Artistic style of speech lexical. Appointment and its tasks

Art style as a functional style finds application in fiction, which performs figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic functions. In order to understand the features of the artistic way of knowing reality, thinking, which determines the specifics of artistic speech, it is necessary to compare it with the scientific way of knowing, which determines the characteristic features of scientific speech.

Literature, like other forms of art, is inherent in concrete representation of life in contrast to the abstract, logical-conceptual, objective reflection of reality in scientific speech. Characteristic of a work of art perception through the senses and the re-creation of reality , the author seeks to convey, first of all, his personal experience, his understanding and understanding of this or that phenomenon.

For the artistic style of speech is typical attention to the particular and the accidental followed by typical and general. Remember "Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol, where each of the shown landowners personified certain specific human qualities, expressed a certain type, and all together they were the "face" of contemporary Russia to the author.

World of Fiction- this is a “recreated” world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author’s fiction, which means that the subjective moment plays the main role in the artistic style of speech. The whole surrounding reality is presented through the vision of the author. But in a literary text, we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in the artistic world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, etc. This is connected with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphorical, meaningful versatility of the artistic style of speech.

The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. . The words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style include, first of all, the figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in describing certain aspects of life.

In the artistic style of speech, the speech polysemy of the word is very widely used. , which opens up additional meanings and semantic shades in it, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of figurative means from colloquial speech and vernacular.

Come to the fore in a literary text emotionality and expressiveness of the image . Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech - as concrete-sensory representations. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. For artistic speech, especially poetic, inversion is characteristic, that is, a change in the usual word order in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word or give the whole phrase a special stylistic coloring. An example of inversion is the well-known line from A. Akhmatova's poem "Everything I see is Pavlovsk is hilly ...". Variants of the author's word order are diverse, subject to the general plan.

In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible due to artistic actualization., i.e., the allocation by the author of some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms.

In terms of diversity, richness and expressive possibilities of language means, the artistic style stands above other styles, is the most complete expression of the literary language.
As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms, expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech, along with non-artistic speech, performs a nominative-pictorial function.

Linguistic features of the artistic style of speech

1. Heterogeneity of the lexical composition: a combination of book vocabulary with colloquial, colloquial, dialect, etc.

The feather grass has matured. The steppe was clad in swaying silver for many versts. The wind accepted it resiliently, swooping in, roughening it, bumping it, driving gray-opal waves first to the south, then to the west. Where a flowing air stream ran, the feather grass bent prayerfully, and for a long time a blackening path lay on its gray ridge.
Various herbs bloomed. On the crests of the nikla is a joyless, burnt-out wormwood. The nights faded quickly. At night, in the charred-black sky, innumerable stars shone; month - the Cossack sun, darkening with a damaged sidewall, shone sparingly, white; the spacious Milky Way intertwined with other stellar paths. The tart air was thick, the wind was dry and wormwood; the earth, saturated with the same bitterness of the all-powerful wormwood, yearned for coolness.(M.A. Sholokhov)

2. Use of all layers of Russian vocabulary in order to realize an aesthetic function.

Daria hesitated for a minute and refused:
- No, no, I'm alone. There I am alone.
Where "there" - she did not even know close and, going out of the gate, went to the Angara. (V. Rasputin)

3. Activity of polysemantic words all styles of speech.

The river boils all in a lace of white foam.
On the velvet of the meadows poppies are reddening.
Frost was born at dawn.
(M. Prishvin).

4. Combinatorial increments of meaning (B.Larin)

Words in an artistic context receive a new semantic and emotional content, which embodies the figurative thought of the author.

I dreamed of catching the departing shadows,
The fading shadows of the fading day.
I went up the tower. And the steps trembled.
And the steps trembled under my foot
(K. Balmont)

5. Greater preference for the use of specific vocabulary and less - abstract.

Sergei pushed the heavy door. The steps of the porch barely audible sobbed under his foot. Two more steps and he is already in the garden.
The cool evening air was filled with the intoxicating aroma of flowering acacia. Somewhere in the branches, a nightingale chirped its trills, iridescently and subtly.

6. A minimum of generic concepts.

One more important piece of advice for a prose writer. More specificity. The imagery is the more expressive, the more precisely, more specifically the object is named.
You: " Horses chew corn. The peasants are preparing morning food”, “noisy birds"... In the artist's poetic prose, which requires visible clarity, there should be no generic concepts, if this is not dictated by the very semantic task of the content ... oats better than grain. Rooks more appropriate than birds(Konstantin Fedin)

7. Wide use of folk poetic words, emotional and expressive vocabulary, synonyms, antonyms.

Rosehip, probably, since spring has made its way along the trunk to the young aspen, and now, when the time has come to celebrate the aspen's name day, it all flared up with red fragrant wild roses.(M. Prishvin).

The New Time was located in Ertelev Lane. I said "fit". This is not the right word. Reigned, ruled.(G. Ivanov)

8. Verbal speech

The writer calls each movement (physical and / or mental) and change of state in stages. Forcing verbs activates reader tension.

Gregory went down to the Don, carefully climbed over through the wattle fence of the Astakhov base, came up to the shuttered window. He heard only frequent heartbeats ... Quietly knocked into the binding of the frame ... Aksinya silently approached to the window peered. He saw how she pressed hands to chest and heard an inarticulate moan escaped her lips. Gregory familiar showed so that she opened window, stripped off rifle. Aksinya opened wide sashes. He became on the mound, Aksinya's bare hands grabbed his neck. They are so trembled and fought on his shoulders, these native hands that tremble them transmitted and Gregory.(M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don")

The dominants of the artistic style are the imagery and aesthetic significance of each of its elements (down to sounds). Hence the desire for freshness of the image, unhackneyed expressions, a large number of tropes, special artistic (corresponding to reality) accuracy, the use of special expressive means of speech characteristic only for this style - rhythm, rhyme, even in prose a special harmonic organization of speech.

The artistic style of speech is distinguished by figurativeness, the wide use of figurative and expressive means of the language. In addition to its typical linguistic means, it uses the means of all other styles, especially colloquial. In the language of fiction, vernacular and dialectisms, words of a high, poetic style, jargon, rude words, professionally business turns of speech, journalism can be used. HOWEVER, ALL THESE MEANS IN the artistic style of speech ARE SUBJECT TO ITS MAIN FUNCTION - AESTHETIC.

If the colloquial style of speech performs primarily the function of communication, (communicative), scientific and official-business function of the message (informative), then the artistic style of speech is intended to create artistic, poetic images, emotional and aesthetic impact. All linguistic means included in a work of art change their primary function, obey the tasks of a given artistic style.

In literature, language occupies a special position, since it is that building material, that matter perceived by ear or sight, without which a work cannot be created. The artist of the word - the poet, the writer - finds, in the words of L. Tolstoy, "the only necessary placement of the only necessary words" in order to correctly, accurately, figuratively express an idea, convey the plot, character, make the reader empathize with the heroes of the work, enter the world created by the author.
All this is accessible ONLY to the LANGUAGE OF ART LITERATURE, therefore it has always been considered the pinnacle of the literary language. The best in language, its strongest possibilities and the rarest beauty - in the works of fiction, and all this is achieved by the artistic means of the language.

The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. You are already familiar with many of them. These are such tropes as epithets, comparisons, metaphors, hyperbole, etc.

trails- a turn of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense in order to achieve greater artistic expressiveness. The path is based on a comparison of two concepts that seem to our consciousness to be close in some way. The most common types of tropes are allegory, hyperbole, irony, litote, metaphor, metomia, personification, paraphrase, synecdoche, simile, epithet.

For example: What are you howling about, the night wind, what are you complaining about insanely - personification. All flags will visit us - synecdoche. A man with a fingernail, a boy with a finger - litote. Well, eat a plate, my dear - metonymy, etc.

Expressive means of language include stylistic figures of speech or just figures of speech : anaphora, antithesis, non-union, gradation, inversion, polyunion, parallelism, rhetorical question, rhetorical address, omission, ellipsis, epiphora. The means of artistic expression also include rhythm (poetry and prose), rhyme, intonation .

The emotionality of the artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of the colloquial and journalistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; all language means are used to create images.

The artistic style is realized in the form of drama, prose and poetry, which are divided into corresponding genres (for example: tragedy, comedy, drama and other dramatic genres; novel, short story, short story and other prose genres; poem, fable, poem, romance and other poetic genres ).

A distinctive feature of the artistic style of speech is the use of special figures of speech, the so-called artistic tropes, which give color to the narrative, the power of depicting reality.

The artistic style is individually variable, which is why many philologists deny its existence. But it is impossible not to take into account that the individual author's features of the speech of a particular writer arise against the background of the general features of the artistic style.

In the artistic style, everything is subordinated to the goal of creating an image in the perception of the text by readers. This goal is served not only by the use by the writer of the most necessary, most accurate words, due to which the artistic style is characterized by the highest index of vocabulary diversity, not only by the widespread use of the expressive possibilities of the language (figurative meanings of words, updating metaphors, phraseological units, comparisons, personification, etc. .), but also a special selection of any figuratively significant elements of the language: phonemes and letters, grammatical forms, syntactic constructions. They create background impressions, a certain figurative mood among readers.

Art style finds application in fiction, which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function.

For the artistic style of speech is typical attention to the particular and the accidental, followed by the typical and the general. Remember "Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol, where each of the shown landowners personified certain specific human qualities, expressed a certain type, and all together they were the "face" of Russia contemporary to the author.

World of fiction - this is a "recreated" world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author's fiction, which means that the subjective moment plays the main role in the artistic style of speech. The whole surrounding reality is presented through the vision of the author. But in a literary text we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, etc. This is connected with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphoricalness, meaningful diversity of the artistic style of speech.

The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word performs a nominative-figurative function.

The lexical composition in the artistic style of speech has its own characteristics. The words that form the basis and create the figurativeness of this style include figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in describing certain aspects of life.

In the artistic style of speech is very widely used speech ambiguity of the word, revealing in it the meanings and semantic shades, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of figurative means from colloquial speech and vernacular.

The emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in the artistic text. Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech carry concrete sensory representations. Thus, the styles are complementary to each other.

For artistic speech especially poetic, inversion is characteristic, i.e. changing the usual order of words in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of the word or to give the whole phrase a special stylistic coloring.

The syntactic structure of artistic speech reflects the flow of figurative and emotional author's impressions, so here you can find the whole variety of syntactic structures. Each author subordinates linguistic means to the fulfillment of his ideological and aesthetic tasks.

In artistic speech, it is possible and deviations from structural norms for the author to highlight some thought, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms.

Artistic style - concept, types of speech, genres

All researchers talk about the special position of the style of fiction in the system of styles of the Russian language. But its selection in this general system is possible, because it arises on the same basis as other styles.

The scope of the style of fiction is art.

The “material” of fiction is the national language.

He depicts in words thoughts, feelings, concepts, nature, people, their communication. Each word in a literary text is subject not only to the rules of linguistics, it lives according to the laws of verbal art, in the system of rules and techniques for creating artistic images.

The form of speech is predominantly written, for texts intended to be read aloud, prior recording is required.

Fiction uses equally all types of speech: monologue, dialogue, polylogue.

Type of communication - public.

Genres of fiction known isnovel, short story, sonnet, short story, fable, poem, comedy, tragedy, drama, etc.

all elements of the artistic system of a work are subordinated to the solution of aesthetic problems. The word in a literary text is a means of creating an image, conveying the artistic meaning of a work.

These texts use the whole variety of linguistic means that exist in the language (we have already talked about them): means of artistic expression, and both means of the literary language and phenomena that stand outside the literary language can be used - dialects, jargon, means of other styles and etc. At the same time, the selection of language means is subject to the artistic intention of the author.

For example, the name of the hero can be a means of creating an image. This technique was widely used by writers of the 18th century, introducing “speaking names” into the text (Skotinins, Prostakova, Milon, etc.). To create an image, the author can use the possibilities of polysemy of a word, homonyms, synonyms and other linguistic phenomena within the same text.

(The one that, having sipped passion, only swallowed silt - M. Tsvetaeva).

The repetition of a word, which in scientific and official business styles emphasizes the accuracy of the text, in journalism serves as a means of enhancing the impact, in artistic speech it can underlie the text, create the artistic world of the author

(cf .: S. Yesenin's poem “Shagane you are mine, Shagane”).

The artistic means of literature are characterized by the ability to “increase meaning” (for example, with information), which makes it possible to interpret literary texts in different ways, its different assessments.

So, for example, many works of art were evaluated differently by critics and readers:

drama by A.N. Ostrovsky called "Thunderstorm" "a ray of light in the dark kingdom", seeing in her main character - a symbol of the revival of Russian life;
his contemporary saw in The Thunderstorm only "a drama in the family chicken coop",
modern researchers A. Genis and P. Weil, comparing the image of Katerina with the image of Emma Bovary Flaubert, saw a lot in common and called The Thunderstorm "a tragedy of bourgeois life."

There are many such examples: the interpretation of the image of Shakespeare's Hamlet, Turgenev's, Dostoevsky's heroes.

The literary text has author's originality - the style of the author. These are the characteristic features of the language of the works of one author, consisting in the choice of characters, the compositional features of the text, the language of the characters, the speech features of the author's text itself.

So, for example, for the style of L.N. Tolstoy is characterized by a technique that the famous literary critic V. Shklovsky called “removal”. The purpose of this technique is to return the reader to a living perception of reality and expose evil. This technique, for example, is used by the writer in the scene of Natasha Rostova’s visit to the theater (“War and Peace”): at first, Natasha, exhausted by separation from Andrei Bolkonsky, perceives the theater as an artificial life, opposed to her, Natasha, feelings (cardboard scenery, aging actors), then, after meeting Helen, Natasha looks at the scene through her eyes.

Another feature of Tolstoy's style is the constant division of the depicted object into simple constituent elements, which can manifest itself in the ranks of homogeneous members of the sentence; at the same time, such dismemberment is subordinated to a single idea. Tolstoy, struggling with the romantics, develops his own style, practically refuses to use the actual figurative means of the language.

In a literary text, we also encounter the image of the author, which can be presented as an image - a narrator or an image-hero, a narrator.

This is a conditional . The author ascribes to him, “transfers” the authorship of his work, which may contain information about the personality of the writer, facts of his life that do not correspond to the actual facts of the writer’s biography. By this, he emphasizes the non-identity of the author of the work and his image in the work.

actively participates in the lives of heroes,
included in the plot of the work,
expresses his attitude to what is happening and characters

Syntactic features of the journalistic style of speech

In the journalistic style of speech, as well as in the scientific one, nouns in the genitive case are often used as an inconsistent definition of the type of voice of the world, the countries of the near abroad. In sentences, verbs in the form of the imperative mood, reflexive verbs often act as a predicate.

The syntax of this style of speech is characterized by the use of homogeneous members, introductory words and sentences, participial and adverbial phrases, complex syntactic constructions.

The literary and artistic style serves the artistic and aesthetic sphere of human activity. Artistic style is a functional style of speech that is used in fiction. The text in this style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality, and concreteness of speech.
The emotionality of the artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of the colloquial and journalistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; all language means are used to create images.
A distinctive feature of the artistic style of speech is the use of special figures of speech, the so-called artistic tropes, which give color to the narrative, the power of depicting reality.
The function of the message is connected with the function of aesthetic impact, the presence of imagery, the totality of the most diverse means of language, both general language and individual author's, but the basis of this style is general literary language means.
Characteristic features: the presence of homogeneous members of the proposal, complex sentences; epithets, comparisons, rich vocabulary.

Substyles and genres:

1) prosaic (epic): fairy tale, story, story, novel, essay, short story, essay, feuilleton;

2) dramatic: tragedy, drama, comedy, farce, tragicomedy;

3) poetic (lyric): song, ode, ballad, poem, elegy, poem: sonnet, triolet, quatrain.

Style-forming features:

1) figurative reflection of reality;

2) artistic-figurative concretization of the author's intention (a system of artistic images);

3) emotionality;

4) expressiveness, appraisal;

6) speech characteristics of characters (speech portraits).

General linguistic features of the literary and artistic style:

1) a combination of language tools of all other functional styles;

2) the subordination of the use of language means in the system of images and the intention of the author, figurative thought;

3) the performance of the aesthetic function by language means.

Language means of artistic style:

1. Lexical means:

1) rejection of template words and expressions;

2) the widespread use of words in a figurative sense;

3) intentional clash of different styles of vocabulary;

4) the use of vocabulary with a two-dimensional stylistic coloring;

5) the presence of emotionally colored words.

2. Phraseological means- colloquial and literary character.

3. Word-building means:

1) the use of various means and models of word formation;

4. Morphological means:

1) the use of word forms in which the category of concreteness is manifested;

2) frequency of verbs;

3) passivity of indefinite personal forms of verbs, forms of the 3rd person;

4) insignificant use of neuter nouns compared to masculine and feminine nouns;

5) plural forms of abstract and material nouns;

6) wide use of adjectives and adverbs.

5. Syntactic means:

1) the use of the entire arsenal of syntactic means available in the language;

2) wide use of stylistic figures.

INTRODUCTION

The study of the stylistic stratification of the Russian language is carried out by a special science - stylistics, which studies various issues related to the rules and features of the purposeful use of various words and forms of the national language in various kinds of statements, in speech. Its appearance is quite natural, since the definition of the boundaries of a particular functional style, its features has always been very important for linguistic science, since the definition of the rules and laws of the language has always gone along with the definition of the norms for the use of certain elements of the language in specific speech contexts. According to linguists, normative grammar and stylistics, lexicology, lexicography and stylistics are long and firmly connected.

Among the works of domestic linguists, research and articles on Russian stylistics occupy a prominent place. Here we can single out such important works as the articles of Academician L.V. Shcherba (especially "Modern Russian Literary Language"), and numerous large and small studies, monographs and articles by Academician V.V. Vinogradov. Various studies and articles by A.M. Peshkovsky, G.O. Vinokura, L.A. Bulakhovsky, B.V. Tomashevsky, V.A. Hoffman, B.A. Larina and others. In these studies, for the first time, on a theoretical basis, questions were raised about the allocation of artistic style to a separate category, about its specifics and features of existence.

However, linguists have not yet found agreement and unity in understanding the essence of the "language" of fiction and its place in the system of styles of literary speech. Some put the "style of fiction" in parallel with other stylistic varieties of literary speech (with the style of scientific, journalistic, official business, etc.), on a par with them (A.N. Gvozdev, R.A. Budagov, A.I. Efimov, E. Rizel, etc.), others consider it to be a phenomenon of a different, more complex order (I.R. Galperin, G.V. Stepanov, V.D. Levin).

But all scientists recognize the fact that, in essence, the "language" of fiction, developing in the historical "context" of the literary language of the people and in close connection with it, at the same time, as it were, is its concentrated expression. Therefore, the concept of "style" as applied to the language of fiction is filled with a different content than in relation to other functional styles of the Russian language.

Depending on the scope of the language, the content of the utterance, the situation and goals of communication, several functional and stylistic varieties, or styles, are distinguished, characterized by a certain system of selection and organization of language means in them.

Functional style is a historically established and socially conscious variety of the literary language (its subsystem), functioning in a certain area of human activity and communication, created by the peculiarities of the use of language means in this area and their specific organization.

The classification of styles is based on extralinguistic factors: the scope of the language, the topics determined by it and the goals of communication. The spheres of application of the language correlate with the types of human activity corresponding to the forms of social consciousness (science, law, politics, art). Traditional and socially significant areas of activity are: scientific, business (administrative-legal), socio-political, artistic. Accordingly, they also distinguish styles of official speech (bookish): scientific, official business, journalistic, literary and artistic (artistic). They are opposed to the style of informal speech - colloquial and everyday.

The literary and artistic style of speech stands apart in this classification, since the question of the legality of its allocation into a separate functional style has not yet been resolved, since it has rather blurred boundaries and can use the language means of all other styles. The specificity of this style is also the presence in it of various figurative and expressive means to convey a special property - figurativeness.

Thus, in linguistics, the specificity of the artistic style is noted, which determines the relevance of our work.

The purpose of our study is to determine the features of the artistic style of speech.

The object of research is the process of functioning of this style in the Russian literary language.

Subject - specific linguistic means of artistic style.

Consider the general concept of "style of speech";

Identify the distinctive features of the artistic style of speech;

Analyze the features of the selection and use of various language means in this style.

The practical significance of our work lies in the fact that the material presented in it can be used both in the study of the general course of the stylistics of the Russian language, and in the study of a separate topic "Artistic style of speech".

CHAPTER… General concept of speech styles

Functional style is a kind of literary language that performs a specific function in communication. That is why styles are called functional. If we consider that the style is characterized by five functions (there is no unanimity among scientists about the number of functions inherent in the language), then five functional styles are distinguished: colloquial-everyday, scientific, official-business, newspaper-journalistic, artistic.

Functional styles determine the stylistic flexibility of the language, the diverse possibilities of expression, variation of thought. Thanks to them, the language is able to express a complex scientific thought, philosophical wisdom, draw laws, reflect the multifaceted life of the people in the epic.

The fulfillment by the style of one or another function - aesthetic, scientific, business, etc. - imposes a deep originality on the whole style. Each function is a certain setting for a particular style of presentation - accurate, objective, concrete-pictorial, informative-business, etc. And, accordingly, with this setting, each functional style selects those words and expressions, those forms and constructions from the literary language , which can best fulfill the internal task of this style. So, scientific speech needs precise and strict concepts, business speech tends to generalized names, artistic speech prefers concreteness, figurativeness.

However, style is not only a way, a manner of presentation. Each style has its own range of topics, its own content. The conversational style is limited, as a rule, to everyday, everyday subjects. Official business speech serves the court, law, diplomacy, relations between enterprises, etc. Newspaper and journalistic speech is closely connected with politics, propaganda, and public opinion. So, there are three features of the functional style:

1) each functional style reflects a certain aspect of social life, has a special scope, its own range of topics;

2) each functional style is characterized by certain conditions of communication - official, informal, laid-back, etc.;

3) each functional style has a common setting, the main task of speech.

These external (extralinguistic) features determine the linguistic appearance of functional styles.

The first feature is that each of them has a set of characteristic words and expressions. So, the abundance of terms, special vocabulary to the greatest extent characterizes the scientific style. Colloquial words and expressions indicate that we have a colloquial speech, a colloquial everyday style. Artistic speech is replete with figurative, emotional words, newspaper and journalistic - socio-political terms. This does not mean, of course, that the functional style consists entirely of characteristic words specific to it. On the contrary, in quantitative terms, their share is insignificant, but they constitute the most significant part of it.

The bulk of the words in each style are neutral, interstyle words, against which the characteristic vocabulary and phraseology stand out. Interstyle vocabulary is the guardian of the unity of the literary language. Being general literary, it unites functional styles, not allowing them to turn into special, hard-to-understand languages. Characteristic words constitute the linguistic specificity of the style. It is they who determine its linguistic appearance.

Common to all functional styles are grammatical means. The grammar of the language is the same. However, in accordance with its setting, each functional style uses grammatical forms and constructions in its own way, giving preference to one or another of them. So, for an official business style, which is repelled from everything personal, vaguely personal, returnable constructions, passive turns are very characteristic (reception is made, certificates are issued, money is exchanged). Scientific style prefers direct word order in sentences. The journalistic style is characterized by rhetorical figures: anaphora, epiphora, parallelisms. However, in relation to vocabulary, and especially in relation to grammar, we are not talking about absolute, but about relative assignment to one or another style. Words and grammatical constructions characteristic of any functional style can be used in another style.

In terms of language, functional styles also differ in terms of imagery and emotionality. The possibilities and degree of figurativeness and emotionality in different styles are not the same. These qualities are not typical in principle for scientific and official business styles. However, elements of figurativeness, emotionality are possible in some genres of diplomacy, in polemical scientific writings. Even some terms are figurative. For example, a strange particle in physics is called so because it really behaves in an unusual, strange way.

Other functional styles are more supportive of emotionality and imagery. For artistic speech, this is one of the main language features. Artistic speech is figurative in nature, essence. Figurativeness in journalism has a different character. However, here it is one of the important terms of style. It is quite predisposed to figurativeness and especially to emotionality and colloquial speech.

Thus, each functional style is a special influential sphere of the literary language, characterized by its own range of topics, its own set of speech genres, specific vocabulary and phraseology. Each functional style is a kind of language in miniature: the language of science, the language of art, the language of laws, diplomacy. And all together they make up what we call the Russian literary language. And it is the functional styles that determine the richness and flexibility of the Russian language. Colloquial speech brings liveliness, naturalness, lightness, ease into the literary language. Scientific speech enriches the language with accuracy and rigor of expression, journalism - with emotionality, aphorism, artistic speech - with figurativeness.

Characteristics of the artistic style

artistic speech stylistics Russian

The specificity of the artistic style of speech, as a functional one, lies in the fact that it finds application in fiction, which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function. In contrast, for example, to the abstract, objective, logical-conceptual reflection of reality in scientific speech, fiction is characterized by a concrete-figurative representation of life. A work of art is characterized by perception through feelings and the re-creation of reality, the author seeks, first of all, to convey his personal experience, his understanding or understanding of a particular phenomenon. But in a literary text, we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, and the like. This is associated with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphorical, meaningful diversity of the artistic style of speech.

The main goal of the artistic style is the development of the world according to the laws of beauty, the satisfaction of aesthetic needs, both of the author of a work of art and the reader, and the aesthetic impact on the reader with the help of artistic images.

The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-figurative function. The words that form the basis of this style, first of all, include figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in describing certain aspects of life.

The artistic style differs from other functional styles in that it uses the language tools of all other styles, but these tools (which is very important) appear here in a modified function - in an aesthetic one. In addition, not only strictly literary, but also non-literary means of language can be used in artistic speech - colloquial, slang, dialect, etc., which are also used not in the primary function, but are subject to an aesthetic task.

The word in a work of art, as it were, doubles: it has the same meaning as in the general literary language, as well as an additional, incremental, associated with the artistic world, content of this work. Therefore, in artistic speech, words acquire a special quality, a certain depth, begin to mean more than what they mean in ordinary speech, remaining outwardly the same words.

This is how the transformation of ordinary language into artistic language takes place, such, one might say, is the mechanism of action of the aesthetic function in a work of art.

The peculiarities of the language of fiction include an unusually rich, diverse vocabulary. If the vocabulary of scientific, official business and colloquial speech is relatively limited thematically and stylistically, then the vocabulary of artistic style is fundamentally unlimited. Here, the means of all other styles can be used - both terms, and official expressions, and colloquial words and turns, and journalism. Of course, all these various means undergo aesthetic transformation, perform certain artistic tasks, and are used in unique combinations. However, there are no fundamental prohibitions or restrictions regarding vocabulary. Any word can be used, as long as it is aesthetically motivated, justified.

It can be said that in the artistic style all linguistic means, including neutral ones, are used to express the poetic thought of the author, to create a system of images of a work of art.

The wide range in the use of speech means is explained by the fact that, unlike other functional styles, each of which reflects one specific side of life, the artistic style, being a kind of mirror of reality, reproduces all spheres of human activity, all phenomena of social life. The language of fiction is fundamentally devoid of any stylistic isolation, it is open to any styles, any lexical layers, any linguistic means. Such openness determines the diversity of the language of fiction.

In general, the artistic style is usually characterized by figurativeness, expressiveness, emotionality, the author's individuality, the specificity of the presentation, the specificity of the use of all linguistic means.

It affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality, and concreteness of speech. The emotionality of the artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of the colloquial everyday style, since the emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function.

A broader concept is the language of fiction: the artistic style is usually used in the author's speech, and other styles, such as colloquial, may be present in the speech of the characters.

The language of fiction is a kind of mirror of the literary language. Rich literature means rich literary language. Great poets and writers create new forms of literary language, which are then used by their followers and all who speak and write in this language. Artistic speech appears as the pinnacle of language achievement. In it, the possibilities of the national language are presented in the most complete and pure development.

CHAPTER ... TO THE QUESTION OF THE SELECTION OF ARTISTIC STYLE

All researchers talk about the special position of the style of fiction in the system of styles. The selection of this style in the general system is possible, since the style of fiction arises on the same basis as other styles.

The sphere of activity of the style of fiction is art.

The “material” of fiction is the national language.

The concept of "language of a work of art" includes the entire set of means that the author uses to reproduce life phenomena in order to express his thoughts and views, convince the reader and evoke response feelings in him.

The recipient of fiction is the reader.

The goal-setting of style is the self-expression of the artist, the artistic understanding of the world by means of art.

Fiction equally uses all functional and semantic types of speech - description, narration, reasoning.

The form of speech is predominantly written, for texts intended to be read aloud, prior recording is required.

Fiction also uses all types of speech: monologue, dialogue, polylogue. The type of communication is public.

The genres of fiction are known - this is a novel, a story, a sonnet, a short story, a fable, a poem, a comedy, a tragedy, a drama, etc.

Features hood st

One of the features of the style of fiction is that all elements of the artistic system of a work are subject to the solution of aesthetic problems, the word in a literary text is a means of creating an image, conveying the artistic meaning of a work.

Literary texts use the whole variety of linguistic means that exist in the language (we have already talked about them): means of artistic expression, stylistic or rhetorical figures, and can be used as means of the literary language, as well as phenomena that are outside the literary language -

dialects, definition

jargon, definition

swear words,

means of other styles, etc.

At the same time, the selection of language units is subject to the artistic intention of the author.

For example, the name of the hero can be a means of creating an image. Writers of the 18th century widely used this technique, introducing “speaking surnames” into the text. To create an image, the author can use the possibilities of polysemy of a word, homonyms, definition within the same text.

Synonyms definition and other linguistic phenomena.

The artistic means of literature are characterized by the ability to “increase meaning”, which makes it possible to interpret literary texts in different ways, and to evaluate them differently. So, for example, critics and readers evaluated many works of art differently:

Drama A.N. Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm" N. Dobrolyubov called "A ray of light in a dark kingdom", seeing in her main character - a symbol of the revival of Russian life. His contemporary D. Pisarev saw in The Thunderstorm only a drama in the family chicken coop, modern researchers A. Genis and P. Weill, comparing the image of Katerina with the image of Emma Bovary Flaubert, saw a lot in common and called The Thunderstorm "a tragedy of petty-bourgeois life." There are many such examples: the interpretation of the image of Shakespeare's Hamlet, Turgenev's Bazarov, Dostoevsky's heroes. An example of the same from Shakespeare is necessary

The artistic text has the author's originality - the style of the author. The style of the author is the characteristic features of the language of the works of one author, consisting in the choice of characters, the compositional features of the text, the language of the characters, the speech features of the author's text itself. So, for example, the style of L. N. Tolstoy is characterized by a technique that the well-known literary critic V. Shklovsky called “removal”. The purpose of this technique is to return the reader to a living perception of reality and expose evil. This technique, for example, is used by the writer in the scene of Natasha Rostova’s visit to the theater (“War and Peace”): at first, Natasha, exhausted by separation from Andrei Bolkonsky, perceives the theater as an artificial life, opposed to her, Natasha, feelings, then, after meeting with Helen, Natasha looks at the stage through her eyes. Another feature of Tolstoy's style is the constant division of the depicted object into simple constituent elements, which can manifest itself in the ranks of homogeneous members of the sentence. At the same time, such dismemberment is subordinated to a single idea. Tolstoy, struggling with the romantics, develops his own style, practically refuses to use the actual figurative means of the language.

In a literary text, we also encounter the image of the author, which can be presented as the image of a narrator or the image of a hero, a narrator.

The image of the author is a conditional image. The author ascribes to him, so to speak, “transfers” the authorship of his work, which may contain information about the author’s personality, facts of his life that do not correspond to the actual facts of the writer’s biography. By this, the writer emphasizes the non-identity of the author of the work and his image in the work. The image of the author actively participates in the life of the characters, enters the plot of the work, expresses his attitude to what is happening, the characters, comments on the action, enters into a dialogue with the reader. Author's or lyrical digression is a reflection of the author (lyrical hero, narrator), not connected with the main narrative. You are well acquainted with the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov “A Hero of Our Time”, a novel in verse by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin", where the image of the author is a vivid example of the expression of a conditional image in the creation of a literary text.

The perception of a literary text is a complex process.

The initial stage of this process is the naive realism of the reader (the reader believes that the author directly depicts life as it really is), the final stage is the dialogue between the reader and the writer (in this case, “the reader is congenial to the author”, as the remarkable philologist of the 20th century used to say Yu.M, Lotman).

The concept of "language of a work of art" includes the entire set of artistic means that the author uses: the polysemy of the word, homonyms, synonyms, antonyms, archaisms, historicisms, neologisms, foreign vocabulary, idioms, winged words.

CONCLUSION

As we noted above, the issue of the language of fiction and its place in the system of functional styles is solved ambiguously: some researchers (V.V. Vinogradov, R.A. Budagov, A.I. Efimov, M.N. Kozhina, A. N. Vasilyeva, B.N. Golovin) include a special artistic style in the system of functional styles, others (L.Yu. Maksimov, K.A. Panfilov, M.M. Shansky, D.N. Shmelev, V.D. Bondaletov) consider that there is no reason for this. The following are given as arguments against singling out the style of fiction:

1) the language of fiction is not included in the concept of literary language;

2) it is multi-styled, not closed, does not have specific signs that would be inherent in the language of fiction as a whole;

3) the language of fiction has a special, aesthetic function, which is expressed in a very specific use of linguistic means.

It seems to us that the opinion of M.N. Kozhina that “bringing artistic speech beyond the limits of functional styles impoverishes our understanding of the functions of the language. If we deduce artistic speech from among the functional styles, but consider that the literary language exists in a variety of functions, and this cannot be denied, then it turns out that the aesthetic function is not one of the functions of the language. The use of language in the aesthetic sphere is one of the highest achievements of the literary language, and because of this, neither the literary language ceases to be such, getting into a work of art, nor the language of fiction ceases to be a manifestation of the literary language. one

The main goal of the literary and artistic style is the development of the world according to the laws of beauty, the satisfaction of the aesthetic needs of both the author of a work of art and the reader, the aesthetic impact on the reader with the help of artistic images.

It is used in literary works of various kinds and genres: stories, novellas, novels, poems, poems, tragedies, comedies, etc.

The language of fiction, despite the stylistic heterogeneity, despite the fact that the author's individuality is clearly manifested in it, still differs in a number of specific features that make it possible to distinguish artistic speech from any other style.

The features of the language of fiction as a whole are determined by several factors. It is characterized by broad metaphor, figurativeness of language units of almost all levels, the use of synonyms of all types, ambiguity, different stylistic layers of vocabulary. In the artistic style (compared to other functional styles) there are laws of perception of the word. The meaning of a word is largely determined by the author's goal setting, genre and compositional features of the work of art, of which this word is an element: firstly, in the context of a given literary work, it can acquire artistic ambiguity that is not recorded in dictionaries, and secondly, it retains its connection with the ideological and aesthetic system of this work and is assessed by us as beautiful or ugly, sublime or base, tragic or comic.

The use of linguistic means in fiction is ultimately subordinated to the author's intention, the content of the work, the creation of the image and the impact through it on the addressee. Writers in their works proceed primarily from the fact that they correctly convey the thought, feeling, truthfully reveal the spiritual world of the hero, realistically recreate the language and image. Not only the normative facts of the language, but also deviations from general literary norms are subject to the author's intention, the desire for artistic truth.

The breadth of coverage of the means of the national language by artistic speech is so great that it allows us to assert the idea of the fundamental potential possibility of including all existing linguistic means (albeit, connected in a certain way) in the style of fiction.

These facts indicate that the style of fiction has a number of features that allow it to take its own special place in the system of functional styles of the Russian language.

1 Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language. M., 1983. P.49.

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Linguistic features of the artistic style of speech

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