The modern understanding of biological time comes from the recognition of proper time for biological systems. This time manifests itself in the form of the time of parts of the organism, the time of the individual, the time of generational change without changing the form of life, and the time of changing life forms simultaneously with the change of generations (evolutionary time). Possessing relative autonomy, biological time, primarily the time of an individual, is measured by its own clock, which are various kinds of rhythmic processes occurring in subcellular structures, cells, tissues, organs, and physiological systems. Correlating their own time with the world time (the physical time of the external world), living systems reflect the latter in their own time structure. But since there is no pure, empty time, but there is a time of the duration of material processes, then the ratio of external (world) and internal time is the ratio of the duration of external and internal processes.
Being a form of existence of matter, at the same time, time is reified (“objectified”) in various material processes, and living systems reflect external, world time to the extent that their internal and life (metabolic, physiological) processes reflect the processes of the external world. . On the other hand, internal, biological time is autonomous to the extent that the life processes of a given living system are autonomous. Being inextricably linked with the external world (environment), acting as an element of the "organism-environment" system, the living system does not dissolve in this environment, but retains its isolation from the environment, opposes it. Being a product of the environment, the living system is the otherness of this environment, its selectively accumulated history. Therefore, the opposition of the organism to the environment is not absolute, but relative, with the preservation of commonality in the fundamental, main thing. The basic laws of the flow of time are the same for the outside world and for living systems. However, the manifestations of these laws in living systems have certain specifics. As a clot of organized matter separated from the environment and generated by it, a living system retains its isolation from the environment, its qualitative certainty - despite the “onslaught” of the environment, which it (the living system) resists, for the reason, in particular, that time in the living system flows differently than in the outside world (if this were not the case, the living system would immediately dissolve in the outside world).
Fast-flowing internal life processes represent a densified otherness (and display) of slowly-flowing processes of the external world.
The momentary reflective act of a living system, which in a sense is accumulated time, at all stages - at the entrance, in the central links, at the exit - embodies the dialectical inseparable unity of the past, present and future. The real content of momentary reflection is not just a response to external influence, but a response-forecast built on the basis of the past, necessarily anticipating the future and bringing it into the present.
The organism is only relatively autonomous; ultimately, the organism is an element of the "environment-organism" system. Therefore, its reflective activity is essentially a self-reflection of the "environment-organism" system. Personifying the active principle of this system, the organism predetermines its movement and development by its activity. In the course of evolution, the body acquired a specialized reflection apparatus - the nervous system. Ensuring the integration of the parts of the body into a single whole, the nervous system at the same time ensures the effective use of these parts (and the body as a whole) in the organization of activities based on reflection carried out by its higher departments. Although the specialized apparatus of reflection that arose in evolution - the nervous system - further subjugates its basis, bodily organization, the nervous system in its reflective activity preserves and improves the main and initial property of biological reflection - its directed anticipatory character. The activity of reflection lies in the fact that all, including highly organized, living systems that have a nervous system, bring something of their own into reflection. This "one's own" is precisely the advance directed by the need.
Abstract *
440 rub.
Introduction
biological time
Fragment of the work for review
The most important external factor influencing the rhythms of the organism is photoperiodicity. In higher animals, it is assumed that there are two ways of photoperiodic regulation of biological rhythms: through the organs of vision and further through the rhythm of the body's motor activity and through extrasensory perception of light. There are several concepts of endogenous regulation of biological rhythms: genetic regulation, regulation involving cell membranes. Most scientists are inclined to the opinion of polygenic control over rhythms. It is known that not only the nucleus, but also the cytoplasm of the cell takes part in the regulation of biological rhythms.
The central place among the rhythmic processes is occupied by the circadian rhythm, which is of the greatest importance for the body. The concept of circadian (circadian) rhythm was introduced in 1959 by Halberg. The circadian rhythm is a modification of the daily rhythm with a period of 24 hours, proceeds under constant conditions and belongs to free-flowing rhythms. These are rhythms with a period not imposed by external conditions. They are congenital, endogenous, i.e. due to the properties of the organism itself. The period of circadian rhythms lasts 23-28 hours in plants and 23-25 hours in animals. Since organisms are usually in an environment with cyclical changes in its conditions, the rhythms of organisms are drawn out by these changes and become diurnal.
Circadian rhythms are found in all representatives of the animal kingdom and at all levels of organization - from cellular pressure to interpersonal relationships. Numerous experiments on animals have established the presence of circadian rhythms of motor activity, body and skin temperature, pulse and respiration rates, blood pressure and diuresis. The content of various substances in tissues and organs, for example, glucose, sodium and potassium in the blood, plasma and serum in the blood, growth hormones, etc., turned out to be subject to diurnal fluctuations. In essence, all endocrine and hematological indicators, indicators of nervous, muscular , cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive systems. In this rhythm, the content and activity of dozens of substances in various tissues and organs of the body, in blood, urine, sweat, saliva, the intensity of metabolic processes, the energy and plastic supply of cells, tissues and organs. The sensitivity of the organism to various environmental factors and the tolerance of functional loads are subordinated to the same circadian rhythm. In total, about 500 functions and processes with circadian rhythms have been identified in humans so far.
The biorhythms of the body - daily, monthly, annual - have practically remained unchanged since primitive times and cannot keep up with the rhythms of modern life. Each person during the day clearly traced the peaks and recessions of the most important life systems. The most important biorhythms can be recorded in chronograms. The main indicators in them are body temperature, pulse, respiratory rate at rest and other indicators that can only be determined with the help of specialists. Knowing the normal individual chronogram allows you to identify the dangers of the disease, organize your activities in accordance with the capabilities of the body, and avoid disruptions in its work.
The most strenuous work must be done during those hours when the main systems of the body function with maximum intensity. If a person is a "dove", then the peak of working capacity falls on three o'clock in the afternoon. If the "lark" - then the time of the greatest activity of the body falls at noon. "Owls" are recommended to perform the most intense work at 5-6 pm.
Much has been said about the influence of the 11-year cycle of solar activity on the Earth's biosphere. But not everyone is aware of the close relationship that exists between the phase of the solar cycle and the anthropometric data of young people. Kyiv researchers conducted a statistical analysis of the indicators of body weight and height of young men who came to the recruiting stations. It turns out that the acceleration is very subject to the solar cycle: the upward trend is modulated by waves synchronous with the period of "polarity reversal" of the Sun's magnetic field (and this is a double 11-year cycle, i.e. 22 years). By the way, longer periods, covering several centuries, have also been revealed in the activity of the Sun.
Of great practical importance is also the study of other multi-day (near-monthly, annual, etc.) rhythms, for which the time indicator is such periodic changes in nature as the change of seasons, lunar cycles, etc.3
1.2 The influence of biorhythms on a person
Having an understanding of the basic biological rhythms, one can consider the influence of biological rhythms on a person's ability to work.
Near-annual (circannual) rhythms are called, corresponding to the change of seasons, i.e., annual or seasonal, bearing in mind that these rhythms, like circadian ones, do not differ in rigid period stability. These rhythms are caused by the rotation of the Earth around the Sun. Seasonal rhythms were formed in the course of natural selection and entrenched in the natural structures of the body. Spring is a rather difficult time of the year, more suicides are committed in spring, depression is more common in people with an unbalanced psyche. Autumn is the best season for a person. Annual rhythms are characteristic of all physiological and mental functions. Mental and muscular excitability in people is higher in spring and early summer, in winter it is much lower. Metabolism, blood pressure, pulse rate change significantly: it becomes less frequent in spring and autumn, and becomes more frequent in winter and summer. In the circa-annual rhythm, the working capacity of a person changes in autumn, it is the greatest. Therefore, for the implementation of creative ideas, no doubt, autumn is good. Summer is best used for hardening, building endurance.
Consider the influence of the monthly, weekly and daily cycle on the performance of the human body.
The monthly cycle, unlike the weekly cycle, exists objectively in the nature around us. This is the so-called sidereal month - 27 1/3 days - the period of rotation of the Moon around the Earth and 29 1/2 days - the synodic month - the time from one new moon to another. All monthly cycles are somehow connected with the rhythm of sexual activity. At the same time, monthly cycles affecting the entire body cause greater stability of the female body, since the oscillatory mode in females trains their physiological systems and functions, making them more stable.
We are well aware that the main effect of the Moon on the Earth is associated with the interaction of their masses (the law of universal gravitation), which manifests itself in the form of ebbs and flows in rivers and seas, as well as with the screening of the Earth by the Moon from the electromagnetic radiation of the sun or an additional flow in the form of reflected light. . It is important to know and take into account hypertensive and hypotensive patients. So, hypertensive patients should beware of the full moon, when the blood rushes to the head as much as possible, and hypotensive patients should beware of the new moon, when the blood rushes to the legs. At the change of the lunar phases, it is necessary to take breaks in work to replenish strength, as well as take short breaks in work at the peaks of the phases.
Therefore, it is advisable to plan the load at work during the monthly cycle, in accordance with biological rhythms, because. on the critical days of the cycle, efficiency decreases and the general well-being of the body worsens.
In the weekly rhythms, the social (exogenous) component is emphasized - the weekly rhythm of work and rest, in accordance with which the functional functions of our body change.
The dynamics of working capacity is influenced by the weekly rhythm: on Monday, workability occurs after the weekend, the maximum working capacity is observed in the middle of the week, and by Friday, fatigue is already accumulating, fatigue and working capacity are falling. Therefore, on Monday and Friday, the workload should be reduced at the expense of other working days. The weekly biorhythm affects not only physiological, but also mental processes, or rather, the holistic flow of both. That is why a particularly successful routine is the one when the physical and intellectual activity of a person alternately intensifies. The weekly rhythm streamlined labor activity, adapting it to the physical capabilities and needs of the body. This rhythm is not accidental, and the struggle with it is the struggle of a person with his own, but not yet known laws.
Of course, one cannot live strictly according to the schedule, but it is quite possible to take into account the peculiarities of each day and, in accordance with this, control oneself. When distributing the workload, keep the following in mind:
a) do not plan labor exploits on Monday. Monday is the day of conflicts, heart attacks and strokes;
b) active action days - Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday;
c) Friday is a day of calm, routine work that does not require stress and stress.
The change of day and night, the season leads to the fact that human organs also rhythmically change their activity. The daily cycle is one of the main cycles that affect human performance.
A person's well-being largely depends on how the mode of work and rest corresponds to his individual biorhythms. The activation of organs is subject to the internal biological clock. With the energy excitation of the body, the main organs interact, adjusting them to each other, and to changes in the environment. The full cycle of energy excitation of the organs is completed in approximately 24 hours. Moreover, the maximum activity of organs lasts about two hours. It is at this time that human organs are better amenable to therapeutic effects.
Below is the time of maximum activity of a person in his daily biorhythm:
liver - from 1 to 3 am;
lungs - from 3 to 5 in the morning;
colon - from 5 to 7 in the morning;
stomach - from 7 to 9 in the morning;
spleen and pancreas - from 9 to 11 am;
heart - from 11 am to 1 pm;
small intestine - from 13 to 15 in the afternoon;
bladder - from 15 to 17 hours of the day;
kidneys - from 17 to 19 pm;
circulatory organs, genitals - from 19 to 21 pm;
organs of heat generation - from 21 to 23 o'clock at night;
gallbladder - from 11 p.m. to 1 a.m. four
Chapter II Biological cycles
2.1 The concept of biological cycles
Biological cycles, the rhythmic repetition of biological phenomena in communities of organisms (populations, biocenoses), which serves as an adaptation to cyclic changes in the conditions of their existence. Biological cycles are included in a more general concept - biological cycles, which includes all rhythmically repeating biological phenomena. Biological cycles can be daily, seasonal (annual) or long-term. Daily biological cycles are expressed in regular fluctuations in physiological phenomena and animal behavior during the day. They are based on automatic mechanisms that are corrected by the influence of external factors - daily fluctuations in light, temperature, humidity, etc. Seasonal biological cycles are based on the same metabolic changes regulated in animals with the help of hormones. In different seasons, the state and behavior of organisms within a population or biocenosis changes: accumulation (expenditure) of reserve substances, change of covers, reproduction, migration, hibernation and other seasonal phenomena begin (end). Being largely automated, these phenomena are corrected by external influences (weather conditions, food supplies, etc.). Long-term biological cycles are determined by cyclic fluctuations in climate and other conditions of existence (due to changes in solar activity and other cosmic or planetary factors); such biological cycles take place in populations and biocenoses and are expressed in fluctuations in the reproduction and number of individual species, in the resettlement of a population to new places or the extinction of part of it. These phenomena are the summarized result of cyclic changes in populations and biocenoses and fluctuations in the conditions of their existence, mainly climate.5
2.2 The "three cycles" theory
The Austrian psychologist G. Svoboda, the German physician W. Fiss and the Austrian engineer A. Teltscher at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries created the well-known theory of three cycles, according to which special cycles are inherent in a person: 23 - daily (physical), 28 - daily (emotional ) and 33-day (intelligent). Her attitude is debatable.
A brief summary of this concept:
Bibliography
List of used literature:
1.Detari L., Kartsash V. Biorhythms. – M.: Mir, 2004.
2. Kupriyanovich L.I. Biological rhythms and sleep. // and. Questions of psychology, 2000 No. 5
3. Mazhkenov S.A. Theory of human biological rhythms. // J. Questions of psychology, 2001 No. 2
4. Sergeev D. Owls and larks // f. Ogonyok, 2002 No. 33
5.Winfrey A. Time according to the biological clock. - M., 1990.
Please carefully study the content and fragments of the work. Money for purchased finished works due to non-compliance of this work with your requirements or its uniqueness is not returned.
* The category of work is estimated in accordance with the qualitative and quantitative parameters of the material provided. This material, neither in its entirety, nor any of its parts, is a finished scientific work, final qualification work, scientific report or other work provided for by the state system of scientific certification or necessary for passing an intermediate or final certification. This material is a subjective result of processing, structuring and formatting the information collected by its author and is intended primarily to be used as a source for self-preparation of the work on this topic.
In modern science, the concepts of biological, psychological and social space and time are also used.
In living matter, space and time characterize the features of the spatio-temporal parameters of organic matter: the biological existence of a human individual, the change of species of plant and animal organisms.
Space, in which life phenomena take place, i.e. there are living organisms and manifestations of their aggregates, is enantiomorphic space. Those. its vectors are polar and enantiomorphic. Without this, there could not be a dissymmetry of living organisms.
In the geometric expression of time, in which life phenomena occur, all its vectors must also be polar and enantiomorphic.
Time is biological, associated with life phenomena and corresponding to the space of living organisms, which has a dissymmetry.
Polarity of time in biological phenomena, it is expressed in the fact that these processes are irreversible, i.e. geometrically, in the line A→B, the vectors AB and BA are different.
Enantiomorphism of time expressed in the fact that in the process going in time, dissymmetry naturally manifests itself at certain intervals of time.
The properties and manifestation of such time associated with space are sharply different from the rest of the space of our planet, they may differ from other times. This question can only be answered by an empirical study of time.
Such a study shows that biological time is equal in duration to geological time, since throughout geological history we are dealing with life. Biological time covers about n∙10 9 years, n = 1.5÷3.
The beginning of life, i.e. We do not know the beginning of biological time, and there are no data on the end of biological time. This biological time manifested itself in the same environment, because all living things came from living things. It was an irreversible process, where time, related to space, has polar vectors. this is indicated by a single process of evolution of species. steadily going all the time in the same direction. It goes at different speeds for different species, with stops, but in general, the picture of wildlife is constantly changing, not stopping and not returning back. Characteristic for some species is their extinction, i.e. sharply expressed polar character of time vectors. The question of the existence of a certain limit in time for plant and animal species has been raised more than once, but, apparently, in general form it should be resolved in the negative, since there are species that invariably exist without significant morphological changes for hundreds of millions of years. The most characteristic, in the sense of time in living matter, is the existence of generations.
Genetically replacing generations, they constantly change in their morphological characteristics, and this change either occurred in jumps over long periods of time, or, conversely, accumulate imperceptibly from generation to generation. becoming visible only through large numbers of generations. It is important that in both cases an irreversible process is observed that goes with the passage of time.
It has long been noted that all life on Earth obeys certain rhythms, which are set by global processes. This is the daily rotation of the planet around its axis and its movement in a circumsolar orbit. Living organisms somehow feel the time, and their behavior is subject to its flow. This is manifested in the alternation of periods of activity and sleep in animals, in the opening and closing of flowers in plants. Migratory birds return to their nesting grounds every spring, hatch chicks and migrate to warmer climes for the winter.
What is a biological clock?
The rhythmic flow of all life processes is a property inherent in all the inhabitants of our planet. For example, marine unicellular flagellates glow at night. It is unknown why they do this. But during the day they do not glow. Flagellates received this property in the process of evolution.
Every living organism on Earth - both plants and animals - has an internal clock. They determine the frequency of life, tied to the duration of the earth's day. This biological clock adjusts its course to the frequency of the change of day and night, they do not depend on temperature changes. In addition to daily cycles, there are seasonal (annual) and lunar periods.
The biological clock is to some extent a conditional concept, implying the ability of living organisms to navigate in time. This property is inherent in them at the genetic level and is inherited.
Studying the mechanism of the biological clock
For a long time, the rhythm of the life processes of living organisms was explained by the rhythm of changes in environmental conditions: illumination, humidity, temperature, atmospheric pressure, and even the intensity of cosmic radiation. However, simple experiments have shown that the biological clock works regardless of changes in external conditions.
Today it is known that they are in every cell. In complex organisms, clocks form a complex hierarchical system. This is necessary for the functioning as a whole. If any organs and tissues are not coordinated in time, various types of diseases arise. The internal clock is endogenous, that is, it has an internal nature and is adjusted by signals from the outside. What else do we know?
The biological clock is inherited. In recent years, evidence of this fact has been found. Cells have clock genes. They are subject to mutation and natural selection. This is necessary to coordinate the processes of life with the daily rotation of the Earth. Since at different latitudes the ratio of the length of day and night during the year is not the same, clocks are also needed to adapt to the change of seasons. They must take into account whether day and night add or decrease. In another way it is impossible to distinguish between spring and autumn.
By studying the biological clock of plants, scientists have found out the mechanism of their adaptation to changes in the length of the day. This happens with the participation of special phytochrome regulators. How does this mechanism work? The phytochrome enzyme exists in two forms that change from one to the other depending on the time of day. This results in a clock controlled by external signals. All processes in plants - growth, flowering - depend on the concentration of the phytochrome enzyme.
The mechanism of the intracellular clock has not yet been fully understood, but most of the way has been covered.
Circadian rhythms in the human body
Periodic changes in the intensity of biological processes are associated with the alternation of day and night. These rhythms are called circadian, or circadian. Their frequency is about 24 hours. Although circadian rhythms are associated with processes occurring outside the body, they are endogenous in origin.
A person does not have organs and physiological functions that would not be subject to daily cycles. Today there are more than 300 of them.
The human biological clock regulates the following processes in accordance with daily rhythms:
Heart rate and breathing;
The body's consumption of oxygen;
Intestinal peristalsis;
The intensity of the work of the glands;
Alternating sleep and rest.
These are just the main manifestations.
The rhythmicity of physiological functions occurs at all levels - from changes within the cell to reactions at the level of the organism. Recent experiments have shown that circadian rhythms are based on endogenous, self-sustaining processes. The human biological clock is set to fluctuate every 24 hours. They are associated with changes in the environment. The course of the biological clock is synchronized with some of these changes. The most characteristic of them are the alternation of day and night and diurnal temperature fluctuations.
It is believed that in higher organisms the main clock is located in the brain in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the thalamus. Nerve fibers from the optic nerve lead to it, and with the blood, among others, the hormone melatonin, produced by the pineal gland, is brought. This is an organ that was once the third eye of ancient reptiles and has retained the functions of regulating circadian rhythms.
Biological clock of organs
All physiological processes in the human body proceed with a certain cyclicity. Changes in temperature, pressure, blood sugar concentration.
Human organs are subject to the daily rhythm. Over the course of 24 hours, their functions alternately experience periods of ups and downs. That is, always, at the same time, for 2 hours, the body works especially efficiently, after which it goes into a relaxation phase. At this time, the body rests and recovers. This phase also lasts 2 hours.
For example, the phase of rising activity of the stomach falls on the period from 7 to 9 hours, followed by a decline from 9 to 11. The spleen and pancreas are active from 9 to 11, and rest from 11 to 13. In the heart, these periods fall at 11-13 hours and 13-15. In the bladder, the phase of activity is from 15 to 17, peace and rest - from 17 to 19.
The biological clock of organs is one of those mechanisms that allowed the inhabitants of the Earth to adapt to the daily rhythm over millions of years of evolution. But the civilization created by man is steadily destroying this rhythm. Studies show that it is easy to unbalance the body's biological clock. All it takes is a radical change in diet. For example, start eating in the middle of the night. Therefore, a rigid diet is a fundamental principle. It is especially important to observe it from early childhood, when the biological clock of the human body “winds up”. Life expectancy directly depends on this.
Chronogerontology
This is a new, recently emerged scientific discipline that studies age-related changes in biological rhythms that occur in the human body. Chronogerontology arose at the intersection of two sciences - chronobiology and gerontology.
One of the subjects of research is the mechanism of functioning of the so-called "large biological clock". This term was first introduced by the outstanding scientist V. M. Dilman.
“Large biological clock” is a rather arbitrary concept. Rather, it is a model of the aging processes occurring in the body. It gives an understanding of the relationship between a person's lifestyle, his food addictions and the actual biological age. This clock counts down the lifespan. They record the accumulation of changes in the human body from birth to death.
The course of the large biological clock is uneven. They either rush or lag behind. Many factors influence their course. They either shorten or lengthen life.
The principle of functioning of a large biological clock is that it does not measure time intervals. They measure the rhythm of processes, or rather, its loss with age.
Research in this direction can help in solving the main issue of medicine - the elimination of aging diseases, which today are the main obstacle in reaching the species limit of human life. Now this figure is estimated at 120 years.
Dream
The internal rhythms of the body regulate all life processes. The time of falling asleep and waking up, the duration of sleep - the “third eye” - the thalamus, is responsible for everything. It has been proven that this part of the brain is responsible for the production of melatonin, a hormone that regulates human biorhythms. Its level is subject to daily rhythms and is regulated by the illumination of the retina. With a change in the intensity of the light flux, the level of melatonin increases or decreases.
The mechanism of sleep is very delicate and vulnerable. Violation of the alternation of sleep and wakefulness, which is inherent in man by nature, causes serious harm to health. For example, regular shift work that involves working at night is associated with a higher likelihood of diseases such as type 2 diabetes, heart attacks and cancer.
In a dream, a person completely relaxes. All organs rest, only the brain continues to work, systematizing the information received during the day.
Reduced sleep duration
Civilization makes its own adjustments to life. By examining the biological clock of sleep, scientists have found that a modern person sleeps 1.5 hours less than people in the 19th century. What is the danger of reducing the time of night rest?
Violation of the natural rhythm of alternating sleep and wakefulness leads to malfunctions and disturbances in the functioning of the vital systems of the human body: immune, cardiovascular, endocrine. Lack of sleep leads to excess body weight, affects vision. A person begins to feel discomfort in the eyes, the clarity of the image is disturbed, and there is a danger of developing a serious disease - glaucoma.
Lack of sleep provokes malfunctions in the human endocrine system, thereby increasing the risk of a serious illness - diabetes mellitus.
The researchers found an interesting pattern: life expectancy is longer in people who sleep between 6.5 and 7.5 hours. Both reduction and increase in sleep time lead to a decrease in life expectancy.
Biological clock and women's health
Many studies have been devoted to this problem. The biological clock of a woman is the ability of her body to produce offspring. There is another term - fertility. It is about the age limit favorable for the birth of children.
A few decades ago, the clock showed a mark of thirty years. It was believed that the realization of oneself as mothers for the fair sex after this age was associated with a risk to the health of the woman and her unborn child.
Now the situation has changed. Significantly - 2.5 times - the number of women who conceived a child for the first time at the age of 30 to 39 increased, and those who did this after 40 increased by 50%.
Nevertheless, experts consider the age of 20-24 a favorable age for motherhood. Often the desire to get an education, to realize oneself in the professional field wins. Only a few women take responsibility for raising a baby at this age. Sexual maturity is 10 years ahead of emotional maturity. Therefore, most experts are inclined to believe that for a modern woman, the optimal time for the birth of a child is 35 years. Today they are no longer included in the so-called risk group.
Biological clock and medicine
The response of the human body to various influences depends on the phase of the circadian rhythm. Therefore, biological rhythms play an important role in medicine, especially in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. So, the effect of drugs depends on the phase of the circadian biorhythm. For example, in the treatment of teeth, the analgesic effect is maximally manifested from 12 to 18 hours.
Changing the sensitivity of the human body to drugs is studied by chronopharmacology. Based on information about daily biorhythms, the most effective drug regimens are being developed.
For example, purely individual fluctuations in blood pressure values require this factor to be taken into account when taking medications for the treatment of hypertension, ischemia. So, in order to avoid a crisis, people at risk should take medications in the evening, when the body is most vulnerable.
In addition to the fact that the biorhythms of the human body affect the effect of taking drugs, rhythm disturbances can be the cause of various diseases. They belong to the so-called dynamic ailments.
Desynchronosis and its prevention
Daylight is of great importance for human health. It is sunlight that provides natural synchronization of biorhythms. If the illumination is insufficient, as it happens in winter, a failure occurs. It can be the cause of many diseases. Mental (depressive states) and physical (decrease in general immunity, weakness, etc.) develop. The cause of these disorders lies in desynchronosis.
Desynchronosis occurs when the biological clock of the human body fails. The reasons may be different. Desynchronosis occurs when changing the time zone for a long period, during the period of adaptation during the transition to winter (summer) time, during shift work, addiction to alcohol, erratic eating. This is expressed in sleep disorders, migraine attacks, decreased attention and concentration. As a result, apathy and depression may occur. Older people are more difficult to adapt, they need more time for this.
For the prevention of desynchronosis, the correction of body rhythms, substances are used that can affect the phases of biological rhythms. They are called chronobiotics. They are found in medicinal plants.
The biological clock lends itself well to correction with the help of music. It helps to increase productivity when performing monotonous work. With the help of music, sleep disorders and neuropsychiatric diseases are also treated.
Rhythm in everything is the way to improve the quality of life.
The practical significance of biorhythmology
The biological clock is an object of serious scientific research. Their customers are many sectors of the economy. The results of studying the biological rhythms of living organisms are successfully applied in practice.
Knowledge of the rhythms of life of domestic animals and cultivated plants helps to increase the efficiency of agricultural production. This knowledge is used by hunters and fishermen.
Daily fluctuations in the body of physiological processes are taken into account by medical science. The effectiveness of taking medications, surgical interventions, performing medical procedures and manipulations directly depends on the biological clock of organs and systems.
Achievements of biorhythmology have long been used in organizing the work and rest regime of airliner crews. Their work involves crossing several time zones in one flight. Elimination of the adverse effect of this factor is of great importance for maintaining the health of airline flight crews.
It is difficult to do without the achievements of biorhythmology in space medicine, especially when preparing for long-term flights. Far-reaching grandiose plans for the creation of human settlements on Mars, apparently, will not do without studying the features of the functioning of the human biological clock in the conditions of this planet.
Marina Chernysheva Temporal structure of biosystems and biological time
Sankt-Petersburg State University
M. P. Chernysheva
TEMPORAL STRUCTURE of biosystems and biological TIME
Super publishing house
Introduction
The nature of Time is one of the global problems to which science has repeatedly returned throughout the history of its existence. The evolution of ideas about Time from antiquity to the 20th century is deeply analyzed in the classic work of J. Whitrow "The Natural Philosophy of Time" (1964), in the monographs of M. I. Elkin (1985), P. P. Gaidenko (2006) and other authors . Since the 20th century, the philosophical aspects of this problem have been invariably associated with natural science approaches to its solution (Schrödinger, 2002; Chizhevsky, 1973; Winfrey, 1986; Kozyrev, 1963, 1985, 1991; Prigogine, 2002; etc.). In the works of outstanding domestic researchers we find ideas that gave rise to entire trends in the science of time. So, I. M. Sechenov laid the foundation for research on the influence of physical activity on the subjective time of a person. I.P. Pavlov, who first described the time reflex, actually declared the brain's ability to memorize time intervals. NP Perna (1925), an employee of the Department of Physiology of Petrograd University, was the first to describe the rhythms of a number of human physiological processes. D. I. Mendeleev, who described the movement of a flower following a change in the position of the sun, definitely demonstrated the presence of a circadian (circadian) rhythm of plant movements, the hormonal mechanism of which was described later (V. N. Polevoy, 1982). In the works of A. A. Ukhtomsky, the idea of the importance of the time factor in the work of the nervous system and, in particular, in the formation of the dominant is traced (Ukhtomsky, 1966; Sokolova, 2000). One of the geniuses of the Russian Renaissance at the beginning of the 20th century, V. I. Vernadsky, not only introduced the rubrication of time specific to different systems (geological, historical, biological, social), but also substantiated the idea of biological time as the main and primary one, giving it a “cosmic status” due to the ability of biosystems to move and reproduce (Vernadsky, 1989). The same feature of living organisms was emphasized by E. Schrödinger (2002).
Along with multidisciplinary approaches to solving the problem of the nature of Time (Aksenov 2000; Vakulenko et al. ; Khasanov, 2011; Churakov, 2012; Shikhobalov, 2008, etc.), a huge amount of research since the second half of the 20th century has been devoted to the nature of biological time (Aschoff, 1960; Winfrey, 1990; Pittendrih, 1984; Alpatov, 2000; Romanov, 2000; Olovnikov, 1973, 2009; Skulachev, 1995; Zaguskin, 2004, 2007, etc.). Achievements in physics, chemistry, mathematics and biology predetermined the development of a variety of new research methods that made it possible to discover clock-genes proteins that form the mechanism of circadian rhythms for many body functions. The importance of the activity of clock proteins and the clock oscillator for health and human adaptation to the space-time continuum of the environment determined the corresponding thematic focus of most of the work of modern domestic and foreign researchers. In domestic biology and medicine, the "storm" of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of biological time has led to outstanding discoveries: the creation of the telomere-redusom theory of life span control (Olovnikov, 1973, 2009) and the idea of the role of mitochondria in the aging process (Skulachev, 1995), as well as to the development of gerontological aspects of the role of pineal and thymus hormones (Anisimov, 2010; Khavinson et al., 2011; Kvetnoy et al., 2011). In the works of foreign researchers, the functions of individual clock proteins, the conditions for the formation of a clock oscillator and rhythms with different temporal parameters have been identified (see Golombek et al., 2014), and ideas about synchronization systems of clock oscillators at different structural levels of the body have been developed. A growing understanding of the specifics of cellular, tissue, organ and system generators of temporal processes determine the beginning return of foreign authors to "system thinking" in terms of the problem of Time (Blum et al., 2012; Mohawk et al., 2012). Note that Russian researchers have always paid attention to the systematic approach to studying this problem (Chernigovskii, 1985; Barannikova et al., 2003; Kulaev, 2006; Yanvareva et al., 2005; Zhuravlev and Safonova, 2012, etc.) . Along with obvious successes in the study of biological objects sensitive to the “course of time” (the term of N.A. Kozyrev), questions about the temporal structure of living organisms, the relationship of cellular-molecular and system timers, Time sensors remain poorly developed, and the question of the nature of Time is still open. . In the author's opinion, a wide range of studies of biosystems carried out to date in the world allows us to propose certain solutions to the above issues.
biological time
“To understand the “nature” of time means to indicate its natural referent, that is, the process, phenomenon, “carrier” in the material world, the properties of which could be identified or corresponded with the properties attributed to the phenomenon of time.”
A.P. Levich, 2000.
1.1. Phenomenon of life
The statement of Alexander Petrovich Levich in the epigraph seems to be completely fair in the light of the ideas of G. Leibniz and N.A. Kozyrev about the energy nature of time and its "active properties". Indeed, by analogy with the history of the discovery of an electron by an immersion trail in a cloud chamber, biological processes that have a number of temporal parameters and, therefore, are essentially temporary processes, may well be “referents” of time and reflect its impact. To understand the "nature" of time in biosystems, it is important to analyze the factors that determine the specifics of living organisms in comparison with inert systems.
The phenomenon of life and the differences between a living organism and inert systems have always attracted the attention of philosophers and natural scientists (Aristotle, 1937; Strakhov, 2008; Vernadsky, 1989; Ukhtomsky, 1966; Schrödinger, 2002, and many others). Obviously, the generality of the basic laws of nature does not exclude the peculiarities of their manifestation in the conditions of the specifics of a biosystem, inert natural or artificial systems. These include, first of all, the laws of thermodynamics, which determine for any system the possibility and duration of operation, as well as the lifetime (lifespan). Recognizing the validity of the laws of thermodynamics for all objects of the Universe, many researchers note the specificity of the manifestations of the second law of thermodynamics for living organisms (Schrödinger, 2002; Prigogine, 2002, etc.). Among these, first of all, the impossibility of "thermal death" for living organisms due to the desire of biosystems to stabilize the level of entropy is noted (Vernadsky, 1989; Prigogine, 2002; Prigozhin, Stengers, 2000, etc.).
The life of biosystems is based on a variety of processes that use chemical, mechanical, electrical, light and other types of energy. As is known, during the implementation of various functions (work) in any system, a partial transformation of one or another energy into thermal energy occurs, which can be lost through heat dissipation into the environment or partially delayed, determining the level of chaos (entropy) in the structures of the body. For living organisms, other well-known definitions of entropy are also valid: as a measure of the degree of unstructured energy flows and a measure of the thermodynamic possibility of a certain state or process. The multiplicity of possible definitions of entropy for a biosystem emphasizes the variety of ways of its regulation.
