Written speech has always caused and will cause much more difficulties than oral speech, because the Russian language contains very few words that are the same when writing and speaking. One of the problems of written speech, often faced by schoolchildren and students, is how to determine the person of the verb. In order to do this quickly and correctly, there are many recommendations and examples.
When solving the problem of what the person of the verb is, it is important to consider that this grammatical category is one of its non-permanent features. It allows you to determine who is performing the action and how many participants in the speech.
Person and number are inflected grammatical categories that serve to form word forms.
The ability to determine this feature is necessary for conducting, in which accurate knowledge of the permanent and non-permanent features of a given part of speech is necessary.
And also it may be needed for spelling correct writing of the text.
The faces of verbs indicate who is doing the action. However, not in all cases it is possible to determine the correlation of the action with the participant in the speech. Therefore, this category is not inherent in all words of this part of speech.
It has the following forms:
- imperative mood;
- indicative mood of the future tense;
- indicative present tense.
In no other cases (past tense, infinitive) the existence of this category is impossible - it is absent.
Table of persons of the verb in Russian
The verb in Russian has three types of person, they can be defined both in the singular and in the plural. Each combination of these two signs has its own meaning.
The table will help you understand these values:
| Unit h. | Mn. h. | |
| 1st l. | The direct correlation of the named action with the speaker (subject of speech): I will find a treasure; I am reading a novel. |
Correlation of action with a certain group of persons, including the speaker: we breathe air; we are reading a novel. |
| 2nd l. | Correlation of the named action to the interlocutor: you will find a treasure; you buy candy. |
Correlation of action with a certain group of persons, including the interlocutor: you tell; you buy cakes. |
| 3rd l. | Correlation of the named action with an object (creature/object) not participating in speech: he will find a treasure; she is going to school. |
The correlation of an action with a group of persons or objects not participating in speech: they go to the theatre; they will receive a prize. |
Important! At 3 l. In the singular, an object can be expressed in three additional meanings: masculine (he), feminine (she), and neuter (it).
How to recognize a face?
Determining the person of present and future tense verbs becomes a simple task if you follow simple recommendations. It is best to remember these tips.
This sign can be identified by the question:
- What do I/what will I do? (draw / draw) What do we do / what do we do? (draw / draw) - speaks of the belonging of the word to 1 l .;
- What are you doing / what will you do? (draw / draw) What are you doing / what will you do? (draw / draw) - such questions are answered by verbs of the 2nd person singular;
- What does/what will he do? (draws / draws) - questions 3 l. singular. In the 3rd person plural questions what are they doing / what will they do? (draw / draw).
The simplest way is to substitute personal pronouns. Pronouns are selected appropriate in meaning, their list must be learned by heart:
- 1l .: if the pronouns I, we are suitable for actions (I am lying, we are lying);
- 2 l .: if you fit, you (you lie, you lie);
- 3 l .: if he, he, it, they fit (he lies, they lie).
Formal signs - personal endings of words:
It is better to draw such a plate on a separate sheet as a template. Choose your own examples, according to which information about the endings will be well remembered, and use it when completing the task.
- It is important to remember that the person of a word denoting an action committed in the past tense does not need to be determined. The same applies to the infinitive -.
- It is better to use all methods until the definition of a grammatical category becomes an easy task. Then you can choose one method you like. If you have any difficulties, you should check yourself using all the well-known methods of determining the person of the verb in the present and future tenses.
The phenomenon can be explained as follows: the persons of the singular and the plural of all forms coincide. For example: ate (singular) - this can be said in relation to all three forms: I ate, you ate, he ate. The same is true with the plural. So, the form is 3 l. plural coincides with the forms of 1 l. and 2 l. including: they ate - we ate, you ate.
Therefore, in the morphological analysis of the verb denoting an action performed in the past tense, this meaning is omitted.
Before you determine the person of the verb, you will have to repeat the recommendations and use a special 
algorithm.
The sequence of actions will be as follows:
- Write out the word for the task.
- Determine its time. Present or future - we conduct further analysis.
- Choose a pronoun that makes sense. Find out or remember his personal affiliation - these categories are the same for the words of both parts of speech. For example, if you fit the word come (pronoun 2 l. singular) - then the verb come will also have 2 l.
- Ask a question, use it to set the value of this category.
- Highlight the ending is a formal sign. By the way, this method is the most reliable. According to the table of verb endings, one can determine personal affiliation.
Determining the person of a reflexive verb
Indicators of the reflexive verb are postfixes (suffixes in position after the end) -sya and -ss. For example: swim, laugh, learn, hoped, went down, packed up, got out.
Important! Next to the words of this form, nouns and pronouns in the accusative case can never stand.
In order to set the participant of the action denoted by the word in this form, you need to do the following:
- Write it out together with the adjoining or noun.
- Substitute a pronoun for the noun and / or set the meaning of the grammatical category based on it.
For example, they say goodbye, bathe, laugh - verbs of 3 literals, because you can substitute “they” (3 literals) for them; say goodbye, bathe, laugh - 2 persons singular, because the pronoun "you" fits them.
Useful video: Person and number of verbs
Conclusion
One of the most important verbal categories is important to know both in theory and work out in practice. Having learned to carry out this point of morphological analysis, in the future the student or student will not make mistakes in the written presentation of his thoughts.
The lesson deals with the gender, person and number of the verb. You will see how the verb expresses the meaning of the action with the help of changes in gender, person and number.
Subject: Verb
Lesson: Gender, person, verb number
1. Grammatical meaning of the verb
Open the brackets and put the verbs in the correct present or future tense. If there are several variants of this form in the speech, choose one of them. Justify your choice of option. If the verb does not have the correct form, change the sentence to express the given content.
1. Some people (run) along the streets. 2. He (to attract) to people with a difficult fate. 3. In order not to freeze on the road, he usually (harness) the horse, let it gallop, and he (run) nearby. 4. I will definitely (recover) by the holiday. 5. I will definitely (win) these competitions. 6. I just (pour) sugar into the jar, (screw) the lid and come to you. 7. That's how I (annoy) the teacher! 8. Nettle is very strong (burn). 9. Puppy (lie down) under the sofa and purrs. 10. I (call) for you in the evening. 11. Mother (light) all the lamps and (drop) daughter's medicine. 12. He should not be entrusted with such a responsible task: he must (hesitate) at the most crucial moment. 13. I (knead) the dough, and then I will rest. 14. If there is blood (bake), it is difficult to treat the wound. 15. If water (leaks) under the bath, it will be difficultcollect. 16. When we (want), then (lie down) to rest! 17. If you don't give up right now, I'll (riddle) the whole house! 18. He will quickly (wear out) a new suit if he treats it so carelessly. 19. I (spin, spin, play tricks), but it's all to no avail! 20. He (climb) to the very top of the tree. 21. He (lie) to you! 22. They never (put) briefcases on desks. 23. He (bring) us trouble. 24. I’ll work out in a day, (work hard), sometimes in the evening so (exhaust) - I can’t move my hand. 25. I don't (offend you). 26. It (to distract) you from sad thoughts. 27. He (to renounce) us at the first danger. 28. I (defeat) this opponent too! 29. Water (flow) from the tap for the third day. 30. They (want) to disgrace us. 31. Boats do not stand still, they are slightly (to sway) on the water. 32. Wind blows, rain(splash) in my face. 33. Parents stand on the platform and (waving) after the departing train. 34. Streams flow from the roofs (drip). 35. Wolf (scour) through the forest in search of prey. 36. Women stand on the shore and (rinse) linen.
1. The culture of writing ().
2. Modern Russian language ().
Literature
1. Russian language. Grade 6: Baranov M.T. and others - M .: Education, 2008.
2. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 cells: V.V. Babaitseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M.: Bustard, 2008.
3. Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M.: Bustard, 2010.
- What do I do? What will I do? What are we doing? What will we do? These questions are answered by 1st person verbs.
- 2nd person verbs will answer: What are you doing? What will you do? What you are doing? What will you do?
- and 3rd person verbs: What does it do? What will he do? What are they doing? What will they do?
- to the 1st person will have / have the following endings: -uy-, -ayu-, -yayu-, -im-, -em-.
- to the 2nd person with the endings: -esh-, -eat-, -ete-, -ite-.
- to 3 - to him we will assign verbs with such endings: -it-, -et-, -yut-, -ut-, -at- and -yat-.
- For example, the 1st person has an ending: -u, -u,
- But the second person - eat (and in the second conjugation - you eat),
- In the third person it will be -et and -it.
- and then you need to look at the plural.
Face we can define the verb in the forms of the imperative and indicative mood. In the imperative mood, the verb always has the form second faces, that is, consistent with the pronouns you or you : you cut, eat, fold; you wipe, send, sing.
In the indicative mood, they change in persons and numbers, that is, they conjugate, verbs in the forms of the present and future tenses. In the past tense of the verb no face, but you can determine the genus: swam, swam, swam.
In the present and future tenses of the indicative mood, the person of the verb is determined by personal endings:
I write we write I will write we will write
you are writing you are writing you are going to write you are going to write
he writes they write he will write they will write
The person of the verb, in contrast to the gender of the verb, can be determined by the pronoun and by questions to the verbs.
The pronouns I - WE - what do I do belong to 1 person? or what do we do?
The pronouns YOU - YOU - what are you doing belong to the 2nd person? or what are you doing?
The 3rd person includes the pronouns HE - SHE - IT - THEY - what does it do? or what do they do?
Substituting a pronoun for a verb instead of a noun, we find out the face of the verb. What is the pronoun, such is the person of the verb.
But the person in verbs is determined only in the present and future tense, it is impossible to determine in the past.
Mom is coming - she is coming - what is she doing? - 3 person.
The tree will fall - it will fall - what does it do? 3 person.
In the indicative mood, it is not difficult to determine the person of the verb, for this you just need to ask the appropriate question. For example, let's take the same verb Define In the present tense, it will be conjugated by persons. What am I doing? - I define, He does what? - Defines. What are you doing? - You define. The main thing to remember is that the pronouns I-We refer to 1 person, You-You - to the second, and He-They-It-She - to the third.
The person of the verb can only be determined in the future or present tense, because in the past we get I what did I do? - Determined, what did you do? - Determined. That is, in the past tense, we can only get the gender: What did she do? - Determined.
Well, in the imperative mood, we only have Define and Define for the pronouns You and You.
The face of the verb in Russian This is a grammatical category of verbs that determines the relation of the ongoing action to the participants in speech.
Simply put, the person of the verb indicates the one who performs the action.
For, to determine the person of the verb, we highlight the personal ending of the verb and ask questions:
That is, the verbs of the 1st person are I, we.
Second person you, you.
The third person is he, she, they, it.
The person of the verb is determined by personal endings. Moreover, this can be done only in the present and future voices of the indicative verb. As for the imperative mood, the verb will be in the second person.
Verbs in the indicative mood that will relate/relate
I sing, play, wash, swim, drink, dance, etc. - the first person;
You drink, play, wash, swim, dance, etc. - the second person;
Drinking, playing, washing, dancing and so on - a third person.
If you want to determine the person of the verb, then for this you need to pay attention to the ending of the verb and ask him a question. Each person of the verb has its own question. Here is a table that shows which questions apply to which person:
In order to carry out the determination of the person of the verb, you simply need to simply substitute a suitable pronoun and, accordingly, ask a question from it to your verb. It is on this basis that the person will be determined.
Here is a more detailed breakdown with examples:
To determine to which person this or that verb belongs, it is enough to look at its ending, ask the appropriate question and determine the conjugation.
How to determine the person of the verb at the end:
The person of verbs can be determined either by the endings of the verbs, or you can try to choose a pronoun for them.
So, 1 person - I, we. Example: I read, we read.
2nd person - you, you. Example: you read, you read.
3rd person - she, he, it, they. Example: he reads, she reads, it reads, they read.
The face of verbs can only be determined for verbs in the indicative and imperative moods.
You need to look either at the end of the verb, or at the accompanying noun - in some cases, the second option will be the simplest and fastest. In the first case, you will need the following table:
One has only to understand this issue a little, then the face will be determined already intuitively (yes, this is aerobatics for a schoolboy).
At the same time, it must be remembered that the infinitive, as well as verbs in the past tense, will not be able to determine the face, you can not even suffer.
The person of the verb is one of its inconstant features and its most important category, with the help of which it is possible to determine who performs the action described by the verb. Therefore, in tasks in the Russian language at school, students often need to determine the person of the verb. In the course of morphological analysis, it is important to be able to accurately determine the permanent and non-permanent features of the words of a given part of speech. Person is an inflected grammatical category of a verb. To determine it correctly, it is important to remember the recommendations, follow the given algorithm.
Determine the person of the verb. A few recommendations
Simple tips will help you correctly determine the person of verbs. Try to remember them.
- To get started, try asking questions about the verb:
- first person verbs: what am I doing? what do we do? (write, write);
- second person verbs: what are you doing? what you are doing? (write, write);
- third person verbs: what does it do? what do they do? (writes, writes).
- first person verbs: what am I doing? what do we do? (write, write);
- One of the easiest ways to determine the person of a verb is to substitute the corresponding pronoun. You will need to remember the pronouns of all three persons in order to be able to apply this method well.
- 1st person: I, we. For example: I walk, we walk.
- 2nd person: you, you. For example: you walk, you walk.
- 3rd person: he, she, it, they. For example: he studies, they study.
- 1st person: I, we. For example: I walk, we walk.
- It is also important to remember the formal features of the person of the verb - the verbal personal endings.
A good option is to create your own table with examples. Draw it on a separate sheet of thick paper, come up with your own examples for each ending and paste them in the appropriate lines. So you can quickly remember all the endings and in the future it is easy to determine the person of the verb. - Pay attention to an important point: for verbs in the past tense, the person is not determined! Also, you do not need to define this feature in the infinitive. For example: studied (I, you, she). Learn (me, you, her). You just need to substitute the appropriate pronouns to make sure: past tense verbs and infinitives do not have a grammatical category of person. Be sure to list this separately on your spreadsheet and provide your own examples. Then you will no longer forget this feature of the verb as a part of speech.
- In difficult cases, you need to use all the methods you know for determining the person of the verb. It is better to use all methods until you begin to freely navigate this grammatical category of the verb and correctly determine the person. Then it will be enough for you to use one method that is most convenient for you.
How to determine the person of the verb correctly? You will need to remember the tips and use the algorithm.
- Write the verb whose person you want to determine on a separate piece of paper.
- Make sure the verb is in the present or future tense, not an infinitive. If you have a verb of the future, present tense, proceed directly to the analysis.
- Substitute the correct pronoun for the verb. Determine the person of the pronoun. Verbs are used with pronouns of the same person as they are. For example, if a second person pronoun came up to your verb, you have a second person verb in front of you.
- Ask a question for the verb. Find out which person's question he answers, based on this, determine the person of the verb.
- The most reliable way is to determine a person by a formal sign. Disassemble the verb by composition and highlight the ending in it. Remember the table of personal verb endings and write down what person this verb has.
G.I. Kustova, 2011
Face- inflectional grammatical category of the verb, characteristic finite(see) forms present-future tense(see Time) (presence). The person has features of both syntactic and nominative categories. In the Russian grammatical tradition, forms that have a personal-numeric indicator are called personal, or conjugated (see. Verb form system, Finiteness). The face paradigm includes first, second and third person forms. The shape of the face shows what is the role of the subject of the verb (subject) in the speech act: whether the referent of the subject is the speaker (1st person), the addressee (2nd person) or neither (3rd person).
1. Morphology
The person is morphologically expressed by the inflection of the present-future tense, in which the meaning of the person is combined with the meaning of the number (see Number of the verb).
In the indicative mood, the morphological indicator of the face is present in the forms of the present and future tenses (see). The past tense forms of the indicative mood and the subjunctive forms do not have a grammatical category of person, but have a grammatical category of gender. In the past tense and subjunctive mood, the indication of a person is carried out in context - using a noun or personal pronoun: I came; You came; He / a friend came.
1.1. Expression of the category of a person: indicative mood
In the present and future simple tense, verbs have the following inflections, which differ (except for the 1st person singular forms) depending on the type of conjugation:
Other archaic forms of verb conjugation to be (I am, you are) are also found in cult and high-style texts and, accordingly, in quotations from these texts:
(3) The Lord said to Peter, “You thou art Peter, and on this rock I will build My Church” (Matthew 16:18) [John Meyendorff. Orthodox Witness in the Modern World (1992)]
(4) Establish, O Lord, on the stone of Thy commandments my perishing heart, as the only holy thou art and the Lord... [L. Ulitskaya. Journey to the Seventh Side of the World (2000)]
Ligamentous and locative to be usually has a null form: You ø is sick; He ø teacher; Children ø in the garden.
1.2. Facial category expression: imperative mood
2. Usage: syntax and semantics
2.1. The deictic nature of the category of person
The category of a person is associated not only with a certain morphological form (finite, or personal), but also with a certain syntactic position: the finite forms of a verb in a sentence are a predicate (for more details, see Finiteness).
The question of the status of the category of a person does not have an unambiguous solution in the domestic grammatical tradition. There is an approach in which a person is treated as a purely syntactic (consensual) category that does not have its own nominative meaning. The verb agrees in person with the subject [Melchuk 1998:280–281]. With this approach, even in impersonal and indefinitely personal sentences, a zero subject is postulated. Within the framework of another approach, it is considered that the person of the verb has its own semantics, and pronouns are analytical verbal indicators of the person, duplicating personal inflection in the present-future tense. Compare: “Combinations of type I write, you write, I wrote, you wrote etc. are in Russian not free syntactic phrases, but analytic-synthetic forms of the verb. This means that the elements I, you, he in conjunction with writing, write, writes act not as pronouns, but as (excessive) personal indicators of the verb form, which is expressed in their incomplete accentuation” [Isachenko 2003(2):410].
The diversity of approaches is partly explained by the fact that both in the semantic and in the syntactic aspect, the category of a person differs from the “normal” nominative and syntactic categories (see the article Grammar categories).
As for the content of the person category, unlike the nominative categories such as the number of nouns, which reflect the properties of extralinguistic reality, the person category is focused on the speech act, i.e. the semantics of the person has a deictic character. As for the agreement on the face, it does not correspond to the canonical ideas about agreement. In the standard case, the agreed element duplicates the gramme of the agreement controller: for example, the agreed adjective receives the gender gramme from the agreeing noun. The person category of the verb has too many deviations from this scheme to consider the choice of person as canonical agreement.
First, the agreement checker does not have a grammatical category of a person. For personal pronouns, the person is a lexical, not a grammatical meaning.
NOTE. There is a point of view (discussed, for example, in [Plungyan 2011:310–312]) that personal pronouns are a closed class of “completely grammaticalized lexemes” that do not have a lexical meaning, but have only a grammatical meaning – they point to participants in a speech act. In the Russian grammatical tradition, this point of view is not widely used (cf., for example, [Vinogradov 1947:329–330], [Zaliznyak 1967:62], [Grammatika 1980(1):§§1270–1280], where personal pronouns are considered ordinary lexemes, although with some peculiarities in the behavior of grammatical categories).
Topic nouns no longer have a person category: nouns are by default equated with 3rd person pronouns, since they only combine with the 3rd person form of the verb, however, there cannot be a grammatical category consisting of a single gramme, which is also detected only in the form of the nominative case in the position of the subject and only with the verb of the present-future tense.
In 1-2 persons of the indicative mood, the subject can usually be omitted, because the form of the verb unambiguously indicates it, and imperative constructions in standard literary speech are usually used without a subject. Moreover, with forms of joint action (see), the use of the subject is prohibited, and its introduction turns the imperative form of joint action into an indicative form of the future tense, cf .: Masha, let's go to the cinema!- motivation; Masha, we are going to the cinema- statement.
Forms of the 3rd person can also express their deictic meaning (‘not speaking and not addressee’) without a subject. Another thing is that in the form of the 3rd person, unlike 1-2 persons, it is impossible to determine the referent of the subject of the verb. In the pronoun-subject of 1-2 persons, two meanings are glued together: it indicates both the participant in the speech act (since it is a personal pronoun) and the subject of the action (since it is the subject). In this sense, the 3rd person pronoun does not give anything to the 3rd person verb: the sentence He will come soon similarly does not communicate specific information about the subject's referent, as does the sentence Coming soon.
Thus, the choice of the person of the verb may not focus on the subject, but appeal directly to the participants in the speech act, just like, for example, the gender of the verb in constructions like The doctor came reflects not the gender of the subject, but the gender of its denotation (for more details, see the article Gender). Given these facts, we can say that the person of the verb in Russian is not entirely consensual and has the features of a nominative category.
On the other hand, the category of person undoubtedly has a conciliatory aspect, which consists in the fact that both the subject and the predicate must refer to the same person. So, if the speaker refers to himself in the 3rd person, for example: Listen to what your mom says(when a mother addresses her child, i.e. in the meaning of ‘listen to what I’m telling you’), the 1st person of the predicate is not allowed: * Listen to what your mom is telling you.
It is significant that in the Russian grammatical tradition, in relation to the connection of the predicate with the subject, they speak not of agreement, but of coordination: in a speech act, a single indicator of a person is chosen, as it were, which applies to both the subject and the predicate. Because of this, sentences in which the subject and predicate are uncoordinated are unacceptable in Russian, i.e. sentences like * Men go, which are found, for example, in the Adyghe language.
The relation of an action to a person can be expressed not only by the forms of verbs ( I bring to your knowledge…) and not only personal pronouns (cf. to me be on duty – You be on duty – To him be on duty), but also by other means - lexical, constructive-syntactic, intonational, cf.: The author of these lines; Your humble servant- reference to the 1st person, the speaker; Get up!; To me!; Carriage!- related to the 2nd person, the addressee. In the theory of functional grammar, all these means are considered within the category personalities, the core of which is the grammatical person of the verb and the system of personal pronouns [Bondarko 2002:543–567].
2.2. Categorical meanings of personal forms
Various semantic, syntactic and communicative factors influence the use and interpretation of personal-numerical forms of verbs.
In the indicative mood, the forms of the 1st and 2nd person are opposed to the forms of the 3rd person, which is associated with the orientation of the category of person to the speech act. The meanings of the 1st and 2nd person in grammars are called own-personal, because they correspond to the speaker and addressee, which are always persons.
In the realm of the person proper, the 1st and 2nd person are contrasted. V.V. Vinogradov noted that in the forms of the 1st person, “even in figurative use, the relation to a specific subject of speech is clearly preserved”, while the forms of the 2nd person, more abstract and indefinite, may lose their direct relationship to a specific interlocutor and acquire a generalized meaning [Vinogradov 1947 :459]. V.V. Vinogradov believed that only the context determines whether the 2nd person form refers “to a specific interlocutor, i.e. to single you", to any person ( die - buried) or to the speaker himself, i.e. to 1st person ( will you go, used to...) [Vinogradov 1947:456].
The meaning of the 3rd person in grammars is called subject-personal, because the subject of the situation, denoted by the form of the 3rd person, can be both a person and an inanimate object. The 3rd person form does not contain information about the subject, except for the negative one - 'is neither a speaker nor an addressee', therefore, in the absence of a subject sentence with a predicate in the form of the 3rd person, they are considered semantically and structurally incomplete (about indefinite personal and impersonal meaning 3rd person forms see).
In the imperative mood, the personal-numerical paradigm is arranged significantly differently than in the indicative: as a form of the 2nd person ( Go!; Go!), and the form of joint action ( Let's go!; Come on!) includes an indication of the addressee. The meaning of the 3rd person construction ( Let him come in!) also seems to contain an implicit "destination component" (something like 'tell him to come in').
Thus, if in the indicative the starting point of the personal system is the speaker, then in the imperative the starting point is the addressee.
2.3. Person and semantics of the verb. Personal and impersonal verbs
In the Russian grammatical tradition, personal verbs are opposed, which have a complete personal-numerical paradigm and express the meanings of a person in a sentence (they change according to persons and numbers), and impersonal verbs, which:
- do not change in persons and numbers and therefore do not express the corresponding grammatical meanings (impersonal verbs are considered as being outside the category of person);
- have a limited set of forms: they are used in the form of the 3rd person singular of the present and future tenses ( It's getting dark), in the past neuter singular and subjunctive ( it was getting dark) and in infinitive form ( It starts to get dark);
- are used as a predicate of an impersonal construction.
For many personal verbs it is also possible impersonal usage: Paint has a strong smell – Strong smell of paint.
The opposition of personal and impersonal verbs does not duplicate the opposition of situations related to and not related to a person: an impersonal verb can describe a person's state ( Brother can't sleep), and personal - the situation with a non-personal subject ( The dress looks good).
Among the impersonal verbs there are those which cannot be attributed to a person, cf. it's getting dark, getting colder, but there are those that designate only and exclusively the processes and states of a person, cf. be sick, shivering, I want to, itchy. They represent these processes and states as having no source, but having a carrier subject, expressed in the forms of the dative or accusative cases ( you get chilly; I would like to).
For personal verbs, i.e. verbs that formally have a complete personal paradigm, the use of certain forms of the person depends on lexical meaning verb.
Some verbs denote situations in which a person cannot be the subject ( rust, burn, flicker and under.). For these verbs in the direct meaning, only the forms of the 3rd person are normally used, but the forms of the 1st and 2nd person are not used. As Yu.P. Knyazev, such verbs “could be called impersonal” [Knyazev 2008:371], but this term is not used in grammars.
In addition, there are classes of verbs that, for semantic or pragmatic reasons, do not have the 1st person form. First of all, these are verbs of behavior and interpretation (see [Apresyan 2006:145–160]): to show off, to ask, to brag, to grovel, to exalt, to exalt, to fawn, to fawn, to grimace, to break down, to be rude, to run into, to climb[to smb.], shield and under. They represent the situation through the eyes of an external observer and usually contain a negative-evaluative component. For them, it is unnatural to use in the form of the 1st person of the present tense: ? I break / crawl / shield. However, in many contexts, the prohibition against referring to the speaker is lifted: No matter how I shielding, he is always reprimanded; In the end, of course, I will agree, but for the sake of appearance a little break down ; If I I will climb ask him questions, he won't like it. Wed See also examples from the Corpus:
(7) Firstly, people are still alive, and secondly, it's me brag only, in fact, my will is no longer over you, but what you yourself prepare for yourself is waiting for you. [BUT. Slapovsky. Money Day (1998)]
(8) This is quite clear to me, but for some reason others do not believe, even the closest friends. They think that I grimacing. [AND. Grekov. Ladies' Master (1963)]
(9) Oh my God, and what am I grimacing, anyway, this letter will not get not only to you, but even to the post office, so why not write the whole truth? [YU. Hermann. Dear My Man (1961)]
(10) He owns a bicycle. And I grimacing, hypocrisy. [YU. K. Olesha. Chain (1929)]
(11) And add to this the most terrible thing, that every time I feel real inspiration, I immediately painfully feel the consciousness that I pretending and grimacing in front of people… [A. I. Kuprin. Pit (1915)]
Interpretive verbs with a negative evaluation are sometimes conditionally called "verbs of the 3rd person" (for reasons of their incompatibility with the speaker), while the form of the 2nd person in the function of reproach to the addressee is also very characteristic of them: What you break down ! ; You are always his shielding! ; Do not be rude senior!
Wed corpus data on the frequency of 1/2/3 person forms in verbs brag and grimace:
Table 1. Person forms of interpretation verbs according to the Corpus
In addition, in an independent position, the 1st person of verbs is not allowed, which include in their semantics an observer - a syntactically inexpressible subject of perception: seem, be seen, turn white, loom and under.: ? I I'll show myself on the road in a few minutes; ? I looming in the window. Within the scope of certain predicates or operators, some of them can be referred to the speaker: As soon as I I'll show myself around the corner, turn on the camera(at the same time, there are verbs that both include an observer and require an inanimate subject, i.e. they never allow the 1st person: * The neighbors saw me turn white at the entrance, compare: At the entrance turns white some box).
Finally, some verbs of the internal state have a ban on the use of the 1st person form of the present tense in independent negative sentences: ? I don't I know that you came, compare: I didn't know that you came; They thought that I did not know about his arrival..
It is also believed that some verbs denoting internal processes and states of a person (such as see, to want etc.), the forms of the 1st person, on the contrary, are more common than the forms of other persons. Wed corpus data for verbs to want and see:
Table 2. Person forms of verbs of internal processes and states of a person according to the Corpus
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to want |
See |
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The following semantic groups of verbs have impersonal use: - states and phenomena of nature, environment (it gets light, it gets dark, it gets dark, it freezes, it gets colder and etc.): (62) It was necessary to walk to the column for about fifteen minutes, no less. - Ugh, how bakes...” Valya muttered, wiping her forehead. [T. Tronin. Mermaid for intimate meetings (2004)] - physical and mental states of a person (get upset, get excited (not)believe, breathe, doze, shiver, it seems(not)lying down, feverish, tired, unwell, itchy, sick, tickle, washes away (ask), disgusting, impatient, sadnit, surrenders,(not)sitting,(not)sleepy, impatient, sick, wanting,(not)read and etc.): (63) To my wife unwell. [M. Shishkin. One night awaits everyone (1993-2003)] (64) Everyone lived on his own and did everything that he like it. [AT. Medvedev. Barankin, be a man! (1957)] (65) Who could know that I impatient get out of the car this very minute. [TO. Surikov. road accident (2003)] - events and processes that are not controlled by the person who is involved in them (will happen,hurt and under.): (66) Will happen will I ever see the performances of this great theatre? [AT. Davydov. Theater of my dreams (2004)] - modal states (it is necessary, it is not good, it remains, it is proper, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is possible): (67) Under these conditions account for refer to the experience of foreign researchers, and those who worked in relatively similar social, political and economic conditions. [“Domestic Notes” (2003)] (68) Thus, universities remains put up with a situation where it is not students who compete with each other for the right to study, but institutions for the right to teach them. ["Kommersant-Vlast" (2002)] (69) To the choice of means for night care costs be especially careful. ["Dasha" (2004)] - quantitative estimates (enough, enough): (70) As before, in the world enough socio-political, economic, inter-ethnic, religious and other contradictions. [“Domestic Notes” (2003)] (71) Parents just don't enough neither time nor energy for a variety of "pedagogical delights", as a result, these kids, who do not experience the debilitating pressure of parental love, grow up to be more balanced, self-confident and purposeful people. ["100% Health" (2003)] (72) To us, Russians, missing sequences in the mind and we do not own the syllogism of the West... [P. A. Sorokin. Sociologist's Notes. Slavophilism Inside Out (1917)] In the impersonal form, the verbs of physical processes and physical changes often appear, presented as result of natural forces (The rain will wash away the inscription → Rain wash away inscription; The current carries the boat → with the flow relates boat): (73) And another time he sits in his room, the wind smells, he assures that he has caught a cold; the shutter will knock he will shudder and turn pale; and with me he went to the boar one on one [M. Y. Lermontov. Hero of our time (1839-1841)] - pain and involuntary movements: (Stitches in the side; Aches in the chest, pinches the wound; It bakes in the chest; Reduces the leg; He's so twisted): (74) Sometimes so grab that at least lay down and die. [AND. Grekov. Fracture (1987)] Forms passive voice(see Pledge): (75) Viktor Ilyukhin introduced a draft statement of the State Duma on the personnel strengthening of law enforcement agencies. In it the president offered release Gryzlov from office. ["Newspaper" (2003)] (76) However, according to Muslim canons, a woman prohibited leave open parts of the body, except for the oval of the face and hands. ["Lawyer" (2004)] The impersonal usage is not only related to the 3rd person singular form. In the past tense and the subjunctive mood, where there are no personal inflections, the impersonal usage has the neuter singular form: (77) What kind of lace is there? Natalya Petrovna disgusted weave them. [BUT. Efros. Profession: director (1975-1987)]
The action is presented as being performed by an "indefinite subject". It is a specific action that can be performed by an indefinite number of persons ( Behind the wall talking ) or one person ( More to you will come ; Wait, you call – possibly one person), for more details see Indefinitely personal sentences(cm.): (78) Meanwhile, they forcibly detained me here, poking a lamp in my eyes, in the bath bathe, about Uncle Fedya something ask questions! [M. A. Bulgakov. Master and Margarita (1929-1940)] The speaker does not know or care who is doing the action; or he doesn't want to name the subject for some reason. The indefinite personal form can only denote the action of a person: On the street make noise you can only talk about people, but not about trees, cars, etc. In [Melchuk 1974] it is noted that the indefinite-personal construction He got scratched expresses the presence of a human agent in a situation, in contrast to a passive construction He was scratched. Another feature of indefinitely personal constructions, in contrast to generalized personal ones, is that in generalized personal constructions the speaker can include himself in the generalized subject, cf. These are the kind of books you enjoy reading.(‘anyone, including me’), while vaguely personal constructions, on the contrary, express “alienation”, distance from the 1st person (see [Bulygina, Shmelev 1997:341–347]). Numerous examples of such alienation are given in the literature, cf. examples from [Khrakovsky 1991]: “the statement Finished work at 5 o'clock inappropriate when talking about the work done by the speaker, in contrast to The work was finished at 5 o'clock where there is no such prohibition”; cf. See also an example from [Paducheva 2012]: The days of late autumn are usually scolded, but I love her(Pushkin), where the speaker is not simply “excluded from the potential set of persons who are meant as a subject,” but is also opposed to this set. The exception is cases like They tell you…; Yes, they wish you well, understand!, which in [Bulygina, Shmelev 1997:341] are interpreted as the result of empathy shift. Indefinitely personal meaning can have both forms of the plural person of the 3rd person, and forms of the plural of the past tense and the subjunctive mood, which do not have a formal indicator of the person: (80) Apples and prunes traditionally serve with a goose [Recipes of national cuisines: Scandinavian cuisine (2000-2005)] (81) Hence “about tastes not argue”- the truth is by no means of an ethical or psychological, but of a physiological nature. [Recipes of national cuisines: France (2000-2005)] Modern researchers explain the differences between generalized-personal and indefinite-personal sentences in different ways. referential status(see Referential Status) of the tertiary zero that appears in such sentences. Tertiary zero can have specific referential status if the sentence relates to a specific single situation”, as in the example: (82) They read your novel, - Woland spoke, turning to the master, - and they said only one thing, that, unfortunately, it was not finished. [M. Bulgakov, Master and Margarita] and "may have generic status as in sentences Do not count your chickens before they are hatched; They don't beat the recumbent» [Paducheva 2012]. 2.5.2. Imperative mood
(83) take care honor from a young age! (proverb) (84) Only Grigory Alexandrovich, despite the heat and fatigue, did not want to return without prey, such was the man: what he thinks, give me; apparently, in childhood he was spoiled by his mother ... [M. Y. Lermontov. Hero of our time (1839-1841)] The form of the 2nd person singular can express an obligation, while it can be used in a generalized personal sense: (85) But the trouble is when such a person offends him, whom he does not dare not to scold; it's home here hold on! [A.N. Ostrovsky. Storm (1860)] (86) Wherever throw, wedge everywhere. (proverb) (87) He is a writer. Yes, he is a writer. He doesn't even have his own office. My God, right at least cry over the unfortunate fate of the writer Ivanko. [AT. Voinovich. Ivankiada, or the story of the writer Voinovich moving into a new apartment (1976)] There are also usages where the action is presented as generalized but refers to the speaker himself: (88) What do you think, tell him that I'm already going home, or not: excuse yourself then from him! [SMS messages from senior students (2004)] (89) And I still had a tooth with a hollow, something ached ... it must have been after bathing - it hurt so much, even though cry. [BUT. Nekrasov. Adventures of Captain Vrungel (1960-1980)]
The plural form can refer to one person: (90) " wrap up please, everything,” I say, returning the token. ["Knowledge is Power" (2003)] (91) Try explain your point of view to your partner in order to come to a common solution that would suit both of you. ["Dasha" (2004)]
The urge in such usages is addressed to any person, including the addressee: (92) Not experiment over your own child force to justify the hopes placed on him with all his might. [“100% health” (2003)] = ‘no one needs, no one should experiment’
Like the 1st person plural indicative, the joint action form can express the meaning: (93) - Let's not we will sob, citizen,” the first one said calmly, and the bookkeeper, feeling that he was completely superfluous here, rushed out of the secretarial room and in a minute was already in the fresh air. [M. A. Bulgakov. Master and Margarita (1929-1940)] M. 1967. 4. Basic literature on the topic
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