VII. Spelling NOT and NOR
§ 88.Not written together:
1. In all cases where without a negative particle Not the word is not used, for example: ignorant, inevitable, unfortunate, indignant, unwell, unwell, lacking(meaning “not enough”), impossible, impossible, really, unbearable, unshakable, unharmed.
2. With nouns, if the negation gives the word a new, opposite meaning, for example: enemy, misfortune, if the negation gives a word that does not have this particle the meaning of opposition, negation, for example: non-specialist, non-Marxist, non-Russian eg: disagreements between Marxists and non-Marxists; everyone for non-specialists I liked the report; not Russian will look without love at this pale, bloody, whip-scarred muse (Nekrasov).
3. With full and short adjectives and with adverbs -o(s) , if their combination with Not does not serve to deny any concept, but to express a new, opposite concept, for example: unhealthy looking(i.e. painful), impossible character(i.e. heavy), sea restless(i.e. worried), matter unclean(i.e. suspicious), come immediately(i.e. immediately, immediately), entered not good(i.e. bad).
7. In a verb prefix under- , indicating non-compliance with the required standard, for example: underfulfill(perform below the required standard), overlook(not enough, bad look, miss something), lack of sleep(sleep less than normal).
Note. From verbs with a prefix under- it is necessary to distinguish between verbs with a prefix before- having a negative in front of them Not and denoting an action not completed, for example: don't finish reading book, don't finish your drink tea, don't finish watching play.
§ 89.Not written separately:
1. With verbs, including participial forms, for example: she doesn't drink, doesn't eat, doesn't speak; cannot help but see; without looking, without looking, slowly.
About continuous writing despite, despite and verbs with a prefix under- see § 88, paragraphs 6 and 7.
Note. Commonly used verb forms numb, numb, numb are written together.
2. With participles: a) in a short form, for example: duty not paid, house not completed, coat not sewn; b) in full form, when the participle contains explanatory words (see § 88, paragraph 4), and also when the participle contains or implies opposition, for example: he brought unfinished work, but only individual sketches.
3. With nouns, adjectives and adverbs, if there is or is implied opposition, for example: no luck led us to success, and endurance and composure; not death terrible - your disfavor is terrible (Pushkin); morning has come not clear, but foggy; the train is coming not fast and not slow(implied: “at some average speed”); not tomorrow(there cannot but be a contrast here).
Note. You should pay attention to some cases of separate spelling of a particle Not . Particle Not written separately: a) if with an adjective, participle or adverb there is a pronoun starting with as an explanatory word neither , For example: no one (for nobody and so on.) an unnecessary thing, an error that never occurs, no one benefits from taking it on; b) if Not is part of intensifying negations far from, not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all etc., preceding a noun, adjective or adverb, for example: he is not our friend at all, far from our only desire, by no means a fair solution, not at all the best way out, far from enough.
4. With pronouns and pronominal adverbs, for example: not me, not this, not another, not like that, not otherwise, not like that.
About cases of continuous writing Not with pronouns and pronominal adverbs, see § 88, paragraph 5.
Note. Philosophical term not me written with a hyphen.
5. With intensifying adverbs, as well as with prepositions and conjunctions, for example: not very, not quite, not quite, not from..., not under..., not that... not that.
The expression is written separately not once, For example: Not once he accused himself of being overly cautious (Fadeev).
6. For unchangeable words that are not formed from adjectives and act as a predicate in a sentence, for example: don't mind, don't mind, don't mind.
7. For all words written with a hyphen, for example: all not commercial and industrial enterprises; said not in Russian; sing not the old way.
§ 90.Neither written together:
1. In pronouns, if the particle neither is not separated from the subsequent pronoun by a preposition, for example: no one, nothing, no one, nothing, no, no one's, no one's, But: no one, no one and so on.
2. In adverbs never, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, no way, not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all and in the particle someday.
§ 91. In all other cases the particle neither written separately.
About using particles neither cm. § .
Note. It is necessary to distinguish between revolutions none other than..., none other than... from revolutions no one else...; nothing else... eg: it was none other than your brother, but: no one else could say this; It was nothing more than fire, but: nothing else could scare me.
Writing Not with different parts of speech depends on whether Not part of a word (prefix) or a separate word - a negative particle. Console Not- written together with the part of the word that follows it, particle Not written separately with the word following it. Compare for example: It’s not execution that’s scary, it’s your disfavor that’s scary.(P.); A difficult lot, not a joyful one, / Was drawn out for you by fate, / And early on, with a merciless life, / You entered into an unequal battle(Tyutch.).
The difficulty for the writer is to distinguish between particles and prefixes. The rules are structured to help the writer differentiate the prefix Not- and a particle Not and based on this, choose a combined or separate spelling.
Particle Not expresses negation without creating a new word, whereas with the help of a prefix Not- a word is created, compare: The reason for this is not experience, but prudence. And Inexperience leads to disaster(P.).
With words of only grammatical categories Not can only be written separately, with words of other categories - both together and separately. In addition, there are conditions that determine only continuous writing Not regardless of the grammatical category of words. Only the negative is written separately Not , relating to a whole phrase.
Continuous writing NOT
Regardless of the grammatical affiliation of the word negation Not written together in the following cases.
1. If after not, which has a negative meaning, there follows a part of a word that does not exist separately (without not) as an independent word, For example:
Nouns: fable, tumbler, ignorance, ignorant, adversity, unseen, invisible, slave, scoundrel, touchy, ailment, forget-me-not, hatred, bad weather, problems, fidget, slob, foolish, loser, infidel;
Adjectives (as well as adverbs formed from them in O ): careless, inconspicuous, irrevocable, unharmed, inevitable, unchangeable, absurd, necessary, invincible, unceasing, inseparable, unspeakable, unending, unceasing, undoubted, incomparable, awkward, unfortunate, clumsy, intolerable, unshakable, indisputable, indomitable; careless, absurd, necessary, undoubtedly;
Verbs: to dislike, to dislike, to be indignant, to be unwell, to be unwell, to hate, to be unwell, to be unwell, to be perplexed, to be unable to come, to be numb;
Adverbs and other fixed words: unbearably, unbearably, unbearably, unknowingly, by chance, inadvertently, impossible, inadvertently, really.
2. If the part of the word without, when used independently, has a different meaning unrelated to the given word , For example: ignorance(‘lack of awareness’; conducting means ‘field of activity’, compare: he was in charge of...); flaw('flaw'; prosperity means ‘prosperity, lack of need’); misfortune(‘trouble’, not ‘lack of happiness’), unimportant('bad'; important means ‘proud’ and ‘significant’); narrow-minded(‘not very smart’; far means ‘at a great distance’); lack(meaning ‘not enough’), enemy('enemy'). Compare also: unprecedented case, incorrect light, incredible event, impossible character, involuntary lie, worthless boy, immediate response, immediate reaction; unevenness(meaning ‘uneven place on the surface’); no wonder(meaning ‘not in vain’).
3. As part of the prefixes under- and nebez- (heaven-):
under- with the meaning of incompleteness, insufficiency compared to the norm, for example: underweight, imperfection, runt, underestimation, shortcoming; unripe, underdeveloped; to underfulfill, not to deliver, to undernourish, not to receive, not to say, to overlook, to undersalt, not to sleep, to miss;
From verbs with a prefix under- verbs with the prefix should be distinguished before- and the preceding particle Not(such verbs with a particle Not denote an action not completed). Compare: Didn't look after the child And Didn't watch the play to the end; They are chronically malnourished And He usually doesn't finish his portion.
not without- (heaven-) with a value of a moderate but quite significant degree of the attribute, for example: notorious(‘quite famous’), not unreasonable, not useless(‘quite useful’), not fruitful(‘pretty effective’).
Separate writing NOT
Negation is not written separately in the following cases.
1. With all forms of verbs :
a) with the infinitive and conjugated forms, for example: don't know, don't know, don't know, didn't know, didn't know, take your time, take your time, take your time, don't like it, no luck;
b) with short forms of participles, for example: not used, not starched, not uncorked, not designed, not closed, not occupied, not drunk;
c) with participles, for example: without wanting, without being distracted, without haste, without joking, without having time, without meeting.
From gerunds with a particle Not should be distinguished:
a) adverb immediately(‘immediately, immediately’), compare: Got to work immediately And Without delaying the answer, he sat down to write the letter;
b) complex prepositions despite, despite, compare: Came despite the difficulties And Walked without looking around; c) union although.
2. With numerals and counting nouns , For example: not one, not two, not five, not both, not the sixth, not a hundred, not a thousand, not a million.
3. With pronominal words , For example: not me, not me, not you, not you, not he, not that one, not mine, not ours, not theirs, not anyone, not like that, not everyone, not everyone, not so much, not like that, not always, not everywhere, not in my own voice, not myself.
4. With adjectives used only in short form : not happy, shouldn't, not much.
5. With adverbs (except for those formed from adjectives using the suffix -O ), and with unchangeable words used as a predicate , For example: not close, not on time, not completely, not rightly, not for the future, not seriously, not casually, not yesterday, not to the full, not tomorrow, not in vain, not otherwise, not forever, not forever, not on purpose, not very, not behind , not completely, not today, not too much, not from above, not immediately; no shame, not married, no shame, no need.
There are a few exceptions to this rule: adverbs not far away, inopportunely, shortly, not for long, not much can be written both together and separately.
6. With any words written with a hyphen, For example: not commercial and industrial, not scientific research, not a conference hall, not a social democrat, not comradely, not Russian, not ours.
7. With any combination of words :
a) with combinations consisting of significant words (in these cases, the negation does not refer to the word that follows Not , but to a whole phrase), for example: not a candidate of sciences, not a citizen of Russia, not a researcher, not a specialist in the field of philology, not directly proportional;
b) with prepositional combinations, for example: not for children, not for the sake of glory, not with them, not on the way, not without reason, not under authority, not according to conscience, not from the timid, not about war, not in the spirit, not able, not in my mind, not to the face, beyond the power.
Integrated/separate spelling NOT
With nouns, adjectives (full and short forms and comparative forms), with adverbs in -O , full forms of participles Not can be written both together and separately.
-O negation Not written separately in the following cases.
1. As part of structures with opposition : not... but, not... but, ... and not... In such designs Not can only be a negative particle, for example:
Not happiness, but just luck; He told not the truth, but half-truths(compare: He told a lie); Not love, but infatuation(compare: His dislike for animals);
Not a good person, but rather a bad one(compare: He's not a good person); The title is quirky and not original.(compare: Unoriginal title); Not an ordinary egg, but a golden one(compare: Not an easy question); It is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick; He is resourceful, not cunning; The new sentence is not fairer, but only harsher ;
You did not act badly, but terribly; It's not easy to figure this out, but it's very simple..
The particle is also written Not in constructions with opposition and in the absence of a conjunction A , For example: This is not entertainment, this is a lesson; It's not a pleasant sight - it's a breathtaking sight; A gift is not precious, but love is precious; He does not act more energetically - more fussy.
Such constructions should be distinguished from oppositions of a different kind, in which conjunctions A And But close in value to although, still, nevertheless, For example: The river was not wide, but deep; He is ugly, but smart; She is short but slender; An inexpensive gift, but nice; Ugly, but cute; Not stupid, but boring. It is not denied here that the river was wide, that he is handsome, etc., but it is asserted that the river is not wide, that he is ugly, etc.
2. As part of constructions that reinforce negation:
A) with words not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all , For example: This is not true at all; This case is not at all unique; This is by no means obvious; She is far from brave; He is not at all stupid; It's no fun talking about it; Not at all embarrassed; She is not at all more educated than her husband;
b) with negative pronominal words: not at all, not at all, no one, no one, no one, never, nowhere, no, no, nothing, no, no, no etc., for example: The case is in no way suitable; A worthless project; He's not my friend; not at all envious, not needed by anyone, not in any way useless, good for nothing, incapable of anything, not interesting in any way; He's no prettier than his sister;
V) with the union no no, For example: The man is not known to either the hosts or the guests; Not needed by me or you.
Constructions that reinforce negation should be distinguished from constructions that emphasize affirmative meaning.
3. In combinations almost..., almost..., isn't it..., no further than..., no later than..., no earlier than...
With nouns, adjectives, adverbs -O negation is NOT written together in the following cases X
1. If the word with cannot be replaced with a word without a similar meaning. This possibility suggests that Not – a prefix that forms a special word, for example: non-intervention(neutrality), not true(lie); frivolous(frivolous), unhealthy(painful), shallow knowledge(superficial), unfriendly(hostile); quietly(quiet), often(often), not easy(difficult), not close(far), a lot(a lot of).
2. If nouns and adjectives in combination with do not indicate non-belonging to any category of persons or phenomena , For example: non-doctors, non-Franius, non-Marxists, non-Christians, non-specialists, non-Muscovites, non-Russians, non-democrats, non-poets, non-terms, non-metals, non-verses; A non-Russian will look without love / At this pale, bloodied, / Muse cut with a whip(Necr.); A non-doctor will not understand this; Non-specialists liked the report; A non-Egyptologist will not understand him; A non-mathematician cannot solve this problem; A non-linguist will not write such a dictation; non-academic institutions, non-food additives, non-military industries .
3. If there is no modifier or preposition before the noun c. The presence of these words is a sign that Not forms a single word with a given noun, for example: Dismissed for absenteeism; My eternal bad luck is to blame for everything; Added to his lack of prudence was his ever-present indecision; Everyone knows about her bad manners; I doze at balls, / Before them, a mortal reluctance(Gr.).
4. If with an adjective, as well as with an adverb, -O there are words very, extremely, quite, extremely, clearly, quite (enough), sufficiently, blatantly, exclusively, eminently– words with the meaning of the degree of manifestation of the characteristic, emphasizing the statement, For example: very unscrupulous work, slept very restlessly, became extremely inactive and sluggish, answered extremely unintelligibly and unsatisfactorily, very outstanding, very thoughtless, extremely unresponsive person, extremely unpleasant, clearly an inappropriate undertaking, rather unsuccessful ending, quite consistent, blatantly illiterate, exceptionally unfavorable circumstances , highly indecent.
However, words like absolutely, completely, can be used in combinations of this type (emphasizing the statement), and with words written with not separately. Compare for example: absolutely(completely) unsuccessful performance And he is absolutely human(completely) not old(possibly a synonymous combination not old at all).
5. If the form of the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs contains qualifying adverbs , For example: even more uninteresting, much uglier, much more unpleasant, increasingly inaccessible, a little more incomprehensible, and also if the comparative form is used in negative constructions like: there is nothing worse than... or in construction with conjunctions than... the, For example: the simpler the better; the further you go, the more disappointing.
From a number of adjectives with the prefix Not- and corresponding adverbs of the comparative degree are not formed. These include formations with Not- from words that have forms with a suffix -e And -she (For example: not rich, not easy, not loud, not subtle, not far), with stressed suffix -her (For example: weak, unclear, uncomplicated, sad). Therefore, the usual spellings are not richer, not simpler, not louder, not further, not stronger, not clearer, not more fun.
However, very rarely forms of comparative degree from such formations with Not- found, for example: The floating ghost has become even more obscure(P.); There was nothing simpler, more secretive than him in all the Izvals(Boon.).
In all other cases, in the absence of words in the context that help to recognize negation or affirmation and, therefore, distinguish the particle Not from the console Not- , the writer must check which words—strengthening a negation or emphasizing a statement—are possible in meaning in a given context.
If it is possible to substitute words that express opposition or strengthen negation ( at all, not at all etc.), is not written separately, for example: The way there(not at all) not distant; the weather was(not at all) not hot; He(far) not calm; They(not at all) not guilty; They live(at all) not rich; Admit your mistake(at all) not humiliating; Left, but(not at all) not for long; May be,(at all) and it’s not bad that he didn’t get there; Understand these rules(not at all) not easy.
If possible, substitution of words emphasizing the statement ( very, enough and etc.), Not written together, for example: The way there(Very) close-minded; They live(very) not rich; the weather was(enough) not hot; He(Very) restless; They(obviously) innocent; Left, but(Very) not for long; May be,(Very) and it’s a good thing he didn’t get there; Understand these rules(very) not easy.
Unlike participles, with any dependent words (except for words that strengthen negation), writing such adjectives with Not remains merged, for example: a role unusual for her, a person unfamiliar to me, previously unknown poems, a boy unlike his sister, not prone to boasting, in places inaccessible to children, the island has long been uninhabited.
Thus, the writer must be aware of what he wants to express: the negation of a sign - and then write Not separately from the next word(For example: he is not healthy, not important, cases are not rare, not by chance, not significant, not surprising, not democratically) or statement of the attribute - and then write Not together (compare: he is unhealthy, it is not uncommon, it does not matter, it is not by chance, it is unimportant, it is not surprising, in an undemocratic way). The choice of writing will determine the understanding of what is written by the readers.
With full forms of participles, the negation is not written separately:
A) if they have dependent words , For example: a person who does not disdain any means; not knowing what he is doing; not caring about food; friends who haven't seen each other for many years; version not supported by facts; a genius not recognized by his contemporaries; an object not identified by ground services; not bound by obligations; not obliged to obey; unmoved by her tears; a dress that has not been washed for a long time; roof not painted since spring;
b) as part of constructions with opposition or constructions that reinforce negation, For example: this is not a finished work, but some sketches; not knowing, but only guessing; not warring, but peacefully neighboring countries; not respected - loved; not at all calmed down, not at all embarrassed, not at all happy, not noticed by anyone, never depressed, not loved by anyone.
Negation is not written together with full forms of participles:
A) in the absence of dependent words , For example: unarmed soldiers, unopened letter, unreturned valuables, unemployed pensioners, non-combatants, unbloomed flower, unrealized advantage, unproven theorem, unfinished novel, unrecognized genius, unidentified object, unclosed door, unwatered plants;
b) as part of constructions emphasizing the statement, for example: extremely undeserved censure, a very rash act, clearly unreasonable demands.
If a verb cannot be used without NOT, it is written with NOT together.
For example: to hate, to be unwell, to be indignant.
In other cases, NOT with verbs is always written separately.
It is necessary to distinguish between verbs with the compound prefix “under” and verbs with the prefix “do” plus the negative particle NOT. The prefix “under” has the meaning of insufficiency of something, incompleteness, and is written together with the verb. A verb with the prefix “to” and the negative particle “NOT” denotes an action that is interrupted, not completed, impracticable, interrupted.
For example: He lacks love (lacking love). He does not reach the door handle (impossible action).
Spelling NOT with gerunds
Subject to the same rule as spelling NOT with verbs.
For example: indignant, not looking.
Spelling NOT with pronouns
In pronouns, NOT is written under stress and together, except in cases where NOT and the pronoun are separated by a preposition.
NOT with pronouns and adverbs is always written together: there is no place, there is no need, there is no place.
Remember: none other than; nothing more than; like no one else; like nothing else.
Spelling NOT with numerals
NOT with numerals is always written separately.
Spelling NOT with adjectives, nouns and adverbs ending in -о, -е
| Together | Apart |
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Note. You should be careful when writing NOT with words that contain the word “absolutely.” If it means “completely, very”, it is NOT written together. If it means “not at all” - separately.
For example:
A very unexciting journey (= a very unexciting journey).
Not a random word at all (not a random word at all). The spelling of short adjectives that have a full form follows the rules of spelling full adjectives.
We often encounter the problem of merging and separate writing of particles " Not" And " neither"with other words. The easiest rule to understand and remember here is that:
1. The particle “not” is written together with all words that are not used without “not”(fable, unsociable, ignorant, ridiculous, dislike, be perplexed, impossible, really). In other cases, writing " Not» is subject to the following rules.
2. With verbs and gerunds, the particle “not” is always written separately, except:
- cases specified in the first rule;
- prefixes are under-in verbs that mean “insufficient action” (undernourished, undercooked, underripe).
Note. Not to be confused with verbs with the prefix do- and the particle " Not”, denoting “unfinished action” (not finishing a book, not finishing a movie).
3. With nouns, the particle “not” is written together:
- if for a word with “not” you can find a synonym without this particle (untruth - lie, foe - enemy). Note: it is not always possible to find an exact synonym, but the affirmative connotation of the meaning of the word indicates a consistent spelling.
- when forming a word denoting persons with the meaning of opposition (professionals - non-professionals, Russian - non-Russian);
apart:
- when there is or should be, in meaning, a contrast with the conjunction a (not a friend, but an enemy, not happiness, but grief);
- if a word with " Not" denotes not people (elephants are not elephants, a story is not a story, cold is not cold).
Note. Exceptions are words-terms that are written together: metals - non-metals.
4. With adjectives, the particle “not” is written together:
- if you can replace the adjective with " Not" is a synonym without this particle (unmarried - single, unfriendly - hostile, short - low). Note: it is not always possible to find an exact synonym, but the affirmative connotation of the meaning of the word indicates a consistent spelling.
apart:
- when there is or should be, in meaning, a contrast with the conjunction “a” (not bitter, but sweet; not affectionate, but rude);
- if the adjective is relative (the vase is not crystal, the chain is not silver) or qualitative, denoting color (the sea is not blue, the towel is not yellow);
- (not a shortcut at all, far from useless advice);
- if the particle " Not” is emphasized in an interrogative sentence (Isn’t this statement true? - Is this statement false?);
- if the adjective is written with a hyphen (not commercial and industrial enterprises).
Note 1. Short adjectives are written with " Not”, just like the complete ones from which they are produced (incurable disease - the disease is incurable, the person is not smart, but stupid - the person is not smart, but stupid);
Note 2. If a short adjective does not have a full form, then it will always be written separately with the particle " Not"(he is not happy to meet).
5. With adverbs, the particle “not” is written together:
- if the adverb ends in -o, and it can be replaced with a word similar in meaning (unhappy - sad, not high - low);
- if the adverb is formed from a pronoun (nowhere, nowhere, no time, nowhere);
Apart:
- when there is or should be, in meaning, a contrast with the conjunction “a” (not bad, but good, not weak, but strong);
- when strengthening the negation with explanatory words such as “not at all”, “not at all”, “not at all”(not at all difficult to do, being nearby is far from accidental)
- with adverbs in a comparative degree (to work no worse than others, to receive no more than others);
- if the adverb is written with a hyphen (to act unfriendly, to dress unsuitably).
Note 1.“Not” with the following adverbs is written separately: not today, not at all, not like that, not otherwise, not quite, not here, not really.
Note 2."Not"
“is written separately with adverbial expressions: not good, not according to the gut, not in moderation, not in a hurry, not by hand, not to taste, not as an example.
6. With participles “not” is written together:
- if the participle is complete and there are no words dependent on it (undried laundry, an unturned book, an unwashed floor)
Note. With explanatory words denoting the degree of quality, “not” is written together with the participle: (an extremely rash decision, a completely inappropriate example, but: an example that is completely inappropriate to the rule)
apart:
- if the participle is complete and has dependent words (These works remained unpublished during the writer’s lifetime);
- with short participles (the debt is not paid, the fire is not lit);
- when there is or should be, in meaning, a contrast with the conjunction “a” (not printed, but handwritten text, not a fictional, but a real story).
7. The particles “not” and “nor” with negative pronouns are written together(there is no one to ask, there is nothing to be surprised at, no one is forgotten) with everyone else separately (not me, not everyone, neither me nor you).
8. The particle “ni” is also written together with some adverbs(not at all, not at all, nowhere, not at all).
With all other parts of speech, the particle “ni” is written separately.
"Not with different parts of speech" is one of the topics in the Russian language that always causes difficulties. And the point here is not so much the complexity of the topic itself, but the amount of information that needs to be remembered: for a noun, the rules used for a verb are not always suitable, but try Determining the combined and separate spelling of a participle by analogy with a verb is generally one of the biggest mistakes! What should you do to be confident in your knowledge and not make mistakes?
Particle and prefix
First you need to clearly delimit the particle Not and prefix Not-. The particle is always written separately, but the prefix is highlighted with the corresponding sign during the morphemic analysis of the word and is its structural part. Based on this, a general rule is built: Not with different parts of speech is written together if the given word is without Not just not used ( hate, bad weather, invincible, unexpected and so on.). Finding such words in a text is not at all difficult, so there are usually no difficulties with them.
Spelling with nouns, adjectives and adverbs
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs ending in -O (cold, fast). Spelling particles Not In this case, it completely coincides with different parts of speech.
So, Not written separately:
- If there is a contrast with the union A (not hot, but cold; not a friend, but an enemy; not fresh, but stale).
- With words not at all, far away (not at all cautious; not cold at all; far from easy).
- With double negative ( It’s not new to anyone; news that's not interesting to anyone).
- When negating two signs in a row ( not high and not low).
Continuous writing Not- with different parts of speech is possible in two cases:
- If you can find a synonym without Not- (foe - enemy, close - close, a little - little).
- If the conjunction is used But in combinations like shallow but fast. Union But is adversative, however, unlike the conjunction A it may not mean opposition, but a comparison of non-mutually exclusive features.
Participle
We continue to study the spelling of particles Not with different parts of speech. The rule regarding the sacrament can easily be called one of the most controversial, because it is with it that the greatest difficulties usually arise. But let's try to figure it out.
Together Not- It is written with the participle in such cases:
- If there is no dependent word ( wet grass; unfinished task).
- If there is no opposition ( unread book; unpublished manuscript).
- With adverbs of measure and degree very, extremely, absolutely, almost, completely, extremely, completely, quite (extremely rash decision; almost undisturbed order).
- If the participle is formed from a verb with a prefix under- (misunderstood, unwashed).
With separate writing Not It's also easy to figure out:
- If there is a dependent word ( an essay not written (how?) on time; student who didn’t come (when?) today).
- If there is a contrast ( not a fictional story, but a real one).
- If the participle has a short form ( the story is not made up, the book has not been read).
Only separately!
There are several situations in which only separate writing is possible Not with different parts of speech. Some of them are original rules and are memorized by children in elementary school, while others are practically never encountered.
- With words that are written with a hyphen ( not friendly, not south-eastern).
- With adjectives in the comparative degree ( no better, no worse).
- With relative, possessive adjectives, as well as adjectives of taste and color ( not winter; not my mother's; not black).
- With numerals ( not one, not the second).
- With verbs ( didn't go, couldn't).
- With participles ( without being able to, without thinking).
- With function words: prepositions and particles ( not only, not with him, not because of him).
In addition to the fourth point: it is very important not to confuse the participle and the adjective, because in the case of a short adjective, the spelling Not will obey different rules. Compare: the girl is talented and educated And group formed. In the first case, the fact that the word educated is an adjective, indicates a nearby word of the same part of speech, and besides, the meaning is clear that this is not a gerund (the girl was not educated, but she is smart). In the second situation, it is clear that someone created the group, formed it, i.e. it educated. Consequently, different spellings are due Not different parts of speech, which include homonymous words.
Pronouns
Talking about spelling Not with different parts of speech, let’s focus on personal and negative pronouns. In the case of them, everything is very simple: if there is a preposition, it is written separately ( no one with), if it is not there - together ( once).
Under- And not up to
One of the most difficult points of this rule is the spelling of verbs with the prefix under- and verbs with a particle Not and prefix before-. This means words like malnourished And don't finish eating, which at first glance are absolutely identical, but from a grammatical point of view should be written differently.
Console under- denotes a completed action, the result of which does not correspond to the norm (some linguists say that any word with this prefix means something bad): undernourish (eat little), underestimate (not value highly enough), understate (hide the truth).
In turn, the particle and prefix characterize the interrupted action: not finish eating (not having time to finish the meal), not finishing (not finishing the speech), not swimming (not finishing the swim).
At first glance, everything is not so complicated, but sometimes situations arise when choosing between two options is not easy.
Not against neither
Another controversial topic is "Spelling Not And neither with different parts of speech." Fortunately, there are not many nuances here, so it won’t be difficult to understand the rules.
Particle Not used for:
- Expressions of negation ( I don't understand, not mine).
- Under stress in pronouns ( no one, no time).
Then as a particle neither:
- Strengthens denial ( there was no light or house visible)
- Used without stress in pronouns ( no one, never)
- Used in complex sentences to strengthen a statement ( wherever we went, we were greeted joyfully).
In principle, everything is not so difficult, some tasks of this kind are performed exclusively at the level of intuition, but still, knowledge of the theory can significantly facilitate the task.
We repeat
In order to consolidate the rule, it is better to repeat all the material. It is important to understand what combinations are formed with Not different parts of speech. The table will help you remember all the most important things.
Apart |
||
Nouns, adjectives, adverbs in -O | 1. Synonym without Not- 2. Not used without Not- | 1. Contrast with union A 2. Not at all, not at all, far from it 3. Double negative |
Participles | 1. Without a dependent word | 1. With adverbs of measure and degree 2. With a dependent word |
Other parts of speech | 1. With words that are written with a hyphen 2. With verbs and gerunds 3. With short participles 4. With possessive, relative adjectives, color adjectives 5. With numerals 6. With function words |
Conclusion
In principle, this is where we can end the conversation about spelling Not with different parts of speech. This rule includes many subparagraphs, each of which is divided into several others - you really have to remember a lot. But, on the other hand, here and there there are overlapping points, thanks to which, of course, it will be much easier to understand. The main thing is desire, patience and practice, and the rest will come on its own.
