Sports competitions and the Olympic Games are an integral part of people's lives in any state. And our country is no exception. In the modern world, the results of an athlete's professional activity are influenced by those persons about whom little is known, but on whom the career of a professional in this field largely depends.

And today we will talk about specialists who manage institutions in this area of ​​our life.

What is sports management? What are its distinguishing features?

There is a concept in the labor market that denotes the function of a manager, administrator of a company or several enterprises. This is the definition of management. It involves management in various areas of life.

Management in the sports industry is an administrative activity, the object of which is sports enterprises and associations. The leader in this area performs those functions that ensure the effective operation of sports companies and groups of people. Therefore, the management of such organizations can be considered the subject of sports management.

Such work requires knowledge of theory and practice and special education in this area. Sports managers may have varying degrees of qualification; in the course of their activities, they can solve issues of varying complexity.

But the duty of each of them is to solve administrative, organizational and financial tasks related to the work of athletes, so that the latter are only engaged in training and preparing for competitions.

History of the profession

Work in sports management today is extremely in demand and well paid.

This is an ancient profession. Its first representatives arose in ancient times, when gladiator competitions were held in sports arenas. But this specialty was finally formed in the nineteenth century, when the sports industry began to develop actively, and athletes needed a person who would solve various organizational issues, negotiate with enterprises, groups, associations; with representatives of the media who published articles about athletes.

In the 20th century, during the existence of the Soviet Union, managers were performed by retired military personnel and former workers in physical culture and sports. But today, for the implementation of this activity, other professionals are in demand in the labor market - younger, capable of quick adaptation and who have undergone special training in higher educational institutions.

The main functions of sports management. Required Skills

Today, this specialty has a complex structure and is divided into different types of activities (depending on the sport).

Unfortunately, in Russia, management in the sports industry is only at the initial stage of its development. In many other countries this area is already quite well developed.

What kind of activity does the specialty of sports management involve?

First of all, such an employee takes part in holding (city, regional, etc.), as well as the Olympic Games and international competitions.

In addition, the sports manager himself develops and manages various sports events. And, finally, a specialist in this field participates in the selection of athletes and the creation of ticket programs, builds business plans and implements them.

Like any employee, a sports manager needs special skills to carry out his functions, for example, he should:

1. Have an understanding of modern information technologies.
2. Be able to speak foreign languages ​​(for example, English).
3. Manage the activities of the company, a group of people.
4. Possess knowledge in the field of marketing.
5. Know the basic rules and laws of sports competitions in order to effectively manage this process.

To date, our country is developing a number of criteria by which it will be possible to determine the necessary professional qualities for workers in this area. A lot of effort was spent on building facilities and negotiating with foreign partners in order to organize competitions on the territory of our country.

Units at universities were created for effective training of personnel. And in the following sections, we will talk about the universities of sports management in Moscow. Let's take a closer look at the most famous institutions.

Moscow Academy of Physical Culture. general information

This educational institution was established in 1931 and has undergone significant changes during the entire period of its existence. The founders of the organization are employees of the Ministry of Sports of the Russian Federation.

The Academy is located at the address: Moscow region, Luberetskiy district, Malakhovka settlement, 33rd building on Shosseynaya street.

The organization consists of many departments, it has:

1. Department of Physical Education and Sports Medicine.
2. Division of the theory and methods of gymnastics.
3. Department of athletics.
4. Department of wrestling.
5. Department of team sports.
6. Division of Management and History of Physical Education.
7. Department of Anatomy.
8. Division of Informatics and Mechanics.
9. Linguistic department.
10. Department of Psychology.
11. Pedagogical department.
12. Department of Philosophy.

The institution also offers classes to improve the professional level; work is carried out in a research institute and training for a master's degree.

Directions of personnel training

In this sports management course, specialists are trained in the following areas:

1. Physical training.
2. Physical education for people with disabilities.
3. Education in the field of pedagogy and psychology.
4. Sports management.

The academy also conducts classes for applicants. University professors with scientific degrees prepare young people for entrance exams and for admission.

To this end, applicants must attend classes in the following academic subjects:

1. Russian language.
2. Biology.
3. Physical training.

Preparatory courses last about eight months, their total cost is forty thousand rubles.

Moscow Institute of Physical Culture and Sports

This also trains specialists in the field of sports management.

The organization was founded on September 28, 1999, and this is one of the most famous universities in the capital.

Among the graduates of the institution there are even winners of international competitions. The founder of this institute is Nikolai Krasnov.

Teaching activities for the training of personnel are carried out by experienced and highly qualified teachers.

The institute is equipped with modern equipment, there are PCs in the classrooms, and the institution also has a gym, a hall for gymnastics and team games.

This Moscow university in sports management consists of several buildings. Its divisions can be found at the following addresses: 14th Parkovaya Street, 8; street 14th Parkovaya, 6; Tashkent street, 26, building 1, building 2.

Departments and areas of training

The Moscow Institute of Physical Culture and Sports consists of the following departments:

1. Department of Management.
2. Division of Humanities and Natural Sciences.
3. Psychological and pedagogical department.
4. Division of theory and methods of physical education.

The institute provides training in the following areas:

1. Physical Culture.
2. Sports management.

Also, much attention in this university is paid to scientific activities, which are aimed at improving the level of knowledge and skills of students and acquiring new skills in the process of such work.

Research activities

The main goals of scientific work at the university include:

1. The use of computer technology in sports management.
2. Development of management methods in the field of physical culture and sports.
3. Application of innovative pedagogical methods for the training of qualified personnel.
4. Ensuring effective physical education in educational institutions of various levels (kindergartens, schools, technical schools, universities).
5. Psychological and personal preparation of future sports managers, development of their personal qualities in the process of learning, necessary for future work.

Conclusions on the topic

So, you got acquainted with some universities in Moscow on sports management. But these institutions are not the only ones of their kind. A similar specialty can be obtained, for example, at the Faculty of Sports Management of Moscow State University.

The problem is that although education in this area is available today, the knowledge of professionals often does not match the expectations of the HR workers they turn to when applying for a job. Thanks to career guidance activities carried out by company representatives, university graduates have a broader understanding of the specialty of sports management.

Also, students read information about this phenomenon on the Internet, practice in companies to acquire useful skills.

Often employees of the personnel department of those companies that require sports managers inform young professionals about vacancies and offer their employment services.

Kuban State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism

We offer to study and adopt this institution of higher education as a worthy alternative to many others on this resource. Reminiscent of other state universities in Krasnodar, this university accepts and trains leaders on the subject of "physical culture and sports." Kuban State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism (Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Kuban State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism") is superficially described for you, and is designed in a section on our database interface.

Naberezhnye Chelny Branch of the Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism

Like other state academies of Naberezhnye Chelny, this higher educational institution trains and graduates leaders of the type of "physical culture and sports". You can immediately inspect this institution of higher education as a replacement for similar ones, often on this resource. The Naberezhnye Chelny branch of the Volga State Academy of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism (Naberezhnye Chelny Branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution "Volga State Academy of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism") is a little presented, and is designed in the section, heading "State Academies of Naberezhnye Chelny", on the resource.

Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sports, Youth and Tourism (GTsOL IFC)

Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sports, Youth and Tourism (GTsOL IFC) (Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sports, Youth and Tourism (GTsOL IFC)") this assembly. Unlike other state universities in Moscow, this option trains and graduates professionals in the field of "physical culture and sports." We can quite seriously postpone this proposal and other state universities in Moscow for further analysis, as an alternative to similar ones in the catalog.

Like many other state institutions of Churapchi, this educational institution conducts training for good workers on the subject of "physical culture and sports." We advise you to take into account this option and other state institutions of Churapchi, as an alternative to those in Churapchi. Churapcha State Institute of Physical Culture and Sports () is superficially reviewed by us in the corresponding article on the current site.

National State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Health named after P.F. Lesgafta, St. Petersburg

We advise you to consider this university as a replacement for similar ones, often in Russia. National State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Health named after P.F. Lesgaft, St. Petersburg (Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "National State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Health named after P.F. Lesgaft, St. Petersburg") is excellently considered among other materials, heading "State Universities of St. Petersburg" , at the meeting. Unlike other state universities in St. Petersburg, this option produces excellent specialists in the specialty "physical culture and sports".

Yekaterinburg branch of the Ural State University of Physical Culture

The same as the state universities of Yekaterinburg, this educational institution makes good workers in the field of "physical culture and sports." We strongly recommend that you consider this educational institution as a worthy alternative to similar ones on this resource. The Yekaterinburg branch of the Ural State University of Physical Culture (Yekaterinburg branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Ural State University of Physical Culture") is superficially described in announcements and articles on this list of universities.

Siberian State University of Physical Culture and Sports (SibSUPC)

Siberian State University of Physical Culture and Sports (SibSUPC) (Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Siberian State University of Physical Culture and Sports") is described in detail among other materials, under the heading "State Universities of Omsk", on the resource. Like other state universities in Omsk, this option produces good workers of the "physical culture and sports" type. It is possible to postpone this educational institution for further analysis as a worthy alternative to similar ones, often in the catalog.

Branch of the Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sports, Youth and Tourism (GTsOL IFC) in Irkutsk

You can quite seriously consider this option as a replacement for similar ones on the topic on our site. Branch of the Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sports, Youth and Tourism (GCOL IFC) in Irkutsk (Branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sports, Youth and Tourism (GCOL IFC)" in Irkutsk) is well painted in one of the notes on the current site. Reminiscent of other state universities in Irkutsk, this option accepts and trains professionals in the specialty "physical culture and sports."

The same as the state institutes of Tchaikovsky, this offer makes excellent specialists in the specialty "physical culture and sports". The Chaikovsky State Institute of Physical Culture of the ChG IFC (Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education - the Chaikovsky State Institute of Physical Culture) is well noted, and the section on our portal is designed. You can take note of this option as a replacement for many others in the catalog.

Bryansk branch of the National State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Health named after P.F. Lesgafta, St. Petersburg

Without unnecessary hesitation, postpone this university for further analysis as a replacement for similar ones, often on the list. Bryansk branch of the National State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Health named after P.F. Lesgaft, St. Petersburg (Bryansk branch of the National State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Health named after P.F. Lesgaft, St. Petersburg) is very poorly considered, and a section on our list of universities is designed. Probably, like the state universities of Bryansk, this institution of higher education improves the qualifications of masters of their craft in the direction of "physical culture and sports."

We advise you to study and adopt this educational institution and other state institutions of Voronezh, as an alternative to many others in the catalog. Voronezh State Institute of Physical Culture (Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Voronezh State Institute of Physical Culture") is a little reviewed by us in the materials under the heading "State Institutes of Voronezh", on the list of universities. Probably, like the state institutions of Voronezh, this proposal trains professionals of the type of "physical culture and sports."

Branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sports, Youth and Tourism (GTsOL IFC)" in Novocheboksarsk

We advise you to postpone this proposal for later analysis as a replacement for many others on the list. The branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sports, Youth and Tourism (GTsOL IFC)" in Novocheboksarsk () is a little described for you in the materials, heading "State Universities of Novocheboksarsk", at the meeting. Unlike other state universities in Novocheboksarsk, this university trains professionals in the field of "physical culture and sports".

The Moscow Institute of Physical Culture and Sports (Non-State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Moscow Institute of Physical Culture and Sports") is considered in more detail, and a section on our website is designed. We advise you to consider this option as a worthy alternative to similar ones in Moscow. Like other non-state institutions in Moscow, this university trains excellent specialists in the direction of "physical culture and sports."

Branch of the Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Kuban State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism" in Yeysk

Branch of the Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Kuban State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism" in Yeysk (Branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Kuban State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism" in Yeysk) excellent considered by us among other materials on this site. Like other state universities of Yeysk, this higher educational institution accepts and trains leaders in the field of "physical culture and sports". We advise you to take note of this university as a worthy alternative to many others mentioned here.

We strongly recommend that you accept this institution of higher education and other state institutions in Ufa as an alternative to those on the list. The Bashkir Institute of Physical Culture (branch) of the Ural State University of Physical Culture (Bashkir Institute of Physical Culture (branch) of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Ural State University of Physical Culture") is slightly discussed in the corresponding article on this DB interface. The same as the state institutions of Ufa, this university accepts and trains leaders in the field of "physical culture and sports."

Branch of the Siberian State University of Physical Culture and Sports in Nadym

Unlike other state universities in Chelyabinsk, this educational institution trains and graduates masters of their craft in the field of "physical culture and sports". Do not hesitate to postpone such an option for further analysis as a worthy alternative to many others in the catalog. Ural State University of Physical Culture (Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Ural State University of Physical Culture") is a little described for you in the corresponding article at the current meeting.

Ural State University of Physical Culture

You can take note of this offer and other state institutions of Sterlitamak as an alternative to many others in Sterlitamak. Sterlitamak Institute of Physical Culture (branch) of the Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Ural State University of Physical Culture" (), together with a map, is given in the materials on a specific resource. Probably, like the state institutions of Sterlitamak, this university trains and graduates leaders on the subject of "physical culture and sports."

Physical Education

the system of training teachers of physical education (See Physical Education) and trainers (by sport) for educational institutions of all types, physical culture and sports organizations, institutions, etc., the branch of teacher education (See Pedagogical Education). It originated in the first half of the 19th century, when in a number of countries in the West. In Europe (Denmark, Sweden, France, Germany, etc.), the first educational institutions for the training of gymnastics teachers (as a system of physical exercises, methodological techniques used to promote health and comprehensive physical development) appeared, in Russia - in the middle of the 19th century. in military educational institutions, for example, in the Rifle Officer School, fencing and gymnastic personnel (courses) in St. Petersburg. In 1896, P. F. Lesgaft organized in St. Petersburg special courses for educators and leaders of physical education, which were the prototype of modern universities of physical culture. In 1909, the St. Petersburg Main Officers' Fencing and Gymnastics School was opened, on the model of which schools in the military districts began to be created. The training of instructors in gymnastics and sports was also carried out at courses at sports societies, unions, and clubs.

As an independent branch of higher and secondary specialized education, F. o. developed in the first quarter of the 20th century.

In the USSR, specialized physical education and sports pedagogical universities were created already in the first years of the Soviet Union. authorities - in 1918 in Moscow and in 1919 in Petrograd (see the State Central, named after P. F. Lesgaft). The formation of owls. F.'s systems about. associated with the names of N. A. Semashko , N. I. Podvoisky (See Podvoisky) , such scientists and teachers as V. V. Gorinevsky , M. F. Ivanitsky, A. N. Krestovnikov, I. M. Sarkizov-Serazini, A. D. Novikov, P. A. Rudik.

In the 30s and 40s. institutes and technical schools of physical culture, schools of trainers were opened in Baku, Kharkov, Minsk, Tbilisi, Yerevan, Kaunas, Riga and other cities, faculties of physical education were organized in a number of pedagogical institutes and universities, departments in pedagogical schools; Pedagogical and sports faculties, special departments for sports have been created at the institutes of physical culture; a 4-year term of study is established, for the secondary - 3-year.

F. o. of an applied nature in the system of course preparation and training camps are received by public instructors in physical culture and sports judges, the initial F. o. - students of sports schools, basic knowledge in the field of physical culture and sports - students of general education schools and special educational institutions of all types in the process of compulsory physical education.

In other socialist countries, F. o. carried out according to specialties and curricula close to those adopted in the Soviet Union. F.'s system about. The largest centers of physical education are the higher schools of physical culture in Leipzig and Havana, the Warsaw Academy of Physical Education, the Bucharest, Hungarian, Sofia, and Ulan Bator Institutes of Physical Education, and the faculties of physical education at the Belgrade, Ljubljana, Zagreb, and Sarajevo universities.

In most capitalist countries, there are no state systems of physical education for the population, and physical education. has mainly a sports focus (coach-teacher in the sport). Specialists with physical education, as a rule, are trained by departments and colleges of physical education at universities (for example, in the USA there are more than 1,300 such colleges and departments). Well-known centers of physical education: the Higher School of Physical Education in Cologne; the faculties of physical education at the Universities of Bonn, Frankfurt, Munich, and Marburg (Germany); special faculties at the Harvard, California, and Michigan universities (USA); the National Institute of Sports in Paris; education in Joinville and Chaten-Malabri (France), the central gymnastic institute in Stockholm (Sweden), etc.

A. A. Dubov.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Physical education" is in other dictionaries:

Physical Education- Purposeful physical (bodily) formation and training of a person in the means and methods of its implementation. Purpose F. about. - the ultimate ideal result of the purposeful physical formation of a person, embodied in the concept of the physical ... ... Adaptive physical culture. Concise Encyclopedic Dictionary

A set of systematized knowledge and practical skills that allow solving theoretical and practical problems in the profile of training, using and creatively developing modern achievements in science, technology and culture. Under the term "In...

Training of personnel for various types of armed forces, military branches and special troops. Under the term "B. about." is understood as a set of systematized knowledge on fundamental (social, physical, mathematical, chemical, etc.) and ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

FIZO- physical education education and science, sports PHYSICAL and physical education education and science, sports ... Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations

- ... Wikipedia

Physical culture is a sphere of social activity aimed at maintaining and strengthening health, developing a person's psychophysical abilities in the process of conscious physical activity. physical culture is part of culture, ... ... Wikipedia

Physical culture is a sphere of social activity aimed at maintaining and strengthening health, developing a person's psychophysical abilities in the process of conscious physical activity. physical culture is part of culture, ... ... Wikipedia

Physical culture (F. c.) is part of the general culture of society, one of the areas of social activity aimed at strengthening health, developing a person’s physical abilities and using them in accordance with the needs ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (born in 1939), has a higher physical education. Candidate of Biological Sciences (1969). Professor (1993). He has published more than 120 scientific papers, including monographs, textbooks and teaching aids. Master of Sports (1964). Honored coach of the RSFSR, ... ... Big biographical encyclopedia

Books

• Training in classic skiing. Teaching aid,. The teaching aid complies with the standard of the direction of preparation 44. 03. 01 - "Pedagogical education" (profile "Physical education") (qualification - bachelor).…

There are not so many sports universities in the Russian Federation - but our country can be proud of the personnel they produce. Because sport is one of the areas in which Russia is in no way inferior to the best world powers.

Learning features

There are many specific differences in education in the field and in comparison with most other areas of higher education. And not only and not so much because they devote a significant proportion of time and effort to physical culture. The main difference is in the training program for those who, upon graduation from the university, will have to teach their students to "jump over their heads." After all, sports often come at a very young age. And it depends on how the coach of these boys and girls will turn out to be, whether they will grow up as ordinary people - or new Alexander Karelins and Yelena Isinbaevs.

As for the sports professional training itself, in the leading universities the number of major sports reaches 30 in one university. From widespread and mass football and hockey - to much rarer types: Kyokushin karate and parachuting.

In addition, in accordance with the requirements of the new Federal State Educational Standard, the training plans of sports universities contain:

TOP 10

Among the 25 universities (including their branches), for which physical culture and sports are the only profile, as well as 48 more higher educational institutions at which sports departments function, the best should be called not only those from which the largest number of famous champions and their coaches. But even those who brought up world-famous sports doctors, contributed to the massive spread of sports tourism, or compiled educational and methodological literature that contributed to the popularization of a healthy lifestyle in our country.

In this case, the palm of presence in the TOP-10 will have to be given to:

1. (which is a branch of the Military Medical Academy named after Kirov).
2. (Kazan);
3. (Krasnodar city);
4. , Rostov-on-Don;
5. Siberian State University of Sports and Physical Culture (Novosibirsk);

These universities have already brought up and graduated from their walls hundreds of doctors of sciences, famous coaches, current players of the NHL teams, St. Petersburg Zenit, champions of the youth ice hockey world championship and many other famous people in the world of sports.

Quality of education

In general, the quality of education in sports universities in Russia can be called satisfactory - although its level is much higher in top universities. The reason for this is trivial - the lack of funding, which "takes" the best teachers to prestigious universities in the country or abroad. Nevertheless, the training of future specialists in the most popular specialty - the teacher of physical culture - is quite sufficient. True, it is difficult to attribute it to prestigious sports professions - for the reasons indicated above.

Most Popular Majors (Bachelor's)

In the question of the most prestigious specialties, the specifics of the faculty play an important role - since, according to the Federal State Educational Standards, the specialties of future bachelors in diplomas are too generalized, and there are only three options: a teacher, a psychologist and a manager for physical culture and sports. But the faculties of professional and Olympic sports train teachers (and, in fact, coaches) of a completely different level than less prestigious faculties - especially in provincial institutes.

As a result, in this context, it is more correct to speak not about specialties, but about professions - moreover, in a certain sports area (since funding and salaries in different sports also vary greatly). And the most prestigious in the ranking will be:

• managers in the aforementioned area of ​​professional and Olympic sports;
• coaches (in the same field) of high-budget and rating sports, such as tennis, hockey, football and some others;
• medical specialists in the field of physical rehabilitation.
• sports tourism managers;
• valeologists.

Learning Perspectives

The prospects for graduate students are related to the popularity of the professions mentioned in the previous section. Since the coach of the football team of the major league can hardly be on the same level as the physical education teacher of the village school.

Education- the process of assimilation of knowledge, skills, skills through their purposeful transfer from one generation to another, from one community of people to another. This process can be in the nature of their direct transmission (teaching), or their independent assimilation through self-education using transmitting means: books, diagrams, drawings, etc.

At present, in education, its humanistic meaning comes first - education is considered from the point of view of the interests of the individual, meeting his needs for intellectual, cultural and moral development.

The main goal of physical education is the formation of a person's physical culture.

Physical culture of personality- this is a certain level of physical development of a person, his personal qualities, skills, special knowledge and value orientations achieved as a result of special activities.

▌Determine the level of physical culture of the individual possible according to the following indicators:

stability of the interests and motives of the individual to physical improvement;

health status;

volume of physical culture knowledge;

volume of acquired motor skills;

hygiene skills and habits;

compliance with the regime of physical activity;

level of development of basic physical qualities.

In the theory of physical culture, the content of physical culture includes the following components:

physical education,

physical recreation,

physical rehabilitation.

Physical education in turn, includes such components as physical development and physical education.

The main tasks in the field of physical education

Specific(These include: strengthening health; improving the physique; ensuring the optimal development of physical qualities inherent in a person: strength, speed, agility, etc.).

General pedagogical(These are tasks of a moral, ethical, ideological, psychological and axiological (value) nature).

Special tasks in the field of physical education, to a lesser extent developed in the theory of physical education.

In modern sociology, physical education is defined as a joint activity of people in preparation for physical education. Physical culture involves the conscious formation and maintenance of human corporality, which includes physique, bodily-motor qualities and motor actions. It is designed to ensure the physical condition of people, the purposeful use of their leisure time, the creation of conditions for communication in the process of physical exercise and preparation for sports activities.

Tasks of physical education:

1. Cognitive(provides the transfer of knowledge in the field of physical culture from one generation to another).

2.Social(performs the role of people's adaptation to specific conditions of life).

3. Culture-forming(provides the development of physical culture itself).

4. humanistic(cultivates and develops a person's abilities, reveals his creative potential).

The special significance of physical education is that it not only transfers knowledge and develops the capabilities of the individual, but also introduces a person into a certain cultural and historical process, where physical culture becomes for him not only a means, an instrument to achieve some goals, but also part of the culture of the individual. A person becomes able to independently model his image and lifestyle, as well as his state of health.

Higher physical education.

Professional physical education arises in the second half of the 19th - the first half of the 20th century. In our country, the Higher Free School of P. F. Lesgaft was the first specialized educational institution.

As a special system of educational institutions, professional physical education was formed in the USSR in the 20-30s of our century. Now in Russia there are 9 higher specialized educational institutions, 28 faculties in pedagogical universities and 14 technical schools. Education in all educational institutions is unified. The training of specialists in the field of physical culture is regulated by the State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education common to the entire system of higher education, approved by the government of the Russian Federation on August 12, 1994. It determines the structure of higher professional education, which is divided into the first level - incomplete higher education in the amount of at least the first two years of study, with the receipt of an appropriate diploma, the second level, which provides a complete higher professional education, which provides training for a specialist with the traditional qualification for Russia "teacher", "engineer", "economist", or with the qualification "bachelor" and the third level, providing training specialists with a master's degree. Normative terms of study "Bachelor" - not less than 4 years, "Master" - 6 years with a final certification certified by a diploma.

Physical education in this document refers to the humanitarian and social (direction 521900, specialty 022300 according to the classification system adopted in Russia). The activity of a specialist in physical culture takes place in the field of pedagogical anthropology, where he is an active subject of introducing a person to culture. Its activity is carried out in the "man-man" system and is based on a deep integration of humanitarian, socio-economic, natural-science, psychological-pedagogical and medical-biological knowledge. The subject of this activity is science-based goal-setting, design, construction and processual development of a person in various areas of physical culture.

This leads to a wide range of academic disciplines, the knowledge of which is necessary for a specialist in this profile. The system of these disciplines in general consists of humanitarian and socio-economic, mathematical and natural sciences, general and special professional disciplines. The humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines include philosophy, psychology, history, cultural studies, pedagogy, sociology, economics, political science and law. A specialist-bachelor should be familiar with the most important branches and stages of development of humanitarian and socio-economic knowledge, the main scientific schools, directions, concepts, sources of humanitarian knowledge and methods of working with them. In the field of philology - to be fluent in the literary Russian language, to know and be able to competently use professional terminology in their activities, to have a lexical minimum of one of the foreign languages.

According to the cycle of general mathematical disciplines, a specialist should have an idea about mathematical modeling, physical and biological research methods, know and be able to use the basics of mathematical analysis, probability theory and mathematical statistics, computer science, programming, computer culture. From the system of biomedical disciplines, a specialist in physical culture studies anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, biomechanics, sports medicine, hygiene, therapeutic physical culture and massage, and valeology.

The cycle of general professional disciplines includes the history of physical culture, the psychology of physical education and sports, the theory and methodology of physical culture, the course of general and social pedagogy, management in physical culture, and the economics of physical culture. In addition, the cycle of general professional disciplines includes basic sports and private methods of teaching gymnastics, swimming, sports and outdoor games, athletics, skiing, weightlifting, sports dancing, etc.

The curriculum also includes a cycle of special disciplines established by the university (faculty), additional training courses - civil defense, etc., as well as electives. The total duration of theoretical training is 7344 hours (136 weeks). The duration of the practice is 10 weeks. The duration of the examination sessions is 30 weeks and the final qualification attestation is 2 weeks.

Education according to the method of its financing can be free or paid. Free, in turn, - state, public, organized at the expense of certain public organizations (religious and non-religious). It is organized according to the territorial, departmental or professional principle. In the USA, for example, each state organizes a university, which is supported mainly by local (municipal) funds. Military universities there are of a departmental nature, there are practically no "purely professional" ones there. In Russia, from the very beginning, universities were financed by the state and were built according to the professional principle. In today's Russia, higher education institutions are funded by the state, are predominantly professional in nature, some of them are managed by the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Higher Education, and some - by departments. Higher physical education in our country is built on a professional basis, it is financed and managed by the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture and Tourism.

The traditional specializations of a trainer and a teacher-teacher in physical culture are traditional in a sports university. The university trains highly qualified specialists in the field of basic sports and private teaching methods.

The activities of a graduate of a physical education university can be carried out in the field of physical education, physical recreation, health and elite sports, physical rehabilitation, physical exercises with people of any age, different groups and categories of disability, in places of residence of the disabled and people with poor health, boarding schools, medical institutions, rehabilitation centers, in the family, clubs, secondary and higher educational institutions, national teams in sports.

The introduction of different specializations is dictated by social needs. Specialized education solves the problem of training professionals in the physical education of the younger generation, in physical culture and health and sports work with different social groups that differ in age, level and lifestyle, needs and motives in the field of physical exercises and sports. These can be housewives, tourists, disabled people of various categories, people undergoing rehabilitation, law enforcement officers, pilots, etc. In 1995, the specialization "Adaptive physical culture" was opened, intended for the disabled and people with pre-pathology, with poor health. It is aimed at preserving life, preventing injuries, diseases and other disorders in the state of human health, developing compensatory capabilities and the necessary physical qualities.

Higher specialized physical education is necessary for working with people whose activities are associated with special conditions - firefighters, police officers and other professional groups. Physical education in this case includes the study of the nature of future activities in extreme conditions, solves special tasks, such as mastering capture techniques, forms the ability to act as part of assault groups, developing skills and abilities with which you can "hit" without firearms the enemy in single combat with him by means of hand-to-hand combat and various types of struggle.

Specialized physical education involves knowledge of the socio-psychological characteristics of social groups, their place in the social sphere of society, as well as knowledge of their legal status. In the existing extremely changeable reality and difficultly predictable conditions of life and work of university graduates, it becomes vital to strengthen basic scientific education, on the basis of which a person has great opportunities to acquire knowledge and new specialties.

For the successful mastering of new specialties after graduation, there is an educational institution of additional professional education (advanced training) of specialists.

The main tasks of an educational institution for advanced training are:

meeting the needs of specialists in obtaining knowledge about the latest achievements in the relevant branches of science and technology, advanced domestic and foreign experience;

organizing and conducting advanced training and professional retraining of specialists from enterprises, organizations and institutions, civil servants and other categories of persons;

organization and conduct of scientific research, scientific and technical and experimental work, consulting activities;

The purpose of retraining specialists is to obtain a new specialty or qualification on the basis of existing higher or secondary vocational education. Retraining is considered as obtaining a second higher or secondary vocational education and is carried out, respectively, in educational institutions of higher or secondary vocational education. Specialists who have undergone retraining are issued an appropriate diploma of education. An important function of professional physical education, training of highly qualified specialists is teaching them to work with the population in the implementation of non-professional physical education.

Non-professional physical education is the formation of a value attitude to physical culture, to its goals and teaching physical exercises, physical education classes, as a rule, of a recreational nature. Non-professional physical education, unlike professional physical education, is not used to earn a living, but exists as part of a person's general culture and is aimed at the needs and tastes of various social groups. Non-professional physical education should begin as early as possible - with the development of the essence and content of physical culture in the process of preschool and primary school age - with teaching physical exercises. It is fundamental that the emphasis should be placed on education, on obtaining knowledge and, on the basis of this knowledge, on the formation of physical qualities and skills, of course, in accordance with the capabilities of the trainees.

The main content of physical education of children and adolescents is the formation of their physical education, primary knowledge about what physical culture is, what the purpose of physical exercises is, what these or those exercises are intended for and how to use them. A special role is given to how to teach them how to move correctly, walk, run, ski, ride bicycles, climb, jump. It is necessary to teach children to correctly, humanely interact with each other, play, fight, compete, operate with objects and devices. As you know, in children 5-7 years old, emotional motives predominate. Classes should be figurative, visual, it is necessary to widely apply the method of imitation. The teacher must first explain the meaning of the exercise, then show, and then offer to perform it. Younger schoolchildren have a great need for movement, and outdoor games and competitions that are interesting for children of this age are of particular importance. Completely different motives for classes prevail among older students. In this case, the main thing is the formation of self-knowledge and the achievement of one's physical ideal. In this process, fashion plays an important role, approaching the physical ideal and lifestyle accepted at a given age. In the process of practicing fashionable types of physical culture, such as bodybuilding, skateboarding, martial arts, there is an awareness of oneself, the world around and one's place in this world. Physical education is based on the motives and significance of physical exercises at a given age and provides conditions for introducing teenagers to physical culture in accordance with their interests both during lessons and at leisure.

In adults, other goals of physical education predominate. In the first place came such motives as body shaping, health care and pastime, as well as psychological motives associated with self-awareness, communication, self-realization and a fashionable lifestyle. The period of maturity in humans is the longest. This period is characterized by the ability of a person to act independently, make decisions, choose a profession, create and provide for his own family.

This is the period of the highest creative possibilities of man. Acmeology deals with the patterns of development of mature people, an integral part of which is physical education. Acmeology considers maturity as the ability for physical, moral, psychological, professional improvement by means of self-education, self-organization by a person of his life and activity. The actual acmeological problem is to understand why some reach the top, others do not, and how this happens. On the basis of many years of research, conclusions were drawn that the movement to the heights is carried out on the basis of the value system of the individual. The level of professional achievements is related to the universality of education. The more universal the education, the higher the professionalism. Non-professional physical education of adults should, first of all, convey the value content of physical culture, form a conscious attitude of a person to classes, physical activity in general and to the corresponding lifestyle. Non-professional physical education forms a way of thinking, gives knowledge in the field of physical culture and the ability (on this basis) to independently manage the process of self-improvement.

The purpose of non-professional physical education of mature people is the formation of their physical education, broad knowledge about the possibilities, functions of physical culture, its individual exercises and the ability to implement them. Non-professional physical education occupies a special place in valeology - the science of including a person in the process of forming one's health. Valeology solves the problems of maintaining health, developing the creative activity of each individual, creating conditions for maintaining health. Teaching specialists the knowledge and skills of using physical culture in the formation of a healthy lifestyle is also an important function of higher physical education.

Non-professional physical education of the elderly can be characterized as the formation of their physical culture wisdom, knowledge and skills in the activity of preserving and improving all the vital functions of an aging organism through exercises, rational motor activity in general. Physical education involves the formation of a high level of consciousness and thinking, the possibility of a creative level of activity in the field of physical culture. In other words, physical education is a system and process of mastering fundamental theoretical knowledge and forming an intellectual level that allows not only to reproduce existing knowledge, but also to create new ones in the field of physical culture. Physical education is the basis of physical education, which in essence is the process of mastering the norms and rules in the field of physical culture and the formation of attitudes towards this type of activity and training as a process and system of developing skills and abilities in the field of physical culture.

The special significance of physical education is that it not only transfers knowledge and develops the intellectual capabilities of the individual, but also introduces a person into a certain cultural and historical process, where physical education becomes for him not only a means, an instrument to achieve some goals, but and an element of the general culture of the individual. A person becomes able to independently model his lifestyle, state of health and lifestyle.