In the section on the question what is the name of the crossword puzzle? where are the words that need to be looked for and crossed out? given by the author reset the best answer is A fillword is a type of crossword puzzle that differs significantly from the classic version. This puzzle is quite simple, which is perhaps why it is so popular in different countries. Very often it is published by various children's publications. There are German filvord and Hungarian filvord. Both of these crosswords resemble the English crossword, but in both cases there are differences.
The Hungarian crossword (another name for fillword) has a field without black cells and numbering. The entire field is filled with letters. Each letter can be part of only one word. The words in this crossword do not intersect and do not form “crosses” - this is one of the main differences between a fillword and a classic crossword.
Words in a fillword can be bent, but only at right angles (words are not arranged diagonally), and cannot have common letters with other words. Words should only touch each other. In the fillword, as in a regular crossword, definitions are given; the answers to them must be solved. Definitions in children's vocabulary are often given in the form of illustrations.
The solution to the crossword puzzle is as follows: in the crossword field filled with letters, you need to find the words that are the answers to the given definitions. All letters of the found word must be crossed out. The same letter cannot be crossed out twice. After solving the crossword puzzle, there should be no uncrossed out letters. If, after all the words of the definitions have been found, there are still letters in the crossword puzzle field, then one more problem must be solved: from these letters you need to form a word, which will be the crossword clue.
German crossword (another name is filword) - this puzzle is solved according to the same rules as the Hungarian crossword. It also does not have black cells, and the words written in the grid must be guessed and the letters of the guessed words must be crossed out. But there are slight differences. In German philword, words can be written in any direction, even diagonally, and letters can be repeated several times.
Sometimes a fillword is included in a crossword puzzle or crossword puzzle and is part of them; this applies to those words that are in the body of the crossword puzzle or crossword puzzle and are definitions.
/Simon Belcher
A crossword (from English сrossword - intersection of words) is a puzzle that is an interlacing of rows of cells that are filled with words according to given values. As a rule, the meanings of words are described under a certain sign, which includes words that must be obtained horizontally and vertically.
The first crosswords appeared in the 19th century. They were puzzles with words in which you need to write words under each other so that they form a square in which you get inscriptions that can be read in all terms from top to bottom and from left to right.
Wynne's Crossword, 1913 Photo: Public Domain
The first crossword puzzle that has survived to this day was published in 1875 in the September issue of St. Nicholas magazine in New York. At the same time, the first crossword puzzle corresponding to modern ideas was created Arthur Wynne and published in the Sunday issue of the New York World on December 21, 1913.
When did the first Russian-language crossword appear?
The Russian-language crossword puzzle first appeared in Berlin in 1925, its author was the writer Vladimir Nabokov. He also suggested the Russian name for the puzzle with words - crossword, and this word was used for a long time in circulation in Russian-language publications and among Russian emigrants.
What types of crosswords are there?
Today there are many types of crossword puzzles. The most popular among them are:
— Classical- a standard crossword, the pattern of which is symmetrical. The questions are presented in the form of a separate numbered list - horizontally and vertically, and the answer words are written from top to bottom and from left to right.
— Scanword (Scandinavian crosswords) is one of the most popular crossword puzzles. The tasks in this crossword puzzle are included directly in the grid of the crossword puzzle itself, and the words are solved using the arrow-pointers. In addition to words, a picture or photograph can serve as a task in a scanword puzzle.
— Japanese crossword— unlike other crossword puzzles, the answer will be not a word, but a picture. The Japanese crossword consists of three fields - one main and two auxiliary. The main field contains the encrypted image itself, and the cells of the auxiliary fields contain hint numbers. The numbers located vertically and horizontally on the grid indicate the number of merged cells. There must be at least one empty cell between groups of numbers. The player's task is to find out how many empty cells there are between groups of numbers.
— Alphabetical— the words in such a crossword puzzle have a certain common feature, for example, they consist of the same number of letters or start with the same letter.
— Philwords (Hungarian crosswords)— crosswords made in the form of a field filled with letters. The task is to find words from the entire combination of letters that are indicated in the form of a separate list or to find words that answer a number of questions attached to this crossword puzzle. Guess words can be placed in any direction in the form of a broken line at right angles. Each letter can only be used once. In fillwords, there are options when, after finding all the words in the field, there are still a few free-standing letters left from which you need to make a word.
—Crossword rebus- crosswords in which the riddle is a rebus or charade, after solving which the player enters the guessed word.
— Criss-cross (American)— in the grid of such a crossword you need to enter certain words given nearby.
— Dual- a crossword puzzle in which the letters are already written into the grid, but there are two of them in each cell. You need to guess which letter is the odd one in each cell, and then the crossword puzzle will be solved.
— Keyward- a crossword puzzle in which letters are replaced by numbers. The same letters correspond to the same digital designations. The player needs to guess which number corresponds to which letter. The clue can be an open word or several letters.
— Linear- a crossword puzzle in the form of a chain of words, where the last letter of a word is the first letter of the next one. Unlike a regular crossword, words in a linear crossword cannot overlap.
Themed crossword is a crossword puzzle dedicated to a specific topic. This type of crossword is quite difficult to create because it requires in-depth knowledge of a given topic.
Classic crossword is a crossword puzzle in which, as a rule, the pattern has four-way or two-way symmetry. Each word has at least two intersections. The number of black cells should be minimal. An ideal grid should follow the single black cell rule (black cells can only touch at the corners). The solved words are entered into the grid from left to right and from top to bottom.
Alphabet crossword- this crossword puzzle is characterized by the fact that all the hidden words have one common feature. For example, all words are the same length or start with the same letter.
Rebus crossword- differs from a crossword with fragments only in that a rebus is used as a definition picture, solving which you can enter the word into the crossword.
Criss-cross is a type of crossword puzzle in which next to the crossword grid there are words that need to be entered into the grid. Sometimes you are given a hint; some words or letters are already written into the grid.
Scatter crossword is a crossword puzzle in which the grid is already filled with words and cut into squares. You need to assemble the entire crossword puzzle from pieces, and the words must be consistent with each other.
Syllable, two-letter and symbol crosswords- these are crossword puzzles in which you need to write not a letter, but a whole syllable in one cell. There are crosswords in which you need to write two or more letters in a square (two-letter). In symbolic crosswords, you must use a designated symbol that replaces several letters at once. For example, in the magazine "Lampshade" it was published Pi-crossword. The trick was that in one cell it was possible to enter not only Russian letters, but also a Greek letter p. And then the word feast was written in two letters: Pi R.
Reverse crossword is a crossword puzzle in which words must be entered strictly in the directions of the arrows, i.e. not only from left to right and from top to bottom, but also from right to left and from bottom to top.
Dual is a crossword puzzle in which two letters are written in each cell. You need to cross out the extra letters, and as a result, after solving the puzzle, you can see the words intertwined like in a regular crossword puzzle.
White crossword is a crossword puzzle that does not have a single black cell. Density is 100%.
Crossword with partitions is a crossword puzzle in which there are no (or very few) black cells in the grids. Words are separated from each other by thickened lines by partitions, so crossword puzzles of very high density are obtained.
Coordinate crossword is a crossword puzzle in which the crossword field is a rectangle with alphanumeric numbers on the outside. It is necessary not only to solve the words, but also to build a crossword puzzle grid. Sometimes the condition provides hints, for example, several cells are shaded or after each question a number is indicated in parentheses indicating the number of letters in the word.
Keyward is a crossword puzzle in which each cell of the crossword puzzle contains a number that replaces a letter. Identical letters correspond to identical numbers. Sometimes a crossword puzzle is given a plate with numbers, where letters from already guessed words are written down under their numbers. In the same tablet, or in the crossword itself, clue letters are given.
Sliding crossword is a crossword puzzle that differs from a regular crossword puzzle in that each word in the grid has a backlash of one cell. So, for the word “Crossword” there will be not 9, but 10 cells. When solving a crossword puzzle, you need to decide in which direction to shift the word when entering it.
Line crossword called a chainword, which is a chain of words in which the last letter of the first word is the first letter of the second, etc. Unlike a crossword, the words in a chainword do not intersect, but only fit together. Sometimes the chain of words is bent and gives the Chinese word an unusual shape. It is very easy to create chainwords. In linear crosswords, words can overlap not with one, but with two or three letters, so their length is indicated by a bracket in which the definition of the word is given.
Crosschainwords combine a teaword and a crossword. The main difference from the chainword is the possibility of self-intersection of the chainword.
Philward is a crossword puzzle, which is a field filled with letters. In this field, you need to search and cross out various words.
IN German Philword words are crossed out in a straight line in any direction. In this case, one letter can be included in several words. After crossing out all the words, there may be letters left from which you need to put together a word or phrase.
IN Hungarian philword words are read along a broken line in any direction, but you cannot move from letter to letter diagonally. Each letter can only be used once.
Figured crossword is a crossword puzzle with a non-standard grid. It can be made in the form of any pattern (airplane, Christmas tree, fish, etc.), or have an unusual shape (circle, honeycomb). IN diagonal or circular crosswords words fit along radii or arcs. Cell crossword resembles a honeycomb of various configurations with the number of letters in a word from 3 to 9. The grid of a honeycomb crossword puzzle is filled with words around the number in the center of each honeycomb. The beginning of the word and its direction are marked with a mark.
Volume crossword- this is a three-dimensional crossword puzzle, which speaks for itself, this is a crossword not on a plane, but in space, the words intersect in three dimensions at once. If you stretch the crossword grid onto a cube, you will get a crossword puzzle with the appropriate name. For such crosswords, it is important that there are intersections with all visible edges. Well, this is also a crossword puzzle on a cube, only not on the outside, but inside the cube. The grid is located on five faces of the cube at once.
Scanword is a Scandinavian crossword puzzle in which word definitions are given in boxes right inside the grid, and words are written in the directions indicated by arrows. An ideal grid should have no empty cells. Definitions are associative in nature (Gogol is a writer, duck, mogul, etc.). When solving scanword puzzles, sometimes you have to show enviable intuition. Italica- a crossword puzzle in which diagonal arrows are possible. Gothic- only horizontal and vertical arrows are allowed. IN reverse scanword Arrows in the opposite direction are possible. Endless crossword puzzle has no edges, if the word reaches the right edge, then it must be continued on the left, if it reaches the bottom, then from the top.
Italian crossword is a crossword puzzle where you need to fill in the extra cells by finding the correct location of the answers in the grid. Definitions are given in sequential order.
Russian crossword is a crossword puzzle that is a square with an even number of cells. Hatching, like on a chessboard - along the diagonals. Words are also arranged diagonally, in any direction. The numbers in the task show where the word is located, not its direction. Numbering is done from left to right and from top to bottom.
Educational edition
KOSTYUK Igor Sergeevich
Guidelines to complete the test in the discipline « Decision making at mining enterprises » (for students specializing in “Underground development of reservoir deposits”)
Computer layout: Kostyuka I.S.
Note- this is an addition to the main text of an auxiliary, explanatory or clarifying nature.
Footnote- This is a note that is placed at the bottom of the page, below the lines of the main text (footnote), or at the end of the section (endnote).
Usually the meanings of words are specified descriptively under this figure, first the meanings of the words that should be obtained horizontally, then vertically.
Classic crossword rules
Crossword, like many games, does not have strict rules and strict restrictions, but there are traditions that most “crossword” publications adhere to. Usually, when “crossword rules” are mentioned, it is this unspoken standard that is meant, and only deviations from it are specified.
| Rule | Variations |
|---|---|
| Crossword is a game that consists of solving words by definition. For each word, a text definition is given, in descriptive or interrogative form indicating a certain word that is the answer. The answer fits into the crossword grid and, due to intersections with other words, makes it easier to find answers to other definitions. |
Instead of text definitions, any tasks that allow you to give an answer in one word (rebuses, illustrations, individual puzzles) can be used. There are also “numeric” crosswords, the answers to which are not words, but numbers (for example, dates of certain events). |
| The hidden words are presented in the crossword puzzle as a chain of cells, into each of which the letters of the answer are written in order - one in each cell. In a classic crossword puzzle, the cells look like square cells arranged in a straight line. | Obviously, you can break the “one cell - one letter” rule, but such a crossword puzzle can no longer be considered a “classic”. |
| The words intersect with each other to form a crossword puzzle grid. The mesh must be coherent, without isolated sections “cut off” from the rest of the mesh. The classic crossword grid consists of words written vertically (from top to bottom) and horizontally (from left to right). Any word must be crossed at least twice. | Quite often, a variety of geometric shapes are used for the grid - for example, a circle with words inscribed along the circumference and radii, or a “star” of intersecting curves. |
| To link answers to definitions in a crossword puzzle, the cells containing the first letters of the answers are numbered sequentially. Numbering follows the reading rules: left to right and top to bottom. Words coming from the same cell in different directions are numbered with the same number. The list of definitions specifies the direction of each word (most often, definitions are grouped by direction). | If the reading direction differs from European, then the numbering order of the crossword puzzle may change. For example, in Israel - from right to left and from top to bottom, in Japan - from top to bottom and from left to right. Using a different numbering system for the first cells (for example, according to the “battleship” principle) does not change the fact that this puzzle is a crossword puzzle. |
| Answer words must be nouns in the nominative case and singular. The plural is allowed only when it denotes a single subject (what is called pluralia tantum in linguistics) or the singular is rarely used (“parents”, not “parent”). In many languages, this rule does not make sense (since one word can serve as a noun, an adjective, and even a verb) and is not observed. |
The exception for the plural can be interpreted quite broadly, so that in the crossword you can find not only “felt boots” as the name of a song, but also “boots”, “children”, etc. Naturally, the definition for such a word must clearly indicate the plural . |
| The crossword answers do not differentiate between uppercase and lowercase letters. In many languages, it is common practice not to distinguish between certain letters (in particular, to omit diacritics). In Russian, this rule applies to the letter “Ё”, which is equivalent to “E”. | There are crosswords (usually scanwords) in which the letters “Y” and “I” are “combined.” This rule makes the work of the compiler easier at the expense of the quality of the puzzle. |
It is good practice (but not a rule) to have a crossword grid that is symmetrical relative to the vertical, horizontal or diagonal axes. Symmetry around the central point is also possible, in which the grid does not change when rotated by 180°.
Traditionally, the letter cell is designated white, and the empty space, surrounded on all sides by white cells, is filled with black or gray. Typically, the white cell border is thinner at the border of two cells, which visually emphasizes their union.
Story
Winn's Crossword, 1913
Researchers have come across finds similar to a crossword puzzle, dating back to the 1st-4th centuries. n. e. In particular, during excavations in Pompeii, a puzzle was discovered that was surprisingly reminiscent of a modern crossword puzzle, which scientists dated to 79 AD. e. At the same time, there are different versions of the invention of crosswords. Among the countries that claim to be the birthplace of crosswords are Italy, Great Britain, and the USA.
According to one version, the prototypes of modern crosswords appeared back in the 19th century. The very first crossword puzzle that has come down to us was published in 1875 in the September issue of St. Nicholas magazine in New York. Moreover, the first crossword puzzle corresponding to modern ideas about a crossword puzzle was created by journalist Arthur Wynne and published in the Sunday issue of the New York World newspaper on December 21, 1913.
Crossword puzzles became popular in the mid-1920s.
In the supplement “Our World” to the Berlin newspaper “Rul” on February 22, 1925, the term “crossword” was used for the first time, which was coined by Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov for crossword puzzles. Nabokov compiled the first Russian-language crosswords, which were also published in the newspaper Rul. (He mentions this in his autobiography “Memory, Speak”)
One of the first Soviet crosswords (“intertwined words”) was published in the August 18, 1925 issue of the Leningrad “Novaya Vechernyaya Gazeta”
Crossword puzzles, published for many decades in the Ogonyok magazine, became widely popular.
In post-Soviet times, “branded” author’s crossword puzzles appeared in central newspapers (for example, prize crosswords by Victor Boboriko in the newspaper “Field of Chudes” or the traditional “crossword from Oleg Vasiliev” in “KP”).
In the late 1990s, specialized “crossword” newspapers appeared. In addition to the classic crosswords and their varieties mentioned below, “Scandinavian” crosswords, as well as digital puzzles, appeared in print and became very popular. First, “drawing by numbers”, renamed “Japanese crossword”, then “Sudoku”, “kakuro” and their numerous variations.
As of 2013, more than 400 printed publications were registered, publishing crosswords and puzzles (both verbal and digital) of varying degrees of complexity.
The crossword continues to evolve both in form and content. There are many varieties of this game. Different countries have their own favorite versions of crossword puzzles, and they can be used not only as useful entertainment, but also for educational purposes. In many countries, competitions are held for solving and composing crossword puzzles, and there are clubs for crossword puzzle enthusiasts (in Russia, the International Club of Russian Crossword Puzzles “Krestoslovitsa” in St. Petersburg).
"Crossword" publishing houses
Large Russian publishing houses producing specialized crossword publications:
- Bauer Media (brand " ")
- Burda (Liza brand)
Types of crosswords
American crossword grid
“Crosswords” in Russian-language entertainment newspapers often refer to puzzles in which the words do not intersect (and this is the basic rule of a crossword) or there are no words at all (as in the so-called “Japanese crosswords”). Very often, the “geographical” name does not carry any semantic meaning: “American crossword” is a puzzle that combines the rules of the classic and “Japanese crossword”, while in the USA and Japan there are indeed crosswords that differ from European ones, but these are still crosswords, although and with a few additional rules.
IN American version In a crossword puzzle, all cells must be at the intersection of words. So the grid is not sparse, as in European ones, but dense, as in Scandinavian crosswords. True, the compilers of these crossword puzzles do not consider it shameful to use abbreviations, colloquial or foreign words, and even, for example, the name of the “ESC” key or the direction “NNW” (north-northwest) as hidden words.
IN Japanese version In a crossword puzzle, black cells should not touch sides (which means there should be no blocks of black cells - accordingly, the density of the grid is also close to that of a crossword puzzle) and the corner cells of the grid must be white (so that the grid necessarily remains a strict rectangle). Obviously, the answers are written in Japanese, that is, kanai and (less often) hieroglyphs. Therefore, even “two-cell” words are acceptable.
Crossword with partitions from the Israeli edition (published under the title "Italian")
- Estonian crossword similar to the classic one, but its grid does not contain empty cells. Cells that do not belong to the same answer are delimited by a thick line. In English-language publications this option is called: English. barred crossword - “crossword with partitions.”
- Keyword or keyword- a special type of crossword puzzle in which you need to restore the original crossword puzzle, each letter of which is encrypted with a certain number. The connection between letters and numbers (within one puzzle) is always unambiguous, that is, each letter corresponds to a strictly defined number and vice versa.
As a sample in December 2000, it was created 3D Spaceword (three-dimensional spatial crossword with a specialized structure).
Computer programs
Modern software usually works with a dictionary, which allows the computer to select the words in the puzzle (and the user can choose the topic of the crossword puzzle or choose their own words). Sometimes the option to add your own words to the dictionary may be available. Some programs allow you to select certain cells and find the right word in the dictionary.
Some websites provide the ability to create or solve puzzles using a computer.
Notes
- Crossword - Humanities Dictionary
- Word puzzles. Encyclopedia Around the World
- “Battlefield - Earth”, Magazine “Around the World”, No. 7(2742), July 2002
Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia
Usually the meanings of words are specified descriptively under this figure, first the meanings of the words that should be obtained horizontally, then vertically.
Classic crossword rules
Crossword, like many games, does not have strict rules and strict restrictions, but there are traditions that most “crossword” publications adhere to. Usually, when “crossword rules” are mentioned, it is this unspoken standard that is meant, and only deviations from it are specified.
| Rule | Variations |
|---|---|
| Crossword is a game that consists of solving words by definition. For each word, a text definition is given, in descriptive or interrogative form indicating a certain word that is the answer. The answer fits into the crossword grid and, due to intersections with other words, makes it easier to find answers to other definitions. |
Instead of text definitions, any tasks that allow you to give an answer in one word (rebuses, illustrations, individual puzzles) can be used. There are also “numeric” crosswords, the answers to which are not words, but numbers (for example, dates of certain events). |
| The hidden words are presented in the crossword puzzle as a chain of cells, into each of which the letters of the answer are written in order - one in each cell. In a classic crossword puzzle, the cells look like square cells arranged in a straight line. | Obviously, you can break the “one cell - one letter” rule, but such a crossword puzzle can no longer be considered a “classic”. |
| The words intersect with each other to form a crossword puzzle grid. The mesh must be coherent, without isolated sections “cut off” from the rest of the mesh. The classic crossword grid consists of words written vertically (from top to bottom) and horizontally (from left to right). Any word must be crossed at least twice. | Quite often, a variety of geometric shapes are used for the grid - for example, a circle with words inscribed along the circumference and radii, or a “star” of intersecting curves. |
| To link answers to definitions in a crossword puzzle, the cells containing the first letters of the answers are numbered sequentially. Numbering follows the reading rules: left to right and top to bottom. Words coming from the same cell in different directions are numbered with the same number. The list of definitions specifies the direction of each word (most often, definitions are grouped by direction). | If the reading direction differs from European, then the numbering order of the crossword puzzle may change. For example, in Israel - from right to left and from top to bottom, in Japan - from top to bottom and from left to right. Using a different numbering system for the first cells (for example, according to the “battleship” principle) does not change the fact that this puzzle is a crossword puzzle. |
| Answer words must be nouns in the nominative case and singular. The plural is allowed only when it denotes a single subject (what is called pluralia tantum in linguistics) or the singular is rarely used (“parents”, not “parent”). In many languages, this rule does not make sense (since one word can serve as a noun, an adjective, and even a verb) and is not observed. |
The exception for the plural can be interpreted quite broadly, so that in the crossword you can find not only “felt boots” as the name of a song, but also “boots”, “children”, etc. Naturally, the definition for such a word must clearly indicate the plural . |
| The crossword answers do not differentiate between uppercase and lowercase letters. In many languages, it is common practice not to distinguish between certain letters (in particular, to omit diacritics). In Russian, this rule applies to the letter “Ё”, which is equivalent to “E”. | There are crosswords (usually scanwords) in which the letters “Y” and “I” are “combined.” This rule makes the work of the compiler easier at the expense of the quality of the puzzle. |
It is good practice (but not a rule) to have a crossword grid that is symmetrical relative to the vertical, horizontal or diagonal axes. Symmetry around the central point is also possible, in which the grid does not change when rotated by 180°.
Traditionally, the letter cell is designated white, and the empty space, surrounded on all sides by white cells, is filled with black or gray. Typically, the white cell border is thinner at the border of two cells, which visually emphasizes their union.
Story
Researchers have come across finds similar to a crossword puzzle, dating back to the 1st-4th centuries. n. e. In particular, during excavations in Pompeii, a puzzle was discovered that was surprisingly reminiscent of a modern crossword puzzle, which scientists dated to 79 AD. e. At the same time, there are different versions of the invention of crosswords. Among the countries that claim to be the birthplace of crosswords are Italy, Great Britain, and the USA.
According to one version, the prototypes of modern crosswords appeared back in the 19th century. The very first crossword puzzle that has come down to us was published in 1875 in the September issue of St. Nicholas magazine in New York. Moreover, the first crossword puzzle corresponding to modern ideas about a crossword puzzle was created by Arthur Wynne and published in the Sunday issue of the New York World newspaper on December 21, 1913.
Crossword puzzles became popular in the mid-1920s.
In the supplement “Our World” to the Berlin newspaper “Rul” on February 22, 1925, the term “crossword” was used for the first time, which was coined by Vladimir Vladmirovich Nabokov for crossword puzzles. Nabokov compiled the first Russian-language crosswords, which were also published in the newspaper Rul. (He mentions this in his autobiography “Memory, Speak”)
The very first crossword puzzle in Russia was published in Leningrad on December 2, 1925 in the literary magazine “Rezec” No. 48.
Crossword puzzles, published for many decades in the Ogonyok magazine, became widely popular.
In post-Soviet times, “branded” author’s crossword puzzles appeared in central newspapers (for example, prize crosswords by Victor Boboriko in the newspaper “Field of Chudes” or the traditional “crossword from Oleg Vasiliev” in “KP”).
In the late 1990s, specialized “crossword” newspapers appeared. In addition to the classic crosswords and their varieties mentioned below, “Scandinavian” crosswords, as well as digital puzzles, appeared in print and became very popular. First, “drawing by numbers”, renamed “Japanese crossword”, then “Sudoku”, “kakuro” and their numerous variations.
As of 2013, more than 400 printed publications were registered, publishing crosswords and puzzles (both verbal and digital) of varying degrees of complexity.
The crossword continues to evolve both in form and content. There are many varieties of this game. Different countries have their own favorite versions of crossword puzzles, and they can be used not only as useful entertainment, but also for educational purposes. In many countries, competitions are held for solving and composing crossword puzzles, and there are clubs for crossword puzzle enthusiasts (in Russia, the International Club of Russian Crossword Puzzles “Krestoslovitsa” in St. Petersburg).
"Crossword" publishing houses
Large Russian publishing houses producing specialized crossword publications:
- Bauer Media (brand " ")
- Burda (Liza brand)
Types of crosswords
“Crosswords” in Russian-language entertainment newspapers often refer to puzzles in which the words do not intersect (and this is the basic rule of a crossword) or there are no words at all (as in the so-called “Japanese crosswords”). Very often, the “geographical” name does not carry any semantic meaning: “American crossword” is a puzzle that combines the rules of the classic and “Japanese crossword”, while in the USA and Japan there are indeed crosswords that differ from European ones, but these are still crosswords, although and with a few additional rules.
IN American version In a crossword puzzle, all cells must be at the intersection of words. So the grid is not sparse, as in European ones, but dense, as in Scandinavian crosswords. True, the compilers of these crossword puzzles do not consider it shameful to use abbreviations, colloquial or foreign words, and even, for example, the name of the “ESC” key or the direction “NNW” (north-northwest) as hidden words.
IN Japanese version In a crossword puzzle, black cells should not touch sides (which means there should be no blocks of black cells - accordingly, the density of the grid is also close to that of a crossword puzzle) and the corner cells of the grid must be white (so that the grid necessarily remains a strict rectangle). Obviously, the answers are written in Japanese, that is, kanai and (less often) hieroglyphs. Therefore, even “two-cell” words are acceptable.
- Estonian crossword similar to the classic one, but its grid does not contain empty cells. Cells that do not belong to the same answer are delimited by a thick line. In English-language publications this option is called: English. barred crossword- “crossword with partitions.”
It was created as a sample in December 2000 3D Spaceword (three-dimensional spatial crossword with a specialized structure).
see also
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Notes
Literature
- Roger Millington. Crossword Puzzles: Their History and Their Cult. T. Nelson, 1974. 190 p.
Passage characterizing the crossword puzzle
“Listen, do you remember our argument in St. Petersburg,” said Pierre, remember about...“I remember,” Prince Andrei hastily answered, “I said that a fallen woman must be forgiven, but I did not say that I can forgive.” I can't.
“Is it possible to compare this?...” said Pierre. Prince Andrei interrupted him. He shouted sharply:
- Yes, asking for her hand again, being generous, and the like?... Yes, this is very noble, but I am not able to go sur les brisees de monsieur [follow in the footsteps of this gentleman]. “If you want to be my friend, don’t ever talk to me about this... about all this.” Well, goodbye. So you will convey...
Pierre left and went to the old prince and princess Marya.
The old man seemed more animated than usual. Princess Marya was the same as always, but because of her sympathy for her brother, Pierre saw in her joy that her brother’s wedding was upset. Looking at them, Pierre realized what contempt and malice they all had against the Rostovs, he realized that it was impossible in their presence to even mention the name of the one who could exchange Prince Andrei for anyone.
At dinner the conversation turned to war, the approach of which was already becoming obvious. Prince Andrei talked and argued incessantly, first with his father, then with Desalles, the Swiss teacher, and seemed more animated than usual, with that animation whose moral reason Pierre knew so well.
That same evening, Pierre went to the Rostovs to fulfill his assignment. Natasha was in bed, the count was at the club, and Pierre, having handed over the letters to Sonya, went to Marya Dmitrievna, who was interested in finding out how Prince Andrei received the news. Ten minutes later Sonya entered Marya Dmitrievna’s room.
“Natasha definitely wants to see Count Pyotr Kirillovich,” she said.
- Well, how about taking him to her? “Your place is not tidy,” said Marya Dmitrievna.
“No, she got dressed and went into the living room,” said Sonya.
Marya Dmitrievna just shrugged.
- When the countess arrives, she completely tormented me. Just be careful, don’t tell her everything,” she turned to Pierre. “And I don’t have the heart to scold her, she’s so pathetic, so pathetic!”
Natasha, emaciated, with a pale and stern face (not at all ashamed as Pierre expected her to be) stood in the middle of the living room. When Pierre appeared at the door, she hurried, apparently undecided whether to approach him or wait for him.
Pierre hurriedly approached her. He thought that she would give him her hand, as always; but she, coming close to him, stopped, breathing heavily and lifelessly lowering her hands, in exactly the same position in which she went out into the middle of the hall to sing, but with a completely different expression.
“Pyotr Kirilych,” she began to speak quickly, “Prince Bolkonsky was your friend, he is your friend,” she corrected herself (it seemed to her that everything had just happened, and that now everything is different). - He told me then to contact you...
Pierre silently sniffled, looking at her. He still reproached her in his soul and tried to despise her; but now he felt so sorry for her that there was no room for reproach in his soul.
“He’s here now, tell him... so that he can just... forgive me.” “She stopped and began to breathe even more often, but did not cry.
“Yes... I’ll tell him,” Pierre said, but... – He didn’t know what to say.
Natasha was apparently frightened by the thought that might occur to Pierre.
“No, I know it’s over,” she said hastily. - No, this can never happen. I am tormented only by the evil that I did to him. Just tell him that I ask him to forgive, forgive, forgive me for everything...” She shook all over and sat down on a chair.
A never-before-experienced feeling of pity filled Pierre's soul.
“I’ll tell him, I’ll tell him again,” said Pierre; – but... I would like to know one thing...
"What to know?" asked Natasha's gaze.
“I would like to know if you loved...” Pierre did not know what to call Anatole and blushed at the thought of him, “did you love this bad man?”
“Don’t call him bad,” said Natasha. “But I don’t know anything...” She started crying again.
And an even greater feeling of pity, tenderness and love overwhelmed Pierre. He heard tears flowing under his glasses and hoped that they would not be noticed.
“Let’s say no more, my friend,” said Pierre.
His meek, gentle, sincere voice suddenly seemed so strange to Natasha.
- Let’s not talk, my friend, I’ll tell him everything; but I ask you one thing - consider me your friend, and if you need help, advice, you just need to pour out your soul to someone - not now, but when you feel clear in your soul - remember me. “He took and kissed her hand. “I’ll be happy if I’m able to...” Pierre became embarrassed.
– Don’t talk to me like that: I’m not worth it! – Natasha screamed and wanted to leave the room, but Pierre held her hand. He knew he needed to tell her something else. But when he said this, he was surprised at his own words.
“Stop it, stop it, your whole life is ahead of you,” he told her.
- For me? No! “Everything is lost for me,” she said with shame and self-humiliation.
- Everything is lost? - he repeated. “If I were not me, but the most beautiful, smartest and best person in the world, and were free, I would be on my knees right now asking for your hand and love.”
For the first time after many days, Natasha cried with tears of gratitude and tenderness and, looking at Pierre, left the room.
Pierre, too, almost ran out into the hall after her, holding back the tears of tenderness and happiness that were choking his throat, without getting into his sleeves, he put on his fur coat and sat down in the sleigh.
- Now where do you want to go? - asked the coachman.
"Where? Pierre asked himself. Where can you go now? Is it really to the club or guests? All people seemed so pitiful, so poor in comparison with the feeling of tenderness and love that he experienced; in comparison with the softened, grateful look with which she looked at him the last time because of her tears.
“Home,” said Pierre, despite the ten degrees of frost, opening his bear coat on his wide, joyfully breathing chest.
It was frosty and clear. Above the dirty, dim streets, above the black roofs, there was a dark, starry sky. Pierre, just looking at the sky, did not feel the offensive baseness of everything earthly in comparison with the height at which his soul was located. Upon entering Arbat Square, a huge expanse of starry dark sky opened up to Pierre’s eyes. Almost in the middle of this sky above Prechistensky Boulevard, surrounded and sprinkled on all sides with stars, but differing from everyone else in its proximity to the earth, white light, and long, raised tail, stood a huge bright comet of 1812, the same comet that foreshadowed as they said, all sorts of horrors and the end of the world. But in Pierre this bright star with a long radiant tail did not arouse any terrible feeling. Opposite Pierre, joyfully, eyes wet with tears, looked at this bright star, which, as if, with inexpressible speed, flying immeasurable spaces along a parabolic line, suddenly, like an arrow pierced into the ground, stuck here in one place chosen by it, in the black sky, and stopped, energetically raising her tail up, glowing and playing with her white light between countless other twinkling stars. It seemed to Pierre that this star fully corresponded to what was in his soul, which had blossomed towards a new life, softened and encouraged.
From the end of 1811, increased armament and concentration of forces in Western Europe began, and in 1812 these forces - millions of people (including those who transported and fed the army) moved from West to East, to the borders of Russia, to which in the same way since 1811 year, Russian forces were gathering. On June 12, the forces of Western Europe crossed the borders of Russia, and war began, that is, an event contrary to human reason and all human nature took place. Millions of people committed each other, against each other, such countless atrocities, deceptions, betrayals, thefts, forgeries and the issuance of false banknotes, robberies, arson and murders, which for centuries will not be collected by the chronicle of all the courts of the world and for which, during this period of time, people those who committed them did not look at them as crimes.
What caused this extraordinary event? What were the reasons for it? Historians say with naive confidence that the reasons for this event were the insult inflicted on the Duke of Oldenburg, non-compliance with the continental system, Napoleon's lust for power, Alexander's firmness, diplomatic mistakes, etc.
Consequently, it was only necessary for Metternich, Rumyantsev or Talleyrand, between the exit and the reception, to try hard and write a more skillful piece of paper, or for Napoleon to write to Alexander: Monsieur mon frere, je consens a rendre le duche au duc d "Oldenbourg, [My lord brother, I agree return the duchy to the Duke of Oldenburg.] - and there would be no war.
It is clear that this was how the matter seemed to contemporaries. It is clear that Napoleon thought that the cause of the war was the intrigues of England (as he said on the island of St. Helena); It is clear that it seemed to the members of the English House that the cause of the war was Napoleon’s lust for power; that it seemed to the Prince of Oldenburg that the cause of the war was the violence committed against him; that it seemed to the merchants that the cause of the war was the continental system that was ruining Europe, that it seemed to the old soldiers and generals that the main reason was the need to use them in business; the legitimists of that time that it was necessary to restore les bons principes [good principles], and the diplomats of that time that everything happened because the alliance of Russia with Austria in 1809 was not skillfully hidden from Napoleon and that the memorandum was awkwardly written for No. 178. It is clear that these and a countless, infinite number of reasons, the number of which depends on the countless differences in points of view, seemed to contemporaries; but for us, our descendants, who contemplate the enormity of the event in its entirety and delve into its simple and terrible meaning, these reasons seem insufficient. It is incomprehensible to us that millions of Christian people killed and tortured each other, because Napoleon was power-hungry, Alexander was firm, the politics of England was cunning and the Duke of Oldenburg was offended. It is impossible to understand what connection these circumstances have with the very fact of murder and violence; why, due to the fact that the duke was offended, thousands of people from the other side of Europe killed and ruined the people of the Smolensk and Moscow provinces and were killed by them.
For us, descendants - not historians, not carried away by the process of research and therefore contemplating the event with unobscured common sense, its causes appear in innumerable quantities. The more we delve into the search for reasons, the more of them are revealed to us, and every single reason or a whole series of reasons seems to us equally fair in itself, and equally false in its insignificance in comparison with the enormity of the event, and equally false in its invalidity ( without the participation of all other coincident causes) to produce the accomplished event. The same reason as Napoleon’s refusal to withdraw his troops beyond the Vistula and give back the Duchy of Oldenburg seems to us to be the desire or reluctance of the first French corporal to enter secondary service: for, if he did not want to go to service, and another would not, and a third , and the thousandth corporal and soldier, there would have been so many fewer people in Napoleon’s army, and there could have been no war.
If Napoleon had not been offended by the demand to retreat beyond the Vistula and had not ordered the troops to advance, there would have been no war; but if all the sergeants had not wished to enter secondary service, there could also have been no war. There also could not have been a war if there had not been the intrigues of England, and there had not been the Prince of Oldenburg and the feeling of insult in Alexander, and there would have been no autocratic power in Russia, and there would have been no French Revolution and the subsequent dictatorship and empire, and all that , which produced the French Revolution, and so on. Without one of these reasons nothing could happen. Therefore, all these reasons - billions of reasons - coincided in order to produce what was. And, therefore, nothing was the exclusive cause of the event, and the event had to happen only because it had to happen. Millions of people, having renounced their human feelings and their reason, had to go to the East from the West and kill their own kind, just as several centuries ago crowds of people went from East to West, killing their own kind.
The actions of Napoleon and Alexander, on whose word it seemed that an event would happen or not happen, were as little arbitrary as the action of each soldier who went on a campaign by lot or by recruitment. This could not be otherwise because in order for the will of Napoleon and Alexander (those people on whom the event seemed to depend) to be fulfilled, the coincidence of countless circumstances was necessary, without one of which the event could not have happened. It was necessary that millions of people, in whose hands there was real power, soldiers who shot, carried provisions and guns, it was necessary that they agreed to fulfill this will of individual and weak people and were brought to this by countless complex, varied reasons.
Fatalism in history is inevitable to explain irrational phenomena (that is, those whose rationality we do not understand). The more we try to rationally explain these phenomena in history, the more unreasonable and incomprehensible they become for us.
Each person lives for himself, enjoys freedom to achieve his personal goals and feels with his whole being that he can now do or not do such and such an action; but as soon as he does it, this action, performed at a certain moment in time, becomes irreversible and becomes the property of history, in which it has not a free, but a predetermined meaning.
There are two sides of life in every person: personal life, which is the more free the more abstract its interests are, and spontaneous, swarm life, where a person inevitably fulfills the laws prescribed to him.
Man consciously lives for himself, but serves as an unconscious instrument for achieving historical, universal goals. A committed act is irrevocable, and its action, coinciding in time with millions of actions of other people, acquires historical significance. The higher a person stands on the social ladder, the more important people he is connected to, the more power he has over other people, the more obvious the predestination and inevitability of his every action.
