the activity in which they are included.

Democratic style- the style of communication between the teacher and students, focused on increasing the subjective role of the student in the interaction, and involving everyone in solving common problems. Teachers who adhere to this style are characterized by an active-positive attitude towards students, an adequate assessment of their capabilities, successes and failures, they are characterized by a deep understanding of the student, the goals and motives of his behavior, the ability to predict the development of his personality.

Activity - internal (mental) and external (physical) activity of a person, regulated by a conscious goal.

Diagnosis in pedagogy - assessment of the general state of the pedagogical process or its individual components at one time or another of its functioning on the basis of a comprehensive, holistic examination.

Didactics is a part of pedagogy that lays out the theoretical foundations of education and training.

Didactic tasks - tasks of managing educational and cognitive activities

Didactic material - a system of objects, each of which is intended to be used in the learning process as a material or materialized model of a particular system, identified within the framework of public knowledge and experience, and serves as a means of solving some didactic problem.

Dispute- the method of forming judgments, assessments and beliefs in the process of cognitive and value-oriented activity, does not require definite and final decisions. The dispute perfectly matches the age characteristics of a high school student, whose emerging personality is characterized by a passionate search for the meaning of life, the desire not to take anything for granted, the desire to compare facts in order to establish the truth.

Distance learning is a form of receiving educational services at a distance without visiting educational institutions with the help of modern information and educational technologies and telecommunication systems, such as e-mail, television and the Internet.

Dogmatic training - a type of collective organization of cognitive activity, widespread in the Middle Ages, it is characterized by teaching in Latin, the main activities of students were listening and rote memorization.

Additional classes - one of the forms of organization of educational activities, which is carried out with individual students or a group of students in order to fill gaps in knowledge, develop skills, and satisfy an increased interest in a school subject. In additional classes, teachers practice various types of assistance: clarification of individual issues, attaching weak students to strong ones, re-explaining the topic.

Identification- establishing the identity of any object.

Inductive Methods- logical methods of generalization of data obtained empirically, suggesting the movement of thought from particular judgments to a general conclusion.

Induction is logical reasoning moving from statements of a less general nature to a statement of a more general nature.

Innovation- a purposeful change that introduces new, relatively stable elements into a certain social unit - an organization, a settlement, a society, a group.

briefing- one of the methods that provides an explanation and demonstration to students of the purpose, tasks and method of carrying out certain actions, the sequence of operations that make up a particular skill.

Interview- the most flexible method of collecting information, involving a conversation (according to a specific plan), based on direct, personal contact.

research method- a way to organize the search, creative activity of students to solve new problems for them. The teacher presents this or that problem for independent research, knows its result, the course of the solution, and those features of creative activity that are required to be shown in the course of the solution.

Combined control- one of the types of control, the essence of which is that several students are called to the board for an answer at once, of which one answers orally, two or more prepare to answer at the blackboard, some of the students perform written assignments on cards, and the rest participate in survey. The advantages of this method are that it allows a thorough examination of several students in a short period of time; It is used when all the material is learned and there is a need to check the knowledge of several students at once.

Consultations- one of the forms of organizing educational activities that is carried out with individual students or a group of students in order to fill gaps in knowledge, develop skills and abilities, satisfy an increased interest in a subject, but unlike additional classes, they are usually episodic, since they are organized as needed. There are current, thematic and general (for example, in preparation for exams or tests) consultations.

Laboratory works- an independent group of practical methods that combine practical actions with organized observations of students. In school conditions, frontal and individual laboratory work is usually carried out. Conducting a laboratory experiment ends with the preparation of brief reports containing sketches, diagrams, drawings, tables and theoretical conclusions.

Lecture (at school)- the main form of the lecture-seminar system adapted to the conditions of the school. School lectures are successfully used in the study of both the humanities and the natural sciences. As a rule, these are introductory and generalizing lectures. In school conditions, a lecture in many respects approaches a story, but is much longer in time, it can take up the lesson time entirely.

Machine control- a type of programmed control, when students are asked to choose the correct one from several possible answers.

Method of illustration and demonstration- one of the methods of organizing the activities of schoolchildren, the essence of which lies in the visual presentation (showing) to students of natural objects, phenomena, processes or their layouts, models and images, depending on specific educational tasks.

Problem presentation method- a method of organizing the activities of schoolchildren, the essence of which is that the teacher poses a problem and solves it himself, thereby showing students the way to solve it in its genuine, but accessible to students contradictions, revealing the train of thought when moving along the path of cognition, while students mentally follow behind the logic of presentation, assimilating the stages of solving the problem.

Methodological techniques- the constituent elements (parts, details) of the method, which in relation to the method are of a private subordinate nature, do not have an independent pedagogical task, but are subordinate to the task pursued by this method.

Control methods- methods by which the effectiveness of educational and cognitive and other activities of pupils and the pedagogical work of the teacher is determined.

Teaching methods- ways of professional interaction of the teacher and students with the goal. Solutions of educational problems.

Methods of pedagogical research- ways of studying pedagogical phenomena, obtaining scientific information about them in order to establish regular connections, relationships and build scientific theories.

Observation- purposeful perception of any pedagogical phenomenon, during which the researcher receives specific factual material.

Punishment- such an impact on the personality of the student, which expresses the condemnation of actions and deeds that are contrary to the norms of social behavior, and forces students to steadily follow them.

Education- a single process of physical and spiritual formation of the personality, the process of socialization, consciously oriented to some ideal images, to historically determined, more or less clearly fixed social standards in the public consciousness.

Education as a social phenomenon- a relatively independent system, the functions of which are the education and upbringing of members of society, focused on the acquisition of certain knowledge (primarily scientific), ideological and moral values, skills, habits, norms of behavior, the content of which is ultimately determined by the socio-economic and political system of a given society and the level of its material and technical development.

Education system- a complex of educational institutions.

Education- a specific method of education aimed at developing the personality by organizing the assimilation of scientific knowledge and methods of activity by students.

An object Pedagogy - phenomena of reality that determine the development of the human individual in the process of purposeful activity of society.

Explanatory-illustrative method- a method of organizing the activities of schoolchildren, the essence of which is that the teacher communicates the finished information by various means, and the students perceive, realize and fix this information in memory. The teacher communicates information with the help of the spoken word (story, lecture, explanation), the printed word (textbook, additional aids), visual aids (pictures, diagrams, films and filmstrips), practical demonstration of methods of activity (showing experience, working on the machine, examples of declension, problem solving method, etc.).

Operations- processes, the goals of which are in the action of which they are an element.

Pedagogy- a science that studies the essence, patterns, trends and prospects for the development of the pedagogical process (education) as a factor and means of human development throughout his life.

Pedagogical activity- a special type of social (professional) activity aimed at achieving the goals of education.

Pedagogical task- this is a materialized situation of upbringing and education (pedagogical situation), characterized by the interaction of teachers and pupils with a specific goal.

Pedagogical system- a set of interconnected structural components united by a single educational goal of personality development and functioning in a holistic pedagogical process.

Pedagogical technology- a consistent, interdependent system of actions of the teacher associated with the use of a particular set of methods of education and training and carried out in the pedagogical process in order to solve various pedagogical problems: structuring and concretizing the goals of the pedagogical process; transformation of the content of education into educational material; analysis of intersubject and intrasubject communications; choice of methods, means and organizational forms of the pedagogical process, etc.

The pedagogical process is a specially organized (from a systemic point of view) interaction of teachers and pupils (pedagogical interaction) regarding the content of education using the means of training and education (pedagogical means) in order to solve the problems of education aimed at meeting the needs of both society and the individual himself in its development and self-development.

Pedagogical experiment- research activities with the aim of studying cause-and-effect relationships in pedagogical phenomena, which involves experimental modeling of a pedagogical phenomenon and the conditions for its occurrence; active influence of the researcher on the pedagogical phenomenon; measuring the results of pedagogical impact and interaction.

Pedagogical interaction- intentional contact (long-term or temporary) between the teacher and pupils, which results in mutual changes in their behavior, activities and relationships.

Written survey- control method, which is carried out as follows: individual students are offered control tasks on cards.

Promotion - a way of expressing a positive public assessment of the behavior and activities of an individual student or team .

conniving style - the style of communication of a teacher who takes a passive position, who has chosen the tactics of non-interference in the creative pedagogical process, who is not interested in the problems of both the school and students, evading responsibility for the final, as a rule, negative results in teaching and educating schoolchildren.

Practical lessons- one of the forms of organization of educational activities; are used in the study of disciplines of the natural science cycle, as well as in the process of labor and vocational training; are carried out in laboratories and workshops, in classrooms and in training and experimental areas, etc.

Practical control- a control method used to identify the formation of certain skills and abilities of practical work or formed motor skills. It is used in drawing lessons (in elementary grades), labor, physical education, mathematics, physics, chemistry.

Preliminary control- control aimed at identifying the knowledge, skills and abilities of students in the subject or section that will be studied.

Subject of Pedagogy- education as a real holistic pedagogical process, purposefully organized in special social institutions (family, educational and cultural institutions).

accustoming- organization of planned and regular performance by children of certain actions in order to turn them into habitual forms of social behavior.

Working with a book- one of the verbal methods of organizing educational activities. Work with the book is carried out at all stages of learning, it is usually combined with the use of other methods, primarily methods of oral presentation of knowledge.

Working training programs- curricula developed taking into account the requirements of the state standard for educational areas, but additionally taking into account the national-regional component, the possibilities of methodological, informational, technical support for the educational process, the level of preparedness of students.

Story- a consistent presentation of predominantly factual material, carried out in a descriptive or narrative form. It is widely used in teaching humanitarian subjects, as well as in presenting bibliographic material, characterizing images, describing objects, natural phenomena, and social events.

reproductive methods- methods of organizing the activities of schoolchildren, which involve the reproduction and repetition of the method of activity on the instructions of the teacher.

self-education- systematic and conscious human activity aimed at self-development and the formation of a basic culture of the individual. Self-education is designed to strengthen and develop the ability to voluntarily fulfill obligations, both personal and basic on the requirements of the team, to form moral and volitional qualities, the necessary habits of behavior.

Seminars- one of the forms of organization of educational activities, which is used in high school in the study of humanitarian subjects. The essence of the seminars is a collective discussion of the proposed questions, messages, abstracts, reports prepared by students under the guidance of a teacher.

Synthesis- a method of studying the subject in its integrity, in the unity and interconnection of its parts.

Socialization- the process of assimilation by an individual during his life of social norms and cultural values ​​of the society to which he belongs. It is a difficult, lifelong learning process.

Socio-psychological climate in the team- a system of emotional and psychological states of the team, reflecting the nature of the relationship between its members in the process of joint activities and communication.

Style of pedagogical communication- sustainable unity of methods and means of activity of the teacher and students, their subject-subjective interaction.

Lesson structure- the ratio of the elements of the lesson in their specific sequence and interconnection with each other.

current control- control that is carried out in everyday work in order to check the assimilation of the previous material and identify gaps in the knowledge of students; It is carried out primarily with the help of the teacher's systematic observation of the work of the class as a whole and of each student individually at all stages of education.

Thematic control- control, which is carried out periodically as the passage of a new topic, section and aims to systematize students' knowledge.

Technology for constructing educational information- the process of making pedagogical decisions under the conditions of a system of restrictions and prescriptions that are dictated by established norms (what and to what extent students should learn from the given information), the initial level of preparedness of students for the perception of educational information, the capabilities of the teacher himself, as well as the school in which he works.

Model Curriculum- this curriculum, which is developed on the basis of the state basic curriculum and approved by the Ministry of General and Vocational Education of the Russian Federation and is of a recommendatory nature.

Model Curricula- curricula that are developed on the basis of the requirements of the state educational standard for a particular educational field, are approved by the Ministry of General and Vocational Education of the Russian Federation and are advisory in nature.

Control- activities aimed at making decisions, organizing, controlling, regulating the object of management in accordance with a given goal, analyzing and summing up on the basis of reliable information.

Managerial culture of the head of the school- a measure and method of creative self-realization of the personality of the head of the school in various types of management activities aimed at mastering, transferring and creating values ​​and technologies in school management.

Exercise- systematically organized activity, involving repeated repetition of any actions in order to form certain skills and abilities or improve them.

oral questioning- a method of control, which is carried out on an individual basis in order to identify the teacher's knowledge, skills and abilities of individual students. The student is invited to answer a general question, which is subsequently divided into a number of more specific, clarifying ones.

Oral face-to-face interview- a method of monitoring the level of knowledge, skills and abilities of students, which requires a series of logically interconnected questions on a small amount of material. With a frontal simultaneous questioning of several students, the teacher expects them to give short, concise answers from the spot.

Study Conference- a form of organization of the pedagogical process, pursuing the goal of summarizing the material on any section of the program and requiring a lot of preparatory work (observations, generalization of excursion materials, setting up experiments, studying literary sources, etc.). Conferences can be held in all academic subjects and at the same time go far beyond the curricula.

Training program- a regulatory document that reveals the content of knowledge, skills and abilities in the subject, the logic of studying the main worldview ideas, indicating the sequence of topics, questions and the total dosage of time for their study.

Educational discussions- one of the verbal methods, a prerequisite for which is the presence of at least two opposing opinions on the issue under discussion. Naturally, in an educational discussion that allows students to learn with a certain depth and in accordance with the teacher, the last word should be, although this does not mean that his conclusions are the ultimate truth.

Educational material- a system of ideal models, represented by material or materialized models of didactic material and intended for use in educational activities.

The curriculum of the secondary school- the curriculum, which is compiled in compliance with the standards of the basic curriculum. There are two types of school curricula: the school's own curriculum (developed by it on the basis of the state basic curriculum for a long period and reflecting the characteristics of a particular school) and working curriculum (developed taking into account current conditions and approved by the school's pedagogical council annually).

Academic subject- a system of scientific knowledge, practical skills, with their age-related cognitive capabilities, the main starting points of science or aspects of culture, labor, production.

An elective is one of the forms of differentiated education and upbringing, the main task of which is to deepen and expand knowledge, develop the abilities and interests of students. The elective works according to a specific program that does not duplicate the curriculum.

Integrity of the pedagogical process- the synthetic quality of the pedagogical process, characterizing the highest level of its development, the result of stimulating conscious actions and the activities of the subjects functioning in it.

The purpose of modern education- the development of those personality traits that are needed for her and society to be included in socially valuable activities.

Excursion- a specific educational activity, transferred in accordance with a specific educational or educational goal to an enterprise, museum, exhibition, field, farm, etc.

Acmeology- a science that studies the laws of the mental development of a person during his heyday, the highest ("peak") achievements (acme), the psychological mechanisms of self-improvement of the individual and the acquisition of social and personal maturity. Acmeology also explores subjective and objective factors that contribute to the achievement of the heights of professionalism.

Activity- general characteristics of living beings; property of the psyche; personality property. Activity is a condition for the formation, manifestation of the modification of the psyche, personality. Early and preschool childhood is characterized by the development of such basic types of activity as physical, mental, social. The activity of the child is inextricably linked with training, the development of self-regulation. Activity and its self-regulation are considered significant internal conditions of giftedness (N. S. Leites).

Amplification of child development (from lat. amplificatio- distribution, increase) - enrichment, the maximum deployment of those valuable qualities in relation to which the given age is most favorable, receptive. Amplification involves the development of the child mainly in "specifically children's" activities (A. V. Zaporozhets).

Affect(from lat. affectus- emotional excitement, passion): 1) in the narrow sense - a strong, rapidly flowing and relatively short-term emotional state, not controlled by consciousness and arising in critical conditions with the inability to find an adequate way out of an unexpected situation; 2) in a broad sense - a general characteristic of the emotional, sensual sphere, in contrast to the cognitive one (affect and intellect, affective and cognitive).

Leading activity - the type of activity that causes the most important changes in the psyche, the emergence of neoplasms at the stage of its development; activities that most contribute to the mental development of the child in a given period of his life, leading the development behind him (A.N. Leontiev). Each age is characterized by its leading activity. In infancy, it is direct emotional and personal communication, in the early years - subject-tool activity, in preschool - play, in primary school - educational, in adolescence - intimate personal communication with peers, in senior school, in youth - educational and professional activities ( according to D. B. Elkonin).

Age sensitive - the period most favorable for the effective development of specific mental functions, especially sensitive to a certain type of environmental influence.

Perception- a mental cognitive process, which is a reflection in the mind of objects and phenomena of the material world with their direct impact on the senses.

Gender differences - such differences concern not only primary and secondary sexual characteristics, but also neuropsychological characteristics, cognitive, emotional spheres, social roles and behavior patterns, mental qualities. So, in boys, compared to girls, large motor skills are better developed, in girls - fine motor skills. Female representatives have a larger vocabulary, higher fluency and speed of speech than males. Girls begin to draw earlier than boys and are more willing to do it, they are able to express more subtle judgments about art. They are characterized by greater sensitivity, they are more inclined to turn to authorities, feel more confident and are more active in situations related to communication than boys. It has now been revealed that children of different sexes perceive and process information (positive) differently, include different cortical systems, which largely determines their different emotional attitudes to the perceived world and its division. Accounting for gender differences in the upbringing and educational process is an important condition for increasing its effectiveness.

Humanism(from lat. humanus- human) - a set of worldviews that express respect for the dignity and human rights to freedom, happiness, all-round development and manifestation of one's abilities.

Humanistic psychology - one of the directions of modern psychological science, recognizing as its main subject a holistic personality in the process of its self-development. According to the concept developed by representatives of humanistic psychology (A. Maslow, K. Rogers, S. Buller, etc.), the main thing in a person is his aspiration for the future, for personal growth and self-improvement, for the free realization of his capabilities, especially creative ones.

Deprivation- a mental state that occurs in such life situations where a person is not given the opportunity to satisfy significant needs for him to a sufficient extent and for a sufficiently long time. D. is characterized by pronounced deviations in emotional and intellectual development, violation of social contacts.

Dialogical communication - communication based on the unconditional internal acceptance of each other as values ​​in themselves and focused on the uniqueness of each of the communication partners. Before. effective for mutual understanding, establishing friendly relationships.

differential psychology - the branch of psychological science that studies the psychological differences between individuals and groups of people, as well as the causes, sources and consequences of these differences.

Shyness - a personality trait that characterizes excessive modesty, a person's underestimation of his abilities and virtues, which negatively affects emotional well-being and communication with people.

Zone of proximal (potential) development - discrepancy in the difficulty of tasks solved by the child independently (current level of development) and under the guidance of an adult; The zone of proximal development is the area of ​​not mature, but maturing processes; is determined by those possibilities of the pupil, which he himself cannot yet realize at the present time, but which, thanks to cooperation with adults (or an older peer), will be his own property in the near future. The concept of the zone of proximal development was introduced by L. S. Vygotsky; it is widely used in developmental and educational psychology in solving problems of the relationship between learning and development.

A game- a type of unproductive activity, the main motive of which is not in the result, not in obtaining utilitarian things, but in the process itself. I. passes through the whole life of a person. In preschool childhood, it acquires the status of a leading activity. There are several types of children's games - role-playing (including directing), games with rules (including didactic, mobile), dramatization games. Of particular importance for the development of a preschooler is attached to a role-playing game in which children play the roles of adults in a generalized form, under specially created conditions (using substitute objects), reproduce the activities of adults and the relationship between them (D. B. Elkonin). In domestic psychology, the game is considered as a social activity both in origin and in content. The development of the play activity of a preschooler is largely determined by the adults interacting with them (parents, teachers). It is important that they treat the game not as an object of control, but as a condition for the development of the child, his creativity.

playing position - the quality of the personality, significant for game activity; a special attitude of an adult (parent, teacher) towards children, expressed with the help of game techniques; a complex formation that includes closely related reflection (the ability to see the real situation from the outside and isolate gaming opportunities in it), infantilization (the ability to establish trusting relationships with others), empathy (the ability to feel the game states of other people), activity (the ability to find non-standard ways to achieve the goal). The game position is based on the general principles of the game (self-worth, non-utility, voluntariness, game equality, etc.) and involves mastering the in-game language expressed in words, gestures, facial expressions, and plasticity. The formed game position (“partner”, “director”, “co-player”, “coordinator”) facilitates inclusion in the children's game, allows an adult to have a positive impact on its development through communication. The game position of the teacher is also significant for establishing an atmosphere of trust.

Identification (from lat. identufucare- identify) - identification of something, someone in the process of comparison, comparison of one object with another; assimilation, the process of unconscious identification of oneself with another person, group or model; as a mechanism of interpersonal cognition, I. involves transferring oneself into the space and time of another person.

Individual(from lat. ind.ividu.um- “indivisible”) - a person as a single natural being, a representative, a product of phylo- and ontogenetic development, the unity of innate and acquired, a carrier of individually unique, primarily biologically determined, traits.

Individuality - the originality of a person as an individual and personality; the uniqueness of the combination of the qualities of a child (adult). Individuality is manifested in the appearance of a person, the expressiveness of his movements, in the features of the course of mental processes and states, in character traits, temperament properties, the specifics of interests, needs, abilities, talents. The prerequisite for the formation of human individuality is the anatomical and physiological inclinations that are transformed, fully revealed in the process of education.

Individual approach - a psychological and pedagogical principle, which implies taking into account in the educational process the individual and personal characteristics of the educated (learned), the success of his activity, his style, living conditions. I. p. to the child (his parents) is an important condition for the humanization of the pedagogical process in a preschool institution (school); it is typical for a teacher with a personality-oriented model of behavior.

Individual style of activity - a system of relatively stable, individually unique methods and techniques for solving problems that arise in the process of different types of human activity. Individual style of activity arises as a result of internal and external factors. In the process of education, it is important to promote the development of a style of activity that would correspond to its individual characteristics, the specifics of the activity carried out by it. A pronounced individual style of activity gives originality to human activity, “colors” it in a special way, and often contributes to an increase in its effectiveness.

Intelligence(from lat. intellectus- understanding, cognition) - the totality of all cognitive processes of an individual (sensations, perceptions, ideas, memory, imagination, thinking); general ability to learn, solve problems, associated with success in any activity.

Climate socio-psychological (from gr. klima- slope) - the qualitative side of interpersonal relations, manifested in the form of a set of psychological conditions that contribute to or hinder productive joint activities and the development of the individual in a group. The socio-psychological climate is manifested in the prevailing mental states typical of group members, the sociometric structure of their relationships, cohesion, harmony of the group, etc.

Competence (from lat. competens - appropriate, capable) an individual characteristic of the degree of compliance with the requirements of the profession; a combination of mental qualities, a mental state that allows you to act responsibly and independently. There are several types of professional competence: special (ownership of professional activity itself at a sufficiently high level and the ability to design one's further professional development); social (ownership of joint professional activities, cooperation, methods of professional communication accepted in this profession, social responsibility for the results of one's professional work); personal (possession of methods of personal self-expression and self-development, means of confronting personality deformation); individual (possession of methods of self-realization and development of individuality within the framework of the profession, readiness for professional personal growth, the ability for individual self-preservation, the ability to rationally organize one's work, to carry it out without fatigue); extreme professional (willingness to work successfully in suddenly complicated conditions) (according to A.K. Markova).

Correction(from lat. correctio- correction) psychological - psychological and pedagogical impact on the psyche of an individual or on the socio-psychological state of a group (children's society) in order to prevent or mitigate shortcomings in the development of an individual (group).

Creativity - a personality trait, the ability for creativity and mental transformation.

age crisis - a transitional stage from one period of age development to another, characterized by intense qualities, systemic changes in social relations, activity and mental organization of a person.

Leader(from English. leader- leading) - a member of the group with direct and indirect psychological influence on the members of the group, recognizing his right to make decisions in significant situations.

Personal microenvironment - components of the social environment with which a person directly interacts and which most cause him emotional experiences. In the personal microenvironment of the child, first of all, there are people with whom he communicates “face to face” (father, mother, grandparents, brothers and sisters, teacher, peers), direct interaction with whom is especially significant for the development of his personality.

motive- an internal motivator of activity, giving it a personal meaning.

Thinking- a mental process characterized by a generalized and indirect reflection of reality. There are several types of thinking. According to the prevailing methods and mental processes included in thinking, they distinguish: visual-effective thinking, characterized by the fact that the solution of a problem, the acquisition of new knowledge for the subject is carried out by real action with objects, their transformations in a visually perceived situation; visual-figurative - is associated with the representation of situations and changes in them, is carried out with the help of images that recreate the variety of various characteristics of objects and phenomena; verbal-logical, characterized by the use of concepts, language means in the process of solving problems. Depending on the nature of the problem being solved, the content of thinking, there are: theoretical and practical thinking, technical, artistic, musical, etc.; according to the degree of development and awareness, thinking is discursive and intuitive; according to the degree of novelty and originality of solving problems and tasks - reproductive (reproducing) and creative.

Personal orientation - one of its most important properties; expressed in the system of leading motives of behavior, interests, ideals, beliefs.

Communication- a complex, multifaceted process of establishing and developing contacts between people, generated by the needs of joint activities and communication. O. is carried out by means of verbal (speech) and non-verbal (non-speech) means. The latter include facial expressions, gestures, gaze, posture, intonation of voice, spatial organization of communication, etc.

gifted child - a child with obvious, sometimes outstanding achievements (or having internal prerequisites for such achievements) in one or another type of activity, the intensity and brightness of which distinguish him from his peers; gifted children - children who show general or special talent (for music, drawing, technology, etc.).

Ontogenesis- individual development of the organism throughout its life.

Pragmatic position - installation of the individual on activities that bring practical benefits to him.

subject activity - activity in the course of which a person discovers the socially developed purpose of objects and ways of their application. Subject activity is leading at an early age.

Vocation- the life purpose and orientation of a person, giving expediency, meaningfulness and perspective of his activity.

Professionalism - high readiness to solve the problems of professional activity, the implementation of its functions. Professionalism is not reduced to a high level of skill, it is considered by an increasing number of researchers as a systemic education, a systemic organization of consciousness (E.A. Klimov, S.V. Kondratieva, A.K. Markova, etc.). The main differences between a professional and an amateur: the ability to predict the processes and phenomena that are in the area of ​​professional activity; understanding the essence of the subject of performance indicators; breadth of outlook, completeness of coverage of the subject of professional activity; degree of creativity, originality, novelty; the speed of the operation, the time for preparatory work (according to V. V. Petrusinsky). Peaks of professionalism, according to experts in the field of acmeology, a person reaches himself. Self-diagnosis, self-motivation, self-correction, self-confidence are of great importance in mastering professionalism.

Psyche(from Greek. psychikos- soul) - a property of highly organized matter - the brain, which performs orienting, controlling, adaptive, motivating and meaning-forming functions in behavior and activity.

Psychodiagnostics (from Greek. Psyche- soul and diagnostkos- able to recognize) - a field of psychology that develops methods for identifying and measuring individual psychological characteristics of a person, interpersonal interaction.

Psychological barrier - an internal obstacle of a psychological nature, expressed in inadequate passivity of a person and interfering with the performance of certain actions.

Health psychology - modern science about the psychological causes of health, about the methods and means of its preservation, strengthening and development. P. z. also includes the practice of maintaining human health from conception to death. Its main object is a "healthy" person.

Psychotherapy (from Greek. psych- soul and therapy- care, treatment) - a complex verbal and non-verbal therapeutic effect on a person with many mental, nervous and psychosomatic diseases.

Self-actualization (from lat. actualis- real, real) - deployment of the potential of the individual from himself; full and comprehensive realization by a person of his capabilities, talents, abilities (according to A. Maslow). The concept of S. is one of the main ones in humanistic psychology. Psychological health of a person is largely associated with self-actualization.

Self-regulation (from lat. regular - put in order, adjust) - expedient, relatively adequate to changing conditions, establishing a balance between the environment and the body; self-regulation of the educator - the teacher's management of his mental processes, his own behavior and psychophysical state with the aim of optimal action in difficult pedagogical situations and ensuring professional self-preservation. There are several stages of the process of self-regulation at the personal level: self-knowledge of the individual, acceptance of her personality, choice of the goal and direction of the self-regulation process, choice of methods of personal self-regulation, receiving feedback. The teacher's readiness for self-regulation contributes to success in his professional self-improvement, personal growth, and health preservation.

sensory parenting - a system of psychological and pedagogical influences aimed at. Mastering sensory standards and methods of sensitive cognition, perceptual actions significantly affects the development of sensations and perception in a child. According to A. V. Zaporozhets, sensory education should be carried out primarily within meaningful activities (manipulations with objects, labor, play, inventive, musical, constructive activities). There are other views on this process (M. Montessori).

Sensory standards - developed by mankind and generally accepted, verbally designated samples of the main varieties of external properties and qualities of objects (colors, sizes, pitches of sounds, etc.).

Socialization - the process and result of the assimilation and active reproduction of social experience by an individual, carried out in communication and activity.

Socio-psychological observation - the ability of a person to adequately perceive, understand and evaluate the communication of surrounding people with each other and their relationship to them.

social expectations - awareness and experience by the individual of his duties, the requirements that apply to him as the performer of a certain social role. The teacher seeks to meet the expectations of children, colleagues, parents, leaders.

Status sociometric - the position of the subject in the system of interpersonal relations of the group, which determines his rights, duties and privileges.

Stereotype- template, copy.

Stereotyping (from Greek. stereos- hard and typos- imprint) is one of the important characteristics of interpersonal and intergroup perception; the process of attributing similar features to all members of a social group (or community) without sufficient awareness of the possible (existing) differences between them.

Subject- an individual (or social group) having its own internal activity, acting, knowing, transforming reality, other people and oneself.

Temperament (from lat. temperamentum- the proper ratio of parts, proportionality) - the characteristic of the individual from the side of his dynamic features; individually peculiar set of dynamic manifestations of the psyche. The physiological basis of temperament is the type of higher nervous activity. IP Pavlov identified three main characteristics of the nervous system (strength, mobility, balance) and four main combinations of these properties: strong, unbalanced, mobile - "unrestrained" type; strong, balanced, mobile - "alive"; strong, balanced, inactive - "calm"; "weak" type. The “unrestrained” type underlies the choleric temperament, the “live” one is the sanguine one, the “calm” one is the phlegmatic one, the “weak” one is the melancholic one. Further studies of temperament revealed its other psychological properties: sensitivity (sensitivity), reactivity, activity, emotional excitability, plasticity and rigidity, extraversion and introversion, the pace of mental reactions. The entire composition of the properties of temperament does not arise immediately, but in a certain sequence, which is due both to the general laws of maturation of higher nervous activity and the psyche as a whole, and to the specific laws of maturation of each type of nervous system.

job satisfaction - a positively colored mental state of a person, arising on the basis of the correspondence of his hopes, expectations, needs, attitudes with the consequences and results of labor activity. Satisfaction with work is a prerequisite for the productivity of labor activity, a significant condition for maintaining and strengthening psychological health. Satisfaction with the work of a teacher is significantly influenced by the system of relations that has developed in the process of his professional interaction with pupils and their parents, with colleagues and leaders; socio-psychological climate in a preschool institution (school); availability of prospects for professional growth; working conditions, its organization; opportunities for creativity, self-actualization; performance evaluation by parents, colleagues, administration, encouragement (material, moral), etc.

Empathy(from Greek. empatheia- empathy) - a person's ability to empathize and sympathize with other people, to understand their internal states.

halo effect- distribution in conditions of lack of information about a person of a general evaluative impression of him on the perception of his actions and personal qualities.

"I-concept"- relatively stable, quite conscious, experienced as a unique system of a person's ideas about himself as a subject of his life and activity, on the basis of which he builds relationships with others, relates to himself, acts and behaves.

. parental authority(from Lat auctoritas - power, strength) - the distinctive features of an individual or group, thanks to which they are trustworthy and can have a positive impact on the views and behavior of other people; the influence of parents on the beliefs and behavior of children is also recognized, based on deep respect and love for parents, trust in the high significance of their personal qualities and life experience, words and deeds.

. Adaptation(from Lat adaptatio (adapto) - I adapt) - the body's ability to adapt to various environmental conditions.

accreditation I (from French accreditation (accredo) - trust) - in the field of education - the procedure for determining the status of a higher educational institution, confirmation of its ability to train specialists at a level where there are no requirements in a particular direction (specialty).

. Acceleration(from Lat acceleratio - acceleration) - acceleration of the physical development of children, in particular growth, weight, earlier puberty.

. Asset ( from lat activus - active, effective) - a group of pupils, members of a particular team who are aware of the requirements of the leader of the team, help him in organizing the life of the pupils, and show some initiative.

. Activity(in studies) - a characteristic of the features of the cognitive activity of the individual, consists in the conscious use of intensive methods, means, forms of mastering knowledge, developing skills and navichos.

. Andragogy(from gr androa - an adult and agogge - management) - a branch of pedagogy dealing with the problems of education, training and upbringing of adults.

. abnormal children(from gr anomalia (anomalos) - incorrect) - pupils who have significant deviations from the norms of physical or psychological development and require education and training in special educational institutions.

. Asceticism(from gr asketes - ascetic) - the extreme level of moderation, restraint, the rejection of material and spiritual blessings of life, the voluntary transfer of physical torment, difficulties.

. PhD(from lat aspirans - one who strives for something) - a form of training of scientific, pedagogical and scientific personnel.

. Audiovisual learning aids(from Latin audire - to listen and visualis - visual) - one of the means of educational technologies for teaching using developed audiovisual educational materials.

. Ball(from French balle - ball, ball) - the result of evaluating the educational activities of students in a conditionally formal reflection and numerical measurement.

. Didactic conversation- a teaching method that involves the use of previous experience of students in a certain field of knowledge and, on the basis of this, engaging them through dialogue in the awareness of new phenomena, concepts or reproduction already acquired.

. Types of education- general, polytechnic, professional. Types of human development - biological (physical), mental, social.

. Types of communication- verbal, manual (from Lat manualis - manual), technical, material, bioenergy.

. Outline problematic-creation by the teacher of a problem situation, assistance to students in isolating and "accepting" a problematic task, using verbal methods to enhance the mental activity of students aimed at satisfying cognitive interests.

. Requirement- a method of pedagogical influence on the consciousness of the pupil in order to cause, stimulate or slow down certain types of his activity. Types of requirements: demand-request, demand-trust, demand-approval, demand-advice, demand-hint, conditional demand, demand in game design, demand-condemnation, demand-mistrust, demand-threat.

. Education is comprehensive- education, which involves the formation of certain qualities in a person in accordance with the requirements of mental, moral, labor, physical and aesthetic education.

. Harmonious upbringing- education, which provides that the quality of the components of education (mental, moral, labor, physical, aesthetic) complement each other, enrich each other.

. Ecological education(from gr oikos - house, environment and logos - teaching) - the acquisition by a person of knowledge in the field of ecology and the formation of her moral responsibility for the preservation of the natural environment and reasonable coexistence with it.

. economic education- education, provides for the solution of the following tasks: the formation of economic thinking, mastery of economic knowledge, skills and habits of economic relations.

. Aesthetic education- the development of a person's sense of beauty, the formation of skills and abilities to create beauty in the surrounding reality, to be able to distinguish the beautiful from the ugly, to live according to the laws of spiritual beauty.

. moral education- education, involves mastering the norms and rules of moral behavior, the formation of feelings and beliefs, skills and abilities.

. legal education- the formation of a high legal culture among citizens, implies a conscious attitude of the individual to his rights and obligations, respect for the laws and rules of human society, readiness to observe and conscientiously fulfill certain requirements that express the will and interests of the people.

. physical education- education, aims to create optimal conditions for ensuring sufficient physical development of the individual, maintaining his health, mastering knowledge about the characteristics of the human body, f physiological processes occurring in it, acquiring sanitary and hygienic skills and skills in caring for one's own body, maintaining and developing it potencies.

. National upbringing- historically conditioned and created by the ethnos is a system of educational ideals, views, beliefs, traditions, customs aimed at the expedient organization of the activities of members of society, in the process of which the process of mastering the moral and spiritual values ​​of the people takes place, the connection and continuity of generations, the catholicity of the people is ensured.

. sexual education- mastering by the younger generation of ethics and culture in the field of gender relations, the formation of his needs to be guided by the norms of morality in relations between persons of the opposite sex.

. Gene(from gr genos - genus, origin, hereditary) - an elementary unit of heredity, a carrier of inclinations.

. Hygiene of educational work- a system of scientifically based rules for organizing the educational process, taking into account the necessary sanitary requirements.

. Dignity national- an ethical category that characterizes a person from the point of view of expanding the concept of spiritual values ​​beyond the boundaries of one's "I" and the combination of personal experiences, sensations with national values.

. Humanization of education- creating optimal conditions for the intellectual and social development of each pupil, revealing deep respect for a person, recognizing the natural right of an individual to freedom, social protection, development of abilities and manifestation of individuality, self-realization of physical, mental and social potentials, to create a socio-psychological filter against destructive impacts of negative factors of the natural and social environment, education of young people's feelings of humanism, mercy, charity.

. Humanism(from Lat humanus - human, humane) - a progressive direction of spiritual culture, exalts a person as the greatest value in the world, affirms a person's right to earthly happiness, protection of the rights to freedom, comprehensive development and manifestation of one's abilities.

. dalton plan- a form of organization of training that provided for such a technology: the content of the educational material for each discipline was divided into parts (blocks), each student received an individual task in the form of a plan, independently worked on its implementation, reported on the work, gaining a certain number of points, and then received the next task. At the same time, the teacher was assigned the role of an organizer, a consultant. Students were transferred from class to class not after the end of the academic year, but depending on the degree of mastery of the program material (C-4 times a year).

. Democratization of education- the principles of organizing the educational system, providing for decentralization, autonomy of educational institutions, ensuring cooperation between educators and pupils, taking into account the opinion of the team and each individual, defining a person as the highest natural and social value, the formation of a free creative personality.

D demonstration- a teaching method that provides for the display of objects and processes in their natural form, dynamics.

. State standard of education- a set of uniform norms and requirements for the level of educational training in certain educational institutions.

. Deviant behavior- (from Lat deviatio - deviation) - deviation from the established norms of morality and law.

. deduction I (from Lat deductio - inference) - the transition from general concepts about a subject of a certain type to private, partial knowledge.

. Definition(from Lat definitio - definition) - a short, logically motivated definition that reveals significant differences or features of a particular concept.

. Didactics(from gr didaktikos - I teach) - a branch of pedagogy that develops the theory of education and training.

. Discussion(from the Latin discussio - consideration, research) - a teaching method aimed at intensifying and effectiveness of the educational process through the vigorous activity of students (students) in search of a scientific truth.

. Dispute- reception (according to the method of persuasion) the formation of beliefs and conscious behavior through disputes, discussions in the process of verbal communication with members of the primary team or another group.

. Thesis(from Lat. dissertatio - research) - a scientific work performed with the aim of its public defense in order to obtain a degree.

. Discipline(from Latin disciplina - teaching, education, routine) - a certain order of behavior of people, ensures the consistency of actions in social relations, the obligatory assimilation and implementation of the rules by the individual.

. Psychological and pedagogical diagnostics(from gr diagnostikos - capable of recognizing) - a branch of psychology and pedagogy that develops methods for identifying individual characteristics and prospects for the development and education of a person.

. Dogmatism(from GR dogma - a teaching that is taken as an indisputable truth) - a way of assimilating and applying knowledge, in which this or that teaching or position is perceived as a complete, eternal truth, as a rule, is applied without taking into account the specific conditions of life.

. home study work- a form of organization of education, which provides for the independent fulfillment by pupils (students) of educational tasks in extracurricular time (directly at home, in after-school groups, etc.) --

. Assistant professor(from lat docens - one that teaches) - the academic title of a teacher in a higher educational institution.

. external student(from Lat externus - external, outsider) - a form of education based on independent mastery of academic disciplines in accordance with the professional educational program in the chosen specialty.

. Elitist(from French elite - the best, selective (Latin eligo - I choose) - an educational institution that is distinguished by its influence, privileged position and prestige, high level of education.

. Aesthetics(from gr aistesis - sensation, feeling) - the science of beauty and its role in human life, about the general laws of artistic knowledge of reality, the development of art.

. Ethics(from Greek - habit, disposition) - a science that studies morality as a form of social consciousness, its essence, historical development.

ethnicization education (from gr ethos - people) - saturation of education with national content, aimed at the formation of national consciousness and national dignity of the individual, the formation of features of the national mentality, the education of young people's feelings of social responsibility for the preservation, enhancement and vitality of ethnic culture.

. Ethnopedagogy- a science that studies the features of the development and formation of folk pedagogy.

. The task of education- Ensuring the comprehensive harmonious development of the individual.

. Makings- genetically determined anatomical and physiological features of the brain and nervous system, which are individually a natural prerequisite for the process of development and personality formation.

. educational institutions- educational institutions that provide education and upbringing of the younger generation.

. Out-of-school establishments- children's educational institutions, whose activities are aimed at meeting the needs of a person in satisfying interests and inclinations, obtaining additional knowledge and skills for schoolchildren, developing intellectual potentials, and promoting the future professional choice of an individual. This group of institutions includes palaces and houses for children's and youth creativity, stations for young technicians, naturalists, sports, art, music schools, children's libraries, theaters, cinemas, children's iron shops.

. Habit- a way of behavior, the implementation of which in a certain situation acquires for the individual the character of internal needs.

. Patterns of the educational process- factors reflecting the necessary, essential, stable, recurring, common for a particular industry relationship between the phenomena of objective reality.

. Patterns of learning- factors that express the most necessary, essential, important, common for the organization of training.

. promotion- a method of education that provides for a pedagogical impact on a person and expresses a positive assessment by the educator of the pupil's behavior in order to consolidate positive qualities and stimulate active activity.

. Means of education- property of material and spiritual culture (fiction and scientific literature, music, theater, radio, television, works of art, surrounding nature, etc.), forms and types of educational work (gatherings, conversations, conferences, games, etc.), which are used in the course of action of this or that method.

. Means of education- items of school equipment used in the process of educational work (books, notebooks, tables, laboratory equipment, stationery, etc.).

. Healthy lifestyle- human life activity, taking into account the characteristics and capabilities of one's body, ensuring socio-economic and biological conditions for its development and preservation.

. Knowledge- ideal expression in a symbolic form of objective properties and connections of the natural and human world; the result of a reflection of the surrounding reality.

. Ideal(from gr idea - idea, idea) - the concept of moral consciousness and the category of ethics, containing the highest moral requirements, the possible implementation of which would personally allow her to acquire perfection; the image of the abilsh valuable and majestic in man.

. Image(from English image - image, image) - the impression that a person makes on others, the style of his behavior, appearance, her manners. .

. Illustration(from Lat illustratio - I illuminate, explain) - a teaching method that involves showing objects and processes in their symbolic image (photos, drawings, diagrams, etc.)).

. Improvisation(from Lat improvisus - unpredictable, sudden) - the activity of the individual, the teacher-educator, is carried out in the process of pedagogical communication without prior preparation, comprehending.

. Individuality(from Lat individuum - indivisible) - a person "a person who is distinguished by a combination of features, qualities, originality of the psyche, behavior and activity, which emphasize its originality, originality.

. Induction(from Lat inductio - derivation) - a method of research, training associated with the movement of thought from the singular to the general.

. briefing(from Lat instructio - leadership) - "a method of training that provides for the disclosure of norms of behavior, features of the use of methods and training tools, compliance with safety precautions on the eve of involvement in the process of performing training operations.

. Intensification of the educational process(from French intensification (intensio) - tension) - activation of the mental capabilities of the individual to achieve the desired results.

. Internationalism(from lat inter - between and natio - people) - a moral concept that denotes a respectful attitude towards other peoples, their history, culture, language, the desire for mutual assistance.

. Infantilism(from lat infantilis - childish) - a delay in the development of the body, manifested in the preservation in an adult of the physical and mental traits characteristic of childhood.

. Categories of didactics(from gr Kategoria - statement, main and general feature) - general concepts that reflect the most essential properties and relationships of objects, phenomena of the objective world; category, a group of objects, phenomena, united by the commonality of certain signs.

. department(from gr kathedra - seat, chair): 1) a place for a teacher, a speaker, 2) in higher educational institutions - the main educational and scientific unit that carries out educational, methodological and research work with one or more related disciplines.

. Classification of methods- classification, which provides for the grouping of teaching methods depending on the sources of information, the logic of thinking, the level of independence in the process of cognition.

. Classroom teacher- a teacher who directly supervises the primary student team.

. Cloning(from gr klon - sprout, shoot) - a method of growing biological organisms from a single cell using cell culture.

. team- a socially significant group of people united by a common goal, act in concert to achieve this goal and have self-government bodies.

. Curriculum Component(school) - a list of academic disciplines that can be included in the working curriculum by decision of the council of the school (gymnasium, lyceum).

. Pedagogical council(from Lat. consilium - meeting, meeting) - a meeting of educators and psychologists to find out the causes of various systematic deviations in the pet's behavior and determine the science-based west of the virgins of his re-education.

abstract t (from lat conspectus - review) - a short written summary of the content of a book, article, oral presentation.

. parenting concepts(from lat conceptio - set, system) - a system of views on certain phenomena, processes, a way of understanding, interpreting pedagogical phenomena; the main idea of ​​the theory of content and organization of human education.

. culture(from Lat kultura - upbringing, education, development) - a set of practical, material and spiritual achievements of society throughout its history.

. Kurata p (from Latin curator, from curare - to take care, to worry): 1) a trustee, guardian, 2) a person who is entrusted with the general supervision of some work, 3) a person who oversees the educational process in a student group .

. Lecture(from Latin lectio - reading) is a teaching method that involves the use of previous experience of students in a certain field of knowledge and, on the basis of this, engaging them through dialogue in understanding new phenomena, concepts or reproducing already acquired ones.

. Leader(from the English leader - the one that leads, manages) - a member of the team, in important situations, is able to exercise a noticeable influence on the behavior of other members of the team, take initiative in actions, take responsibility for the activities of the team, lead it.

. Licensing(from Latin licentia - right, permission) - a procedure for determining the possibility of an educational institution of a certain type to conduct educational activities related to obtaining higher education and qualifications in accordance with the requirements of higher education standards, as well as state requirements regarding personnel, scientific, methodological and material technical support.

. License- special permission received from state bodies for various types of activities, including educational.

. The logic of the educational process- the optimally effective way of moving a person's cognitive activity from the initial level of knowledge, skills, abilities and development to the desired level of knowledge, skills, skills and development. It includes a number of components: awareness and understanding of educational tasks; independent activity aimed at mastering knowledge, defining laws and rules, developing skills and abilities to apply knowledge in practice; analysis and evaluation of learning activities of students.

. speech therapy(from gr logos - word and paideia - education, training) - a science that studies speech disorders and deals with the correction of speech defects.

. Human- a biological creature of the homo sapiens type (a thinking person), which is characterized by physiological and biological features: a straight gait, a developed cranium, forelimbs, etc.

. master(from Lat magister - boss, teacher) - an academic degree awarded in higher educational institutions.

. Master's degree(from Lat magistratus - dignitary, chief) - the governing body in higher educational institutions that train masters.

. Mastery pedagogical- perfect creative performance by the teacher-educator of professional functions at the level of art, resulting in the creation of optimal socio-psychological conditions for the formation of the personality of the pupil to ensure a high level of intellectual and moral and spiritual development.

. mentality(from it Mentalitnet, from Latin mentis - a way of thinking, mental warehouse, soul, mind, thinking) - worldview, attitude, vision of oneself in the world, features of the manifestation of the national character, one's own day of character, attitude to the surrounding myrtle.

. The purpose of education- ideal prediction of the final results of education.

. Education methods(from gr methodos - way, way) ways of influence of the educator on the consciousness, will and behavior of the pupil in order to form his stable beliefs and certain norms of behavior.

. Research methods- methods, techniques and procedures for empirical and theoretical knowledge of the phenomena and processes of pedagogical reality.

. Teaching methods- ordered methods of activity of the teacher and students, aimed at the effective solution of educational problems.

. youth subculture- the culture of a certain generation of young people, which is distinguished by a common lifestyle, behavior, group norms, values ​​and interests.

. Monitoring(from English monitoring, from Latin monitor - one who looks after, observes) - 1) observation, assessment and forecast of the state of the environment in connection with human economic activity, 2) collection of information by means of mass communication 3) observation of educational and educational processes in order to determine whether they correspond to the desired result or previous assumptions.

. moral b (from Latin moralis - moral, from moris - custom) - one of the forms of social consciousness, a system of views and ideas, norms and assessments that regulate people's behavior.

. Teaching motives(from fr motif, from lat moveo - move) - internal mental forces (motors) that stimulate human cognitive activity. Types of motives: social, incentive, cognitive, professional value, mercantile line.

. Ownership- application of knowledge in practice, carried out at the level of automated actions through multiple repetitions.

. Suggestion- various means of verbal and non-verbal emotional impact on a person in order to introduce it into a certain state or encourage certain actions.

. Modular training(from Lat modulus - measure) - the organization of the educational process, which is aimed at mastering an integral block of adapted information and provides optimal conditions for the social and personal growth of the participants in her pedagogical process.

. Problem learning- learning, which is different in that the teacher creates a certain cognitive situation, helps students to highlight the problematic task, understand it and "accept" it; organizes students for independent mastery of the new volume of knowledge necessary for solving problems; offers a wide range of use of acquired knowledge in practice.

. distance learning- modern educational technology using means of transmitting educational and methodological information at a distance (telephones, television, computers, satellite communications, etc.)).

. Oligophrenopedagogy(from gr oligos - small and phren - mind and pedagogy) - a branch of pedagogical science that deals with the education and training of mentally retarded people.

. Optimization of the learning process(from Latin optimus - the best, the most) - the process of creating the most favorable conditions (selection of methods, teaching aids, provision of sanitary and hygienic conditions, emotional factors, etc.) for those received. Anna desired results without additional time and physical effort.

. Higher education- an education system that provides for the provision of fundamental, general cultural, practical training of specialists who should determine the pace and level of the scientific, technical, economic and socio-cultural process, the formation of the intellectual potential of societies.

. Preschool education- the initial structural component of the education system, which ensures the development and upbringing of children in the family and preschool educational institutions (nurseries, kindergartens).

. Out-of-school education- components of the education system aimed at meeting the needs of a person in satisfying interests and inclinations, obtaining additional knowledge, skills and abilities for children, developing intellectual potentials.

. Polytechnic education(from gr poly - a lot and techne - art, skill, dexterity) - one of the types of education, the tasks of which are to familiarize yourself with various branches of production, to understand the essence of many technological processes, to master certain skills and skills in servicing simple technological processes.

. Professional education- education, aimed at mastering the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary to perform the tasks of professional activity.

. Vocational education- education, ensures that citizens receive a certain profession in accordance with their vocation, interests and abilities, social preparation for participation in productive work.

. Secondary general education- the leading component of the education system, providing education and upbringing of children up to 18 years old, preparing them for vocational education and work.

. Education-media- a direction in pedagogy that provides for the study by schoolchildren (students) of the patterns of mass communications (press, television, radio, cinema, etc.)).

. Education- a measure of the cognitive activity of the individual, which is manifested in the level of knowledge gained, which can be used in practical activities.

personality b - socio-psychological concept; a person is characterized from a socio-psychological point of view, primarily by the level of development of the psyche, the ability to assimilate social experience, the ability to mate with other people.

. Educational qualification characteristic- a set of basic requirements for the professional qualities, knowledge and skills of a specialist necessary for the successful performance of his professional functions.

. orthodox(from gr orthodoxos - orthodox) - a person who unswervingly adheres to a certain doctrine, doctrine, system of views.

. Memory- the ability of the body to store and reproduce information about the external world and its internal state for its further use in the process of life.

. Paradigm(from gr paradeigma - example, sample) - recognition of scientific achievements, which for a certain time provide the community with models for posing problems and solving them.

. Pedagogy(from gr paidec - children; ano - I lead) - the science of training, education and upbringing of people in accordance with the needs of the socio-economic development of society.

. Waldorf Pedagogy- a set of methods and techniques of education and training based on anthroposophical (anthroposophy - a religious and mystical teaching, puts in place. God deified man) interpretation of human development as a holistic interaction of bodily, mental and spiritual factors.

. Folk Pedagogy- a branch of empirical pedagogical knowledge and folk experience, reflecting views on the system, directions, forms, means of education and training of the younger generation.

. Pedology(from gr pais - child and logos - teaching) - the science of the child, the features of its anatomical, physiological, mental and social development.

. Pedocentrism(from gr pais (pados) - child, lat centrum - center) is one of the areas of pedagogy, which claims that the content, organization and methods of teaching are determined by the direct interests and problems of children.

. re-education- a system of educational influences of a teacher on a pupil in order to inhibit negative manifestations in behavior and affirm positive qualities in activity.

. Belief- the rational moral basis of the activity of the individual, allows her to carry out a certain act consciously; the main moral attitude that determines the purpose and direction of a person's actions, a firm belief in h for some reason, based on a certain idea, worldview.

. perspective- the goal, "tomorrow's joy" (AC. Makarenko), which acts as an incentive for the activities of the team and its individual members.

. Textbook- an educational book, which discloses the content of educational material in a particular discipline in accordance with the requirements of the current program.

. An integrated approach to education- an approach to education, which implies the unity of goals, objectives and means of achieving it through the activities of various social institutions (families, educational institutions, the media).

. Training plan- a normative document that defines for each type of general education educational institutions a list of subjects, the order of their study by year, the number of hours per week allotted for their study, the schedule of the educational process.

. Extracurricular educational work- measures of an educational nature, which are carried out in general education educational institutions under the guidance of teachers-educators.

. Extracurricular work- various types of independent educational work of students within the framework of the system of education and upbringing (home study work, excursions, circle work, etc.)).

. Training manual- an educational book, which discloses the content of the educational material, which does not always meet the requirements of the current program, but goes beyond it, defines additional tasks aimed at expanding the cognitive interests of students, developing their independent cognitive activity.

. accustoming- organization of systematic and regular performance by pupils of certain actions with elements of coercion, obligation in order to form stable behavioral habits.

. parenting reception- a component of the method, determines the way to implement its requirements.

. Reception training- a component of the method, certain one-time actions aimed at implementing its requirements.

. Example- a method of education that provides for the organization of a role model in order to optimize the process of social inheritance.

. Principles of education(from lat rginsirium - basis, beginning) - initial provisions that are the foundation of the content, forms, methods, means and techniques of the educational process.

. Principles of Education(from lat rginsirium - basis, beginning) - the initial provisions underlying the activity of the entire education system of Ukraine and its structural subdivisions.

. Management principles- initial provisions that determine the main directions, forms, means and methods of managing general education educational institutions.

pedagogical prognosis(from gr prognostike - the art of making a forecast) - a field of scientific knowledge that considers the principles, patterns and methods of forecasting for objects that are studied by pedagogy.

. Educational program- a normative document that describes the content of the educational material with the definition of sections, topics, the approximate number of hours for their study.

. Professiogram- description of the requirements, socio-psychological and physical personal qualities that a certain profession puts forward . Profession(from Lat professio - officially indicated occupation) - a type of labor activity that requires certain knowledge and labor skills and is a source of existence, vital activity.

. Psychotechnics- direction in psychology, develops questions of applying knowledge about the mental activity of a person in the process of solving practical problems of educating a person's personality.

. Rada of a general educational educational institution- an association of employees of a general education institution, students, parents and the public, which operates between the general meeting (conference) to address social, organizational and economic issues and the life of a general education educational institution.

. Rada pedagogical- association of teachers of an educational institution in order to consider the issues of organization and improvement of the educational process.

. Rating(from English rating - assessment, class, category) - an individual numerical indicator in the education system, an assessment of the successes, achievements, knowledge at a particular moment of an individual in a certain area, discipline, allows you to determine the level of such achievements or the quality of knowledge in other areas.

retardation(from Lat retardatio - delay, slowdown) - the lag of children in development.

. Essay(from Lat. refeire - to report, report) - a summary of the content of the book read, scientific work, a message based on the results of the scientific problem studied.

. Levels of education- the gradual acquisition of general education and vocational training through the passage of certain stages: primary education, basic general education, complete secondary education, vocational education, basic and higher education, higher education.

. Development of physical- the growth of a biological organism as a result of cell division.

. Driving Force of Development- the result of contradictions between biological, physical and mental needs and the existing level of physical, mental and social development of the individual.

. The driving force of the educational process- the result of contradictions between the socio-psychological and physiological needs and the existing level of upbringing of the individual.

. The driving force of the educational process- the result of contradictions between cognitive and practical tasks, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the existing level of knowledge, skills and abilities, on the other.

. self-education- systematized and purposeful activity of the individual, aimed at the formation and improvement of its positive qualities and overcoming negative ones.

. Synthesis- a method that provides for a mental or practical combination of elements or properties of an object or phenomenon identified by analysis into a single whole.

. Education system- a set of educational institutions, scientific, scientific, methodological and methodological institutions, research and production enterprises, state and local educational authorities and self-government in the field of education.

. Scout(from the English scout - scout) - one of the systems of out-of-school education, which is the basis of the activities of children's and youth scout organizations. Originated at the beginning of the 20th century. Scout organizations for boys (ibo scouts) and girls (girl scouts) operate separately.

. Family- socio-psychological association of close relatives (parents, children, grandparents) living together and providing biological, social and economic conditions for procreation.

. aesthetic tastes- a stable, emotional and evaluative attitude of a person to the beautiful, which has a selective, subjective character.

. Heredity- the ability of biological organisms to transmit certain inclinations to their offspring.

. Speciality- necessary for society, the scope of application of the physical and spiritual forces of a person is limited, which gives it the opportunity to obtain the necessary means for life, a complex of knowledge and practical skills acquired by a person to engage in a certain type of activity.

. Communication pedagogical- the system of organic socio-psychological influence of the teacher-educator and pupil in all spheres of activity, has certain pedagogical functions, is aimed at creating optimal socio-psychological conditions for an active and productive life of the individual.

. Observation- a teaching method that provides for the perception of certain objects, phenomena, processes in the natural and industrial environment without outside interference in these phenomena and processes.

. Collective and creative affairs- a form of extra-curricular educational activities, in the preparation and conduct of which all members of the children's team take part, and each student has the opportunity to identify and develop their interests and capabilities.

. Stage development of the team- an expression of the internal dialectic of its formation, which is based on the level of relationships between the educator and pupils, between members of the team.

. Democratic style(from gr demokratia - the power of the people, democracy) - taking into account the opinion and freedom of the team in organizing the life of pupils.

. Style liberal(from lat liberalis - free) - an unprincipled indifferent attitude to the negative influences of pupils, connivance with students.

. Process structure skill- a number of interrelated and interdependent components: perception (direct, indirect), understanding (awareness, comprehension, insight), memorization, generalization and systematization, stratification, effective practice as an impetus to cognition and a criterion for the truth of the knowledge gained.

. The structure of the upbringing process- logically interconnected components that ensure the process of personality formation: mastering the rules and norms of behavior, the formation of feelings and beliefs, the development of skills and habits in these behaviors, practical activities in social environments.

. Deaf pedagogy(from Lat surdus - deaf and pedagogy) - a branch of pedagogy (in particular defectology), dealing with the problems of development, education and upbringing of children with hearing impairments.

. Pedagogical tact(from Lat tactus - touch, feeling) - a sense of proportion, a sense of the specific state of the pet, which prompts the educator a delicate way of behavior in communicating with students in various fields of activity; VMI innya to choose the most appropriate approach to the individual in the system of educational relations with her.

. Talent(from gr talanton - weight, measure) - a set of abilities that make it possible to obtain a product of activity that is distinguished by novelty, high perfection and social significance.

. Tests(from English test - test, research) - a system of formalized tasks to identify the level of preparedness of students (students), mastering this knowledge, skills, and habits.

. Pedagogical technique(from gr technike - skillful, experienced) - a set of rational means and behavioral characteristics of a teacher-educator aimed at the effective implementation of the methods and techniques of educational work chosen by him with an individual student or the entire class team in accordance with the goal of the educator and specific objective and subjective prerequisites (skills in the field of speech culture; possession of your body, facial expressions, pantomime, gestures, the ability to dress, monitor your appearance, compliance with the pace and rhythm of work, the ability to communicate; possession of psychotechnics).

. Type of training- the method and features of the organization of human mental activity. In the history of school education, the following types of education have been distinguished: dogmatic, explanatory-illustrative, and problem-based.

. The type of training is dogmatic- type, which is characterized by the following features: the teacher communicates to students a certain amount of knowledge in finished form without explanation; students memorize them without awareness and understanding and almost verbatim recite what they have learned by heart.

. The type of training is explanatory and illustrative- this type, which consists in the fact that the teacher tells students a certain amount of knowledge, explains the essence of phenomena, processes, laws, rules, etc., using illustrative material; students are known to assimilate the proposed share of knowledge and reproduce at the level of deep understanding; be able to apply knowledge in practice.

. Tiflopedagogy(from gr typhlos - blind and pedagogy) - a branch of pedagogy (in particular defectology) about the features of the upbringing and education of children with visual impairments.

. Skill- the ability of a person to consciously perform a certain action based on knowledge, the willingness to apply knowledge in practical activities based on consciousness.

. persuasion- one of the techniques of the method of persuasion, aimed at preventing the deliberate actions of the pupil in order to slow them down, taking into account the individual characteristics of his socio-psychological development.

. Lesson- a form of organization of education, according to which the teacher conducts classes in a classroom with a constant composition of students with approximately the same level of physical and mental development, according to the established timetable and regulations.

. biological inheritance- the process of obtaining by future generations from biological parents due to the gene-chromosomal structure of certain inclinations.

. social inheritance- the process of assimilation by the child of the socio-psychological experience of parents and the environment (languages, habits, behavioral characteristics, moral and ethical qualities, etc.)).

A teacher is a specialist who has special training and carries out training and education of the younger generation.

. Parenting Factors(from Latin Factor - what does) - objective and subjective factors that influence the definition of the content, directions, means, methods, forms of education.

. Fetish(from French fetiche - amulet, magic): 1) an inanimate object, which, according to believers, is endowed with supernatural magical power and serves as an object of religious worship, 2) an object of blind worship.

. Forms of study(from lat forma - appearance, device) - organization of educational activities of students, clearly expressed in time and space, associated with the activities of the teacher:

bell lancaster- a form of organization of training, which consists in the fact that one teacher supervised the educational activities of a large group of students (200-250 people), involving older students (monitors) in this work, the teacher first taught the monitors, and then they taught their comrades in small groups ("mutual learning")nya");

brigade-laboratory- a form of organization of training, which consists in the fact that the class is divided into brigades (5-9 people each), headed by elected foremen; training assignments are given to the brigade, which should work on them and will complete them; the success of educational work is determined by the quality of the foreman's report

. Group a - teaching by a teacher a group of students who are at different levels of age and mental development without observing the schedule and regulations;

individual- teacher teaching only one student. Forms of work of the class teacher - individual, group, frontal, verbal, practical, subject.

. Formation(from Lat formo - I form) - the formation of a person as a person, which occurs as a result of development and education and has certain signs of completeness.

. Functions of the class teacher- provide conditions for the comprehensive harmonious development of schoolchildren, coordinate the activities of all educators in the implementation of national education, study the individual characteristics of students in the class, organize a primary children's team, take care of strengthening and maintaining the health of schoolchildren, form the skills of thoroughness and discipline of schoolchildren, organize extracurricular educational work that , work with parents, achieve unity of requirements for pupils, maintain class documentation.

. Team Functions- organizational, stimulating, educational.

Learning functions (from the Latin functio - performance, performance) - functions that provide for the implementation of educational, educational and developmental actions.

. Functions of Pedagogy(from Lat functio - execution, commission) - clearly defined areas and activities related to the tasks of the comprehensive harmonious development of the individual.

. Family Functions- biological (reproductive), social, economic.

. Function ( from Latin y functio - execution, commission) - a way of action of a thing or element of a system, aimed at achieving a certain effect. The function of the family is aimed at solving biological (reproductive), social and economic problems in the system of continuation of the maternity hospital.

furcations(from lat furcatus - separate) - the construction of curricula in the upper grades of general education educational institutions in certain profiles - humanitarian, physical and mathematical, natural, etc. - with a preference for one or another group of academic disciplines.

. moral values ​​universal to mankind- moral and spiritual acquisitions acquired by previous generations, regardless of race, nationality or religion, which determine the basis of the behavior and life of an individual or defined jointly.

. Moral national values- views, beliefs, ideals, traditions, customs, rituals, practical actions, historically conditioned and created by a certain ethnic group, based on universal values, but reflect certain national manifestations, originality in behavior and serve as the basis for the social activity of people of a separate ethnic group.

. Small school- a school without parallel classes with a small contingent of students.

school studies- a branch of pedagogy that studies the tasks, content and methods of school management, the system of management and organization of the activities of general educational educational institutions.