Introductory remarks. Vowel before an infinitive suffix (indefinite form) -th may be unstressed. To determine which letter should be written in place of this unstressed vowel, the concept of truncation of the verb stem is used. Verb stems are truncated in which the vowel in the infinitive before -th, absent in present-future forms, e.g.: smoke - smoke, smoke; see - see, see, see; stand - standing, standing; wave - wave, wave. Untruncated are the stems of verbs in which this vowel in the forms of the present-future tense is preserved, for example: read - read, read; walk - walk, walk; turn white - turns white, turns white; rot - rot, rot.
§. The writing of letters in place of unstressed vowels before the suffix -t infinitive is determined by the following rule.
1. After soft paired consonants (i.e. not after hissing ones), in verbs with a truncated stem the letter and is written before -t, and in verbs with an untruncated stem - e, for example: believe (cf. believe, believe), rule (rule, rule), stroke (stroke, stroke), meet (meeting, will meet), But to depopulate (will become depopulated), to become more respectable (to become more impressive).
Exceptions: Verbs with a truncated stem see, depend, hate and offend (cf. see, depend, hate, offend), in which the letter i is not written, but e is written, and a verb with an untruncated stem to cough (cf. cough), in which the letter e is not written, but i is written.
2. After sibilant consonants in verbs with a truncated stem, the letter and is written before -t, and in verbs with an untruncated stem - the letters a or e, for example: get bored (cf. bored, bored), multiply (multiply, multiply), console (consolate, console), gawk (gawk, gawk), but: hang (cf. hangs, hangs), eat (eats, eats), gossip (gossip), become indifferent (indifferent), indifferent (indifferent), go crazy (become crazy). Exception: the verb hear with a truncated stem (cf. hear), in which the letter and is not written, but is written a.
Note 1 to paragraphs. 1 and 2. On the differentiation of verbs of the first conjugation into -there are(with non-truncated base) type to become weak, to become despondent and verbs of II conjugation on -it(with truncated base) type to weaken, to despirit see § 63. In colloquial speech, some verbs have -there are with an untruncated base ( get well, get well, get well; become disgusted, become disgusted; become disgusted, become disgusted) there are variant forms formed according to the “truncated” type, which are transmitted in writing with endings of the second conjugation: I'll get well, I'll get well, I'll get better, I'll disgust you, I'll disgust you, I'll disgust you and so on.
Note 2 to paragraphs. 1 and 2. In verbs measure And torment(and in verbs derived from them), having, in addition to personal forms like measuring, measuring, measuring, tormenting, tormenting, tormenting, valid variant forms of type measuring, measuring, measuring, tormenting, tormenting, tormenting, in the infinitive before -th and in forms that retain the stem of the infinitive, only the letter is written And: measured, measured, tortured etc. (spellings such as measure, measure, torment, torment, measuring, tormented, do not correspond to modern spelling norms).
3. After vowels (found only in verbs with a truncated base), the letters and or i are written before -t. The letter is written after the vowel o, for example: stand, build, calm; the letter i - after the vowels a, e, u, for example: bark (cf. barks), melt, repent, winnow, hope, cherish, sow, start, smell. Exceptions: the verbs scrub and glue, where after the vowels a and e the letter i is not written, but i is written.
Verb spelling is not as easy a topic as it seems at first glance, and many people understand this. Vowels and consonants in the root, endings, prefixes - all this requires special attention. Suffixes in the indefinite are also far from being so simple. Conjugation, type of verb - they are influenced by very, very many things. But you can easily cope with this too, if you have the desire. Let's try to understand what exactly the spelling of verb suffixes depends on, and what kind of suffixes they are in general.
Basics
Any Russian language lesson “Indefinite form of the verb” would begin with a definition of the corresponding concept. The infinitive (and this is what it is called scientifically) is the initial, zero form, given in dictionaries and not having any morphological characteristics. So, it lacks the indefinite form of the verb: tense, person, number and mood, but it has the perfect ( answer) or imperfect ( reply) view; category of pledge - real ( pronounce) and passive ( must be pronounced); recurrence ( turn out to be) and irrevocability ( run). This word form answers the questions what to do? And what to do? And one of its main features are suffixes in the infinitive form of the verb: - ty, thy, whose-. Some linguists identify suffixes such as - there is- And - sti-.
How do you understand that this is an infinitive?
We seem to have sorted out the definition. What's next? What is the form of the verb? Is it possible to somehow understand that this is an infinitive and not something else? Easily! We take the verb we need, for example, read, and look at it (those parts of the word from which it consists). In this case there is our suffix - t-, in addition, we ask a question about the verb: read - what to do? And the second sign matches. To be completely sure, you can try to determine the person, number and time - and this is impossible. But the view ( what to do?- imperfect), reflexivity (no postfix -sya- - and pledge ( read- I do it myself - valid) are found without difficulty.
Another example is the verb blinking. There is no suffix we need here, and when we try to ask a question, it answers what am I doing?- again not what we need. It is already clear that in this example there is also a face (I blinking- first), and number (singular), and tense (present), as well as aspect (imperfect), and recurrence (irrevocable), and pledge (active). That is, this word form is not an infinitive.
Before determining the infinitive form of a verb, you need to check it for the presence of basic morphological features. If they are not there, great, we have an infinitive, but if there is person, number and tense, then this is simply an inflected form of the verb.
Does it end with an infinitive?
Another very difficult issue for many is the spelling of verb endings, which depends on the conjugation. It’s not a very easy question - first determine what conjugation the verb belongs to, and to do this you need to put the verb in our indefinite form, see what it ends in, based on this, if possible, decide on the conjugation and only then put the ending in personal form of the verb. With the infinitive everything is much simpler.
The endings of verbs in the indefinite form is a topic that does not exist. Now many will frown in confusion: after all, somehow we define the same conjugation, we are looking at the ending for this? No no and one more time no. That same vowel before infinitive suffixes is another suffix, although some linguists define it as an ending. Mandatory for memorization: since there are no morphological features, then there cannot be endings for verbs in an indefinite form. The infinitive is characterized by the presence of only suffixes.
Suffix, not ending
Let's return to final, infinitive-defining suffixes. What determines which one is correct for the verb? Of course, for a native Russian speaker this is not a problem at all - we intuitively feel what to use, but for those who study the great and mighty as a foreign language, such a choice can be very difficult.
Suffix - you- usually under stress ( carry, carry), and it also occurs in words derived from these, when a prefix appears in them that pulls the emphasis ( TAKE OUT, TAKE OUT) - most often this is a prefix - You-.
-t- in turn occurs where there is no accent ( talk, laugh).
Availability - there is- And - sti- typical for verbs whose stem ends in - d, t- (I will fall - fall, weave - weave), the second suffix also exists in verbs whose personal form ends in - b- (row - row).
Of course, there are a number of cases where suffixes in the indefinite form of the verb do not obey the basic rules, for example, swear - swear, grow - grow, but in this situation we can say that these verbs are peculiar exceptions, so that, no matter how sad it may be, they need to be remembered.
Making the task more difficult
In general, consider only the standard ones - t, tee, whose, sti, is- as suffixes in the infinitive form of the verb, speaking about the spelling of this part of speech, it is not very correct. There are also suffixes - ova, eva- And - willow, yva-, the choice of which is also associated with certain difficulties. They occur in words such as, for example, confess, talk, lay down and so on.
Spelling in this case requires placing this very verb in the first person singular (this is what corresponds to the pronoun I). If the required form ends with - wow, wow-, then you should select the suffixes - ova/eva- (pursue-pursue, fight-fight), if on - yay, yay-, then the suffixes will go - willow, yva- (I bury-bury, I insist-insist).
Now let's complicate things a little more
We can continue the topic of spelling suffixes with another interesting rule. Those verbs that end in stressed - wat-, retain the same vowel before the suffix in the infinitive without this ending that comes before this suffix in the conjugated form of the verb ( pour-fill).
In addition, there are interesting words that do not quite follow the general rule. In the indefinite form of the verb, a compound suffix is written in them - go crazy-: to become numb, to become dumbfounded and so on.
A bit of a nightmare
Another “favorite” topic for almost all schoolchildren is spelling the suffix before - t, tee, whose, sti, is-, on which the choice of verb conjugation usually depends. Of course, sometimes it is obvious, but sometimes, in words like glue, everything is not as simple as we would like.
In this case, you will have to delve deeper into conjugations. As you know, verbs have a first and a second conjugation. Both of them influence the choice of ending in personal forms of the verb. The problem is that sometimes the ending in the personal form is obvious, but what to write before the infinitive suffix is not always clear. In this case, we take the controversial verb and begin to conjugate it. If the endings in the conjugated forms correspond to the endings of the first conjugation ( -Yu, -eat, -eat, -eat, -eat, -yut/-ut), then you should write those suffixes by which the first conjugation is determined - - yat, yat-, if the second ( -u, -yu, -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -yat/-at), then, accordingly, -it. For example, the same glue - glue, glue, glue- thus, since they correspond to the endings of the second conjugation, you need to write the suffix of this very second conjugation - it.
Finish line: soft sign in the infinitive
Now let's move on to the last of the particularly important aspects concerning the infinitive. Certain difficulties are caused by a soft sign in the indefinite form of a verb - the hero of a huge number of Internet memes in the style of “the pain of any literate person.” In general, it’s very difficult to say why such a simple topic seems so difficult, but oh well, we’ll figure it out.
Whether it is worth writing a soft sign in the infinitive or not is very easy to determine. We take a verb, preferably in the third person singular (this is what corresponds to pronouns he she it), and ask him a question. If the question what is he doing?, then there will be no soft sign either in this form or in the infinitive ( he studies - what does he do? - studies), if the question what to do?, then, accordingly, the soft sign will appear in both forms ( he wants to study - what to do? - study). Of course, it all depends on the context. As can be seen from the example, the same verb can be written both with and without a soft sign. Shall we try again?
I can not sleep.
Laughing during a serious conversation is stupid.
Why don't we go for a walk?
He is too lazy to go outside again.
He refuses, refusing in this situation is the only way out.
Conclusion
The verb is a multifaceted and complex part of speech; working with it includes a huge number of nuances and little things that should always be taken into account. Verb suffixes are definitely one of the most difficult topics in spelling, but still, if you remember the basic rules, everything will become much easier.
Let us repeat once again everything that was said above. Firstly, infinitives do not have any endings, they are suffixes and nothing more. Its choice depends on the stress (under stress - you-, without him - t-) and from the consonant with which the stem of the verb ends (if - d, t, b-, then, most likely, the infinitive will be endowed with suffixes - sti, is-). Next, about writing suffixes - yva/iva- And - ova/eva-. If a verb in the first person singular ends in - yu/yuyu-, then we write - ova/eva-, if in this form there is - yva/iva-, then we save the corresponding suffix. The real war unfolded over the definition of the consonant preceding the infinitive suffix. Here we determine the conjugation by conjugating the verb, and based on it for the first conjugation with endings - eat, eat, eat, eat, ut/ut- we write - at/yat/et-, if the endings are in the personal form of the verb - ish, it, im, it, at/yat- - choose between - it/it-. And lastly: when the verb answers the question what to do?, we write a soft sign in the infinitive when answering a question what is he doing?, we can do without it.
1. In the indefinite form, verbs most often have the following suffixes: -a- (hear, do); -I- (sow, bark); -e- (to see, to offend); -and- (nursing, nagging).
Remember: 1) the suffix -e- is never written after the vowel letters of the root in the infinitive. In this position, only the suffix -я- or -и- (stand, water, milk) can be stressed. In an unstressed position, the suffix -I- is written in the verbs to win, start, repent, bark, cherish, toil, hope, soar, sow, melt, tea, smell, and the suffix -i- - in the verbs to build, cost, rest, double, triple, glue;
2) after soft consonants (except h) in an unstressed position, the suffix -I- is written in the verbs bow, cough, and the suffix -e- in the verbs see, offend, depend, hate, freeze;
3) in suffixes of past tense verb forms the same vowel is retained as in the infinitive. For example: recover - recovered, bark - barked, glue - glued.
2. Suffixes -yva- (-iva-), -ova- (-eva-).
In verbs with the suffix -ыва- (-iva-) (always unstressed), which have the meaning of an imperfect form (sometimes also of multiple actions), they are written before the letters s or and, for example: roll up, smear, see; overwhelm, talk, jump, hear, twist, beg, insist.
Verbs with the suffix -yva- (-iva-) should be distinguished in writing from verbs with the suffix -ova- (-eva-). Verbs of these two types form the present tense in different ways: verbs in -ovat (-evat) have the 1st person form in -y (-yu) (in the absence of -ov-, -ev-), for example: I’m talking – talking , I manage - to manage, I envy - to envy, I confess - to confess, I preach - to preach, I scourge - to scourge, I grieve - to grieve; for verbs na -yvat (-iva), the 1st person form ends in -yu (-ivayu) (with the preservation of -ыв-, -ив-), for example: I inspect - inspect, deploy - deploy, reconnoiter - reconnoiter, inspect - visit.
3. Vowels before -va-. In imperfective verbs with the suffix -va-, having the 1st person form in -va-yu, unstressed vowels before v are checked according to the general rule, for example: overcome-t (overcome), obsolete-t (obsolete) , wash down (write down), start up (start up), sow (sow), start (start), freeze (freeze), stop ( catch).
However, in the following verbs starting with -va-t (in the 1st person -va-yu), a special suffix -eva- is written with the letter e in place of an unchecked unstressed vowel: eclipse, prolong-t, corrupt (eclipse , extend, corrupt), get stuck, get stuck (get stuck, get stuck); overwhelm, exhort, intend, doubt.
4. -e(t), -i(t). There is a difference between verbs ending in -et and -it. Verbs na -et (in the 1st person -еyu) - intransitive I conjugation - have the meaning 'to become something, to acquire a characteristic', for example: to weaken, to weaken 'to become powerless, to lose strength', to desuffocate, to become severe 'to become severe' . Verbs in -it (in the 1st person and absent) - transitive II conjugations - have the meaning 'to make something, to endow with a characteristic', for example: to weaken, to weaken 'to make someone powerless, to deprive someone of strength', to anesthetize, to neutralize , despirit, weaken. Compare the same suffixes under stress in verbs like (by) whiteness and (by) whiteness, (about) weakness, (time) fun.
5. -ene(t), – eni(t). The acquisition of some attribute, the transition to another state is also expressed in intransitive verbs of the first conjugation in -ene-t, in which the unstressed vowel before n is conveyed by the letter e: freeze, ossify, stiffen, numb, travenet, torfen, bloody, glazed, frenzied , dumbfounded, numb. Correlative transitive verbs of the second conjugation in -eni-t, denoting endowment with a characteristic, are also written with the letter e: chill, numb, ossify, bloody, frenzied, numb, etc. The spelling of verbs in -enet and -enit does not agree with the spelling of the corresponding relative adjectives in which (if any) the letter i is written in the suffix before n: ice, bone, blood, grass, wood, etc.
innabalbahova in category, question opened 12/16/2017 at 06:57
In the spring, the snow quickly melted, the water rose and flooded the beaver's hut. The beavers dragged the beaver cubs onto dry leaves, but the water rose even higher, and the beaver cubs had to swim away in different directions. (Snegirev G.)
1) melted
2) rose
3) dragged
4) got close
2. Indicate a word in which the spelling of the suffix is determined by the fact that this suffix in the 1st person singular of the present or simple future tense alternates with -U(Yu)/-Yu(Yu):
I started walking around the garden and saw something red lying in the grass under a tree. I came closer, and this was Seryozha’s guinea pig. I was happy, but I don’t understand how she got into our garden. I began to examine the fence, and there was a hole at the bottom. The pig must have crawled through this hole. I took her in my hands, she doesn’t bite, she just sniffs her fingers and sighs. (Snegirev G.)
1) bites
2) inspect
3) was happy
4) sniffs
3. Indicate the word in which the spelling of the suffix is determined by the rule: “If in the form of the 1st person singular of the present or simple future tense the verb ends in –YVAYU/-IVAYU, then in the indefinite form and in the past tense the suffix is written –IVA-/ -YVA":
The German mortars fired furiously and delayed the advance of the rifle company. The strip of mine explosions became like a wall in front of the Soviet infantrymen. Suddenly, the Germans on the left flank launched a counterattack. They also used bushes and folds on the lake shore. Sergeant Rusakov’s crew fought steadfastly. (Kokovin E.)
1) ruptures
2) used
3) small arms
4) detained
4. Indicate the word, the spelling of the suffix in which is determined by the rule: “In the indefinite form and the past tense form, the suffix –OVA-/-EVA- is written in verbs, if in the 1st person singular form of the present or simple future tense the verb ends in – YU/-YUYU":
Our idea of eccentrics was different. We pictured a grumpy old man, with angular movements, in deep galoshes, running headlong onto the porch and scattering with an umbrella the children playing knucklebones in front of the window of his office. (Platov L.)
1) angular
2) drew
3) overclocking
4) presentation
5. Indicate the verb in which the spelling of the unstressed suffix is determined by the final vowel of the stem of the indefinite form:
In a vest, with an ax and a hacksaw in my hands, I hovered over the bamboo, tried it on, took aim, and dreamed. But I had never built any boats in my life, and I didn’t dare to just hit bamboo with an ax. (Koval Yu.)
1) soared
2) tried it on
3) built
4) dreamed
6. Write out a verb from the sentence in which the spelling of the suffix is determined by the rule: “If in the form of the 1st person singular of the present or simple future tense the verb ends in –YVAYU/-IVAYU, then in the indefinite form and in the past tense the suffix is written –IVA -/-YVA":
Nikolai Nikolaevich, restraining himself, entered this room, climbed onto the mezzanine and with trembling hands began to pull out one painting after another, fearing that they were dead, frozen or damp. (Zheleznikov V.)
7. Indicate a word in which the spelling of the suffix is determined by the fact that this suffix in the 1st person singular of the present or simple future tense alternates with –U(Yu)/-Yu(Yu):
Everyone looked at the picture in silence. And longing, such a desperate longing for human purity, for selfless courage and nobility, more and more captured their hearts and demanded a way out. Because I couldn’t bear it anymore. (Zheleznikov V.)
1) required
2) watched
3) captivated
4) desperate
8. Indicate the verb in the past tense form, in which the spelling of the unstressed suffix is determined by the final vowel of the stem of the indefinite form. Write down this verb:
Nikolai Nikolaevich went out onto the porch and saw that the sun illuminated the balcony, which faced east, and moved to make another ring around the house. (Zheleznikov V.)
1) came out
2) saw
3) illuminated
4) went out
9. Indicate verbs with unstressed vowels in suffixes:
It became dark and gloomy. There was a whiff of cold from the cloud. The forest along the mountain slopes sighed heavily and began to rustle loudly. The cloud was already over the camp. Suddenly the noise died down, and only the aspen tree near the tent, as if from the cold, shuddered with its leaves. (Kulikov A.)
made some noise
got a whiff
sighed
shuddered
became
10. Indicate the words in which the spelling of the suffix is determined by the rule: “If in the form of the 1st person singular of the present or simple future tense the verb ends in –YVAYU/-IVAYU, then the suffix –IVA-/- is written in the infinitive and in the past tense YVA":
Early in the morning, a rifle company began an attack on a small village located on the high shore of the lake. Sergeant Rusakov's machine-gun crew was on the left flank and supported the advance with fire. Changing firing positions, the machine gunners secretly advanced along the shore. It was impossible to get on the ice. The entire lake was under fire from enemy machine guns. (Kokovin E.)
started
were moving forward
supported
shot through
was
