Private bussiness

Anton Ivanovich Denikin(1872 - 1947) was born in the Kingdom of Poland, in the suburbs of the city of Wrocławek. His father, Ivan Efimovich (1807-1885), was a serf from the Saratov province, recruited. He managed to rise to the rank of officer and retired as a major of the border guards three years before the birth of his son. The boy was fluent in Russian and Polish since childhood.

In 1882, Denikin entered the Vlotslav real school. After the death of his father, he began to help the family, earning lessons, and soon received a scholarship for academic excellence. He graduated from the last classes in a real school in the city of Lovech.

After graduating, Anton Denikin, who wanted to become a military man following his father's example, entered the First Rifle Regiment, stationed in the city of Plock, as a volunteer, and was soon sent to the Kiev Infantry Cadet School. After graduating from college in 1892, he was promoted to second lieutenant and sent to the Second Artillery Brigade, stationed in the county town of Bela, Sedlec province. In 1895 he entered the Academy of the General Staff, from which he graduated in 1899. He was promoted to captain. In 1901 he was assigned to the General Staff. In 1902-1910, he held various staff positions at the brigade, divisional and corps levels. During the war with Japan, he was appointed to the active army, although the unit in which Denikin served at that time was in Poland. Participated in battles in Manchuria, in the battle of Mukden. "For distinction in cases against the Japanese" was promoted to colonel and awarded the Order of St. Stanislaus 3rd degree with swords and bows and St. Anne 2nd degree with swords.

In 1910-1914 he commanded the 17th Archangelsk Infantry Regiment on the Austrian border. He was promoted to major general. During the First World War, he served in the Eighth Army of A. A. Brusilov, reaching the position of division commander. Participated in the Carpathian battle, Lvov and Lutsk operations, Brusilov breakthrough. For the capture of Lutsk, he was promoted to lieutenant general. In September 1916 he became commander of the Eighth Army Corps on the Romanian Front, in February 1917 - assistant chief of the General Staff. From April 5 to May 31, he served as Chief of the General Staff. On May 31 he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Western Front, on August 2 - Commander-in-Chief of the South-Western Front.

On August 29 (September 11), 1917, Anton Denikin was arrested for supporting Lavr Kornilov. He spent almost three months in prison in the prisons of Berdichev and Bykhov. After the fall of the Provisional Government, Supreme Commander Dukhonin, having learned about the approach of echelons with Bolshevik troops, released the generals imprisoned in the Bykhov prison. Denikin with a certificate in the name of "assistant chief of the dressing detachment Alexander Dombrovsky" made his way to Novocherkassk, where he took part in the creation of the Volunteer Army. Participated in the First Kuban ("Ice") campaign. After the death of Kornilov in 1918, he took the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. On March 5-27, 1920, Denikin managed to evacuate the remnants of his troops from Novorossiysk to the Crimea. On April 4, he handed over power to Wrangel and emigrated to England.

In protest against the desire of the British government to make peace with Soviet Russia, in August 1920 he left England and moved to Belgium, then lived in Hungary, and from 1926 in France.

Unlike a number of emigrant figures who planned to participate in hostilities against the Red Army on the side of foreign states unfriendly to the USSR, he advocated the need to support the Red Army against any foreign aggressor. During the occupation of France, he rejected the offer of the Germans to move to Germany. Denikin settled under the control of the German commandant's office and the Gestapo in the village of Mimizan near Bordeaux. Many of the books, pamphlets and articles written by Denikin in the 1930s ended up on the list of literature banned in the territory controlled by the Third Reich.

At the end of 1945, fearing forcible deportation to the USSR, he moved to the United States. In the summer of 1946, he issued a memorandum "The Russian Question" addressed to the governments of Great Britain and the United States, in which, while allowing a military clash between the leading powers of the West and Soviet Russia in order to overthrow the rule of the Communists, he warned them against intentions to carry out the dismemberment of Russia in this case.

What is famous

Anton Denikin

One of the main leaders of the White movement, who in 1919 managed to turn the Volunteer Army into a serious threat to the Bolsheviks.

Denikin launched an offensive with his 85,000-strong army in the spring of 1919. At the end of the summer, the cities of Poltava, Nikolaev, Kherson, Odessa, and Kyiv were taken by the Whites. By October, his troops took Orel. It was expected that Denikin would soon take Moscow, the Bolsheviks were preparing to go underground. An underground Moscow Party Committee was created, and government offices began evacuating to Vologda.

But Denikin could not overcome the remaining 200 miles to Moscow. His rear was destroyed by the raid of the army of Nestor Makhno, to fight the Makhnovists, Denikin had to withdraw troops from the front. At this time, the Bolsheviks concluded an unspoken truce with the Poles and Petliurists, freeing up forces to fight Denikin. The mass mobilization of the population into Denikin's army, robberies, violence, the establishment of military discipline at militarized enterprises, and most importantly, the restoration of the landlords' property rights to land deprived Denikin of the support of the population. In addition, Denikin refused to recognize the independence of the states formed on the territory of Russia, which did not allow him to create a powerful coalition with the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic, and caused conflicts with the Don and Kuban Cossacks.

What you need to know

Having started publishing stories and journalistic articles even before the revolution, Denikin devoted himself mainly to literary activity during the years of emigration. His main work is the five-volume Essays on Russian Troubles. The two-volume book "The Old Army" presents various aspects of the life of the Russian army from the 1890s to the First World War and contains the author's observations on the relationship between the army and the public on the eve of the 1905 revolution.

He also left an interesting autobiographical book, The Way of a Russian Officer. He owns a number of other works of a political orientation, a significant number of journalistic articles and notes. Some of Denikin's manuscripts remain unpublished to this day.

Direct speech

“In the first year of my life, on the day of some kind of family holiday, according to an old belief, my parents arranged a fortune-telling: they laid out a cross, a children's saber, a glass and a book on a tray. Whatever I touch first will determine my fate. They brought me. I immediately reached for the saber, then played with my glass, but for no reason did I want to touch anything else. Telling me later about this scene, my father laughed: “Well, I think it’s bad: my son will be a grunt and a drunkard!” The fortune-telling both came true and did not come true. The Saber, indeed, predetermined my life path, but I did not renounce book wisdom either. And I didn’t become a drunkard, although I don’t shy away from alcohol at all. I was drunk once in my life - on the day of promotion to officers.

Anton Denikin "The Way of the Russian Officer"

“The black pages of the Army, like the light ones, already belong to history. History will sum up our deeds. In her indictment, she examines the natural causes, resulting from the ruin, impoverishment of the country and the general decline in morals, and points out the guilt: the government, which failed to provide for the Army; command, unable to cope with other bosses; commanders who could not (some) or did not want (others) to curb the troops; troops who could not resist the temptation; a society that did not want to sacrifice its labor and wealth; hypocrites and hypocrites who cynically savored the wit of the army phrase “from the grateful population” and then threw stones at the Army ... Truly, the thunder of heaven was needed to make everyone look back at themselves and their ways.

Anton Denikin "Essays on Russian Troubles"

“Denikin received me in the presence of his chief of staff, General Romanovsky. Medium height, stout, somewhat disposed towards fullness, with a small beard and long black mustache with considerable graying, a rough low voice, General Denikin gave the impression of a thoughtful, firm, thick-set, purely Russian person. He had a reputation as an honest soldier, a brave, capable commander with great military erudition. His name has become especially popular since our turmoil, when first as chief of staff of the supreme commander in chief, and then commander in chief of the southwestern front, he independently, boldly and firmly raised his voice to defend the honor and dignity of his native army and Russian officers.

Pyotr Wrangel

6 facts about Anton Denikin

• Anton Denikin learned to read at the age of four.
• Since 1898, Denikin began to write and publish stories about military life under a pseudonym.
• The brigade under the command of Denikin twice, in 1915 and 1916, took the city of Lutsk. On the St. George weapon, which was awarded to Denikin, the inscription "For the two-time liberation of Lutsk" was made.
• During the First World War, Denikin was awarded the highest military order of Romania - the Order of Michael the Brave 3rd degree.
• In 1943, Denikin sent a carload of medicines to the Red Army at his own expense, which puzzled Stalin and the Soviet leadership. It was decided to take the medicines, but not to disclose the name of the donor
• Anton Denikin was buried at Evergreen Cemetery in Detroit. In 1952, his remains were transferred to St. Vladimir's Russian Cemetery in New Jersey. On October 3, 2005, the ashes of General Denikin and his wife Xenia were reburied at the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow.

Materials about Anton Denikin

The future White General Denikin Anton Ivanovich was born on 12/16/1872 in a village not far from the Polish capital. As a child, Anton dreamed of becoming a military man, so he bathed horses together with lancers and went with a company to the shooting range. At the age of 18 he graduated from a real school. After 2 years he became a graduate of the infantry cadet school in Kyiv. At the age of 27 he graduated from the General Staff Academy in the capital.

As soon as the military conflict with Japan began, the young officer sent a request to be sent to the warring army, where he became the chief of staff of the Ural-Transbaikal division. After the end of the war, Denikin was awarded two military awards and granted the rank of colonel. When returning home after the war, the path to the capital was blocked by a number of anarchist republics. But Denikin and his colleagues formed a detachment of volunteers and with weapons by rail made their way through the turmoil-ridden Siberia.

From 1906 to 1910 Denikin served on the General Staff. From 1910 to 1914, he served as commander of an infantry regiment, and before the First World War, Denikin became a major general.

When the first world conflict began, Anton Ivanovich commanded a brigade, which was later reformed into a division. In the fall of 1916, Denikin was appointed commander of the 8th Army Corps. Being a participant in Brusilov's breakthrough, General Denikin was awarded two Orders of St. George and weapons encrusted with precious stones as a reward for courage and success.

In the spring of 1917, Denikin was already Chief of Staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, and in the summer, instead of Kornilov, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Western Front.

Anton Ivanovich was very critical of the actions of the provisional government of Russia, which, he believed, contributed to the disintegration of the army. As soon as Denikin learned about the Kornilov rebellion, he immediately sent a letter to the provisional government, where he expressed his agreement with Kornilov's actions. In the summer, Generals Denikin and Markov with other associates were arrested and put in the casemates of Berdichev. In the fall, the prisoners were transferred to the Bykhov prison, where Kornilov and his associates were already languishing. In November, General Dukhonin ordered the release of Kornilov, Denikin and the rest of the prisoners, who immediately went to the Don.

Upon arrival on the Don land, the generals, which included Denikin, began to form the Volunteer Army. As deputy commander, Denikin took part in the "Ice" campaign. After General Kornilov died, Denikin took up the post of commander-in-chief of the Volunteer Army and ordered a retreat back to the Don.

With the beginning of 1919, Denikin headed all the Armed Forces of southern Russia. Having cleared the entire North Caucasus of the Red Guards, Denikin's armies began to advance. After the liberation of Ukraine, the Whites took Orel and Voronezh. After the assault on Tsaritsyn, Denikin decided to march on the capital. But already in the fall, the Reds turned the tide of the Civil War, and Denikin's armies began to retreat south. The army of the White Guards was evacuated from Novorossiysk, and Anton Ivanovich, having surrendered command to Baron Wrangel and greatly experiencing defeat, went into exile. An interesting fact: the white general Denikin never presented orders and medals to his fighters, because he considered it shameful to be awarded in a fratricidal war.

Anton Ivanovich Denikin was born on December 4 (16), 1872 in the Warsaw province. His father came from the serfs of the Saratov province, in his youth he was recruited and managed to curry favor from the rank and file to the majors. His mother, a Polish woman, never learned to speak Russian well until the end of her life.

After graduating from a real school, young Denikin entered the military service, which he had always dreamed of. He took military school courses at the Kiev Infantry Cadet School, and then graduated from the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff (1899).

During Russo-Japanese War in March 1904, Denikin filed a report on the transfer from Warsaw to the active army. At the front, he became the chief of staff of the Trans-Baikal Cossack division, and then the famous Ural-Trans-Baikal division of General Mishchenko, who became famous for daring raids behind enemy lines. Anton Ivanovich was awarded the orders of St. Stanislav and St. Anna and promoted to the rank of colonel.

Anton Ivanovich Denikin. Photo from late 1918 or early 1919

AT revolutionary In 1905, several anarchist "republics" blocked the way back from Manchuria to Russia. Denikin and other officers put together a detachment of reliable fighters and broke through rebellious Siberia on a train with weapons in their hands. Nevertheless, Anton Ivanovich, was a liberal, spoke in the press against obsolete orders in the army, stood for a constitutional monarchy, and was close in his views to the Cadets.

In June 1910, Denikin became commander of the 17th Archangelsk Infantry Regiment. In June 1914 he was promoted to major general. Having no "patronage from above", Denikin acted all his life on the principle of "honest service, and not subservience to those in power."

Since the beginning First World War Denikin refused the headquarters post of Quartermaster General of the 8th Army and went to the front as commander of the 4th Rifle Brigade, which was called the Iron Brigade and was subsequently deployed into a division. She became famous all over Russia. Denikin was awarded the Order of St. George 4th and 3rd degree and (for breaking through enemy positions during Brusilov offensive in 1916 and the second capture of Lutsk) with the Golden George Arms with diamonds. In September 1916 he was appointed to command the 8th corps on the Romanian front.

In March 1917, with Provisional government Denikin, as a well-known liberal general, was appointed to the high post of chief of staff of the Supreme Commander. But he openly did not approve of the policy of the new government, leading to the collapse of the army. After the dismissal of General Alekseev from the post of Supreme Commander-in-Chief and replacing him with an opportunist Brusilov Denikin was removed from Headquarters. On May 31 (June 13), 1917, he was transferred to the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Western Front.

Anton Denikin. General's way

On July 16 (29), 1917, at a meeting at Headquarters with the participation of Kerensky, Denikin made a sharp speech, calling for the elimination of the omnipotence of the anarchist soldiers' committees in the army and the removal of politics from it. Kerensky was unable to listen to this truth, looking into Denikin's eyes, and during his speech he sat at the table with his head in his hands.

In July 1917, after General Kornilov was appointed Supreme Commander-in-Chief, Denikin was appointed commander-in-chief of the Southwestern Front in his place. Upon learning that Kerensky ordered Kornilov to be dismissed right on the eve of the implementation of measures agreed with the government to decisively oppose the Bolsheviks and the Soviet, Denikin sent an angry telegram to the supreme power, declaring that he would not follow the path of "planned destruction of the army and the country." Upon learning of this, unbridled crowds of soldiers broke into the headquarters of the Southwestern Front, arrested Generals Denikin, Markova and others (August 29, 1917) and threw them into the Berdichev prison. They barely escaped the massacre there. At the end of September, the generals arrested in Berdichev were transferred to the Bykhov prison, where Kornilov's group was already imprisoned.

November 19 (December 2), 1917, the day before the ensign arrived in Mogilev Krylenko with the Red Guard militants, the new Commander-in-Chief Dukhonin gave Bykhov's prisoners the opportunity to escape. All of them went to Ataman Kaledin, in the Don Cossack region, where General Alekseev had already begun to create a center of struggle against the Bolsheviks who had committed the October Revolution.

In legendary 1st Kuban (Ice) Campaign Volunteer army Denikin acted as deputy commander, Kornilov. When Kornilov died on April 13, 1918 during the storming of Ekaterinodar, Denikin led the army and took it back from the Kuban to the borders of the Don region. [Cm. Russian Civil War - Chronology.]

An extremely conscientious man, Denikin laid the blame for these defeats on himself. On April 4, 1920, he handed over the post of commander-in-chief to Peter Wrangel, and he left with his family for Constantinople, then to England. Later he lived in Belgium, Hungary, again in Belgium. From 1926 he settled in Paris.

In exile, Denikin wrote a five-volume work "Essays on the Russian Troubles" - one of the best and most objective works on the history of the civil war. The Soviet authorities made several attempts to assassinate and kidnap Denikin, but they, fortunately, failed.

Anton Ivanovich

Battles and victories

Russian military leader, politician, one of the main leaders of the White movement in Russia during the Civil War.

During the First World War, he commanded the 4th Infantry Brigade (later expanded into a division), which received the nickname "Iron". During the Civil War he was the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia (1918-1920), having achieved the greatest success in the fight against the Reds.

Anton Ivanovich Denikin was born in a village near the Polish city of Wloclawek. His father, Ivan Efimovich, came from serfs. As a recruit, he was taken to the army, where, after 22 years of service, he passed the exam for the first officer rank. He retired in 1869 with the rank of major. The father instilled in his son a deep religiosity, with which Anton Ivanovich passed all his life. His mother, Elizaveta Feodorovna, was a Pole, and Denikin's childhood itself was spent in a city where the main population was Poles and Jews. He himself spoke passable Polish and was devoid of any xenophobic sentiments. Since childhood, he observed the impotence of the domestic national policy, which set the task of Russifying the region. Denikin's family lived quite poorly, it is in this that one should look for the reasons for his heightened sense of social justice (which sometimes went sideways to Anton Ivanovich) and adherence to liberal views.

Denikin's father died when he was thirteen years old, which further constrained the financial situation of the family, and Anton Ivanovich himself was forced to earn extra money as a tutor. After graduating from the Lovichsky Real School (where he showed good abilities in the field of mathematics), he entered the Kiev Infantry Junker School, from which he graduated in 1892 and received the rank of second lieutenant. Being one of the best in his studies, he chose the 2nd field artillery brigade, which was located in the provincial town of Bela (Sedletskaya province), as his place of service.

Lieutenant Denikin. 1895

The fate of a provincial officer did not appeal to the young Denikin. Soon he entered the elite Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff. True, in his first year he was cut off at the military history exam (he was asked what the situation was exactly at 12 o’clock during the battle of Wagram), but the next year he again passed the exams and subsequently graduated from the academy. In the year of graduation, her boss, General Sukhotin, personally (in violation of the established law) changed the procedure for determining the final score, as a result, Denikin was not assigned to the General Staff.

And here the character of the young officer manifested itself. He filed a complaint against the minister, and proceedings began. As a result, he was offered to withdraw the complaint and write a pitiful letter with a request to show mercy. Denikin refused, stating: “I do not ask for mercy. I only get what is rightfully mine." The petition to the Highest Name also remained unanswered. But Denikin was never included in the General Staff, as the then Minister of War Kuropatkin said in the presence of Emperor Nicholas II, "for character."

Denikin's camp collection took place at the headquarters of the Warsaw Military District. The chief of staff, General Puzyrevsky, twice wrote petitions to St. Petersburg about Denikin, receiving the following answer on the third time: "The Minister of War forbade making any petition about Captain Denikin." As a result, I had to return to my brigade. By the way, a few years later, Anton Ivanovich wrote a personal letter to Kuropatkin, where he described the whole story in detail. To the credit of the minister, he admitted that he had acted unfairly, and at the very first audience with the emperor he achieved Denikin's inclusion in the General Staff.

Even then, Anton Ivanovich began to actively publish various feuilletons, articles and essays in the military press. In them, he denounced clerical work, demanded a more humane attitude towards the soldier, and also spoke in defense of officer traditions. Denikin believed that apart from the army and navy, Russia could not have reliable allies, he saw the danger from Great Britain, Austria-Hungary and Japan. Moreover, with regards to the latter, his voice joined the chorus of those who did not consider her a significant military force and predicted a quick victory over her.

In the summer of 1902, Anton Ivanovich became senior adjutant of the headquarters of the 2nd Infantry Division, and in the fall, for the qualification, he left to command a company in the 183rd regiment. At the beginning of 1904, the Russo-Japanese War broke out, and Denikin achieved an appointment to the front. First, he was appointed chief of staff of the 3rd brigade of the Zaamursky district of a separate corps of the border guards, which was located in the far rear. Far from the main events, he did not want to stay, and therefore asked for an assignment to the front. By a lucky chance, he became the chief of staff of the Trans-Baikal Cossack division, commanded by the illustrious General P.K. von Rennenkampf. It was under the leadership of this, of course, a talented military commander (division and corps level) that Anton Ivanovich began to comprehend real military science in combat conditions.

In the battles near Tsinghechen at the end of November 1904, he commanded the vanguard (1 battalion, 4 hundred Cossacks and a mountain battery), which valiantly repelled enemy attacks for five days. The hill where the fighting took place was even nicknamed "Denikin's". In February 1905, he became chief of staff of the Ural-Transbaikal Cossack division, arriving there along with Rennenkampf, who temporarily replaced the wounded General Mishchenko. Here Denikin took part in the battle of Mukden, which was unsuccessful for us. After the withdrawal of the Russian army, the cavalry on the right flank was again led by General Mishchenko - a man whose name then thundered throughout Russia, and many officers and soldiers specially left their units to serve under him. Denikin remained chief of staff. We note a very interesting trait of his character, namely the ability to converge with his superiors: first he managed to establish relations with a very difficult Rennenkampf, and then with his almost “mortal enemy” Mishchenko.

Despite the lull, in the following months Mishchenko's cavalry detachment conducted a series of daring raids behind enemy lines, destroying railways, destroying enemy companies, seizing military property and valuable correspondence. For military distinctions, Denikin was promoted to colonel. As Mishchenko wrote in the order for his detachment: “In fairness, I must recognize the activity of this worthy officer of the General Staff as highly useful both in relation to the internal life of the division’s units, and especially in combat service, which was very difficult and responsible.”

All this time of combat life and service with the division, Colonel Denikin showed outstanding energy, efficiency, diligence, correct understanding and love for military affairs.

General P.I. Mishchenko

After the end of the war, it was assumed that Anton Ivanovich would receive the post of chief of staff of the division, but while there was a long journey through the revolution-ridden Siberia (where the officers had to actually seize the train to break into central Russia), all the vacant places were distributed. After much clarification, he was offered a temporary position as a staff officer at the headquarters of the 2nd Cavalry Corps in the Warsaw military district he knew. The temporary appointment lasted for a whole year. A heightened sense of justice again leapt up in Denikin, he wrote a not entirely correct petition to the General Staff, from where he received an offer to become chief of staff of the 8th Siberian division. The telegram added: "In case of refusal, he will be struck off the candidate list." To which Anton Ivanovich sent an even less correct telegram: “I don’t want to,” after which he was offered a normal post of chief of staff of the 57th reserve brigade in Saratov.

Commander of the Arkhangelsk Regiment Denikin A.I. Zhitomir, 1912

At this time, Denikin continued to actively speak in the military press with journalistic articles. Some of them dealt with military life, others described the events of the Russian-Japanese war, and others were devoted to an analysis of the causes of failures in the fields of Manchuria and the inadequacy of the military reforms begun. Like many liberal-minded military men, Anton Ivanovich pinned his hopes on renewal, calling for a bet on officer cadres (to improve the selection system and provide an opportunity for creative initiative), and also to pay attention to the development of aviation and motor transport. On the eve of the First World War, Denikin wrote that Russia was not ready for a future war (“A new war would be a misfortune for us”), and therefore believed that “our poor dark country now, at the dawn of a renewed political system, more than ever needs peace and prosperity." It is worth noting that he focused on politics in the Far East, clearly exaggerating the military threat from China.

In 1910, Denikin was given command of the 17th Arkhangelsk Infantry Regiment, and in early 1914 he became acting general for assignments at the headquarters of the Kyiv military district. In June 1914 he was promoted to the rank of major general.

With the outbreak of the First World War, Denikin ended up on the Southwestern Front, which fought against the Austro-Hungarian troops. Initially, he took the post of Quartermaster General of the 8th Army, General A.A. Brusilov, who was on the left wing and, together with the 3rd Army N.V. Ruzsky in early August developed an offensive in Eastern Galicia. Since the Austrians delivered the main blow to the north, the main battles broke out there, and therefore the advance of Brusilov's troops in the early days did not meet resistance. In mid-August, on the Rotten Lipa River, Ruzsky, with the support of Brusilov, defeated the relatively weak Austrian forces and occupied Lvov.

Denikin did not like staff work, he rushed into battle and knocked out his appointment as commander of the 4th rifle brigade, called "iron": during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-78. she was part of the detachment of General Gurko, who fought fierce battles on Shipka. In the hands of Anton Ivanovich, this brigade again won a number of brilliant victories.

The position of a brigade (division) in the 8th Army was quite special. Iron shooters almost never had to take part in positional standing, which at times was long and boring. Usually, after a bloody battle, the brigade was withdrawn by Brusilov to the “reserve of the army commander”, only to be thrown again in two or three days to someone else’s rescue in the thick of the battle, into the breakthrough or into the chaos of the retreating units. We often suffered heavy losses and changed fourteen corps in this order. And I proudly note that the Iron Division has earned the honorary title of "fire brigade" of the 8th Army.

A.I. Denikin

For a long time, the 4th Rifle Brigade was in cooperation with the no less valiant 12th Cavalry Division A.M. Kaledin and the 48th Infantry Division L.G. Kornilov, and the chief of staff of the front until March 1915 was General M.V. Alekseev. All of them will then become the head of the White movement in southern Russia.

An excellently educated officer who had gone through a combat school under Rennenkampf and Mishchenko, Denikin at the head of the brigade turned out to be “in his place”: he was rightfully one of the best brigade and divisional commanders of that war. In early September 1914, its units took part in the battles near Grodek, repulsing the Austrians' attempt to gain revenge by striking the 8th Army's flank. For these events, he was awarded the St. George weapon: “For the fact that you are in battles from 8 to 12 September. In 1914, with outstanding skill and courage, desperate attacks of an enemy superior in strength were beaten off at Grodek, especially persistent on September 11, when the Austrians tried to break through the center of the corps; and on the morning of 12 Sept. themselves went over with the brigade to a decisive offensive.

In September, Denikin's brigade participated in the further pursuit of the defeated Austrians, who retreated across the river along the whole front. San. However, the situation soon changed dramatically: the Germans, together with their allies, made a rush to Warsaw, while the Austrians launched their own offensive in Galicia. Thus began the bloody battles on the river. San and Khyrov, which went through the whole of October and ended with a general detour of the enemy. In them, the "iron brigade" showed miracles of courage and courage. So, on October 11 (24), without any artillery preparation, Denikin broke through the enemy’s defense lines and, having scribbled a quick telegram “We are beating and chasing the Austrians”, began the pursuit, during which he captured the village. Mountain Meadow. For the enemy, the Russian breakthrough was so unexpected that it caused panic in the rear. Moreover, in Gorny Luzhok was the headquarters of the group of Archduke Franz Joseph, who barely managed to escape capture. The success of the Denikin brigade had an important contribution to the overall advancement of the army, and Anton Ivanovich himself was awarded the Order of St. George 4th class.

At the end of October, the enemy began to retreat along the entire front, and the 8th Army reached the Carpathians. If in November the main operations were unfolding in the Lodz region (an unsuccessful attempt to invade Germany) and in the direction of Krakow, then Brusilov was given a generally passive task: to operate in the Carpathians, ensuring the left flank of the entire front from possible surprises from Hungary. Brusilov decided to occupy the Carpathian passes. Thus began stubborn battles in the Carpathians, which went on with varying success until April 1915. Denikin's brigade was actively transferred from one sector to another, ensuring the advancement of Russian troops. For the battles of January 1915, Denikin was awarded the Order of St. George, 3rd degree. As indicated in the award order: “Being part of the 2nd Cavalry Corps and personally directing the actions of the 4th Rifle Brigade entrusted to him, under strong and real fire, he knocked out the enemy, who showed great stubbornness, from a number of trenches and threw him over the river. San on the site Smolnik - Zhuravin. By capturing the tactically most important, heavily fortified heights 761-703-710, he contributed so much to the victorious success of the entire Lutoviska operation that without mastering these heights, the mentioned success would not have been possible. Trophies: 8 machine guns and over 2,000 prisoners.

In early March, the brigade fought the hardest battles near Mount Audrin. Here she fell into an almost complete environment, and behind was a full-flowing river. San with one bridge for crossing. The arrows again bled, but did not retreat, so as not to expose the neighboring 14th Infantry Division under attack. Only by order of the authorities, the brigade was then assigned to the San. Note that by the beginning of April 1915, the 8th Army nevertheless ended up on the western slope of the Carpathians.

In April, a month after the fall of the largest Austrian fortress Przemysl, Emperor Nicholas II arrived at the front. The 1st company of the 16th Infantry Regiment was put on guard of honor. As Brusilov later wrote: “I reported to the sovereign that the 16th regiment, as well as the entire rifle division, called the Iron, during the entire campaign stood out for its special valor and that, in particular, the 1st company had on These days, a brilliant deed, having destroyed two companies of the enemy. Around the same time, in the spring of 1915, Denikin was offered to lead an infantry division, but he refused, saying that with his "iron arrows" he could do more. As a result, the brigade was deployed into a division.

During the battles for the Carpathians, the armies of the Southwestern Front suffered heavy losses. The high consumption of ammunition coincided with a military supply crisis. Moreover, in mid-April, the enemy concentrated a large grouping and broke through the Russian front in the area of ​​Cape Gorlitsa. Thus began the bloody battles that ended with the Great Retreat of the Russian armies. Denikin recalled: “The battle near Przemysl in mid-May. Eleven days of the fiercest battle of the Iron Division... Eleven days of the terrible rumble of German heavy artillery, literally tearing down entire rows of trenches along with their defenders... And the silence of my batteries... We could not answer, there was nothing. Even the cartridges for guns were issued the most limited amount. The regiments, exhausted to the last degree, fought off one attack after another ... with bayonets or, in extreme cases, shooting at close range. I saw how the ranks of my shooters were thinning, and I experienced despair and a consciousness of absurd helplessness.

Throughout the summer, the troops of the Southwestern Front fought back, sometimes turning into counterattacks, managing to avoid complete defeat. In mid-August, the 1st Austro-Hungarian Army launched an offensive around the flank of the 8th Army. The situation was saved by the new 39th Corps (it consisted of spare parts, and therefore its combat strength was minimal) and the 4th Infantry Division.

The position of the division was unusually difficult. The Austrians, introducing more and more new forces into battle, spread to the left, covering the right flank of the army. In accordance with this, my front was lengthened, reaching, in the end, up to 15 kilometers. The enemy forces significantly outnumbered us, almost three times, and it was impossible to defend under such conditions. I decided to attack.

A.I. Denikin

Denikin went on the attack three times, thereby delaying the bypass wing of the enemy. In the first half of September, in view of the general situation, the 8th Army withdrew.

However, Brusilov soon managed to win a partial victory, and, building on his success, he sent the 4th Infantry Division to Lutsk. Frontal attack failed. Then the 30th Corps of General Zayonchkovsky was sent around, but he was also stopped by enemy troops. The situation at Denikin's front was deteriorating: “Our position is peak. We have no choice but to attack,” he said. On September 10 (23), during a daring attack, Lutsk was taken, and Denikin entered the city in the ranks of the first line. 128 officers and 6000 lower ranks were taken prisoner, 3 guns and 30 machine guns became trophies. Soon parts of Zaionchkovsky also approached, he sent a report to the army headquarters that he had entered the city, Brusilov made a joking note on it: "... and captured General Denikin there." For the feat with the capture of Lutsk (which, however, later had to be abandoned), Anton Ivanovich was promoted to lieutenant general, and later was awarded the St. George weapon, decorated with diamonds. In fact, during the two years of the war, Denikin received four of the highest "George" awards: the maximum that the head of the division could count on at that time.

In early October, the 4th Infantry Division took part in the capture of Czartorysk, when the 1st Grenadier Regiment of the Crown Prince was defeated. 138 officers, 6100 lower ranks were captured, and 9 guns and 40 machine guns were taken.

The last glorious page in the history of the "iron shooters" was the Brusilovsky breakthrough, which began at the end of May 1916. Then Denikin's division was part of the 8th Army, commanded by General Kaledin. Artillery preparation began at four in the morning on May 22 and went on all day. By the morning of the next day, passages were created for a direct attack. Then Denikin gave order No. 13: "Today at 9 o'clock I order the division to attack, and God help us!"

The attack began successfully: in just half an hour, the division captured all three enemy defense lines (the only exception was the left flank, where the battle for the 1st line dragged on). By evening, the task was completed. At the same time, a telegram of thanks from the army commander followed: “I thank you from the bottom of my heart, as well as all the hero-shooters for their today's glorious heroism and impeccable valor.”

On May 24, the 4th Infantry Division rushed into pursuit. Denikin followed his units, which moved forward unceasingly. Seeing the success of the offensive, he, unable to resist, said, referring to the 16th Infantry Regiment, which was in reserve: "I will give you Lutsk for tomorrow." By the evening of the next day, after a stubborn battle, the arrows really broke into the city, capturing 4,500 prisoners. At the same time, the offensive proceeded so rapidly that communication with the corps headquarters was temporarily lost. In total, 243 officers, 9626 lower ranks, more than 500 wounded, 27 guns, 37 machine guns, mortars and bombers, a lot of weapons and shells were taken during these days. The losses were: among the officers - 16 were killed, 25 were wounded and 2 were shell-shocked, among the lower ranks - 694 were killed, 2867 were wounded.

Over the next few days, the division remained in its positions, mainly conducting reconnaissance and providing support to the neighboring 2nd Infantry Division. On June 4, the order came to defend the captured lines. By that time, the Germans had already arrived to help the Austrians, which means that Denikin had to repel the attacks of a more skillful enemy. The enemy pressed on. Already by noon, some regiments were repelling the 8th attack, but the division held on, although it lost 13 officers and 890 riflemen.

The following days were spent in heavy fighting, and on June 8 the division was withdrawn to prepared positions. From June 5 to 10, she lost 9 officers and 781 lower ranks killed, 33 officers and 3202 lower ranks wounded, 5 officers and 25 lower ranks were shell-shocked, 18 officers and 1041 lower ranks remained on the battlefield. 8 officers, 611 enemy soldiers were taken prisoner, 3 machine guns were captured. Denikin's division fought defensive battles, and went on its own into private counterattacks. Despite serious efforts, the Austrians did not manage to break through the defense (breakthroughs in certain areas, as a rule, were quickly eliminated). Only on June 18, 13 captured enemy officers, 613 lower ranks, passed through the headquarters of the division. In the order of the army commander, the 2nd and 4th rifle divisions were called the core, pride and glory of the 8th army.

On June 21-22, the division fought demonstrative battles. Losses amounted to 420 riflemen and 351 lower ranks in the 199th regiment. As stated in the division's war diary: “The demonstration was too expensive, although, apparently, it achieved its goal. Reason: one company went forward and broke into the enemy advanced trenches; neighbors did not want to lag behind. The irrepressible striving forward created the illusion of little resistance from the enemy; however, a large number of losses does not confirm this.

In July, Denikin's troops went on the offensive three times, managed to move forward somewhat, but failed to break the line of defense. On August 18, attempts to attack the enemy were repeated again, chemical shells were even used, but neither Denikin nor other commanders were able to achieve significant success. After initial successes at the end of May - June, the offensive impulse subsided, and the Brusilovsky breakthrough did not achieve its strategic goal: the withdrawal of Austria-Hungary from the war.

On September 8, Denikin nevertheless went on a promotion: he was appointed commander of the 8th Army Corps, at the head of which he first took part in unsuccessful battles near Kovel, and then was transferred to the Romanian front in order to save the defeated ally.

By that time, Denikin had become quite widely known as one of the most successful divisional commanders. Of course, he was a brilliant tactician, he knew how to keep control of his units, despite the severity of the battle, understood the psychology of the soldiers and had a "Suvorov" eye. Most importantly, Denikin was not afraid of the offensive, favorably differing from many other commanders. Of course, during the gusts, he sometimes fell into euphoria, which led to an underestimation of the enemy's forces and high losses. The successes of the "iron shooters" sometimes aroused the envy of neighboring units and complaints that their own merits were underestimated. So, when Denikin was transferred to a new position, General V.I. Sokolov left the following lines in his notes: “Denikin had known the VIII Corps for a long time as the head of the 3rd rifle, the so-called iron, first brigade, and then the division - through combat meetings and joint affairs in 1915 and 1916. We knew that this was a man of immense ambition, to the satisfaction of which he went by all means, including the cheapest advertising, but at the same time he was an unconditionally brave man, not only with military, but also with civil courage. Approximately a similar assessment was given by A.A. Brusilov: “Denikin, who later played such a big role, was a good military general, very quick-witted and decisive, but he always tried to get his neighbors to work decently in his favor in order to facilitate the task given to him for his division; his neighbors often complained that he wanted to attribute their military distinctions to himself. I considered it natural that he was trying to reduce the number of victims of the units entrusted to him, but, of course, all this should be done with a certain tact and in a certain amount.

Anton Ivanovich met the February Revolution with the hope of positive changes in the country and the army, but the subsequent turmoil and the collapse of the armed forces hit his illusions. Not without the patronage of the Minister of War A.I. Guchkov, he first became an assistant to the chief of staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief (at that time General M.V. Alekseev was at the head of the armies), and then the chief of staff. Together with Alekseev, he stood at the origins of the Union of Army and Navy Officers - a professional organization that managed to rally those who did not accept the collapse of the army and were ready to speak out in the name of saving Russia.

After the resignation of Alekseev in May 1917, Denikin headed the Western Front. In mid-July, during a meeting of senior leaders in the presence of Prime Minister A.F. Kerensky, he sharply opposed the murderous policy of the Provisional Government, calling for the dispersal of military committees, the restoration of discipline, and not to interfere with the army in politics. Kerensky thanked him for his honest report. According to reports, at that time Anton Ivanovich appeared among those who were planned to be appointed to the post of Supreme Commander-in-Chief instead of A.A. Brusilov, however, due to the support from Savinkov, this post was taken by L.G. Kornilov. Denikin soon headed the Southwestern Front.

He supported Kornilov's speech and was arrested along with him and other generals. It was possible to escape only after the October Revolution. Denikin ended up on the Don, where he took part in the creation of the Volunteer Army, the main inspirer of which was M.V. Alekseev. At the end of January 1918, Denikin was appointed head of the 1st Volunteer Division, and then - deputy commander of Kornilov. After his tragic death at the end of March in the battles for Yekaterinodar, Denikin became the commander of the Volunteer Army.

It was under his leadership that the volunteers managed to achieve the greatest success in the South of Russia. By the end of the year, the Kuban and the North Caucasus were liberated. At the end of December, Denikin signed an agreement with the Don Army. As a result, the United Armed Forces of the South of Russia (VSYUR) were created, at the head of which he stood.

The spring of 1919 brought new successes. In May-June, the Bolsheviks were defeated on the Don and Manych, and Denikin captured the Kamennougolny region, the fuel and metallurgical base of southern Russia. At the same time, he received military assistance (albeit in an insufficient amount) from the allies in the Entente, which also contributed to the strengthening of his army. At the end of June, Kharkov and Yekaterinoslav were taken, and on June 30 Tsaritsyn fell. Here, Anton Ivanovich signed the well-known "Moscow directive", which directed the main blow to Moscow. Denikin's headquarters at that time was under the influence of euphoria from the successes achieved, and therefore dispersed their forces, and also underestimated the enemy. Back in the summer, General P.N. Wrangel offered to advance on Saratov and join Kolchak's army, but Anton Ivanovich rejected this proposal. In his defense, we can say that at that time Kolchak's army was already suffering defeats, retreating to the Urals. Moreover, she herself did not seek to connect with Denikin.

However, the attack continued. In the summer, Denikin returned Poltava, Odessa and Kyiv, in early September the White troops entered Kursk, and on September 30 - Orel. At some point, the Bolsheviks almost lost heart: the evacuation of government institutions to Vologda had already begun, and an underground party committee was being created in Moscow. However, these were the last victories of Denikin. By that time, the rebel army of Makhno had dealt a series of serious blows to the rear of the All-Union Socialist Revolutionary Federation, while the Reds managed to muster a strong fist. It also had an effect that despite military talents, Denikin turned out to be a weak politician, having failed (however, like other white generals) either to offer a clear and attractive idea, or to stabilize the political situation in the rear.

At the end of September, the Reds launched a counteroffensive, inflicting a number of major defeats on the Whites. By the end of the year, they left Kharkov, Kyiv and Donbass. At the same time, unrest intensified in the rear, Denikin had a conflict with General Wrangel, rumors, intrigues and conspiracies multiplied. He could not keep power in his hands against the backdrop of unexpected defeats. At the end of March 1920, the unsuccessful evacuation of Novorossiysk began, which dealt the final blow to Denikin. On April 4 (17), the Military Council appointed Baron Wrangel as Commander-in-Chief of the VSYUR, and Denikin left for England.

A painful farewell to my closest collaborators at Headquarters and the officers of the convoy. Then he went downstairs - to the premises of the security officer company, which consisted of old volunteers, most of them wounded in battles; I was connected with many of them by the memory of the painful days of the first campaigns. They are agitated, muffled sobs are heard ... A deep excitement seized me too; a heavy lump in my throat made it difficult to speak...

When we went out to sea, it was already night. Only bright lights, thickly dotting the darkness, still marked the shore of the abandoned Russian land. They dim and fade.

Russia, my Motherland...

A.I. Denikin

In exile, Denikin lived for a short time in England, Belgium and Hungary, until in 1926 he settled in France. He wrote memoirs and various historical studies (some still unpublished), gave lectures, and took part in the life of our emigrants. With the outbreak of World War II, he tried to flee to the Spanish border, but was captured by the Nazis. Repeatedly rejected cooperation with the Nazis. After the end of World War II, he emigrated to the United States (he issued a visa through the Polish embassy as being born on the territory of modern Poland). He died in 1947 and was buried with military honors. In 2005, his remains, on behalf of V.V. Putin were transferred to their homeland.

Pakhalyuk K.,
member of the Russian Association of Historians of the First World War,
Head of the Internet project "Heroes of the First World War"

Sources and literature

RGVIA F. 2498. Op. 2. D. 95 (journal of military operations of the 4th rifle division)

Brusilov A.A. My memories. M., 2002

Terebov O.V. A.I. Denikin is against bureaucracy, window dressing and arbitrariness. Military history magazine. 1994. No. 2

Ippolitov G. Denikin. M., 2006 (ZhZL)

White movement. Historical portraits: L.G. Kornilov, A.I. Denikin, P.N. Wrangel... Comp. A.C. Kruchinin. M., 2006

Internet

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Govorov Leonid Alexandrovich

Dolgorukov Yury Alekseevich

An outstanding statesman and military leader of the era of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, prince. Commanding the Russian army in Lithuania, in 1658 he defeated hetman V. Gonsevsky in the battle of Verki, taking him prisoner. This was the first time after 1500 when a Russian governor captured the hetman. In 1660, at the head of an army sent under Mogilev, besieged by the Polish-Lithuanian troops, he won a strategic victory over the enemy on the Basya River near the village of Gubarevo, forcing hetmans P. Sapieha and S. Czarnetsky to retreat from the city. Thanks to the actions of Dolgorukov, the "front line" in Belarus along the Dnieper was preserved until the end of the war of 1654-1667. In 1670, he led an army sent to fight against the Cossacks of Stenka Razin, in the shortest possible time suppressed the Cossack rebellion, which later led to the Don Cossacks swearing allegiance to the tsar and the transformation of the Cossacks from robbers into "sovereign servants".

Skopin-Shuisky Mikhail Vasilievich

During his short military career, he practically did not know failures, both in battles with the troops of I. Boltnikov, and with the Polish-Liovo and "Tushino" troops. The ability to build a combat-ready army practically from scratch, train, use Swedish mercenaries on the spot and during the time, select successful Russian command personnel to liberate and protect the vast territory of the Russian northwestern region and liberate central Russia, persistent and systematic offensive, skillful tactics in fight against the magnificent Polish-Lithuanian cavalry, undoubted personal courage - these are the qualities that, despite the little-knownness of his deeds, give him the right to be called the Great Commander of Russia.

Stalin (Dzhugashvilli) Joseph

Wrangel Pyotr Nikolaevich

Member of the Russo-Japanese and World War I, one of the main leaders (1918−1920) of the White movement during the Civil War. Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army in the Crimea and Poland (1920). General Staff Lieutenant General (1918). Georgievsky Cavalier.

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

"As a military leader, I.V. Stalin, I studied thoroughly, since I went through the whole war with him. I.V. Stalin mastered the organization of front-line operations and operations of groups of fronts and led them with complete knowledge of the matter, well versed in large strategic questions...
In leading the armed struggle as a whole, JV Stalin was assisted by his natural mind and rich intuition. He knew how to find the main link in a strategic situation and, seizing on it, to counteract the enemy, to conduct one or another major offensive operation. Undoubtedly, he was a worthy Supreme Commander"

(Zhukov G.K. Memoirs and reflections.)

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

Stalin during the Patriotic War led all the armed forces of our country and coordinated their combat operations. It is impossible not to note his merits in the competent planning and organization of military operations, in the skillful selection of military leaders and their assistants. Joseph Stalin proved himself not only as an outstanding commander who skillfully led all fronts, but also as an excellent organizer who did a great job of increasing the country's defense capability both in the pre-war and war years.

A short list of military awards I.V. Stalin received during the Second World War:
Order of Suvorov, 1st class
Medal "For the Defense of Moscow"
Order "Victory"
Medal "Gold Star" Hero of the Soviet Union
Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945"
Medal "For the Victory over Japan"

Udatny Mstislav Mstislavovich

A real knight, recognized as a fair commander in Europe

Gagen Nikolai Alexandrovich

On June 22, trains with units of the 153rd Infantry Division arrived in Vitebsk. Covering the city from the west, the Hagen division (together with the heavy artillery regiment attached to the division) occupied a 40 km long defense zone, it was opposed by the 39th German motorized corps.

After 7 days of fierce fighting, the battle formations of the division were not broken through. The Germans no longer contacted the division, bypassed it and continued the offensive. The division flashed in the message of the German radio as destroyed. Meanwhile, the 153rd Rifle Division, without ammunition and fuel, began to break through the ring. Hagen led the division out of the encirclement with heavy weapons.

For the steadfastness and heroism shown during the Elninsk operation on September 18, 1941, by order of the People's Commissar of Defense No. 308, the division received the honorary name "Guards".
From 01/31/1942 to 09/12/1942 and from 10/21/1942 to 04/25/1943 - commander of the 4th Guards Rifle Corps,
from May 1943 to October 1944 - commander of the 57th Army,
from January 1945 - the 26th Army.

The troops under the leadership of N. A. Hagen participated in the Sinyavino operation (moreover, the general managed to break out of the encirclement for the second time with weapons in his hands), the Battles of Stalingrad and Kursk, battles in the Left-Bank and Right-Bank Ukraine, in the liberation of Bulgaria, in Iasi-Kishinev, Belgrade, Budapest, Balaton and Vienna operations. Member of the Victory Parade.

Stessel Anatoly Mikhailovich

Commandant of Port Arthur during his heroic defense. The unprecedented ratio of losses of Russian and Japanese troops before the surrender of the fortress is 1:10.

Uborevich Ieronim Petrovich

Soviet military leader, commander of the 1st rank (1935). Member of the Communist Party since March 1917. Born in the village of Aptandriyus (now the Utena region of the Lithuanian SSR) in the family of a Lithuanian peasant. He graduated from the Konstantinovsky Artillery School (1916). Member of the 1st World War 1914-18, second lieutenant. After the October Revolution of 1917 he was one of the organizers of the Red Guard in Bessarabia. In January - February 1918 he commanded a revolutionary detachment in battles against the Romanian and Austro-German invaders, was wounded and captured, from where he fled in August 1918. He was an artillery instructor, commander of the Dvina brigade on the Northern Front, from December 1918 the head of the 18 divisions of the 6th Army. From October 1919 to February 1920 he was commander of the 14th Army during the defeat of the troops of General Denikin, in March - April 1920 he commanded the 9th Army in the North Caucasus. In May - July and November - December 1920 the commander of the 14th Army in battles against the troops of bourgeois Poland and the Petliurists, in July - November 1920 - the 13th Army in battles against the Wrangelites. In 1921, assistant commander of the troops of the Ukraine and Crimea, deputy commander of the troops of the Tambov province, commander of the troops of the Minsk province, led the fighting in the defeat of the gangs of Makhno, Antonov and Bulak-Balakhovich. From August 1921 commander of the 5th Army and the East Siberian Military District. In August - December 1922 Minister of War of the Far Eastern Republic and Commander-in-Chief of the People's Revolutionary Army during the liberation of the Far East. He was commander of the North Caucasian (since 1925), Moscow (since 1928) and Belorussian (since 1931) military districts. Since 1926 he was a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, in 1930-31 he was deputy chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR and head of armaments of the Red Army. Since 1934 he has been a member of the Military Council of the NPO. He made a great contribution to the strengthening of the defense capability of the USSR, the education and training of command personnel and troops. Candidate member of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) in 1930-37. Member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee since December 1922. He was awarded 3 Orders of the Red Banner and Honorary Revolutionary Weapons.

Chernyakhovsky Ivan Danilovich

The only one of the commanders, who on 06/22/1941 carried out the order of the Stavka, counterattacked the Germans, threw them back in his sector and went on the offensive.

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

Shein Mikhail

Hero of the Smolensk Defense 1609-11
He led the Smolensk fortress in the siege for almost 2 years, it was one of the longest siege campaigns in Russian history, which predetermined the defeat of the Poles during the Troubles

Maximov Evgeny Yakovlevich

Russian hero of the Transvaal War. He was a volunteer in fraternal Serbia, participating in the Russian-Turkish war. At the beginning of the 20th century, the British began to wage war against a small people, the Boers. Japanese war. In addition to his military career, he distinguished himself in the literary field.

Gorbaty-Shuisky Alexander Borisovich

Hero of the Kazan War, the first governor of Kazan

Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich

Outstanding Russian commander. He successfully defended the interests of Russia both from external aggression and outside the country.

Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich

The greatest Russian commander! He has over 60 wins and no losses. Thanks to his talent to win, the whole world learned the power of Russian weapons.

Romodanovsky Grigory Grigorievich

An outstanding military leader of the 17th century, prince and governor. In 1655, he won his first victory over the Polish hetman S. Pototsky near Gorodok in Galicia. Later, being the commander of the army of the Belgorod category (military administrative district), he played a major role in organizing the defense of the southern border of Russia. In 1662, he won the biggest victory in the Russian-Polish war for Ukraine in the battle of Kanev, defeating the hetman-traitor Y. Khmelnitsky and the Poles who helped him. In 1664, near Voronezh, he forced the famous Polish commander Stefan Czarnecki to flee, forcing the army of King Jan Casimir to retreat. Repeatedly beat the Crimean Tatars. In 1677 he defeated the 100,000th Turkish army of Ibrahim Pasha near Buzhin, in 1678 he defeated the Turkish corps of Kaplan Pasha near Chigirin. Thanks to his military talents, Ukraine did not become another Ottoman province and the Turks did not take Kyiv.

Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich

The great Russian naval commander, who won victories at Fedonisi, Kaliakria, at Cape Tendra and during the liberation of the islands of Malta (Ioanian Islands) and Corfu. He discovered and introduced a new tactic of naval combat, with the rejection of the linear formation of ships and showed the tactics of "alluvial formation" with an attack on the flagship of the enemy fleet. One of the founders of the Black Sea Fleet and its commander in 1790-1792

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

Victory in the Great Patriotic War, saving the entire planet from absolute evil, and our country from extinction.
Stalin from the first hours of the war exercised control over the country, front and rear. On land, at sea and in the air.
His merit is not one or even ten battles or campaigns, his merit is the Victory, made up of hundreds of battles of the Great Patriotic War: the battle of Moscow, the battles in the North Caucasus, the Battle of Stalingrad, the battle of Kursk, the battle of Leningrad and many others before the capture Berlin, success in which was achieved thanks to the monotonous inhuman work of the genius of the Supreme Commander.

Kolchak Alexander Vasilievich

Prominent military leader, scientist, traveler and discoverer. Admiral of the Russian Fleet, whose talent was highly appreciated by Sovereign Nicholas II. The Supreme Ruler of Russia during the Civil War, a real Patriot of his Fatherland, a man of tragic, interesting fate. One of those military men who tried to save Russia during the years of unrest, in the most difficult conditions, being in very difficult international diplomatic conditions.

Antonov Alexey Innokentievich

He became famous as a talented staff officer. Participated in the development of almost all significant operations of the Soviet troops in the Great Patriotic War since December 1942.
The only one of all the awarded Soviet military leaders with the Order of Victory in the rank of army general, and the only Soviet holder of the order who was not awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Margelov Vasily Filippovich

Shein Mikhail Borisovich

He led the Smolensk defense against the Polish-Lithuanian troops, which lasted 20 months. Under the command of Shein, repeated attacks were repulsed, despite the explosion and a breach in the wall. He held and bled the main forces of the Poles at the decisive moment of the Time of Troubles, preventing them from moving to Moscow to support their garrison, creating an opportunity to assemble an all-Russian militia to liberate the capital. Only with the help of a defector, the troops of the Commonwealth managed to take Smolensk on June 3, 1611. The wounded Shein was taken prisoner and was taken away with his family for 8 years in Poland. After returning to Russia, he commanded an army that tried to return Smolensk in 1632-1634. Executed on boyar slander. Undeservedly forgotten.

Platov Matvei Ivanovich

Ataman of the Great Don Army (since 1801), cavalry general (1809), who took part in all the wars of the Russian Empire in the late 18th - early 19th centuries.
In 1771 he distinguished himself in the attack and capture of the Perekop line and Kinburn. From 1772 he began to command a Cossack regiment. During the 2nd Turkish war, he distinguished himself during the assault on Ochakov and Ishmael. Participated in the battle of Preussisch-Eylau.
During the Patriotic War of 1812, he first commanded all the Cossack regiments on the border, and then, covering the retreat of the army, he defeated the enemy near the town of Mir and Romanovo. In the battle near the village of Semlevo, Platov's army defeated the French and captured a colonel from the army of Marshal Murat. During the retreat of the French army, Platov, pursuing her, defeated her at Gorodnya, the Kolotsk Monastery, Gzhatsk, Tsarevo-Zaimishcha, near Dukhovshchina and while crossing the Vop River. For merit he was elevated to the dignity of a count. In November, Platov occupied Smolensk from battle and defeated the troops of Marshal Ney near Dubrovna. At the beginning of January 1813 he entered the borders of Prussia and overlaid Danzig; in September, he received command of a special corps, with which he participated in the battle of Leipzig and, pursuing the enemy, captured about 15 thousand people. In 1814 he fought at the head of his regiments in the capture of Nemur, at Arcy-sur-Aube, Cezanne, Villeneuve. He was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.

Nevsky, Suvorov

Undoubtedly holy noble prince Alexander Nevsky and Generalissimo A.V. Suvorov

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

He led the armed struggle of the Soviet people in the war against Germany and its allies and satellites, as well as in the war against Japan.
He led the Red Army to Berlin and Port Arthur.

Rokossovsky Konstantin Konstantinovich

Because it inspires many by personal example.

Duke of Württemberg Eugene

Infantry general, cousin of the Emperors Alexander I and Nicholas I. Served in the Russian Army since 1797 (enrolled as a colonel in the Life Guards Horse Regiment by the Decree of Emperor Paul I). Participated in military campaigns against Napoleon in 1806-1807. For participation in the battle near Pultusk in 1806 he was awarded the Order of St. George the Victorious 4th degree, for the campaign of 1807 he received a golden weapon "For Courage", distinguished himself in the campaign of 1812 (personally led the 4th Jaeger Regiment into battle in the battle of Smolensk), for participation in the Battle of Borodino he was awarded the Order of St. George the Victorious, 3rd degree. Since November 1812, the commander of the 2nd infantry corps in the army of Kutuzov. He took an active part in the foreign campaigns of the Russian army in 1813-1814, the units under his command especially distinguished themselves in the battle of Kulm in August 1813, and in the "battle of the peoples" at Leipzig. For courage at Leipzig, Duke Eugene was awarded the Order of St. George, 2nd degree. Parts of his corps were the first to enter the defeated Paris on April 30, 1814, for which Eugene of Württemberg received the rank of general of infantry. From 1818 to 1821 was the commander of the 1st Army Infantry Corps. Contemporaries considered Prince Eugene of Württemberg one of the best Russian infantry commanders during the Napoleonic Wars. On December 21, 1825, Nicholas I was appointed chief of the Tauride Grenadier Regiment, which became known as the Grenadier Regiment of His Royal Highness Prince Eugene of Württemberg. On August 22, 1826, he was awarded the Order of St. Apostle Andrew the First-Called. Participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1827-1828. as commander of the 7th Infantry Corps. On October 3, he defeated a large Turkish detachment on the Kamchik River.

Ridiger Fedor Vasilievich

Adjutant general, cavalry general, adjutant general... He had three Golden sabers with the inscription: "For courage"... In 1849, Ridiger participated in a campaign in Hungary to suppress the unrest that arose there, being appointed head of the right column. On May 9, Russian troops entered the borders of the Austrian Empire. He pursued the rebel army until August 1, forcing them to lay down their arms in front of the Russian troops near Vilyaghosh. On August 5, the troops entrusted to him occupied the fortress of Arad. During the trip of Field Marshal Ivan Fedorovich Paskevich to Warsaw, Count Ridiger commanded the troops located in Hungary and Transylvania ... On February 21, 1854, during the absence of Field Marshal Prince Paskevich in the Kingdom of Poland, Count Ridiger commanded all the troops located in the area of ​​​​the active army - as a commander separate corps and at the same time served as head of the Kingdom of Poland. After the return of Field Marshal Prince Paskevich to Warsaw, from August 3, 1854, he served as the Warsaw military governor.

Kappel Vladimir Oskarovich

Perhaps the most talented commander of the entire Civil War, even if compared with the commanders of all its sides. A man of powerful military talent, fighting spirit and Christian noble qualities is a real White Knight. Kappel's talent and personal qualities were noticed and respected even by his opponents. The author of many military operations and exploits - including the capture of Kazan, the Great Siberian Ice Campaign, etc. Many of his calculations, which were not evaluated in time and missed through no fault of his own, later turned out to be the most correct, which was shown by the course of the Civil War.

Senyavin Dmitry Nikolaevich

Dmitry Nikolaevich Senyavin (August 6 (17), 1763 - April 5 (17), 1831) - Russian naval commander, admiral.
for courage and outstanding diplomatic work shown during the blockade of the Russian fleet in Lisbon

Most Serene Prince Wittgenstein Peter Khristianovich

For the defeat of the French units of Oudinot and MacDonald at Klyastits, thereby closing the road for the French army to St. Petersburg in 1812. Then in October 1812 he defeated the Saint-Cyr corps at Polotsk. He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian-Prussian armies in April-May 1813.

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR, Generalissimo of the Soviet Union, Supreme Commander. Brilliant military leadership of the USSR in World War II.

Kotlyarevsky Petr Stepanovich

Hero of the Russo-Persian War of 1804-1813 At one time they called the Caucasian Suvorov. On October 19, 1812, at the Aslanduz ford across the Araks, at the head of a detachment of 2221 people with 6 guns, Pyotr Stepanovich defeated the Persian army of 30,000 people with 12 guns. In other battles, he also acted not by number, but by skill.

Rumyantsev Petr Alexandrovich

Russian military and statesman, during the entire reign of Catherine II (1761-96) who ruled Little Russia. During the Seven Years' War he commanded the capture of Kolberg. For the victories over the Turks at Larga, Kagul and others, which led to the conclusion of the Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace, he was awarded the title of "Transdanubian". In 1770 he received the rank of Field Marshal. Cavalier of the orders of the Russian St. Andrew the Apostle, St. Alexander Nevsky, St. George 1st class and St. Vladimir I degree, the Prussian Black Eagle and St. Anna I degree

John 4 Vasilyevich

Nakhimov Pavel Stepanovich

Rurikovich Svyatoslav Igorevich

The great commander of the ancient Russian period. The first Kyiv prince known to us, having a Slavic name. The last pagan ruler of the Old Russian state. He glorified Russia as a great military power in the campaigns of 965-971. Karamzin called him "Alexander (Macedonian) of our ancient history." The prince freed the Slavic tribes from vassalage from the Khazars, defeating the Khazar Khaganate in 965. According to the Tale of Bygone Years, in 970, during the Russian-Byzantine war, Svyatoslav managed to win the battle of Arcadiopol, having 10,000 soldiers under his command, against 100,000 Greeks. But at the same time, Svyatoslav led the life of a simple warrior: “On campaigns, he didn’t carry carts or cauldrons with him, he didn’t cook meat, but, thinly slicing horse meat, or beast, or beef and roasting it on coals, he ate like that; he didn’t have a tent , but slept, spreading a sweatshirt with a saddle in their heads - the same were all the rest of his warriors... And sent to other lands [envoys, as a rule, before declaring war] with the words: "I'm going to you!" (According to PVL)

Zhukov Georgy Konstantinovich

He made the greatest contribution as a strategist to the victory in the Great Patriotic War (it is also the Second World War).

Miloradovich

Bagration, Miloradovich, Davydov - some very special breed of people. Now they don't do that. The heroes of 1812 were distinguished by complete recklessness, complete contempt for death. And after all, it was General Miloradovich, who went through all the wars for Russia without a single scratch, who became the first victim of individual terror. After Kakhovsky's shot on Senate Square, the Russian revolution followed this path - right up to the basement of the Ipatiev House. Removing the best.

General Ermolov

Drozdovsky Mikhail Gordeevich

Slashchev Yakov Alexandrovich

Grachev Pavel Sergeevich

The hero of the USSR. May 5, 1988 "for the performance of combat missions with minimal casualties and for the professional command of a controlled formation and the successful actions of the 103rd Airborne Division, in particular, to occupy the strategically important pass Satukandav (Khost province) during the military operation" Highway " "Received the Gold Star medal No. 11573. Commander of the Airborne Forces of the USSR. In total, during his military service, he made 647 parachute jumps, some of them while testing new equipment.
He was shell-shocked 8 times, received several wounds. Suppressed the armed coup in Moscow and thereby saved the system of democracy. As Minister of Defense, he made great efforts to preserve the remnants of the army - a task that few people had in the history of Russia. Only because of the collapse of the army and a decrease in the number of military equipment in the Armed Forces, he could not end the Chechen war victoriously.

Vorotynsky Mikhail Ivanovich

“The compiler of the charter of the guard and border service” is, of course, good. For some reason, we have forgotten the battle of YOUTH from July 29 to August 2, 1572. But it was precisely from this victory that Moscow's right to a lot was recognized. The Ottomans were recaptured a lot of things, they were very sobered by the thousands of destroyed Janissaries, and unfortunately they helped Europe with this. The battle of YOUTH is very difficult to overestimate

Slashchev-Krymsky Yakov Alexandrovich

Defense of the Crimea in 1919-20 “The Reds are my enemies, but they did the main thing - my business: they revived great Russia!” (General Slashchev-Krymsky).

Skopin-Shuisky Mikhail Vasilievich

In the conditions of the decomposition of the Russian state during the Time of Troubles, with minimal material and human resources, he created an army that defeated the Polish-Lithuanian interventionists and liberated most of the Russian state.

Rurikovich (Grozny) Ivan Vasilyevich

In the variety of perceptions of Ivan the Terrible, they often forget about his unconditional talent and achievements as a commander. He personally led the capture of Kazan and organized military reform, leading the country, which simultaneously waged 2-3 wars on different fronts.

Petrov Ivan Efimovich

Defense of Odessa, Defense of Sevastopol, Liberation of Slovakia

Chernyakhovsky Ivan Danilovich

To a person to whom this name does not say anything - there is no need to explain and it is useless. To the one to whom it says something - and so everything is clear.
Twice Hero of the Soviet Union. Commander of the 3rd Belorussian Front. The youngest front commander. Counts,. that of the army general - but before his death (February 18, 1945) he received the title of Marshal of the Soviet Union.
He liberated three of the six capitals of the Union Republics captured by the Nazis: Kyiv, Minsk. Vilnius. Decided the fate of Keniksberg.
One of the few who pushed back the Germans on June 23, 1941.
He held the front in Valdai. In many ways, he determined the fate of repelling the German offensive on Leningrad. He kept Voronezh. Freed Kursk.
He successfully advanced until the summer of 1943. Having formed the top of the Kursk Bulge with his army. Liberated the Left Bank of Ukraine. Take Kyiv. Repelled Manstein's counterattack. Liberated Western Ukraine.
Carried out the operation Bagration. Surrounded and captured by his offensive in the summer of 1944, the Germans then humiliatedly marched through the streets of Moscow. Belarus. Lithuania. Neman. East Prussia.

Kappel Vladimir Oskarovich

Without exaggeration - the best commander of the army of Admiral Kolchak. Under his command, in 1918, Russia's gold reserves were captured in Kazan. At the age of 36 - lieutenant general, commander of the Eastern Front. The Siberian Ice Campaign is associated with this name. In January 1920, he led 30,000 "Kappelevites" to Irkutsk to capture Irkutsk and release the Supreme Ruler of Russia, Admiral Kolchak, from captivity. The death of the general from pneumonia largely determined the tragic outcome of this campaign and the death of the Admiral ...

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War. Under his leadership, the Red Army crushed fascism.

Rokossovsky Konstantin Konstantinovich

Soldier, several wars (including World War I and World War II). passed the way to Marshal of the USSR and Poland. Military intellectual. not resorting to "obscene leadership." he knew tactics in military affairs to the subtleties. practice, strategy and operational art.

Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich

During the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791, F.F. Ushakov made a serious contribution to the development of the tactics of the sailing fleet. Based on the totality of the principles of training the forces of the fleet and military art, having absorbed all the accumulated tactical experience, F. F. Ushakov acted creatively, based on the specific situation and common sense. His actions were distinguished by decisiveness and extraordinary courage. He did not hesitate to reorganize the fleet into battle formation already at a close approach to the enemy, minimizing the time of tactical deployment. Despite the prevailing tactical rule of finding the commander in the middle of the battle formation, Ushakov, implementing the principle of concentration of forces, boldly put his ship in the forefront and at the same time occupied the most dangerous positions, encouraging his commanders with his own courage. He was distinguished by a quick assessment of the situation, an accurate calculation of all success factors and a decisive attack aimed at achieving complete victory over the enemy. In this regard, Admiral F.F. Ushakov can rightfully be considered the founder of the Russian tactical school in naval art.

Joseph Vladimirovich Gurko (1828-1901)

General, hero of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. The Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, which marked the liberation of the Balkan peoples from the centuries-old Ottoman rule, brought forward a number of talented military leaders. Among them should be mentioned M.D. Skobeleva, M.I. Dragomirova, N.G. Stoletova, F.F. Radetsky, P.P. Kartseva and others. Among these famous names there is one more - Iosif Vladimirovich Gurko, whose name is associated with the victory at Plevna, the heroic transition through the winter Balkans and victories near the banks of the Maritsa River.

Fedor Ivanovich Tolbukhin

Major General F.I. Tolbukhin proved himself during the Battle of Stalingrad, commanding the 57th Army. The second "Stalingrad" for the Germans was the Iasi-Kishinev operation, in which he commanded the 2nd Ukrainian Front.
One of the galaxy of commanders who were brought up and nominated by I.V. Stalin.
The great merit of Marshal of the Soviet Union Tolbukhin is in the liberation of the countries of South-Eastern Europe.

Denikin Anton Ivanovich was born on December 16, 1872, in a suburb of Wloclawek, which at that time had the status of a county town on the territory of the Warsaw province of the Russian Empire. As historians later noted, this future fighter against communism had a much more “proletarian origin” than those who later called themselves “leaders of the proletariat.”

historical truth

Ivan Efimovich, father of Anton Denikin, was once a serf. At the time of his youth, Ivan Denikin was recruited, and for 22 years of faithful service to the sovereign, he managed to obtain the status of an officer. But the former peasant did not stop there: he remained in the service and built a very successful military career, which subsequently became a role model for his son. Ivan Efimovich resigned only in 1869, having served 35 years and rising to the rank of major.

Elizaveta Franciskovna Vrzhesinskaya, the mother of the future military figure, came from a family of impoverished Polish landowners, who once had a small plot of land and several peasants at their disposal.

Shorts.ru

Anton Ivanovich was brought up in strict Orthodoxy and was baptized at the age of less than a month old, since his father was a deeply religious person. However, sometimes the boy also visited the church with his Catholic mother. He grew up as a gifted and precocious child: already at the age of four he read well, spoke not only Russian, but also Polish. Therefore, later it was not difficult for him to enter the Włocław Real School, and later - the Łowicz Real School.

Russia 360

Although Anton's father was a respected retired officer in those days, the Denikin family was very poor: his mother, father, and the future politician himself had to live on his father's pension of 36 rubles a month. And in 1885, Ivan Efimovich died, and Anton and his mother got really bad with money. Then Denikin Jr. took up tutoring, and at the age of 15 he received a monthly student allowance as a successful and diligent student.

The beginning of a military career

The family, as already mentioned, served as a source of inspiration for Anton Denikin: from a young age, he dreamed of building a military career (like his father, who was born a serf and died a major). Therefore, after completing his studies at the Lovichi School, the young man did not think for a second about his future fate, successfully enrolling in the Kiev Infantry Junker School, and then in the very prestigious Imperial Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff.

Facets

He served in various brigades and divisions, took part in the Russo-Japanese War, worked in the General Staff, and was commander of the 17th Archangelsk Infantry Regiment. In 1914, Anton Denikin received the rank of general, having entered the service in the Kyiv military district, and soon after that he rose to the rank of major general.

Political views

Anton Ivanovich was a person who closely followed the political life of his native country. He was a supporter of Russian liberalism, spoke out in favor of reforming the army, against bureaucracy. Since the end of the 19th century, Denikin has repeatedly published his thoughts in military magazines and newspapers. The most famous is the cycle of his articles "Army Notes", published in a magazine called "Scout".

Coollib.net

As in the case of the Russo-Japanese War, immediately after the outbreak of the First World War, Anton Ivanovich filed a report asking him to be assigned to the ranks. The fourth brigade of the Iron Riflemen, commanded by Denikin, fought in the most dangerous areas and repeatedly demonstrated courage and courage. During the years of the First World War, Anton Denikin himself received many awards: the Order of St. George, St. George's weapons. In addition, for breaking through enemy positions during the offensive operation of the Southwestern Front and the successful capture of Lutsk, he received the rank of lieutenant general.

Life and career after the February Revolution

During the February Revolution of 1917, Anton Ivanovich was on the Romanian front. He supported the completed coup and, despite his literacy and political awareness, even believed in numerous unflattering rumors about and the entire royal family. For some time Denikin worked as chief of staff under Mikhail Alekseev, who shortly after the revolution was appointed supreme commander of the Russian army.

Officers of the Russian Imperial Army

When Alekseev was removed from his post and replaced by General Brusilov, Anton Denikin resigned his position and took over as commander of the Western Front. And at the end of August 1917, the lieutenant general had the imprudence to express his support for the position of General Kornilov by sending a corresponding telegram to the Provisional Government. Because of this, Anton Ivanovich had to spend about a month in the Berdichev prison in anticipation of reprisal.

Colors life

At the end of September, Denikin and other generals were transferred from Berdichev to Bykhov, where another group of arrested senior army officials (including General Kornilov) was kept. Anton Ivanovich stayed in the Bykhov prison until December 2 of the same 1917, when the Bolshevik authorities, preoccupied with the fall of the Provisional Government, for some time forgot about the arrested generals. Having shaved off his beard and changed his first and last name, Denikin went to Novocherkassk.

Formation and functioning of the Volunteer Army

Anton Ivanovich Denikin took an active part in the creation of the Volunteer Army, smoothing out conflicts between Kornilov and Alekseev. He made a number of important decisions, became commander-in-chief during the first and second Kuban campaigns, finally deciding to fight the Bolshevik government at all costs.

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In the middle of 1919, Denikin's troops fought so successfully against enemy formations that Anton Ivanovich even conceived a campaign against Moscow. However, this plan was not destined to come true: the power of the Volunteer Army was undermined by the lack of a coherent program that would be attractive to ordinary residents of many Russian regions, the flourishing of corruption in the rear, and even the transformation of part of the white army into robbers and bandits.

Anton Denikin at the head of the army | Russian courier

At the end of 1919, Denikin's troops successfully recaptured Orel and settled on the outskirts of Tula, thereby being more successful than most other anti-Bolshevik formations. But the days of the Volunteer Army were numbered: in the spring of 1920, the troops were pressed to the sea coast in Novorossiysk and, for the most part, captured. The civil war was lost, and Denikin himself announced his resignation and left his native country forever.

Personal life

After fleeing from Russia, Anton Ivanovich lived in different European countries, and soon after the end of the Second World War he went to the USA, where he died in 1947. His family: his faithful wife Ksenia Chizh, with whom fate repeatedly tried to divorce them, and daughter Marina, participated in these wanderings with him. To date, quite a lot of photos of the emigrated couple and their daughter have been preserved abroad, especially in Paris and other cities of France. Although Denikin wanted more children to be born to him, his wife could no longer give birth after a very difficult first birth.

WikiReading

In exile, the former lieutenant general continued to write on military and political topics. In particular, already in Paris, well-known to modern specialists, “Essays on Russian Troubles”, well-known to modern specialists, came out from under his pen, based not only on the memoirs of Denikin himself, but also on information from official documents. A few years after that, Anton Ivanovich wrote an addition and an introduction to the Essays - the book "