Represent social movements. According to D. Della Porta and M. Diani, social movements are “informal networks based on values and solidarity shared by all their participants, mobilizing their participants on conflict issues through the regular use of various forms of protest.”
social movements- this is a non-institutional type of collective action, and accordingly they should not be confused with social institutions. Social institutions are sustainable and stable formations, while social movements have an indefinite time cycle, they are unstable, under certain conditions they easily fall apart. Social institutions are called upon to maintain a system of social relations, public order, and social movements do not have a stable institutional status; most members of society treat them with indifference, and some even with hostility.
Social movements are a special kind of social processes. All social movements begin with a feeling of dissatisfaction with the existing social order. Objective events and situations create conditions for understanding the injustice of the existing state of affairs. People see that the authorities are not taking steps to change the situation. At the same time, there are certain standards, norms, knowledge of how it should be. Then people unite in a social movement.
In modern society, one can distinguish various social movements: youth, feminist, political, revolutionary, religious, etc. A social movement may not be structurally formalized, it may not have a fixed membership. It can be a spontaneous short-term movement or a socio-political movement with a high degree of organization and a significant duration of activity (political parties are born from them).
Consider such social movements as expressive, utopian, revolutionary, reformist.
expressive movements
Participants in such movements create a mystical reality with the help of special rituals, dances, and games in order to almost completely separate themselves from the imperfect life of society. These include the mysteries of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Persia and India. Now expressive movements are most clearly manifested among young people: in associations of rockers, punks, goths, emo, bikers, etc. with their attempts to create their own subculture. As a rule, growing up, young people - participants in these movements - get a profession, work, get a family, children, and eventually become ordinary inhabitants.
Expressive movements also include various kinds of monarchist associations in Russia, movements of war veterans. The common basis in such associations is the traditions of the past, the real or imagined exploits of the ancestors, the desire to idealize the old customs and style of behavior. Usually, these harmless associations are busy with memories and the creation of memoirs, however, under certain conditions, they can induce a previously passive population to action, they can become an intermediate link between non-political and active political movements. In the process of ethnic conflicts, they can play an extremely negative role.
Utopian movements
Already in antiquity, Plato tried to describe the future perfect society in his dialogue "The State". However, the attempts of the philosopher to create such a society were unsuccessful. The movements of the first Christians, which were created on the basis of the ideas of universal equality, turned out to be more resilient, since their members did not strive for personal happiness and material well-being, but wanted to create ideal relationships.
Secular “perfect” societies began to appear on earth since the English humanist Thomas More wrote his famous book “Utopia” in 1516 (the word “utopia” (Greek) can be understood both as “a place that does not exist” and as "blessed country"). Utopian movements arose as attempts to create an ideal social system on earth with kind, humane people and fair social relations. The Münster commune (1534), the communes of Robert Owen (1817), the phalanx of Charles Fourier (1818) and many other utopian organizations quickly disintegrated for many reasons, and above all because of the underestimation of the natural qualities of a person - the desire to achieve well-being in life, the desire to realize one's abilities to work and be adequately compensated for it.
However, one should not underestimate the desire of people to change the conditions in which they live. This is especially true of groups whose members consider the existing relationship unfair and, in this regard, seek to decisively change their social position.
revolutionary movement
Revolution- this is an unexpected, rapid, often violent, cardinal change in the social system, structure and functions of the main social institutions. The revolution must be distinguished from the top coup."Palace" coups are carried out by people at the helm of government, they leave unchanged
social institutions and the system of power in society, replacing, as a rule, only the first persons of the state.
Usually a revolutionary movement develops gradually in an atmosphere of general social dissatisfaction. The following typical stages in the development of revolutionary movements are distinguished:
- the accumulation of social dissatisfaction over a number of years;
- the appearance of motives for active actions, uprising;
- a revolutionary explosion caused by the vacillation and weakness of the ruling elite;
- access to active positions of radicals that capture
- power and destroy the opposition; o period of the terror regime;
- a return to a calm state, stable power and some patterns of the former pre-revolutionary life.
It was in this scenario that all the most significant revolutions proceeded.
reform movement
reforms are carried out with the aim of correcting the defects of the existing social order, in contrast to the revolution, the purpose of which is to destroy the entire social system and create a fundamentally new social order, radically different from the previous one. Historical experience shows that the necessary reforms carried out in time often prevent a revolution if the interests of the population are the basis for social reforms. Where totalitarian or authoritarian rule blocks the movement of reform, the only way to remedy the shortcomings of the social system is a revolutionary movement. In traditionally democratic countries, such as Sweden, Belgium, Denmark, radical movements have few supporters, while at the same time, in totalitarian regimes, repressive policies constantly provoke revolutionary movements and riots.
Stages of social movement
In any social movement, with all the features due to the specifics of the country, region, people, there are four identical stages: initial anxiety, excitement, formalization, subsequent institutionalization.
anxiety stage associated with the emergence of the population of uncertainty about the future, a sense of social injustice, with a fragile system of values and habitual norms of behavior. Thus, in Russia, after the events of August 1991 and the official introduction of market mechanisms, millions of people found themselves in an unusual situation: without work, without means of subsistence, without the opportunity, within the framework of traditional ideology, to assess the situation, when the established norms of morality, rights were eroded, began to change values. This led to the emergence of strong social unrest among a significant part of the population and create the prerequisites for the formation of various social movements.
Excitation stage occurs if, at the stage of anxiety, people begin to associate the deterioration of their condition with real social processes to such an extent that they need to take action. Supporters of the movement come together to discuss the status quo. At spontaneous rallies, speeches are made, orators are put forward who are better than others at formulating the problems that concern everyone, agitators and, finally, leaders with an ideological organizational talent who outline the strategy and goals of the struggle and turn the masses of discontented into an effective social movement. The stage of excitement is very dynamic and quickly ends either with active actions, or with the loss of all interest in this movement among people.
A social movement that seeks to bring about fundamental change in society is usually organized to some extent. If the enthusiasm of the excited masses is not regulated and not directed to the achievement of certain goals, spontaneous street riots begin. The behavior of the excited crowd is unpredictable, its result is destruction: people set fire to cars, overturn buses, throw stones at the police, shout out threats. This is how football fans sometimes behave, provoking their opponents. In this case, the excitation usually passes quickly and there can be no talk of any organized and long-term movement.
On the formalization stages the movement takes shape (structuring, registration, etc.), ideologists appear for its theoretical justification, the formulation of clear and precise goals and objectives. Through agitators, the population is explained the reasons for the current situation, the prospects for the movement itself. At this stage, the excited masses turn into disciplined representatives of the movement who have a more or less real goal.
On the stages of institutionalization completeness and certainty are given to the social movement. The movement develops certain cultural patterns with a developed ideology, management structure, and its own symbols.
Social movements that have achieved their goal, for example, gained access to state power, turn into social institutions or organizations. Many movements fall apart under the influence of external conditions, internal weaknesses.
Causes of Social Movements
Why do social movements spring up in one society, revolutionary activity rages, riots appear, while another society lives without significant upheavals and conflicts, although there are also rich and poor, ruling and ruled? Apparently, there is no unequivocal answer to this question, since many factors, including civilizational ones, are at work.
In economically developed, democratically organized societies, the majority of the population feels a sense of relative security, stability, is indifferent to changes in public life, does not want to join radical social movements, support them, and even more so participate in them.
For changing unstable societies, elements of social disorganization, a state of anomie, are more characteristic.
If in traditional societies human needs are kept at a fairly low level, then with the development of civilization, the freedom of the individual from traditions, collective mores and prejudices, the possibility of personal choice of occupations and methods of action expand sharply, but at the same time a state of uncertainty arises, accompanied by a lack of solid life goals, norms and patterns. behavior. This puts people in a dual social position, weakens the connection with a particular group and with the whole society, which leads to an increase in cases of deviant behavior. Anomie is especially acute in the conditions of a free market, economic crises and unexpected changes in socio-political permanent factors.
The American sociologist R. Merton noticed some basic socio-psychological features in members of this kind of unstable societies. In particular, they believe that those who govern the state are indifferent to the desires and aspirations of its ordinary members. To the ordinary citizen it seems that he cannot achieve his basic goals in a society that he sees as unpredictable and disorderly. He has a growing conviction that it is impossible to count on any social and psychological support for the institutions of a given society. A complex of feelings and motives of this kind can be regarded as a modern kind of anomie.
In these cases, people are inherent in setting for social change. These attitudes become the basis for the formation of movements that cause counter-movements, identical in direction, but opposite in values. Movements and counter-movements always coexist where groups with different interests and goals are represented.
The most effective form of preventing social movements from colliding with opposing goals is to eliminate its causes at different levels.
At the general social level, we are talking about identifying and eliminating economic, social and political factors that disorganize public and state life. Distortions in the economy, a gap in the level and quality of life of large groups and sections of the population, political instability, disorganization and inefficiency of the management system are a constant source of large and small, internal and external conflicts. In order to prevent the emergence of radical movements, it is necessary to consistently pursue a social, economic, cultural policy in the interests of the whole society, strengthen the rule of law and the rule of law, and promote the improvement of the spiritual culture of people. These measures are a general “prevention” of any socially negative phenomena in society, including conflict situations. Restoring and strengthening the rule of law, eliminating the “subculture of violence” characteristic of many segments of the population, everything that can help maintain normal business relations between people, strengthen their mutual trust and respect, prevents the emergence of radical and extremist movements, and if they have already formed, contributes to softening their positions to a level acceptable to society.
In this way, social movements can be defined as a set of protest actions aimed at supporting social change, “a collective attempt to realize common interests or achieve a common goal through collective action outside the framework of established institutions” (E. Giddens). An important role in the development of society was played by expressive, utopian, revolutionary and reformist social movements. Practice shows that, reaching their goal, social movements cease to exist as movements proper and are transformed into institutions and organizations.
Traffic- the most important attribute, a way of existence of matter. D. includes all processes occurring in nature and society. In its most general form, D. is a change in general, any interaction of material objects and a change in their states. There is no matter in the world without movement, just as there can be no D. without matter. The motion of matter is absolute, while any rest is relative and represents one of the moments of motion. Since the world is infinite, every body participates in an infinite set of displacements. D. determines the properties, structural organization, and nature of the existence of matter. D. matter is diverse in its manifestations and exists in various forms. Any object exists only due to the fact that certain types of movements are reproduced in it. Motion is intrinsic to matter. 2 main types of movement:
1. D. when the quality of the item is preserved;
2. change in the qualitative state of the object.
One form of movement is transformed into another.
The latter are characterized as development. Development is a natural, holistic, irreversible structural change in systems that has a certain direction. This orientation is the resultant of the summation of various internal tendencies of change arising from the laws of motion of the system and the existing external conditions. The process of development is the transition of one quality to another, the directed formation of new systems that are born from previous systems.
2 types of development processes:
1. qualitative transformations that do not go beyond the corresponding type of matter, a certain level of its organization;
2. processes of transition from one level to another.
Engels based his classification of forms of motion on the following principles:
1. forms of movement are correlated with a certain material level of organization of matter, i.e. each level of such an organization must have its own form of movement;
2. there is a genetic link between the forms, i.e. the form of movement arises on the basis of lower forms;
3. Higher forms of movement are qualitatively specific and irreducible to lower forms.
Engels singled out 5 forms of motion of matter: mechanical, physical, chemical, biological and social.
3 blocks of movements: inanimate nature, wildlife and society.
The movement of matter should be understood not only as the mechanical movement of bodies in space, but also any interactions, as well as changes in the states of objects that are caused by these influences.
The variety of forms of matter movement is associated with a certain level of matter organization, each of which is characterized by its own system of law and carrier.
Evolution- development, forward movement, development for the better, more complex. Evolutionism is a worldview in which all processes are considered from the point of view of evolution. According to dialectics (Hegel), evolution (progress) is not only the principle of thinking, but also the principle of world events in general.
Revolution(turn, coup) - a revolution in the field of worldview, science, art, fashion; a sudden, violent change in the existing social order - as opposed to evolution, a gradual change.
Regression(reverse movement) - movement backwards.
Progress- translational movement; the development of people and humanity in the direction of a better, more perfect.
In physics, there is such a thing as mechanical motion, the definition of which is interpreted as a change in the coordinates of a body in three-dimensional space relative to other bodies with the expenditure of time. Oddly enough, but without moving anywhere you can exceed, for example, the speed of a bus. This value is relative and dependent on a given point. The main thing is to fix the reference system in order to observe the point in relation to the object.
In contact with
Description
Concepts from physics:
- A material point is a part of the body or an object with small parameters and mass, which are not taken into account when studying the process. This is a quantity that is neglected in physics.
- Displacement is the distance traveled by a material point from one coordinate to another. The concept should not be confused with movement, since in physics it is the definition of a path.
- The path traveled is the area that the item has traveled. What is the distance traveled considers the section of physics under titled "Kinematics".
- A trajectory in space is a straight or broken line along which an object travels a path. To imagine what a trajectory is, according to the definition from the field of physics, you can mentally draw a line.
- Mechanical movement is called movement along a given trajectory.
Attention! The interaction of bodies is carried out according to the laws of mechanics, and this section is called kinematics.
Understand what a coordinate system is, and what is a trajectory in practice?
It is enough to mentally find a point in space and draw coordinate axes from it, an object will move relative to it along a broken or straight line, and the types of movement will also be different, including translational, carried out during vibration and rotation.
For example, a cat is in a room, moves to any object, or changes its location in space, moving along different trajectories.
The distance between objects may differ because the selected paths are not the same.
Types
Known types of movement:
- Translational. It is characterized by the parallelism of two interconnected points moving in the same way in space. An object moves forward when it passes along a single line. It suffices to imagine the replacement of the rod in a ballpoint pen, that is, the rod moves forward along a given path, while each part of it moves in parallel and in the same way. Quite often this occurs in the mechanisms.
- Rotational. The object describes a circle in all planes that are parallel to each other. The axes of rotation are the centers of the described, and the points located on the axis are fixed. The rotating axis itself can be located inside the body (rotational), and also connected to its outer points (orbital). To understand what it is, you can take a regular needle and thread. Pinch the latter between your fingers and gradually unwind the needle. The needle will describe a circle, and such types of movement should be referred to as orbital. An example of a rotational view: spinning an object on a hard surface.
- vibrational. All points of a body moving along a given trajectory are repeated exactly or approximately after the same time. A good example is a puck suspended on a cord, oscillating to the right and to the left.
Attention! Progressive motion feature. An object moves in a straight line, and in any time interval all its points move in the same direction - this is translational motion. If a bicycle rides, then at any time you can separately consider the trajectory of its any point, it will be the same. It doesn't matter if the surface is flat or not.
These types of movements are encountered daily in practice, so losing them mentally is not difficult.
What is relativity
According to the laws of mechanics, an object moves relative to a point.
For example, if a person is standing still, and the bus is moving, this is called the relativity of the movement of the vehicle in question to the object.
With what speed the object moves in relation to a certain body in space is also taken into account relative to this body and, accordingly, acceleration also has a relative characteristic.
Relativity is a direct dependence of the trajectory given during the movement of the body, the path traveled, the speed characteristic, and also the displacement with respect to reference systems.
How is the countdown
What is a reference system and how is it characterized? The reference in connection with the spatial coordinate system, the primary reference of the time of movement - this is the reference system. In different systems, one body can have a different location.
The point is in the coordinate system, when it starts to move, its movement time is taken into account.
Reference body - this is an abstract object located at a given point in space. When orienting to its position, the coordinates of other bodies are considered. For example, a car is standing still, and a person is moving, in this case, the body of reference is a car.
Uniform movement
The concept of uniform motion - this definition in physics is interpreted as follows.
TRAFFIC, -I, cf.
1. Changing the position of an object or its parts, moving; a state opposite to immobility, rest. Rotational movement. oscillatory movement. rhythmic movement. Get in motion. □ [The aircraft] obediently responded to every movement of the control levers. B. Polevoy, The Tale of a Real Man. || Action, work mechanism. The noisy waves of it [Terek] set in motion the wheels of low Ossetian mills. Pushkin, Journey to Arzrum. The complex movement of fifteen machines was controlled by only one person. Kuprin, Moloch. [Petya], without looking up, followed the movement of the huge scissors, cutting thick zinc like paper. Kataev, A lonely sail turns white.
2. Philos. The mode of existence of matter, its universal inalienable property; continuous process of change and development of the material world. The metaphysical, i.e. anti-dialectical, materialist can accept the existence of matter (at least temporarily, until the “first push”, etc.) without movement. The dialectical materialist not only considers motion to be an inseparable property of matter, but also rejects a simplified view of motion, etc. Lenin, Materialism and Empirio-Criticism.
3. Movement in space in some direction; movement. After the battle of Borodino, the occupation of Moscow by the enemy and its burning, historians recognize the movement of the Russian army from the Ryazan to the Kaluga road and to the Tarutinsky camp as the most important episode of the war of 1812. L. Tolstoy, War and Peace. The horse rearranged its legs, the sledgehammer lurched to the right and to the left, but there was no feeling of riding, no movement. Fedin, Cities and Years. The formulas proposed by him [Tatarinov] make it possible to calculate the speed and direction of ice movement in any region of the Arctic Ocean. Kaverin, Two captains. || The action of a particular mode of transport. Tram traffic. Passenger traffic. □ Passenger trains were already going from Kharkov to Moscow. The movement was not yet regular, it was just beginning. Inber, A place in the sun. || Riding and walking in different directions (on streets, roads, etc.). Traffic rules. □ There was already heavy traffic in the corridors of the court when Nekhlyudov entered it. Watchmen ran back and forth with errands and papers. The bailiff, lawyers and judges passed here and there. L. Tolstoy, Resurrection. There were people on the street. There were so many that traffic stopped. Neither the tram nor the cars could break through the living wall. Tikhonov, Stories about Pakistan. || The transition from one instance to another, from one position to another, promotion, move. The movement of amounts. Paper movement. □ [Prince Andrei] had to the highest degree that practical tenacity that Pierre lacked, which, without scope and effort on his part, gave movement to the cause. L. Tolstoy, War and Peace. Participation in this business was drawn to him as the beginning of a very significant, even, perhaps, decisive movement in his career. Fedin, First joys.
4. Change in the position of the body or its parts; body movement, gesture. Peter comes out. His eyes Shine. His face is terrible. The movements are fast. Pushkin, Poltava. By the movement of his hand --- Katya realized that the young man was reading poetry. A. N. Tolstoy, Gloomy morning. Admiral Milne rises, and Mitford repeats this movement. Lavrenev, Strategic mistake. Her short hair hung down over her eyes, which she tossed aside with a quick movement of her head. Krymov, Tanker "Derbent".
5. what or which. Inner urge, emotional experience. He was a large man, with a sharpened face --- and, as it were, frozen features, which did not easily betray spiritual movements. Korolenko, Frost. You will have to suppress the natural movements of the heart, frown when you are happy, laugh when you are in pain. A. Goncharov, Our correspondent.
6. trans. Public activity pursuing certain goals. Peace movement. National liberation movement. revolutionary movement. □ I tried to get acquainted with the partisan movement in the Crimea as much as possible. I. A. Kozlov, In the Crimean Underground.
7. Quantitative or qualitative change; growth, development. Population movement. □ - Here [in animal husbandry] a decent advance is planned for each collective farm. Babaevsky, Cavalier of the Golden Star.
8. The development of action in a literary work, its tension, liveliness. The author's story is sometimes clothed in the lightness of a romantic narrative, and sometimes comes to a dramatic movement. Belinsky, Wanderer on land and seas<Е. Г. Ковалевского>.
free movement cm. freestyle. Sweeping water movements cm. to look forward to.
Source (printed version): Dictionary of the Russian language: In 4 volumes / RAS, Institute of Linguistics. research; Ed. A. P. Evgenieva. - 4th ed., erased. - M.: Rus. lang.; Polygraphic resources, 1999; (electronic version):
TRAFFIC
TRAFFIC
TRAFFIC, movement, cf.
1. only ed. A state opposite to rest and consisting in the movement of an object or its parts (book scientific). Rotational movement. Progressive movement. “Be in a state of motion. - the form of being of matter. Lenin . "He (Lenin) is unthinkable without movement, he is unthinkable without labor." Bezymensky .
|| movement of an object or its parts in space in a certain direction. The movement of the planets. Train movement. "From the balcony of the cafe, which is created by snobbery and whimsy, I look at the great movement of thousands (demonstration)." Lenin .
2. Transition, movement from place to place, incessant change in the position of something in space. The movement of the locomotive. The movement of enemy troops.
|| Action, the work of some mechanism. Watch the movement of the car.
3. Change in the position of the body or its individual organs in space, gesture. Hand movement. rhythmic movements. The audience followed all the movements of the speaker. In anger, he made a sudden movement. Graceful movement. With an awkward movement, he broke the glass. Lie down without moving.
4. trans. Inner motivation, change in state of mind (book). Soul movement. Pity movement.
5. only ed. The action of a particular type of transport, the transportation of passengers and goods, riding. The traffic has opened up. Trade movement. Tram traffic.
|| Riding and walking in different directions (on streets and roads). There is a lot of traffic in the square. Traffic regulation.
6. trans., only units. liveliness. speed and intensity of action (book). There is a lot of movement in the play.
7. trans., only units. Public excitement, excitement, ferment, manifested in some. facts of social life (book). Mind movement. In 1905 a strong movement against the government was revealed among the masses.
8. trans., only units. Public activity, setting itself some kind of a certain goal (book). History of the revolutionary movement. agricultural movement. professional movement. collective farm movement. Labor movement. Movement for the eradication of illiteracy.
9. only ed. Transition from one instance to another (official). Paper movement. The movement of amounts. Promotion from one position to another, higher (official pre-rev.). Service movement.
10. only ed. Passage, flow, movement, development in time. Event movement.
11. only ed. A quantitative change in something over time. The diagram shows the movement of population. Price movement.
❖ Free movements (sport.) - a special kind of gymnastic exercises without devices. Get in motion - see come. Set in motion - see set in motion. Traffic Service (zh.-d.) - the department of the railway administration in charge of the movement of trains.
Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935-1940.
Synonyms:
Antonyms:
See what "MOTION" is in other dictionaries:
In a broad sense, any change, in a narrow sense, a change in the position of the body in space. D. became a universal principle in the philosophy of Heraclitus (“everything flows”). The possibility of D. was denied by Parmenides and Zeno of Elea. Aristotle subdivided D. into ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
TRAFFIC- MOVEMENT (Greek κίνησις, lat. motus), any change in a thing that involves its transition from one state to another. The types of movement are: qualitative and quantitative change, change in position in space (movement) and ... ... ancient philosophy
See move set in motion... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian dictionaries, 1999. movement movement, move, movement, promotion, rearrangement; process, course, trend, general ... ... Synonym dictionary
traffic- a structural unit of activity is the result of the work of the psychophysiological apparatus for the implementation of the motor act, through which the interaction of a living being with the external environment takes place. Physiological activity is manifested in movement ... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia
Traffic- Movement ♦ Mouvement Change of place, state, position or location. Aristotle ("Physics", III, 1 and VIII, 7) distinguished four types of movement, which in modern language are better called changes. The main changes are... Philosophical Dictionary of Sponville
A group of artists who revived the tradition of constructivism and substantiated the principles of kinetism in Russian culture in the 1960s and 70s. Its leader was L. V. Nusberg, active participants were F. Infante, V. F. Koleichuk and others. The movement sought to bring ... ...
In philosophy, the mode of existence of matter, in the most general form, change in general, any interaction of objects. Movement acts as a unity of variability and stability, discontinuity and continuity, absolute and relative ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
In technical analysis, a change in quantity or price. In English: Movement See also: Market movement charts Classic figures of technical analysis Finam Financial Dictionary ... Financial vocabulary
E.T.I. movement Russian art group created by Anatoly Osmolovsky in Moscow in the late 80s. Contents 1 Creation history 2 Participants ... Wikipedia
traffic- MOVE, move, move MOVE/MOVE, move/move, move/move, move/move... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech
Books
- Movement to health, youth and longevity. Your own doctor (set of 2 books), Yuri Tangaev, Evgeny Sheremetiev. Your attention is invited to a set of 2 books: Yuri Tangaev "Movement to health, youth and longevity", Evgeny Sheremetiev "Your own doctor" ...
