noun e is an independent significant part of speech that combines words that

1) have a generalized meaning of objectivity and answer the questions who? or what?;

2) are proper or common nouns, animate or inanimate, have a permanent gender and non-permanent (for most nouns) signs of number and case;

3) in the proposal most often act as subjects or additions, but can be any other members of the proposal.

Noun- this is a part of speech, in the selection of which the grammatical features of words come to the fore. As for the meaning of nouns, this is the only part of speech that can mean anything: an object (table), a person (boy), an animal (cow), a sign (depth), an abstract concept (conscience), an action (singing) , relation (equality). In terms of meaning, these words are united by the fact that you can ask them the question who? or what?; this, in fact, is their objectivity.

Common nouns designate objects without distinguishing them from the class of the same type (city, river, girl, newspaper).

Proper nouns designate objects, distinguishing them from the class of homogeneous objects, individualizing them (Moscow, Volga, Masha, Izvestia). Proper names must be distinguished from proper names - ambiguous names of individualized objects ("Evening Moscow"). Proper names do not necessarily include a proper name (Moscow State University).

Animate and inanimate nouns

Nouns have a permanent morphological sign of animation.

The sign of animateness of nouns is closely connected with the concept of living / inanimate. Nevertheless, animation is not a rank in meaning, but a proper morphological feature.

Animation as a morphological feature also has formal means of expression. First, animateness / inanimateness is expressed by the endings of the noun itself:

1) animate nouns have the same endings. numbers V. p. and R. p., and for nouns husband. genus, this also applies to units. number;

2) inanimate nouns have the same endings. numbers V. p. and I. p., and for nouns husband. genus, this also applies to units. number.

The animacy of most nouns reflects a certain state of affairs in extralinguistic reality: animate nouns are mainly called living beings, and inanimate - inanimate objects, however, there are cases of violation of this pattern:

fluctuation by animation	An object cannot be both alive and non-living at the same time:
alive but inanimate	1) aggregates of living beings: (see)armies, crowds, peoples ;
	2) plants, mushrooms: (gather)chanterelles ;
inanimate but animated	1) human toys: (see)dolls, nesting dolls, tumblers ;
	2) figures of some games: (play out)kings, queens ;
	3) deceased: (see)dead, drowned , butdead body (inanimate);
	4) fictional creatures: (see)mermaids, goblin, brownies.

Nouns have a constant morphological gender and refer to male, female or neuter.

The masculine, feminine and neuter gender includes words with the following compatibility:

Some nouns with the ending -a, denoting signs, properties of persons, in I. p. have a double characterization by gender, depending on the gender of the designated person:

your ignoramus has come

your-I'm ignorant came-a.

Such nouns belong to the common gender.

Nouns only plural (cream, scissors) do not belong to any of the genders, since in the plural formal differences between nouns of different genders are not expressed (cf .: desks - tables).

Nouns change by numbers and cases. Most nouns have singular and plural forms ( city ​​- cities, village - villages). However, some nouns have either only the singular form (for example, peasantry, asphalt, burning), or only the plural form (for example, scissors, railings, weekdays, Luzhniki).

Case as a morphological feature of nouns

Nouns change in cases, that is, they have a non-permanent morphological sign of number.

There are 6 cases in Russian: nominative (I. p.), genitive (R. p.), dative (D. p.), accusative (V. p.), instrumental (T. p.), prepositional (P. p.). P.). These case forms are diagnosed in the following contexts:

I. p.who is this? what?

R. p. no one? what?

D. p.glad to whom? what?

V. p. see who? what?

T. p.proud of who? how?

P. p. thinking about whom? how?

The endings of different cases are different depending on which declension the noun belongs to.

Noun declension

Changing nouns in cases is called declension.

To I declension include nouns husband. and wives. genus with the ending I. p. units. numbers -а(-я), including words ending in -iya: mom-a, dad-a, earth-i, lecture-i (lectij-a). Words with a stem ending in a hard consonant (hard variant), a soft consonant (soft variant) and with a stem in - and j have some differences in endings, for example:

case	Singular
	hard option	soft option	On the - and I
Im.p.	countries - a	Earth -I	Army -I
R.p.	countries - s	Earth -and	Army -and
D.p.	countries - e	Earth -e	Army -and
V.p.	countries - at	Earth -Yu	Army -Yu
etc.	countries -oh (-oy )	Earth -her (-yoyu )	Army -her (-her )
P.p.	countries -e	Earth -e	Army -and

Co. II declension include nouns husband. gender with a zero ending I. p., including words in -y, and nouns m. and cf. kind with the ending -o (-e), including words in -ie: table-, genius-, small town-o, window-o, floor-e, peni-e (penij-e).

To III declension include nouns of women. genus with zero ending in I. p .: dust-, night-.

In addition to nouns that have endings in only one of these declensions, there are words that have some endings from one declension, and some from another. They are called dissimilar. These are 10 words for -mya (burden, time, stirrup, tribe, seed, name, flame, banner, udder, crown) and path.

In Russian there are so-called indeclinable nouns. These include many common nouns and own borrowings (coat, Tokyo), Russian surnames in -y, -ih, -vo (Petrovykh, Dolgikh, Durnovo). They are usually described as words without endings.

Morphological analysis of a noun

The noun is parsed according to the following plan:

I. Part of speech. General value. Initial form (nominative singular).

II. Morphological features:

1. Permanent signs: a) proper or common noun, b) animate or inanimate, c) gender (male, female, neuter, general), d) declension.
2. Variable signs: a) case, b) number.

III. syntactic role.

Sample morphological parsing of a noun

Two ladies ran up to Luzhin and helped him up; he began to knock the dust off his coat with his palm (according to V. Nabokov).

I. ladies- noun;

initial form - lady.

II. Permanent signs: narits., odush., wives. genus, I class;

non-permanent signs: pl. number, I. p.

III. ran up(who?) ladies (subject part).

I.(to) Luzhin- noun;

initial form - Luzhin;

II. Constant signs: own., soul., husband. genus, I class;

non-permanent features: units. number, D. p.;

III. ran up(to whom?) .underline ( border-bottom: 1px dashed blue; ) to Luzhin(addition).

I. palm- noun;

initial form - palm;

II. Constant signs: narits., inanimate., wives. genus, I class;

non-permanent features: units. number, etc.;

III. Began to shoot down(how?) palm(addition).

I. Dust- noun;

initial form - dust;

II. Constant signs: narits., inanimate., wives. genus, III class;

non-permanent features: units. number, V. p.;

III. Began to shoot down(what?) dust(addition).

I. Coat- noun;

initial form - coat;

II. Constant signs: nav., inanimate, cf. genus, uninclined;

non-permanent signs: the number is not determined by the context, R. p .;

III. Began to shoot down(why?) with a coat(addition).

Ways of forming nouns. Grammar forms. Proper and common nouns, countable and uncountable

A noun is a part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions: who is this? what is this? (who is this? what is this?).

NOUN

According to the method of word formation there are:

1) Simple;
2) Derivatives;
3) Composite (complex).

According to their lexical meaning, they are divided into:

1) Own;
2) Common nouns: a) countable; b) innumerable.

They have grammatical forms:

1) Numbers;
2) Case: a) common case; b) possessive case;
3) Forms of the genus do not have (for more details, see below).

Nouns simple, derived, compound

Nouns are simple, derived, and compound/compound.

1. To simple include nouns that do not have prefixes or suffixes in their composition, for example: dog - dog, book - book, town - city.

2. To derivatives include nouns that have suffixes or prefixes in their composition (the latter are quite rare). The most common noun suffixes include:
-ant (-ent): assistant - assistant, student - student
-dom: freedom - freedom, wisdom - wisdom
-er (-or, -ar): worker - worker, actor - artist
-hood: childhood
-ion ​​(-ation): connection - connection, examination - exam
-ity: activity - activity, sincerity - sincerity
-ment: government - government, agreement - agreement
-ness: darkness - darkness, kindness - kindness
-ship: friendship - friendship

3. To compound/complex include nouns formed from two or more words that make up one concept: classroom - class (classroom), blackboard - blackboard, newspaper - newspaper, son-in-law - son-in-law.

Noun classification

Nouns are divided into proper and common nouns.

Own

Proper nouns are the names of single concepts, places and objects. This also includes personal names, names of months and days of the week, holidays and nationalities. All of them are written with a capital (capital) letter, and if the name consists of several words, then all words are written with a capital letter, with the exception of articles, prepositions and conjunctions. These include:

1. Geographic concepts: mountains, deserts, oceans, seas, rivers, countries, regions, cities, villages: the Caucasus Caucasus, the Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean, the Volga Volga, France France, London London.

2. Names of streets, squares, famous buildings, hotels, ships, hotels, museums, clubs, newspapers, magazines, works: Oxford Street Oxford Street (street), Hyde Park Hyde Park, the British Museum British Museum, “New Times "-" New time "(magazine).

3. Names, surnames, pseudonyms, nicknames, as well as titles of people; animal names: Mary Mary (first name), Brown Brown (surname), Mark Twain Mark Twain (pen name).

4. Astronomical names: the Sun, the Earth, the Milky Way, Mars, Venus, Jupiter.

5. Nationality and national language: the Russians Russians, English English.

6. Names of holidays: New Year New Year, Christmas Christmas, Easter Easter, May Day The first of May.

7. Names of months and days of the week: January January, September September, Sunday Sunday, Tuesday Tuesday.

common nouns

All other nouns are common nouns. These are the names of categories of objects, persons and concepts. Common nouns are divided into:

1. subject- denoting individual objects or persons (countable): a boy a boy, a dog a dog, a book a book, a tree a tree, a question a question.

2.Collective- representing the names of groups of persons or animals, considered as a whole (countable): a family is a family, a party is a party, a herd is a herd.

3. Real- denoting various substances or materials (uncountable): milk milk, butter oil, steel steel, coal coal, snow snow.

4. abstract- nouns denoting actions, states, feelings, phenomena, etc. (uncountable): love love, beauty beauty, work work, peace peace, heat heat, light light, friendship friendship, honesty honesty.

Countable and uncountable nouns

Common nouns are divided into countable and uncountable.

1. To countable nouns include the names of objects, objects and concepts that can be counted. They are used in the singular and plural, both with the indefinite and with the definite article. For example:

a) Subject: a pupil student (s) - five pupils five students (s); a table table - many tables; an engineer engineer - engineers engineers.

b) Collective: a family family - families families, an army army - armies of the army, a team team - ten teams ten teams.

2. To the uncountable nouns include the names of substances and concepts that cannot be counted. These include real and abstract (abstract) nouns. Uncountable nouns are used only in the singular and are not used with the indefinite article. When separating them from the category of substances or concepts, they are preceded by a definite article.

As a subject, they are used with a singular predicate and can be replaced by a singular pronoun (most often: it).
Uncountable nouns combine with the pronouns much, much, little, little, some, some, some, any, some, some.

a) Material (materials; bulk, liquid, gaseous substances; food): water water, bread bread, tea tea, wool wool, oil oil, air air.
b) Abstract (actions, states, natural phenomena, feelings, etc.): life life, time time, music music, news news, cold cold, freedom freedom, bravery courage, sleep sleep, winter winter.

Cases of transition of nouns from the category of uncountable to countable
Many uncountable nouns become countable and are used with the corresponding articles in the following cases:

1. Real nouns are used to refer to an object (or objects) from a given material or when the whole and its elements are denoted by the same word: hair hair - a hair hair.

iron- iron - an iron- iron
wood- tree (wood) - a wood- forest
paper- paper - a paper- newspaper, document
coal- coal - a coal- coal

A coal fell out of the fire.- An ember fell out of the fireplace.
The ground was as hard as stone. The earth was hard as stone.
The boy threw two stones into the water. The boy threw two stones into the water.

2. Real nouns are used to refer to different varieties and types of something or to denote a portion of something that can, for example, be bought:

uncountable noun - countable noun

wine– wine – a good wine- good wine
much fruit- a lot of fruits - wonderful fruits- beautiful fruits
He made some tea.- He made tea. - This is an Indian tea. This is one of the Indian teas.
I hate coffee.- I can't stand coffee. - He bought a coffee and a sandwich. He bought (a cup of) coffee and a sandwich.

3. Abstract nouns denote specific objects or persons (specified):

uncountable noun - countable noun
beauty- the beauty - a beauty- gorgeous
life - life - a life - life path
light- light - a light- light, lamp
fire- the fire - a fire- fire, bonfire
play- the game - a play- play
time- time - a time- once

My room is full of light.– My room is full of light.
We saw a light in the distance. We saw a light in the distance.

Some of the uncountable nouns are almost never used as countable ones, for example: freedom, weather, news, news, advice, progress, success, money.

4. If the ending -s (-es) is added to the stem of an uncountable noun, then it is usually converted into a countable noun, for example:

iron- iron - irons- shackles, chains
color- color - colors- banners
sugar- sugar - (two) sugars- (two) pieces of sugar
tin- tin, tin - tins- cans, cans
beauty- the beauty - beauty– beauties
hair- hair - hairs– hairs

Note. In addition to the noun, the ending -s (-es) accepts only the verb-predicate in the form of Present Indefinite to agree with the subject in the 3rd person singular. numbers.
In other cases, the ending -s (-es) certainly indicates that we have a noun. For example, other parts of speech, such as adjectives, adverbs, etc., taking the ending -s, go into the category of a noun: yellows yolks, goods goods, whys reasons, ups and downs, ups and downs, etc.

Specific nouns name certain objects and phenomena of reality, perceived by the senses. They are easily counted and combined with cardinal numbers ( eight students, one pencil, three sisters etc.). They are used in the singular and plural (yard - courtyards, book - books, etc.). Only a few of them do not change in numbers: indeclinable nouns (coffee, coat, radio, etc.) and words that are used only in the plural form (scissors, trousers, chess, Alps ...). Concrete nouns can be animate or inanimate, while abstract nouns can only be inanimate.

abstract(abstract) nouns denote abstract concepts, properties, qualities, actions, states (kindness, happiness, pain, sadness, glory, movement, patience, silence ...). For the most part, they are formed from adjectives and verbs with the help of suffixes -ost (courage, cowardice), -ot- (deafness, kindness), -izn- (steepness, high cost), -ism (humanism, suyurealism), -in- ( size, width), -stv-o (treachery, space), -ation-a (stylization, evacuation), -enii-e (patience, respect), -k-a (bombing, preparation), etc. Unlike specific abstract nouns are used only in the singular (less often - only in the plural) and are not combined with cardinal numbers. An infrequently observed change in numbers in abstract nouns is usually accompanied by a change in the lexical meaning of the plural form (its concretization): joy - family joys, cold - winter cold, talent - young talents, etc.

Real nouns denote substances of a homogeneous composition: minerals, chem. elements and their compounds (oil, brass, ore, salt...), food products (vinaigrette, jelly, tea, milk, butter...), plants, agricultural crops (barley, oats, potatoes...), types of fabrics (silk, crepe de chine, cotton), drugs, various materials, prodva, production waste (asphalt, clay, sawdust ...), atmospheric precipitation, etc. A substance designated by such a noun can be measured (using weight, volume etc.). Therefore, most real entities. does not combine with cardinal numbers, does not change in numbers. Usually they are used in the form of a single number: only the singular (lime, sugar) or only the plural (pasta, yeast, ink ...). Changing real entities. by numbers is observed when the forms of units. and many others. numbers differ in lexical meaning. Plural forms do not denote a set of objects, but their various types, varieties, types (mud - therapeutic mud, oil - vegetable oils) or a solid mass of matter (fats, sands, snows).

Collective nouns denote a set of homogeneous units: a set of objects, plants or animals as one indivisible whole. One of the most important features of collective nouns is that they do not form plural forms and do not combine with cardinal numbers. The original form of such entities. - unit form. numbers - expresses plurality (birch, crow, foliage), which brings them closer to the plural forms of specific nouns, compare: students - students, lithuania - leaves. These words differ in semantics: unit number of collective nouns. denotes an indivisible set as a whole (it is not countable), the plural of specific entities. names a set that is easily decomposable into separate components and can be counted. !!! From collective entities. words must be distinguished etc. If you need clarification, please ask. And so the answer to your question took up too much space.

Answering the second question from Helen). In terms of meaning, nouns people, group, collective, crowd, heap, regiment, herd, flock, herd etc. denote a set and on this basis are often erroneously included in the category of collective nouns. But grammatically, these words form plural forms, are combined with cardinal numbers and, thus, are common common nouns.

In English, there are the following types of nouns:

Nouns (nouns)

Own (Proper) Common noun (common)

Countables (countable) Uncountable (uncountable)

Concrete Abstract

Specific(Concrete) Distracted(abstract) love, friendship

a speech - speeches

Real(Material)

water, iron, snow

(always packed in plural)

a girl - girls (soul) a family - families cattle, poultry, police, people, militia,

a book - books (inanimate) a company - company clothes, goods, savings, trousers,

spectacles, scissors

All nouns are divided into Own and common nouns:

1. Own (Propernoun) nouns are the names of single concepts, places and objects. This also includes personal names, names of months and days of the week, holidays and nationalities. All of them are written with a capital (capital) letter, and if the name consists of several words, then all words are written with a capital letter, with the exception of articles, prepositions and conjunctions. These include:

a) Geographic concepts: mountains, deserts, oceans, seas, rivers, countries, regions, cities, villages: the Caucasus Caucasus, the Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean, the Volga Volga, France France, London London.

b) Names of streets, squares, famous buildings, hotels, ships, inns, museums, clubs, newspapers, magazines, works: Oxford Street Oxford Street (street), Hyde Park Hyde Park, the British Museum British Museum, "New Times "-" New time "(magazine).

c): Mary Mary (first name), Brown Brown (surname), Mark Twain Mark Twain (literary pseudonym).

G) Astronomical names: the Sun (Sun), the Earth (Earth), the Milky Way (Milky Way), Mars, Venus, Jupiter.

e): the Russians (Russians), English (English).

e) Holiday names: New Year (New Year), Christmas (Christmas), Easter (Easter), May Day (First of May).

g): January, September, Sunday, Tuesday.

2. common nouns (Commonnouns)- this is general names for all homogeneous objects.: dog,man,table.

In turn, they are classified as follows:

v Uncountable nouns(Uncountable nouns)

Uncountable nouns are the names of substances and concepts that cannot be counted. These include real and abstract (abstract) nouns. Uncountable nouns are used only in singular and . When separating them from the category of substances or concepts, they are preceded by a definite article.

As a subject, they are used with a singular predicate and can be replaced by a singular pronoun (most often: it).

Uncountable nouns combine with pronouns much(a lot of), little(little, little) some(several, some) any(any, any).

1. Distracted (abstract nouns) denote qualities, actions, states, natural phenomena, feelings or general concepts: beauty, courage, fear, joy

2. Specific(Concrete nouns)

ü Real (materialnouns) designate materials; bulk, liquid, gaseous substances; Food:

Attention!

Real nouns become countable and are used with the corresponding articles in the following cases:

a) If real nouns are used for, or when the whole and its elements are denoted by the same word: hair hair- hair hair.

b) When real nouns are used to denote or to denote portions something that you can buy, for example:

c) If the ending is added to the stem of an uncountable noun – s (- es) , then it is usually converted to a countable noun, for example:

in) Countable nouns (Countablenouns)

Countable nouns include the names of objects, objects and concepts that can be counted. They are used in the singular and plural, both with the indefinite and with the definite article.

1. abstract nouns (Abstractnouns) become enumerable when they are instantiated:

He made a speech yesterday. Heutteredyesterdayspeech.

His speeches are always interesting. Hisspeechesalwaysinteresting.

Cf.: Animals do not possess the power of speech. Animals do not have the gift of speech.

Cf.: He does that for amusement. He does it for fun.

2. Specific (Concretenouns) denote objects and matter, including people and animals, objects that we can touch, hold, see, smell and taste.

a) Individual (individual) designate only one object / one person of a certain type: man,player,cow,chicken,minister.

b) denote a set of homogeneous objects or persons considered as a whole:

c) Multiplicities (Nouns of Multitude)- words that are always perceived as a multitude. Here are some of them: people, police, militia, clothes, cattle (livestock), poultry (poultry).

These words agree with are or were (not with is and not with was!).

Regarding the word people(people, people) let's make a reservation. In cases where it is peoples, the word takes the usual ending plural:

(peoples inhabiting Africa),

1. English-speakingpeoples.

Dual property items in English are used only in the plural: trousers(pants), spectacles(glasses), scissors(scissors), etc.

Like nouns goods(products), clothes(clothes), savings(savings), which, unlike their Russian counterparts, are also used.

:

1. Subject: The play was fascinating. The play was amazing.

2. Nominal part of the predicate: My uncle is an policeman. My uncle is a policeman.

3. Add-ons:

a ) direct

b) indirect:

in) prepositional:

4. Definitions:

a) Withpretext:

Mr Brown is an English teacher.

b) withoutexcuse:

Our school has a book club.

5. Circumstances(time, place, mode of action, cause, purpose, etc.):

It happened last summer. (time circumstance)

It happened last summer.

(place circumstance)

Our college has a gym.

A noun in English is combined with a definite or indefinite article. Depending on the meaning and use of the noun, the article may be absent.

According to their composition, nouns in English can be: simple, derivative and complex.

Simple - these are nouns that do not contain a suffix or prefix, for example: ball, table etc.

Derivatives- these are nouns, which include a suffix or a prefix, or both at the same time: builder- builder (from the verb to build to build), wisdom- wisdom (from the adjective wise wise), fellowship- brotherhood (from the noun fellow comrade), disguise - disguise (from the noun Guise mask, dress) activity- inaction, passivity from the noun activity - activity), etc.

Suffix	Example	Translation
		help, assistance
		offense
		detention, arrest
Ion(-tion, -ation)		sentence
		institution
		politeness
		heritage
		guardian, defendant, defender
		safety
		structure

Complex- these are nouns that consist of two or more stems that form one word with a single meaning, for example: hothouse- greenhouse, toothbrush- Toothbrush, classroom- Class, rail road- railway, etc.

In compound nouns:

bl a ck- board- blackboard, h y groscope - hygroscope

Compound nouns:

scene- paint er - decorator, type- write er - typewriter

According to the "form of existence" of referents, nouns are divided into animate nouns and inanimate.

child,fox,girlcar,jacket).

This semantic division is manifested in the forms of the category of the case, since in the form of the possessive case, mainly animate nouns are used, cf .: Kate'sbook, but thewallofthebuilding.

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Types of nouns and their functions.

In English, there are the following types of nouns:

Nouns

Own (Proper)Common noun (Common)

CountableUncountable

Concrete Abstract

Concrete Abstract love, friendship

A speech - speeches

Real (Material)

Water, iron, snow

Individual Collective Multiplicities(always packed in plural)

(Individual) (Collective) (Multitude)

a girl - girls (soul) a family - families cattle, poultry, police, people, militia,

a book - books (inanimate) a company - company clothes, goods, savings, trousers,

Spectacles, scissors

All nouns are divided into Own and common nouns:

1. Own (Proper noun) nouns are the names of single concepts, places and objects. This also includes personal names, names of months and days of the week, holidays and nationalities. All of them are written with a capital (capital) letter, and if the name consists of several words, then all words are written with a capital letter, with the exception of articles, prepositions and conjunctions. These include:

a) Geographic concepts: mountains, deserts, oceans, seas, rivers, countries, regions, cities, villages: the Caucasus Caucasus, the Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean, the Volga Volga, France France, London London.

b) Names of streets, squares, famous buildings, hotels, ships, inns, museums, clubs, newspapers, magazines, works: Oxford Street Oxford Street (street), Hyde Park Hyde Park, the British Museum British Museum, New Times (magazine).

in) Names, surnames, pseudonyms, nicknames, as well as titles of people; animal names: Mary Mary (first name), Brown Brown (surname), Mark Twain Mark Twain (literary pseudonym).

G) Astronomical names: the Sun (Sun), the Earth (Earth), the Milky Way (Milky Way), Mars, Venus, Jupiter.

e) Nationality and national language: the Russians (Russians), English (English).

e) Holiday names: New Year (New Year), Christmas (Christmas), Easter (Easter), May Day (First of May).

and) Names of months and days of the week: January, September, Sunday, Tuesday.

1. Common nouns are common names for everyone homogeneous objects.: dog, man, table.

Common nounsare in turn classified as follows:

• Uncountable nouns

Uncountable nouns are the names of substances and concepts that cannot be counted. These include real and abstract (abstract) nouns. Uncountable nouns are usedonly in singular and not used with the indefinite article. When separating them from the category of substances or concepts, they are preceded by a definite article.

As a subject, they are used with a singular predicate and can be replaced by a singular pronoun (most often: it).

Uncountable nouns combine with pronouns much (many), little (little, little), some (several, some) any (any, any).

1. Abstract nouns denote qualities, actions, states, natural phenomena, feelings or general concepts: beauty, courage, fear, joy
2. Specific (Concrete nouns)

• Real (Material nouns)designate materials; bulk, liquid, gaseous substances; Food:water, bread, sugar, rain, snow

Attention!

Real nouns become countable and are used with the corresponding articles in the following cases:

a) If real nouns are used fordesignation of an object (or objects) from a given material, or when the whole and its elements are denoted by the same word: hair hair - a hair.

	countable noun:
iron - iron wood- tree (wood) paper - paper	an iron - iron a wood - forest a paper- newspaper, document
coal - coal	a coal - coal A coal fell out of the fire.– An ember fell out of the fireplace.
The ground was as hard as stone. - The ground was hard as stone.	The boy threw two stones into the water. - The boy threw two stones into the water.

b) When real nouns are used to denotevarious kinds and kinds of thingsor to indicate portions something that you can buy, for example:

uncountable noun:	countable noun:
wine - wine much fruit - a lot of fruit	a good wine - good wine wonderful fruits - lovely fruit
He made some tea. - He made tea.	This is an Indian tea. - This is one of the Indian teas..
I hate coffee. - I can't stand coffee.	He bought a coffee and a sandwich. - He bought (a cup of) coffee and a sandwich.

c) If the ending is added to the stem of an uncountable noun–s (-es) , then it is usually converted to a countable noun, for example:

uncountable noun:	countable noun:
iron - iron color - color sugar - sugar tin - tin, tin beauty - beauty hair - hair	iron s - fetters, chains color s - banners (two) sugars- (two) pieces of sugar tin s - jars, canned food beauty s - beauties hairs - hairs

in) Countable nouns

Countable nouns include the names of objects, objects and concepts that can be counted. They are used in the singular and plural, both with the indefinite and with the definite article.

1. Abstract nounsbecome enumerable when they are instantiated:

He made a speech yesterday. He gave a speech yesterday.

His speeches are always interesting. His speeches are always interesting.

Cf.: Animals do not possess the power of speech. Animals do not have the gift of speech.

There are very many amusements in the Park of Culture and Rest. There are a lot of entertainments in the Park of Culture and Leisure.

Cf.: He does that for amusement. He does it for fun.

1. Specific (Concrete nouns) denote objects and matter, including people and animals, objects that we can touch, hold, see, smell and taste.

1. Individual (Individual)designate only one object / one person of a certain type:man, player, cow, chicken, minister.

1. Collective nouns designate set of homogeneousobjects or persons considered as one integer : crowd, flock, group, swarm, team

1. Multiplicities(Nouns of Multitude)- words that are always perceived as a multitude. Here are some of them: people, police, militia, clothes, cattle (livestock), poultry (poultry).

These words agree with are or were (not with is and not with was!).

Regarding the word people (people, people) let's make a reservation. In cases where it is peoples , the word takes the usual endingplural:

the peoples inhabiting Africa (peoples inhabiting Africa),

the English-speaking peoples.

Dual property itemsin English are used only in the plural: trousers (trousers), spectacles (glasses), scissors (scissors), etc.

Like nouns goods (goods), clothes (clothes), savings (savings), which, unlike their Russian equivalents, are also usedonly in plural.

In a sentence, nouns can perform the following functions:

1. Subject: The play was fascinating. The play was amazing.

2. Nominal part of the predicate: My uncle is an policeman. My uncle is a policeman.

3. Additions:

a) direct : We play tennis, football and basketball.

We play tennis, football and basketball.

b) indirect: My brother lent me his bicycle.

My brother lent me his bike.

c) prepositional: Nick played chess with his roommate.

Nick was playing chess with his roommate.

4. Definitions:

a) with a suggestion:

Mr Brown is a teacher of English.

Mr Brown is an English teacher.

b) without a preposition:

There is a book club in our school.Our school has a book club.

5. Circumstances (time, place, mode of action, cause, purpose, etc.):

It happened last summer . (time circumstance)

It happened last summer.

There is a gym at our college.(place circumstance)

Our college has a gym.

A noun in English is combined with a definite or indefinite article. Depending on the meaning and use of the noun, the article may be absent.

According to their composition, nouns in English can be:simple, derivative and complex.

Simple - these are nouns that do not contain a suffix or prefix, for example: ball, table, etc.

Derivatives are nouns that containsuffix or prefix, or both: builder - builder (from the verb to build to build), wisdom - wisdom (from the adjective wise wise), fellowship - brotherhood (from the noun fellow comrade), disguise - disguise (from the noun guise mask, robe), inactivity - inaction, passivity from the noun activity - activity), etc.

Basic noun suffixes

Suffix	Example	Translation
Ance	assistance	help, assistance
ence	offence	offense
Sion	apprehension	detention, arrest
	freedom	freedom
Ion(-tion, -ation)	conviction	sentence
	detection	wanted
Ment	establishment	institution
Ness	politeness	politeness
ship	friendship	friendship
	heritage	heritage
Er(or)	lawyer	lawyer
	defensor	guardian, defendant, defender
	security	safety
Ture	structure	structure
Sure	measure	measure

Complex - these are nouns that consist of two or more stems,forming one word with a single meaning, for example: hothouse - greenhouse, toothbrush - toothbrush, classroom - class, railroad - railway, etc.

In compound nounsthe stress usually falls on the first word:

bl a ck-board - blackboard, h y groscope - hygroscope

Compound nounsmay contain suffixes and prefixes:

scene-painter - decorator, typewriter - typewriter

According to the "form of existence" of referents, nouns are divided intoanimate nouns and inanimate.

Animate nouns mean living beings ( child, fox, girl ), and the second - objects and phenomena ( car, jacket).

This semantic division is manifested in the forms of the category of the case, since in the form of the possessive case, mainly animate nouns are used, cf .: Kate's book, but the wall of the building.

The noun is a very important and numerous part of speech. It is no coincidence that it is from the noun that schoolchildren begin to study morphology.

There is an assumption that the first words of the human language were nouns when it was still in its infancy.

A noun is a part of speech that refers to an object. In linguistics, the term "subject" refers to the widest range of phenomena.

It can be an actual object, a being, a phenomenon of nature or social life, a state, an abstract concept, etc.

Nouns are an extremely diverse and numerous part of speech. But recognizing a noun is quite simple, since all words related to this part of speech answer the questions “Who?” or "What?"

To demonstrate how diverse nouns can be in our language, here are some examples:

Words denoting the actual object, thing, object ( table, cabinet, computer, wall, toy ).

Creature. This group includes:

- words for a person man, woman, young man, old man );

- animals ( cat, bear );

- professions ( scientist, tractor driver, doctor );

- fictional creatures alien, centaur ).


Phenomena of nature and social life ( snowfall, frost, revolution ).

Names of substances and substances ( water, metal, jam ).

The names of abstract features, actions, states expressed in the objective form ( beauty, building, thirst );

Names of abstract concepts ( word, volume, form ).

Nouns have a number of grammatical categories.

Genus. In Russian, nouns are masculine ( knife, moose, boy ), female ( sister, village, station ) and average ( building, sun, child ) kind.

You can determine the gender of a noun by the gender of the word with which it is combined. For example:

My table. Bright marker. (masculine)

My book. Bright picture. (Feminine).

My village. Brilliant event. (Neuter gender).

In order to determine the gender of a noun, you need to put the word in the singular, since this category is not defined in the plural ( my tables - my books - my villages ).


A special group of nouns of the general gender is distinguished ( crybaby, orphan, sleepyhead ). The form of the word that is combined with such nouns in speech depends on the gender of the person they designate. For example: little crybaby (girl) - little crybaby (boy) .

Number. Nouns change in number. For example:

singular, plural

car, cars

birch, birches

tree, trees

There are nouns in Russian that are used only in the singular ( milk, chalk, potatoes ) or only in the plural ( ink, railings, watches, pants ).

Case. Nouns change by case. There are six cases in Russian: nominative (Who? What?), Genitive (Who? What?), Dative (To whom? What?, Accusative (Who? What?), Instrumental (Who? What?) and Prepositional (About ? About what?).

Changing a noun in cases and numbers is called declension. There are three types of noun declension. To determine the declension, you need to put the word in the singular form of the nominative case.

To the first inclination include masculine, feminine and common nouns ending in –а (-я). For example: soil, song, grandpa, uncle, bully .

To the second declension relate:

- masculine nouns with a zero ending ( horse, slope, sanatorium ) ending in –o ( house );

- neuter gender ending in –o (-e) ( field, village, building ).

To the third declension include feminine nouns with a null ending ( daughter, night, steppe ).

Heterogeneous nouns differ in that in various forms they have case endings inherent in different declensions. This group includes 12 words: time, stirrup, burden. udder, crown, flame, tribe, seed, name, banner, child, path .


Nouns of the same declension have the same type endings in the same case form. For competent writing, it is necessary to be able to correctly determine the declension of nouns.