In 1759 S. Gmelin entered the University of Tübingen. First he studied at the Faculty of Philosophy, then moved to the Faculty of Medicine, graduating in 1764 with a doctorate in medicine. The topic of his dissertation is "On some well-known health-restoring remedies - cinnamon, Anisum stellatum and Assa foetida".
S. Gmelin started out as a botanist. To study seaweed, he went to Holland, worked in the museums of Leiden and The Hague, collected seaweed on the coast. The results of the research were summarized in the work “Historia fucorum”, which was published in St. Petersburg in Latin in 1768 and became the beginning of the study of algae in Russia
In 1765, S. Gmelin returned to Tübingen and began teaching botany at the university.
At the beginning of 1767, Empress Catherine II invited the young German scientist to work at the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, and on April 4, 1767, S. Gmelin was appointed professor (academician) of botany. His stay in the capital of Russia lasted about a year. During this time, he prepared several works on botany and a treatise on mica (“De Glacial Mariae Ruthenica”, 1768), in which he described nine varieties of mica, indicating their industrial value, and listed all mica deposits known to him in Russia.
In 1768, the first two academic expeditions were organized to study the south of Russia: Orenburg and Astrakhan. The instruction of the Academy of Sciences ordered to carry out research on the “nature of lands and waters”, on diseases of people and livestock, on the state of agriculture, and “to note everything that can serve to explain general and correct private geography.<…>Moreover, the testers of nature should make every possible effort to spread their sciences” (Fradkin, 1950, pp. 217, 218).
S. Gmelin led a detachment of six people as part of the Astrakhan expedition, which left St. Petersburg on June 26, 1768. Already on August 2, he sent a letter to the Academy, in which he announced his discovery of coal, salt and sulfur springs on the Valdai Upland (Protocols of meetings ..., 1899, pp. 647-648).
In order to coordinate routes across Southern Russia in 1769 in Voronezh, the detachment of S. Gmelin connected with the second detachment of the Astrakhan expedition, led by the adjunct of the Academy J. Güldenstädt (Güldenstädt, Johann Anton) (1741-1781). The path of S. Gmelin lay along the Don to Cherkassk, then to Tsaritsyn and Astrakhan. During the expedition, he clarified the hydrography of the river basin. Volga, put on a geographical map settlements and bays of the Caspian Sea. S. Gmelin first described 14 salt lakes in the Astrakhan region, including Lake Baskunchak, and put them on the map he compiled. S. Gmelin spent the winter of 1769-1770 in Astrakhan. and described in detail the journey from St. Petersburg to Cherkassk.
In 1770, the detachment of S. Gmelin went to Northern Persia along the coast of the Caspian Sea, intending to reach Gorgan through Balfrush (since 1930 - Astrabad). The expedition was fraught with great difficulties: travelers suffered from heat, fever, and experienced many hardships. Their path ran through the lands that became the scene of internecine wars, and S. Gmelin had to return to Balfrush again. Here he was captured by the local khan. The Khan's brother suffered from a serious eye disease, and the captive had to cure him. S. Gmelin succeeded, but the khan did not let him go, mistaking him for a "Russian spy". After lengthy negotiations, S. Gmelin and his companions were released and in 1772 returned to Astrakhan.
S. Gmelin continued to work on the travel report: the second (from Cherkassk to Astrakhan, with a detailed description of the city itself) and the third (Northern Persia with Transcaucasia) of its parts. He also visited the steppe regions of the Astrakhan province.
In the summer of 1773, S. Gmelin again set off from Astrakhan to Persia - on a sailing ship, accompanied by three companions and a military guard of 40 people. He traveled across the Caspian Sea to Anzali and with a small detachment went further overland to Derbent. On the way to Derbent on February 5, 1774, S. Gmelin and his companions were taken prisoner by one of the Katayg khans, Usmey Asmir-Amzoyu. Khan demanded a ransom of 30,000 silver rubles or the return of 280 families who had fled from him to Russia thirty years before.
Catherine II instructed to take all measures for the release of travelers. However, due to the distance and the peasant uprising E. Pugachev in 1773-1775. negotiations for his release dragged on, and on July 16, 1774, Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin died of dysentery in Akhmetkent, near Derbent.
The rest of the captives were released almost immediately, and they buried S. Gmelin in Kiakent, on the way to Kizlyar.
In 1861, during an expedition along the coast of the Caspian Sea, Academician B.A. Dorn (1805-1881) erected a monument on the grave of S. Gmelin.
The companions kept the diaries of S. Gmelin and handed them over to J. Guldenstedt. However, he also soon died, and the final processing of S. Gmelin's materials was carried out by Academician P.-S. Pallas (Pallas, Peter Simon) (1741-1811).
The main work of S. Gmelin "Reise durch Russland zur Untersuchung der drei Naturreiche" ("Journey through Russia to explore the three kingdoms of nature") was published in 1770-1784. in three volumes in German. In 1781, the first volume was published in Russian translation, and in 1783 and 1785. are the second and third volumes, respectively. The second part of the German edition of the third volume contained travel diaries and a brief biography of S. Gmelin, written by P.-S. Pallas.
The work of S. Gmelin provides valuable geographical information about the cities (Astrakhan, Derbent, Shemakha, Rasht), nature, flora and fauna. He described the disappeared by the end of the XVIII century. tarpan (“wild horse of Gmelin” - “Equus caballus gmelini”), eared hedgehog (Erinaceus auritus, Gmelin), Persian squirrel (Sciurus anomalis, Gmelin), Asian mouflon (Ovis orientalis, Gmelin).
S. Gmelin made an important conclusion about the water balance of the Caspian Sea: “According to the universal laws of nature, almost as much water comes out of it in pairs as from a notable number of rivers flowing in from everywhere” (Gmelin, 1785, p. 337). He gave information about the mineral resources of Russia: coal, salt and sulfur springs in Valdai, Tula iron ores, saltpeter earth in Ukraine, Lipetsk mineral waters and iron ores, Astrakhan salt lakes and places of salt extraction, Baku oil sources. His work contained a lot of information on medicine, agriculture, economics, life and customs of the peoples of the southern provinces of Russia and Northern Persia.
The materials of the expedition of S. Gmelin are still of interest to specialists. More than 200 years after his death, the United States published a translation of the 3rd part of his "Travel" (in Persia) in English ("Travels through Northern Persia", 2007).
Literature:
Nemilova A.V. Gmelin Samuil Gottlieb // Nemilova A.V. Russian literature on mineralogy from Lomonosov to Severgin (second half of the 18th century). 1946. S. 129-133. (manuscript; stored in the Department of the History of Geology of the State Geological Museum named after V.I. Vernadsky RAS).
Minutes of the meetings of the Conference of the Imperial Academy of Sciences from 1725 to 1803. Volume II. 1744-1770. SPb.: Type. IAN, 1899. 886 p.
Sokolov V.E., Parnes Ya.A. Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin (1745-1774) // Biology. - 2002. - No. 29, p. 4.
Fradkin N.G. Instructions for the departure of physical expeditions // Questions of Geography. 1950. Sat. 17. S. 215-218.
List of the main works of S.G. Gmelin:
Gmelin S.G. Historia fucorum. Petropoli: Typogr. Acad. Scient., 1768. 245 p.: 17 ill.
Gmelin S.G. De Glacial Mariae Ruthenica // Novi Comment. Akad. Scient. - 1768. - T. XII. - P. 548-564.
Gmelin S.G. Travel across Russia to explore the three kingdoms of nature. Part 1. Journey from St. Petersburg to Cherkask, the main city of the Don Cossacks in 1768 and 1769. SPb.: Type. IAN, 1771. 272 p.: 37 tab.: 1 map.
Gmelin S.G. Travel across Russia to explore the three kingdoms of nature. Part 2. From the beginning of August 1769 to July 5, 1770, which time includes a journey from Cherkask to Astrakhan and a stay in this city. SPb.: Type. IAN, 1783. 361 p.: 46 tab.
Gmelin S.G. Travel across Russia to explore the three kingdoms of nature. Part 3. Half of the first. SPb.: Type. IAN, 1785. 737 p.: 50 tab.
Naturalist, partly also a physicist and chemist. The second son of a Tübingen pharmacist, of the same name as him, who was an excellent connoisseur not only of his specialty, but also of chemistry, metallurgy and assay art, G. was born on August 12 (according to Meusel, June 12), 1709 in Tübingen. At the University of that In the same city, at the Faculty of Medicine, he received a higher education.There he also acquired scientific degrees, for which he defended his dissertations in 1725 "De glandularum mesenterii actione in chylum retardativa" and in 1727 "Examen acidularum deinacensium atque spiritus vitrioli volatilis ejusdemque phlegmatis per reagentia". Having thus become a doctor of medicine, in the same 1727 he went on the advice of Bülfinger at his own expense to St. Petersburg in order to work at his own request at the Academy of Sciences. Petersburg on August 19/30, took an active part in putting in order the Imperial Cabinet of Curiosities and Natural Cabinet. catalog of the mineralogical museum of the Academy, which was later used by Lomonosov in compiling his work, published by the Academy of Sciences under the title "Musaei Imperialis Petropolitani vol. I. Pars tertia qua continentur res naturales ex regno minerali". At the same time, Academician Buxbaum chose him as his assistant in publishing the "Centuriae plantarum" and in compiling botanical articles for the Commentariorum published by the Academy. In addition to these studies, he also worked on the study works and phenomena of the surrounding nature, making for this excursion in the vicinity of St. Petersburg and trips to other places in Ingermanland.G.'s work, which he offered to the Academy without any demands for remuneration, did not remain, however, unpaid, although in a very modest amount. 10 rubles a month, with free room and heating.He became a member of the Academy with the rank of professor of chemistry and natural history by order of the president of the Blumentrost Academy only on January 22, 1731. His first scientific communication "De historia lapidum figuratorum circa Duderhofium" was made earlier, precisely at the meetings of the Academy on December 8, 11 and 15, 1730. At the same time, precisely At the meeting on December 22, a decision was also made to place for the first time in the Commentaries of the Academy Gmelin's memoir "De radiis articulatis lapideis" ("Commentarii Academiae Imperialis Scientiarum Petropolitanae". Tomus III. Petropoli, 1732. P. 246-264). The following year, 1732, he was already entrusted with delivering a speech at a solemn public meeting of the Academy of Sciences on February 2. The answer, established by the academic customs of the epoch, on behalf of the Academy to this speech, entitled "De ortu et progressu Chymiae et quantum in examinandis metallis ea profecerit, et quid ex indagatione corporum chymica concludi queat, ad eorum delegenda principia", was entrusted to the later famous mathematician Euler . Unfortunately, both this speech and Euler's answer to it did not appear in print. Then, until the second half of 1733, Gmelin read the following four memoirs at the meetings of the Academy, of which only the first and third were honored to appear in print: "De augmento ponderis, quod capiunt quaedam corpora, dum igne calcinantur" (Comment. T. V. 1738. P. 263-273, read April 9, 1731); "Historia morbi et sectionis anatomicae feminae alicujus paulo ante mortuae" (read 24 August 1731); "De salibus alkalibus fixis plantarum" (Comment. T. V. P. 277-294. Read December 17, 1731); "Observatio de vermibus cum pluvia in terram lapsis Revaliae" (read March 6, 1733). The initial period of G.'s scientific and literary activity also includes his participation in popular scientific literature. They placed the following articles in the Notes on Vedomosti published by the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in Russian and German: in 1731 "On Alchemy" (pp. 85-111, 127-145 and 149-167) and "On Making Porcelain" (pp. 309-317 and 321-328) and in 1733 "About places throwing fire out of themselves" (pp. 41-65).
As a naturalist, G. was elected by the Academy of Sciences to the members of the expedition organized by the government in 1732 to Kamchatka. Before the departure of the expedition from St. Petersburg, Gmelin, at a meeting on July 3, 1733, saying goodbye to the Conference, handed over to it for safekeeping the first and third of the four memoirs now named, and, in addition to them, his following works: 1) "Theses de historia naturali studiosis Kamtschatkam proficiscentibus dictate"; 2) "Praelectiones chymicae"; 3) "Von denen Vampyren"; 4) "Oratio publice recitata"; 5) "Figurae 5 pictae"; 6) "Catalogi mineralium in Museo Imperatorio a Gmelino elaborati". Having left St. Petersburg on August 19, 1733 and following the Volga from Tver to Kazan and through Tobolsk, Irtysh, Ob, Tom, Yeniseisk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Selenginsk, Angara, Baikal, the Chinese border, Nerchinsk, Argun, again Irkutsk, the travelers reached September 11, 1736 Yakutsk. Here, on November 8, in the house occupied by Gmelin, a fire broke out, in which all the things Gmelin had were destroyed, including the original drawings already sent to St. Petersburg, and, in addition to them, about 100 new ones, stuffed animals and birds, samples. mushrooms, science books, tools and manuscripts. The latter contained: "The history of the Transbaikal countries", "observations", which G. "after three years or more about birds, fish, quadrupeds, snakes and flies composed with diligent diligence", descriptions of mushrooms and, finally, "Protocol or note our travel book. Upon receiving a report from Gmelin about the misfortune that had happened to him, the Senate and the Academy immediately sent him all the necessary tools and books. G. remained in Yakutsk until the autumn of 1737 and then spent the winter in Kirensk. In the spring of 1738, he arrived in Irkutsk, from which in August he went to Yeniseisk, where he stayed for a year, taking advantage of this time also to travel to Mangazeya or Turukhansk. Further, after spending the winter of 1739-40. in Krasnoyarsk, he was in 1741 in Tomsk and Tara. On July 24, 1742, G. finally received a decree, which followed as a result of his strengthened petitions, to release him from a trip to Kamchatka and to allow him to return to St. Petersburg. After visiting Tyumen, the areas bordering with Bashkiria, Techinskaya Sloboda, Krasnoslobodsk, Dalmatov Monastery, Verkhneyaitskaya Fortress, Yekaterinburg and Verkhoturye, February 16, 1743 returned to St. Petersburg. So, he was not in Kamchatka, which was the main goal of the expedition. The reasons for his evasion from this goal were the difficulties created by the abuses of the Siberian governors and offices, and the clearly expressed desire of the head of the expedition, Bering, to treat the academicians who were part of the expedition as if they were subordinates.
Gmelin's correspondence with the Academy during his travels sometimes included articles sent by him in a more or less processed form. Of these, the most significant were: 1) "Meteorological observations during the journey from Tver to Kazan from September 27 to October 20, 1733 and then at the beginning of 1734 in Yekaterinburg and Tobolsk"; 2) "Observationes in historiam naturalem"; 3) "Beschreibung derer Gruben, Schürfe, Erze und des Schmelz-Wesens bey den Argunischen Silber-Werken"; 4) "Index seminum aestate anni 1737 collectorum"; 5) "De frigore et calore glaciei, nivis et aquae" (Comment. T. X. 1747, pp. 303-325. Received at the session of January 26, 1739); 6) "Index seminum ad Jeniseam fluvium et quidem in superiore ejus regione a. 1739 collectorum".
The largest of the results of Gmelin's Siberian journey were two of his works: "Flora Sibirica sive historia plantarum Sibiriae" (1747-1769; 4 volumes in 4 °) and "Reisen durch Sibirien von 1733-1743" (which was considered classic in the literature of botany in its time) ( 4 Bde. 8° Göttingen 1751-52). The first volume (CXVI+221 pp. and 50 tables of drawings) of the first of these works was presented by the author to the Academy on 17 Feb. 1746. The second one (ХХХІІІ+240 pp. and 98 tables of drawings), sent by the author already from abroad, was printed in 1749, and the last two: the third (XI+276 pp.) and the fourth (214 pp.) , as delivered after the death of the author, were published in 1768 and 1769, respectively. without drawings and with the participation of the author's nephew, Samuil Gottlieb Gmelin, in their publication and editing. The second work, also published in 1767 in Paris, translated into French (in two volumes in 8 °), caused great displeasure in Russia, as containing mocking reviews of the Russian people and their faith, as well as judgments about subjects , which have nothing to do with writing. In Russia at that time, this work, indeed, could not have appeared without significant cuts.
After returning from Siberia, the main subject of G.'s work should have become, in an understandable way, the development of materials brought from the trip and, as a result, the compilation of compositions, of which Flora Sibirica was in the first place. His other works of the same kind, relating to this time, were the following: 1) "Mus aquaticus exoticus Glus. Auctar". (Raii Syn. Quadrup., p. 217. Russ. Desman) (Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae. Tom. IV. Petropoli, 1758. 4°. P. 383-388); 2) "Rupicapra cornubus arietinis. Russ. Steppe sheep. Chalmucc. Argali" (ibidem, p. 388-392); 3) "Descriptio animalis moschiferi, Kabarga dicti" (ibidem, pp. 393-410; proposed together with the previous ones for publication by Prof. Müller in the meeting of May 11, 1758); 4) "Animalium quorundam quadrupedum descriptio" (Nov. Comment. T. V. 1760. P. 338-372). The first three of these articles appeared in the form of extracts also in Russian under the titles: 1) "Desman, in Latin Mus aquaticus exoticus, Clusium addition and Raya synopsis of quadrupeds" (Content of scientific reasoning of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, published in the fourth volume of the New Comments". 4 °. St. Petersburg, 1754. P. 53-58); 2) "Steppe ram, in lat. Rupicapra cornibus arietinis, in Kalmyk argali" (ibid., pp. 58-67); 3) "Description of the musk animal, called musk deer in Russian" (ibid., pp. 68-76). At the meetings of the Academy at the time in question G. limited himself to only one message, choosing for him at a meeting on April 9, 1744, a reasoning entitled "Plantarum quarundam rariorum aut adhuc incognitarum descriptiones absque figuris".
Deciding to leave Russia soon after his return to St. Petersburg, G. on December 7, 1744, filed a petition for dismissal from the Academy. However, they did not want to let him go, and the case was delayed as a result. Having finally lost hope of ever achieving the fulfillment of his demand, based on the condition concluded with him, G. decided to sign a new contract proposed to him on July 1, 1747, obliging him to remain in the active service of the Academy for another 4 years, but allowing him annual leave. Gmelin took advantage of this last condition in order to refuse to fulfill the contract imposed on him. Having gone in the same year of 1747 on a vacation permitted to him, he did not return back.
At home, G. was appointed in 1749 as an ordinary professor of botany and chemistry at the University of Tübingen. He died on 20 May 1755 in Tübingen. More than a hundred years after his death, the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences published part of his extensive correspondence, collected in a book entitled "Ioannis Georgii Gmelini, M. - Dr., Academici et Professoris quondam Petropolitani, deinde Chemiae et Historiae naturalis Professoris ord. Tubingensis, Reliquias quae supersunt commercii epistolici cum Carolo Linnaeo, Alberto Hallero, Guilielmo Stellero et al., Floram Gmelini sibiricam ejusque Iter sibiricum potissimum concernentis ex mandato et sumtibus Academiae scientiarum Caesareae Petropolitanae publicandas curavit Dr. Guil. Stuttgartiensis etc. Addita Autographa lapide impressa". Stuttgartae, 1861. VIII et 196 p. 8°.
Johann Georg Gmelin is sometimes called Gmelin in Russian literature senior, unlike his nephew Samuel Gottlieb (see).
Metropolitan Eugene, Dictionary of Russian Secular Writers, vol. I, pp. 129-140; Gennadi, "Reference Dictionary of Russian Writers and Scientists Who Died in the 18th and 19th Centuries", Vol. I, pp. 225-226; Pekarsky, "History of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg", vol. I, pp. 431-457; "Materials for the history of the Imperial Academy of Sciences", vol. I-X; "Protocols of the meetings of the conference of the Imperial Academy of Sciences", vol. І-ІII; Brockhaus-Efron, Encyclical Dictionary, vol. VIII, p. 931.
V. V. Bobynin.
(Polovtsov)
Gmelin, Johann Georg
(Polovtsov)
Gmelin, Johann Georg
(Aug. 12, 1709 - May 20, 1755) - naturalist. In 1727 he came from Germany to St. Petersburg. where he first studied natural history at the Academy of Sciences. Since 1731 - academician (of chemistry and natural history). In 1733 he participated as a naturalist in the 2nd Kamchatka expedition of Bering - Chirikov. Having visited a number of places Zap. and Vost. Siberia, G. in 1743 returned to St. Petersburg and began processing the collected botanicals. materials. In 1747-69, the Academy of Sciences published 4 volumes of his work "Flora of Siberia", which describes 1178 plant species growing in Siberia, and gives an image of 294 of them. In 1747 he left for Tübingen (Germany), having received permission from the Academy to stay there for 1 year. However, he did not return to Russia. In 1751-1752 publ. in Göttingen Op. "Journey through Siberia from 1733 to 1743". This work contains new information about the nature and population of Siberia, in particular about a sharp change in natural conditions east of the Yenisei, describes attempts to determine the thickness of permafrost, describes a number of deposits of iron ore, salt, coal, mica, etc. At the same time, G.'s work contains sharp and unfounded attacks against the population of Russia, which was the reason for the refusal of the Academy of Sciences to translate it into Russian. language.
Lit .: Obruchev V. A., History of geological exploration of Siberia, period one, L., 1931; Litvinov D.I., Bibliography of the flora of Siberia, "Proceedings of the Botanical Museum of the Academy of Sciences", 1909, no. 5; V. V. Tikhomirov and G. A. Sofiano, 200th anniversary of the death of Academician I. G. Gmelin, "Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Geology Series.", 1955, No. 2, p. 130.
- - Professor of Philosophy. Vilna Univ. 1804-16; R. 1762, † 1816 in Vilna...
- - Member of the Medical call....
Big biographical encyclopedia
- - naturalist, partly also a physicist and chemist ...
Big biographical encyclopedia
- - traveler-naturalist, b. Aug 12 1709, academician, † June 10, 1756...
Big biographical encyclopedia
- - a full member of the Academy of Sciences, professor of botany, doctor of medicine, son of a physician and nephew of John Georg Gmelin, a famous chemist and naturalist, was born in Tübingen, according to some sources, June 23 / July 4, 1744 ...
Big biographical encyclopedia
- - learned contrapuntalist, b. February 3, 1736 in Klosterneuburg near Vienna, studied the theory of composition with the court organist Mann...
-
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
- - researcher of the Sanskrit language; genus. in 1837 in Boristel, near Nienburg, in Hannover...
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
- - from Koenigsberg represents, together with Herder and Jacobi, a reaction against school rationalism and dogmatism in the name of free religious feeling and living faith. Having received in Koenigsberg a thorough philological ...
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
-
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
- - Austrian traveler. Wrote: "Albanesiche Studien"; "Reise von Belgrad nach Salonicki"; "Reise durch die Gebiete des Drin und Wardar"; "Sagwissenschaftliche Studien" ...
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
- - Hamann Johann Georg, German philosopher, critic, writer. Studied philosophy, theology, philology in Konigsberg. His Sibylline Leaflets are presented in the form of oracular sayings...
- - Gmelin Johann Georg, naturalist, Siberian traveler, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1727 he came from Germany to Russia...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- - JOHANN GEORGE HAMANN, a German thinker, who was called the "northern magician", was born in Königsberg on August 27, 1730...
Collier Encyclopedia
- - Russian naturalist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. German by origin; in 1727-47 in Russia. In 1733-43 he traveled to the West. and Vost. Siberia. Author of the work "Flora of Siberia" ...
- - German chemist and physician, foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Proceedings on the systematization of chemical knowledge. Author of "History of Chemistry" ...
Big encyclopedic dictionary
"Gmelin, Johann Georg" in books
Georg Ots
From the book of Clematis authorGeorg Ots
From the book of Clematis author Beskaravaynaya Margarita AlekseevnaGeorg Ots Georg Ots. Jacqueman's group.M. F. Sharonova. 1972 Named in honor of the People's Artist of the USSR G. Ots. The flowers are open, star-shaped, 14–15 cm in diameter, beautifully shaped. Chshl. 6, they are dark blue-violet with a white reverse and slightly wavy edges. anthers
UTS GEORGE
From the book How idols left. The last days and hours of people's favorites the author Razzakov FedorOTS GEORGE OTS GEORGE (opera and pop singer; died on September 5, 1975 at the 56th year of life). Glory came to Ots in 1958, when the film by Jozef Khmelnitsky "Mr. X" (1958) based on the operetta by Imre Kalman was released on the wide screen "Princess of the Circus", where Georg played the main role.
Platzer, Johann Georg
From the book Guide to the Art Gallery of the Imperial Hermitage author Benois Alexander NikolaevichPlatzer, Johann Georg More independent is the Viennese “painter of gallant holidays” J. G. Platzer (1702 - 1760), the greatest virtuoso, to the point of complete satiety, however, flaunting his magician dexterity, in general, a German from head to toe - as in his naive precision
Hegel Georg Full name - Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (born in 1770 - died in 1831)
From the book History of Humanity. West author Zgurskaya Maria PavlovnaHegel Georg Full name - Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (born in 1770 - died in 1831) German philosopher. Major works: "Phenomenology of Spirit", "Science of Logic", "Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences", "Fundamentals of the Philosophy of Law"; lectures on the philosophy of history, aesthetics, philosophy
HAMANN, Johann Georg
From the book Big Dictionary of Quotes and Popular Expressions author Dushenko Konstantin VasilievichHAMANN, Johann Georg (Hamman, Johann Georg, 1730–1788), German writer and philosopher 51 Poetry is the native language of mankind. "Aesthetics in the most essential" ("Aeshtetica in nuce", 1762)? Markiewicz, s. 166 "Native" - in the meaning
Professor from January 22, 1731 to January 1, 1748, full member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Naturalist of the academic detachment of the Second Kamchatka Expedition (1733-1743).
German naturalist in the Russian service, doctor, botanist, ethnographer, traveler, explorer of Siberia and the Urals, associate professor of chemistry and natural history of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (August 30, 1727), professor from January 22, 1731 to January 1, 1748, full member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Naturalist of the academic detachment of the Second Kamchatka Expedition (1733-1743).
Based on the results of research in Siberia, the books “Flora of Siberia” (1747-1769) were published in 4 volumes in Russian, where 1178 species of plants growing in Siberia are described, and “Journey through Siberia” in 4 volumes in German.
Academician and honorary member of the Stockholm Academy of Sciences.
Uncle of Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin (Gmelin Jr.), naturalist traveler, and Johann Friedrich Gmelin, professor of medicine in Tübingen and Göttingen.
In botanical nomenclature, the scientific names of plants described by Gmelin are marked with the abbreviation "J.G.Gmel."
Biography
Johann Georg Gmelin - the son of a pharmacist, was born in southwestern Germany. Having received home education, at the age of 13 he became a student at the University of Tübingen. In 1725, 16-year-old Johann graduated from the medical faculty with a doctorate in medicine.
On the advice of his father, a university professor, and family friend, scientist G. Bülfinger, Johann Gmelin moved to Russia in the summer of 1727. With a letter of recommendation and a collection of natural fossils, which were transferred to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, he arrived in St. Petersburg, where he first studied natural history.
In August 1727, he trained at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. While the issue of his approval as a professor was being decided, he received 10 rubles a month for expenses.
This year was significant for the St. Petersburg Academy. Two months before Gmelin, nineteen-year-old Leonhard Euler arrives in St. Petersburg on the recommendation of Daniil Bernoulli, who himself was 25 years old. In the same year, a half-educated student Gerard-Friedrich Miller, who turned 22, arrived at the Academy. Subsequently, he will become Gmelin's senior comrade on a difficult journey through Siberia. Even before the arrival of Gmelin, at the suggestion of the President of the Academy, L. Blumentrost, Euler, Gmelin, Kraft, and Miller were recommended for professorships. The case is unprecedented for science of all time. The eldest - Kraft - was 26 years old.
I. G. Gmelin devoted the first three years of his life in Russia to work in the Kunstkamera and natural history cabinet. He compiled a catalog of minerals. Started compiling a catalog of ancient fossils together with Academician Johann Aman. (But he did not finish this work, but finished it in 1741 by M. V. Lomonosov).
He was approved as an adjunct in chemistry and natural history (08/30/1727).
He helped in the publication of the works of professor of botany I. Kh. Buxbaum.
Full member of the St. Petersburg Academy with the rank of professor of chemistry and natural history (01/22/1731).
Exploration of Siberia
In 1724, Peter I equipped an expedition led by Vitus Bering to explore the northern part of the Pacific Ocean and the lands adjacent to it. This expedition, known as the First Kamchatka Expedition (1725-1729), left after the death of Emperor Peter. One of her tasks was to study the isthmus between America and Asia (the discovery of Semyon Dezhnev became known later). However, the expedition did not fully fulfill the assigned tasks.
In this regard, the Second Kamchatka Expedition (1733-1743) was organized in 1733, also under the command of V. Bering. The number of participants reached 2000 people: naval officers, scientists, artists, translators, administrative and technical workers. Naturalists who participated in the expedition were I. G. Gmelin, G. V. Steller, and S. P. Krasheninnikov. The forces of various detachments compiled the first maps and descriptions of the coast of Russia from Arkhangelsk to Kolyma, the Sea of Okhotsk and Kamchatka; the nature, peoples and history of Siberia are described. Sailings were made to the shores of Japan and North-West America, the Kuril and Aleutian Islands were surveyed along the way.
I. G. Gmelin chose the route through Yaroslavl, Kazan, Tobolsk, Semipalatinsk, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Tomsk, Yeniseisk and Irkutsk to Yakutsk, from where he returned to St. Petersburg via Irkutsk, Tomsk, Verkhoturye, Veliky Ustyug, Vologda and Shlisselburg.
He explored the northwestern part of Altai, the Salair Ridge, from Kuznetsk he went down the Tom river to Tomsk, went along the Chulyma valley to the Yenisei, went up the river to Krasnoyarsk, and from there he arrived in Irkutsk. He studied Transbaikalia from Selenga to Shilka and Argun. Then he drove along the Angara to the Bratsk prison, passed through Ilimsk to Ust-Kut on the Lena and, turning south, reached the mouth of the Ilga, then arrived in Yakutsk on a river boat. Here, a fire destroyed most of the material he had collected. To restore the lost and additional research, I went through Vitim to Mama. For the first time he explored the North Baikal Highlands. Moving along the Lena, he described its shores to Olekma, spoke about coastal cliffs - “cheeks”. In 1736-1737 he discovered a number of mineral deposits in the Yakutsk region. The following year, he went down in boats along the Angara and the Yenisei to Turukhansk, described the northern spurs of the Yenisei Ridge. For several years he traveled in the south of Western Siberia and the eastern slope of the Urals, described the deposit of Mount Magnitnaya. In 1741-1742 he studied the Baraba steppe and the eastern slopes of the Urals.
An encyclopedic scientist and a great artist, he traveled about 34,000 km across Siberia in 10 years, initiating its scientific research.
Petersburg period of life (1743-1747)
Returning to St. Petersburg, he began to process the brought collections and diaries.
The botanical collections formed the basis of his multi-volume work "Flora of Siberia", published in 8 ° during 1747-1759, containing a description of almost 1178 species of Siberian plants, with 500 new species of flora, almost completely unknown in Europe before Gmelin's travels, 300 of their images. The first two volumes were edited by Gmelin himself, the third and fourth volumes were edited by S. G. Gmelin Jr., the author's nephew, the fifth volume (spore plants) remained in manuscript.
Gmelin was one of the first to substantiate the division of Siberia into two natural-historical provinces: Western and Eastern Siberia, widely using the botanical and zoological collections of the expedition for this.
After the completed first volume was presented to the Academy of Sciences, Gmelin asked at an academic meeting for permission to leave for Germany for a period of one year, on the condition that during this time he would receive a salary and do work. He received such permission on June 01, 1747.
In 1747 Gmelin left for Tübingen, where from 1749 until his death in 1755 he was professor of botany and chemistry at the local university.
From 1751 to 1755 in Göttingen he published his expeditionary diaries under the title "Journey through Siberia from 1741 to 1743." in 4 volumes.
After his death, the scientist's manuscripts and herbarium were taken to St. Petersburg and sold to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
Since the first two volumes of the "Flora of Siberia" came out before the systematic reform in botany by Carl Linnaeus, and in the rest Gmelin Jr. did not bring Gmelin's botanical materials in line with Linnaeus's taxonomy, most of the plant species new to Siberia described by Gmelin did not retain the authorship of I. G. Gmelin.
Professor from January 22, 1731 to January 1, 1748, full member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Naturalist of the academic detachment of the Second Kamchatka Expedition (1733-1743).
German naturalist in the Russian service, doctor, botanist, ethnographer, traveler, explorer of Siberia and the Urals, associate professor of chemistry and natural history of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (August 30, 1727), professor from January 22, 1731 to January 1, 1748, full member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Naturalist of the academic detachment of the Second Kamchatka Expedition (1733-1743).
Based on the results of research in Siberia, the books “Flora of Siberia” (1747-1769) were published in 4 volumes in Russian, where 1178 species of plants growing in Siberia are described, and “Journey through Siberia” in 4 volumes in German.
Academician and honorary member of the Stockholm Academy of Sciences.
Uncle of Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin (Gmelin Jr.), naturalist traveler, and Johann Friedrich Gmelin, professor of medicine in Tübingen and Göttingen.
In botanical nomenclature, the scientific names of plants described by Gmelin are marked with the abbreviation "J.G.Gmel."
Biography
Johann Georg Gmelin - the son of a pharmacist, was born in southwestern Germany. Having received home education, at the age of 13 he became a student at the University of Tübingen. In 1725, 16-year-old Johann graduated from the medical faculty with a doctorate in medicine.
On the advice of his father, a university professor, and family friend, scientist G. Bülfinger, Johann Gmelin moved to Russia in the summer of 1727. With a letter of recommendation and a collection of natural fossils, which were transferred to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, he arrived in St. Petersburg, where he first studied natural history.
In August 1727, he trained at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. While the issue of his approval as a professor was being decided, he received 10 rubles a month for expenses.
This year was significant for the St. Petersburg Academy. Two months before Gmelin, nineteen-year-old Leonhard Euler arrives in St. Petersburg on the recommendation of Daniil Bernoulli, who himself was 25 years old. In the same year, a half-educated student Gerard-Friedrich Miller, who turned 22, arrived at the Academy. Subsequently, he will become Gmelin's senior comrade on a difficult journey through Siberia. Even before the arrival of Gmelin, at the suggestion of the President of the Academy, L. Blumentrost, Euler, Gmelin, Kraft, and Miller were recommended for professorships. The case is unprecedented for science of all time. The eldest - Kraft - was 26 years old.
I. G. Gmelin devoted the first three years of his life in Russia to work in the Kunstkamera and natural history cabinet. He compiled a catalog of minerals. Started compiling a catalog of ancient fossils together with Academician Johann Aman. (But he did not finish this work, but finished it in 1741 by M. V. Lomonosov).
He was approved as an adjunct in chemistry and natural history (08/30/1727).
He helped in the publication of the works of professor of botany I. Kh. Buxbaum.
Full member of the St. Petersburg Academy with the rank of professor of chemistry and natural history (01/22/1731).
Exploration of Siberia
In 1724, Peter I equipped an expedition led by Vitus Bering to explore the northern part of the Pacific Ocean and the lands adjacent to it. This expedition, known as the First Kamchatka Expedition (1725-1729), left after the death of Emperor Peter. One of her tasks was to study the isthmus between America and Asia (the discovery of Semyon Dezhnev became known later). However, the expedition did not fully fulfill the assigned tasks.
In this regard, the Second Kamchatka Expedition (1733-1743) was organized in 1733, also under the command of V. Bering. The number of participants reached 2000 people: naval officers, scientists, artists, translators, administrative and technical workers. Naturalists who participated in the expedition were I. G. Gmelin, G. V. Steller, and S. P. Krasheninnikov. The forces of various detachments compiled the first maps and descriptions of the coast of Russia from Arkhangelsk to Kolyma, the Sea of Okhotsk and Kamchatka; the nature, peoples and history of Siberia are described. Sailings were made to the shores of Japan and North-West America, the Kuril and Aleutian Islands were surveyed along the way.
I. G. Gmelin chose the route through Yaroslavl, Kazan, Tobolsk, Semipalatinsk, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Tomsk, Yeniseisk and Irkutsk to Yakutsk, from where he returned to St. Petersburg via Irkutsk, Tomsk, Verkhoturye, Veliky Ustyug, Vologda and Shlisselburg.
He explored the northwestern part of Altai, the Salair Ridge, from Kuznetsk he went down the Tom river to Tomsk, went along the Chulyma valley to the Yenisei, went up the river to Krasnoyarsk, and from there he arrived in Irkutsk. He studied Transbaikalia from Selenga to Shilka and Argun. Then he drove along the Angara to the Bratsk prison, passed through Ilimsk to Ust-Kut on the Lena and, turning south, reached the mouth of the Ilga, then arrived in Yakutsk on a river boat. Here, a fire destroyed most of the material he had collected. To restore the lost and additional research, I went through Vitim to Mama. For the first time he explored the North Baikal Highlands. Moving along the Lena, he described its shores to Olekma, spoke about coastal cliffs - “cheeks”. In 1736-1737 he discovered a number of mineral deposits in the Yakutsk region. The following year, he went down in boats along the Angara and the Yenisei to Turukhansk, described the northern spurs of the Yenisei Ridge. For several years he traveled in the south of Western Siberia and the eastern slope of the Urals, described the deposit of Mount Magnitnaya. In 1741-1742 he studied the Baraba steppe and the eastern slopes of the Urals.
An encyclopedic scientist and a great artist, he traveled about 34,000 km across Siberia in 10 years, initiating its scientific research.
Petersburg period of life (1743-1747)
Returning to St. Petersburg, he began to process the brought collections and diaries.
The botanical collections formed the basis of his multi-volume work "Flora of Siberia", published in 8 ° during 1747-1759, containing a description of almost 1178 species of Siberian plants, with 500 new species of flora, almost completely unknown in Europe before Gmelin's travels, 300 of their images. The first two volumes were edited by Gmelin himself, the third and fourth volumes were edited by S. G. Gmelin Jr., the author's nephew, the fifth volume (spore plants) remained in manuscript.
Gmelin was one of the first to substantiate the division of Siberia into two natural-historical provinces: Western and Eastern Siberia, widely using the botanical and zoological collections of the expedition for this.
After the completed first volume was presented to the Academy of Sciences, Gmelin asked at an academic meeting for permission to leave for Germany for a period of one year, on the condition that during this time he would receive a salary and do work. He received such permission on June 01, 1747.
In 1747 Gmelin left for Tübingen, where from 1749 until his death in 1755 he was professor of botany and chemistry at the local university.
From 1751 to 1755 in Göttingen he published his expeditionary diaries under the title "Journey through Siberia from 1741 to 1743." in 4 volumes.
After his death, the scientist's manuscripts and herbarium were taken to St. Petersburg and sold to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
Since the first two volumes of the "Flora of Siberia" came out before the systematic reform in botany by Carl Linnaeus, and in the rest Gmelin Jr. did not bring Gmelin's botanical materials in line with Linnaeus's taxonomy, most of the plant species new to Siberia described by Gmelin did not retain the authorship of I. G. Gmelin.
Johann Georg Gmelin - German naturalist in the Russian service, doctor, botanist, ethnographer, traveler, explorer of Siberia and the Urals, associate professor of chemistry and natural history of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (August 30, 1727), professor from January 22, 1731 to January 1, 1748, full member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Naturalist of the academic detachment of the Second Kamchatka Expedition (1733-1743).
Based on the results of research in Siberia, the books “Flora of Siberia” (1747-1769) were published in 4 volumes in Russian, where 1,178 species of plants growing in Siberia are described, and “Journey through Siberia” in 4 volumes in German.
Academician and honorary member of the Stockholm Academy of Sciences.
Uncle of Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin (Gmelin Jr.), naturalist traveler, and Johann Friedrich Gmelin, professor of medicine in Tübingen and Göttingen.
Biography
Johann Georg Gmelin - the son of a pharmacist, was born in southwestern Germany. Having received a home education, at the age of 13 he became a student at the University of Tübingen. In 1725, 16-year-old Johann graduated from the medical faculty with a doctorate in medicine.
On the advice of his father, a university professor, and family friend, scientist G. Bülfinger, Johann Gmelin moved to Russia in the summer of 1727. With a letter of recommendation and a collection of natural fossils, which were transferred to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, he arrived in St. Petersburg, where he first studied natural history.
In August 1727, he trained at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. While the issue of his approval as a professor was being decided, he received 10 rubles a month for expenses.
This year was significant for the St. Petersburg Academy. Two months before Gmelin, nineteen-year-old Leonhard Euler arrives in St. Petersburg on the recommendation of Daniil Bernoulli, who himself was 25 years old. In the same year, half-educated student Gerard Friedrich Miller, who turned 22, arrived at the Academy. Subsequently, he will become Gmelin's senior comrade on a difficult journey through Siberia. Even before the arrival of Gmelin, at the suggestion of the President of the Academy, Lavrenty Blumentrost, Euler, Gmelin, Kraft, and Miller were recommended for professorships. The case is unprecedented for science of all time. The eldest - Kraft - was 26 years old.
I. G. Gmelin devoted the first three years of his life in Russia to work in the Kunstkamera and natural history cabinet. He compiled a catalog of minerals, began compiling a catalog of ancient fossils together with Academician Johann Ammann (but he did not finish this work, and finished it in 1741 by M.V. Lomonosov).
On August 30, 1727, Gmelin was approved as an adjunct in chemistry and natural history.
He helped in the publication of the works of professor of botany I. Kh. Buxbaum.
Exploration of Siberia
In 1724, Peter I equipped an expedition led by Vitus Bering to explore the northern part of the Pacific Ocean and adjacent lands. This expedition, known as the First Kamchatka Expedition (1725-1729), left after the death of Emperor Peter. One of her tasks was to study the isthmus between America and Asia (the discovery of Semyon Dezhnev became known later). However, the expedition did not fully fulfill the assigned tasks.
In this regard, the Second Kamchatka Expedition (1733-1743) was organized in 1733, also under the command of V. Bering. The number of participants reached 2,000 people: naval officers, scientists, artists, translators, administrative and technical workers. Naturalists who participated in the expedition were I. G. Gmelin, G. V. Steller, and S. P. Krasheninnikov. The forces of various detachments compiled the first maps and descriptions of the coast of Russia from Arkhangelsk to Kolyma, the Sea of Okhotsk and Kamchatka; the nature, peoples and history of Siberia are described. Sailings were made to the shores of Japan and North-West America, the Kuril and Aleutian Islands were surveyed along the way.
I. G. Gmelin chose the route through Yaroslavl, Kazan, Tobolsk, Semipalatinsk, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Tomsk, Yeniseisk and Irkutsk to Yakutsk, from where he returned to St. Petersburg via Irkutsk, Tomsk, Verkhoturye, Veliky Ustyug, Vologda and Shlisselburg.
He explored the northwestern part of Altai, the Salair Ridge, descended from Kuznetsk along the Tom river to Tomsk, walked along the Chulyma valley to the Yenisei, ascended the river to Krasnoyarsk, and from there arrived to Irkutsk. He studied Transbaikalia from Selenga to Shilka and Argun. Then he drove along the Angara to the Bratsk prison, passed through Ilimsk to Ust-Kut on the Lena and, turning south, reached the mouth of the Ilga, then arrived in Yakutsk on a river boat. Here, a fire destroyed most of the material he had collected. To restore the lost and additional research, I went through Vitim to Mama. For the first time he explored the North Baikal Highlands. Moving along the Lena, he described its shores to Olekma, spoke about coastal cliffs - “cheeks”. In 1736-1737 he discovered a number of mineral deposits in the Yakutsk region. The following year, he went down in boats along the Angara and the Yenisei to Turukhansk, described the northern spurs of the Yenisei Ridge. For several years he traveled in the south of Western Siberia and the eastern slope of the Urals, described the deposit of Mount Magnitnaya. In 1741-1742 he studied the Baraba steppe and the eastern slopes of the Urals.
An encyclopedic scientist and a great artist, he traveled about 34,000 km across Siberia in 10 years, initiating its scientific research.
Petersburg period of life (1743-1747)
Returning to St. Petersburg, he began to process the brought collections and diaries.
The botanical collections formed the basis of his multi-volume work "Flora of Siberia", published in 8 ° during 1747-1759, containing a description of almost 1,178 species of Siberian plants, and 500 new species of flora, almost completely unknown in Europe before Gmelin's travels, 300 of their images . The first two volumes were edited by Gmelin himself, the third and fourth volumes were edited by S. G. Gmelin Jr., the author's nephew, the fifth volume (spore plants) remained in manuscript.
Gmelin was one of the first to substantiate the division of Siberia into two natural-historical provinces: Western and Eastern Siberia, widely using the botanical and zoological collections of the expedition for this.
After the completed first volume was presented to the Academy of Sciences, Gmelin asked at an academic meeting for permission to leave for Germany for a period of one year, on the condition that during this time he would receive a salary and do work. He received such permission on June 1, 1747.
In 1747 Gmelin left for Tübingen, where from 1749 until his death in 1755 he was professor of botany and chemistry at the local university.
From 1751 to 1755 in Göttingen, he published his expedition diaries under the title "Journey through Siberia from 1741 to 1743" in 4 volumes.
After his death, the scientist's manuscripts and herbarium were taken to St. Petersburg and sold to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
Since the first two volumes of the "Flora of Siberia" came out before the systematic reform in botany by Carl Linnaeus, and in the rest Gmelin Jr. did not bring Gmelin's botanical materials in line with Linnaeus's taxonomy, most of the plant species new to Siberia described by Gmelin did not retain the authorship of I. G. Gmelin.
Plants named after I. G. Gmelin
In honor of I. G. Gmelin, Carl Linnaeus named the genus Gmelina (Gmelina L.) (Verbenaceae family) and about 60 plant species.
Gmelin larch (Larix gmelinii (RUPR.) RUPR.)
