1. An abbreviated word denoting the name of institutions or organizations is written with a capital letter if the phrase in its entirety is written with a capital letter: State Council, Minvodkhoz, Profizdat.

2. The abbreviation, read by the names of the letters, is written in one capital letters, regardless of whether it is formed on behalf of its own or common noun: CIS (Union of Independent States), CSO (Central Statistical Office), RTS (repair and technical station), PE (emergency incident).

3. The abbreviation, read by sounds, is written:

1) in one capital letters, if it is formed on behalf of its own: UN (United Nations Organization);

2) in one lowercase letters, if it is formed on behalf of a common noun: university (higher educational institution), rono (district department of public education), ors (work supply department).

Note. The abbreviations were written in capital letters: hydroelectric power station (hydroelectric power station), state district power station, housing office (housing and maintenance office).

4. In complex abbreviated words with the meaning of a proper name, formed partly from initial sounds, partly from truncated words, the first part is written in capital letters, and the second in lower case: VNIIstroydormash(All-Russian Research Institute of Road Engineering), NIIkhimmash (Research Institute of Chemical Engineering).

But if the abbreviation is in the middle or at the end of a compound word, then it is written in lowercase letters: Promtransniiproekt, Giprodornii.

5. Abbreviations formed from the names of letters of a foreign alphabet are written with a capital letter, and all the names of the letters are connected by a hyphen: BBC (English radio station), CIA (American intelligence), CNN (American broadcasting company).

Online Spelling Guide,
pronunciation, literary editing

A Guide to Spelling and Literary Editing
Rosenthal D.E.

§ 27. Compound words and abbreviations

1. Compound abbreviated words are written with a capital letter, denoting the names of institutions and organizations, if the phrase is written in full with a capital letter, for example: Moscow City Council, Petrosoviet, Vnesheconombank, but: city council, district military commissariat and similar generic names; See also: executive committee, Profizdat.

2. An abbreviation read by the names of letters is written in capital letters, regardless of whether it is formed from its own name or from a common name. For example: CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States), RF (Russian Federation), PE (emergency), CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), Media (mass media).

The abbreviation, read by sounds, is written:

a) in capital letters only if it is formed in its own name, for example: UN (United Nations Organization), RIA (Russian News Agency), IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), ITAR-TASS (Russian Information Telegraph Agency - Telegraph Agency of Sovereign countries) or is a NASA translation (NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration - National Aeronautics and Space Administration, USA);
b) in lowercase letters, if it is formed from a common name, for example: university (higher educational institution), AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).

Note. The capitalization of the abbreviation HPP (hydroelectric power station) was fixed, also: GRES. It is written in capital letters ZhEK (housing and maintenance office), DEZ (directorate for the operation of buildings), power lines (power lines).

2. Compound abbreviated words with the meaning of a proper name, formed partly from initial sounds, partly from truncated words, are written in the first part in capital letters, in the second - in lowercase, for example: NIIkhimmash (Scientific Research Institute of Chemical Engineering). But if the abbreviation is in the middle or at the end of a compound word, then it is written in lowercase letters, for example: State Property Committee.

3. In abbreviations formed from the names of letters of a foreign alphabet, the first letter of each name is capitalized, and the names themselves are connected by a hyphen, for example: BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), CNN (American television company).

Abbreviated words and abbreviations have their roots in the distant past. The first abbreviations appeared in ancient Greece and in ancient Rome. Any written language, sooner or later in history, comes to the reduction of frequently used forms of literature. The need to use abbreviations is justified by the reduction in the resource of writing media.

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From Antiquity to the Middle Ages

Earlier, as you know, wrote on papyrus, birch bark, clay tablets. It was quite difficult to make them. They were very expensive. That is why it was necessary to save media and write as briefly as possible.

In ancient times, we meet the first abbreviations in the Roman Empire when writing names. So, Quintus in abbreviation was the first letter "Q". In Greece, they are found not only on textual media, but also on coins.

In Rome, until the Middle Ages, an official set of abbreviations for legal terminology was used. It was called "Tyron's Badges". With these icons, you could not only save paper, but also record quickly. This was important in the passage of litigation on the forums and in court. The art of quickly writing texts using Tyrone Badges is called tachygraphy.

The Middle Ages is the heyday of the Christian religion. In theological texts in Latin, short forms of literature are also used, sacred signs and symbols are introduced. Iconography is replete with specific abbreviations. In Orthodoxy, above or below the image of a saint, there are always specific abbreviations of the Old Slavonic language, which are very difficult for an uninitiated believer to read. There were many abbreviations in medical and alchemical texts. This trend continues to this day in various fields of scientific knowledge.

Abbreviations of modernity

The use of short forms in modern life has moved from the written form of expressing thoughts to oral, colloquial speech. The speech of a modern person is replete with complex abbreviated words. In Russian, these word forms began to appear not so long ago - about 100 years ago. Massively began to introduce and use them during the formation of Soviet power in the USSR.

Abbreviations can be formed in different ways. Consider complex word abbreviations and examples:

Initial abbreviations:

• SB - security service;
• RSU - Rostov State University;
• MIA - Ministry of Internal Affairs;
• GIBDD - State Road Safety Inspectorate;
• USA - United States of America.

Compound words based on initial sounds:

• Youth Theater - Theater of the Young Spectator;
• USE - Unified State Examination;
• MOU - municipal educational institution;
• GITIS is a state institute of theatrical art.

Words from root associations are the most diverse group. Compound abbreviated noun examples:

• chief accountant - chief accountant;
• special correspondent - special correspondent;
• collective farm - collective farm;
• yunnat - young naturalist;
• battalion commander - battalion commander.

Short forms, which consist of the root of the first word and the second as a whole:

• salary - salary;
• registration certificate - technical passport;
• veterinarian - veterinarian;
• first-aid post - medical post;
• construction industry - construction industry;
• orphanage - orphanage.

Mixed abbreviations - may consist of the root of the first word and the first letters of the rest of the word form. Here are the most famous:

• gorono (sometimes they write gorONO) - the city department of public education;
• district (or district ONO) - district department of public education.

Declension of compound words in Russian

Many words of this group cannot be declined. For example, initial abbreviations are not declined: LLC, PAO, etc. Those abbreviations in which the reference word has a feminine or neuter gender are also not subject to decline: hydroelectric power station.

In the case of using the declension, the abbreviation should always be written in capital letters, and the declension itself should be indicated in one piece in lowercase letters: TYUZY, SBshniki.

There are many more abbreviations in Russian than in other languages. In some industries, special rules for writing such words are formed. For example, all research papers (diploma, dissertation) are written and checked for compliance with a special GOST (7.0.12−2011). By the way, "GOST" is a state standard.

Abbreviations and abbreviations greatly simplify speech, as well as writing complex names and names. At the same time, in order not to be an amateur and to understand speech in which there are many such forms, it is imperative to know the decoding and meaning of these stable short expressions. Sentences with compound words can be difficult. People of Soviet hardening understand this terminology much better than the current generation of youth. The speech and consciousness of the Soviet people were riddled with various short words. Modern speech is gradually getting rid of the Soviet legacy.

Sometimes, instead of a long few words, you can say just a few sounds. This can be done with compound words. You will learn about what compound words are and how to use them correctly in speech in this lesson.

Topic: Word formation

Lesson: Compound words

1. The concept of compound words.

Compound words- these are words that are both complex (that is, they consist of several stems) and abbreviated (since these stems are used in a truncated form).

Thus, compound words(or abbreviations) are words formed by adding abbreviated stems.

2. The history of the emergence and meaning of compound words.

This method of word formation declared itself at the end of the 19th century and did not bypass any of the European languages. In Russian, the first compound words appeared in the late 90s of the 19th century.

These were, for example, the words:

RSDLP- Russian Social Democratic Labor Party

sell- one of the commercial and industrial companies engaged in the sale of metal.

During the First World War, military vocabulary was also reduced:

Glavkoyuz- Commander-in-Chief of the Southwestern Front

Nachresidun - head of the river forces of the Danube

And yet, before the events of 1917, compound words were almost never used in oral speech, they were used mainly in written speech.

Thus, the abbreviation E.I.V.- His Imperial Majesty.

In the 1920s, a lot of compound words appeared:

local committee, Moscow City Council, Revolutionary Tribunal, NEP etc.

This trend in the language manifested itself so clearly that names formed in this way began to appear. So, for example, in the 20-30s the following names were popular:

Vilen and Vladlen- Vladimir Ilyich Lenin,

Kim- Communist Youth International,

Dazdraperma- Long live the First of May.

After the Great Patriotic War, the craving for abbreviations manifested itself only in the names of institutions.

In modern Russian, the process of formation of compound words is also quite active:

Each of us has heard the word UEFA (UEFA)- European Union of Football Associations (Union des associations européennes de football)

Most of us are familiar with the company name. LUKoil- English. oil - oil; BOW - Langepas, Uray, Kogalym.

Often we no longer notice that the word is complexly abbreviated.

So, for example, it happened with the word lavsan. Lavsan is the name of artificial fiber. The word is formed from the sounds included in the name of the institution where this fiber was invented: the Laboratory of Macromolecular Compounds of the Academy of Sciences.

Also abbreviated words are foreman, motel, supermarket, university, laser, radar etc.

3. Groups of compound words according to the method of formation.

In Russian, according to the method of formation, all compound words are divided into the following groups:

1. Formed from initial sounds, letters or combinations:

university - higher education institution,

VDNH- exhibition of achievements of the national economy,

CSKA- the central sports club of the army.

2. Formed from the initial parts of words:

supply manager- Head of the household.

3. Mixed type, combining the first two ways:

IMLI- Institute of World Literature.

4. Formed from a combination of the initial part of the word with the whole second word:

spare parts- spare parts.

5. Formed from a combination of the beginning of the first word with the end of the second:

moped- motorcycle and bicycle.

6. Formed from a combination of the beginning of the first word with the beginning and end of the second:

destroyer- squadron destroyer.

In compound abbreviated words, not all words that make up full names can be represented:

Gosplan- state planning committee

Also, in complex abbreviated words, the order of the stems can be changed:

lizoblyud - platypus. These words are synonyms.

Compound abbreviated words are widely used in official business style in many languages ​​of the world.

4. The genus of compound words.

The gender of letter abbreviations and abbreviations ending in a vowel is usually determined by the gender of the main word in the full name.

VDNH- Exhibition of achievements of the national economy. The main word is Exhibition- female. This means that the abbreviated word VDNKh will also be feminine.

RIA- Russian news agency. The main word is agency, neuter gender. This means that the abbreviation RIA will also be neuter.

Sound abbreviations ending in a consonant are mostly masculine. For example, the oldest university. Although, if we decipher, it will turn out highereducational institution. The main word is institution, neuter gender. But university is a masculine word.

However,

UN- United Nations - f.r.

nuclear power station- nuclear power plant - zh.r.

hydroelectric power station- hydroelectric power station - railway

Therefore, it is useful to consult a dictionary.

Bibliography

1. Russian language. Grade 6: Baranov M.T. and others - M .: Education, 2008.
2. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 cells: V.V. Babaitseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M.: Bustard, 2008.
3. Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M.: Bustard, 2010.

1. Spelling of compound words ().
2. About compound words ().

Homework

1. Exercise number 1.

Determine the gender of compound words.

To check, underline in combination the key word by which the gender of the compound abbreviation is determined:

UN NII MES

2. Exercise number 2.

Write down, fill in the missing letters. Determine the gender of the underlined words.

For one hundred and fifty boys and girls, the path to a working profession began in vocational school, which … prepares metallurgists.

In the near future, it is planned to build a two … PBX twenty thousand numbers each …

Irkutsk … HPP- the first-born of the Angara cascade of stations.

Compound words are a type of abbreviations that are formed by the initial elements of each name. Simply put, if you add the first few letters of each word in the phrase “local committee”, you get “local committee”. This is one of the ways to shorten long names, which was widely used in the USSR and remains popular to this day.

What are complexly abbreviated samizdat, cultural enlightenment, the Ministry of Defense, Gosstandartmetrologiya, social security, collective farm, educational program.

There are several rules that determine how certain compound words are written and used.

Spelling

• All compound words are written together. Examples: local committee, wall newspaper, Mosodezhda.
• Each part of the resulting word is written in the same way as it would be written in the original word. Thus, the letters "b" and "b" cannot stand between these parts. On the other hand, a soft sign is written at the end of a part if it is followed by the letter “a”, “o”, “y”, “e” (for example, costutil).
• At the beginning of the second part, “s” is not written: Gospolitizdat, pedagogical institute.
• "E" after consonants is written only if the original word begins with it: Mosenergo, NEP.

Lowercase and uppercase letters

• Abbreviated words are always written in small letters, if the first abbreviated word is not a proper name: work correspondent, cultural work, overalls.
• Abbreviations that are read not by the names of letters, but by sounds, are written in small letters: rono, university, bunker.
• If compound words mean a name, then they are capitalized: Mossovet, Oblgaz.

Writing abbreviations

An abbreviation is similar to compound words, but, unlike them, is formed only by the first letters of each constituent element. For example, the Ministry of Internal Affairs - the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

• If the entire abbreviation is read by the names of the letters, then it is written in capital letters: USSR, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Central Committee, MTS, CPSU.
• The entire abbreviation is written in capital letters if it denotes the name of the organization. For example: EEC Society), MFA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), UN (United Nations Organization).
• If the abbreviation can be inclined, then its ending is written in small letters: MFA, TASS.
• If one part of the abbreviation is read by sounds, and the other by letters, then the whole word is written in capitals: CDSA (read "tse-de-sa").
• If a proper name is abbreviated, and at the same time one of the words is truncated to several letters, and the rest to one, then only the first letter is written in capital: AzSSR.

Usage in literature

Almost all compound words are intended for use in oral speech, and not in literature. But there are a few that can be used in all literature, except for those intended for novice readers:

• etc. - the like
• etc. - others
• others - others
• see - see
• i.e. - i.e.
• etc. - so on
• cf. - compare
• year - year
• gg. - of the year
• e.g. - For example
• in. - century
• Art. Art. - old style
• t. - volume
• centuries - centuries
• tt. - volumes
• region - region
• n. e. - ad
• lake - lake
• city ​​- city
• R. - river
• well. e. - railway
• n. Art. - new style
• Assoc. - assistant professor
• acad. - academician
• prof. - Professor
• page - page
• them. - name
• gr. - citizen

Other words are abbreviated according to several rules:

• It is impossible to abbreviate by a vowel and by "b": Karelian - "k.", "Kar.", but not "ka.", "kare.", "Karel.".
• When reducing, you need to do after the first of them: wall - “wall.”, grammatical - “gram.”. If several different consonants coincide, the opposite rule applies: the reduction is made to the last consonant. For example, folk - “folk”, Russian - “Russian”, artificial - “art”.