Or when performing other drawings, you need to build a slope and a cone. In this article, you will learn about what slope and taper are, how to build them, how to correctly mark them on the drawing.
What is a slope? How to determine slope? How to build slope? Designation of the slope on the drawings according to GOST.
slope. Slope is the deviation of a straight line from a vertical or horizontal position.
Slope definition. The slope is defined as the ratio of the opposite leg of the angle of a right triangle to the adjacent leg, that is, it is expressed as the tangent of the angle a. The slope can be calculated using the formula i=AC/AB=tga.
Building a slope. The example (figure) clearly demonstrates the construction of a slope. To build a 1:1 slope, for example, you need to set aside arbitrary but equal segments on the sides of a right angle. Such a slope will correspond to an angle of 45 degrees. In order to build a slope of 1: 2, you need to set aside a segment equal in value to two segments laid out vertically. As can be seen from the drawing, the slope is the ratio of the opposite leg to the adjacent leg, that is, it is expressed by the tangent of the angle a.
Designation of the slope in the drawings. The designation of slopes in the drawing is carried out in accordance with GOST 2.307-68. In the drawing, indicate the magnitude of the slope using the leader line. On the shelf of the leader line, a sign and the magnitude of the slope are applied. The sign of the slope must correspond to the slope of the line being determined, that is, one of the straight lines of the slope sign must be horizontal, and the other must be inclined in the same direction as the line of slope being determined. The slope angle of the sign line is approximately 30°.
What is taper? Formula for calculating taper. The designation of the taper in the drawings.
Taper. Taper is the ratio of the diameter of the base of the cone to the height. The taper is calculated by the formula K=D/h, where D is the diameter of the base of the cone, h is the height. If the cone is truncated, then the taper is calculated as the ratio of the difference in the diameters of the truncated cone to its height. In the case of a truncated cone, the conicity formula will look like: K \u003d (D-d) / h.
Designation of taper in the drawings. The shape and size of the cone is determined by applying three of the following dimensions: 1) the diameter of the large base D; 2) diameter of the small base d; 3) diameter in a given cross section Ds having a given axial position Ls; 4) cone length L; 5) cone angle a; 6) taper p. Also on the drawing it is allowed to indicate additional dimensions as a reference.
The dimensions of standardized cones do not need to be indicated on the drawing. It is enough to give the symbol of the taper according to the corresponding standard in the drawing.
The taper, like the slope, can be indicated in degrees, as a fraction (simple, as a ratio of two numbers or decimal), as a percentage.
For example, a 1:5 taper can also be expressed as a 1:5 ratio, 11°25’16”, with a decimal of 0.2 and a percentage of 20.
For tapers used in mechanical engineering, OCT/BKC 7652 specifies a range of normal tapers. Normal taper - 1:3; 1:5; 1:8; 1:10; 1:15; 1:20; 1:30; 1:50; 1:100; 1:200. Also in can be used - 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 120 °.
Many machine parts use slopes and tapers. Slopes are found in the profiles of rolled steel, in crane rails, in oblique washers, etc. Tapers are found in the centers of headstocks of lathes and other machines, at the ends of shafts and a number of other parts.
slope characterizes the deviation of a straight line from the horizontal or vertical directions. In order to build a slope of 1: 1, arbitrary but equal values \u200b\u200bare set aside on the sides of the right angle (Fig. 1). Obviously, a 1:1 slope corresponds to a 45 degree angle. To build a line with a slope of 1: 2, two units are laid horizontally, for a slope of 1: 3 - three units, etc. As can be seen from the drawing, the slope is the ratio of the opposite leg to the adjacent leg, that is, it is expressed by the tangent of the angle a. The slope value in the drawing in accordance with GOST 2.307-68 is indicated using a leader line, on the shelf of which the slope sign and its value are applied. The location of the slope sign must correspond to the line being determined: one of the straight lines of the sign must be horizontal, the other should be inclined at an angle of approximately 30 ° in the same direction as the slope line itself.
In the figure, as an example, a profile of an asymmetric I-beam is constructed, the right shelf of which has a slope of 1:16. To build it, point A is found using the given dimensions 26 and 10. A line is built to the side with a slope of 1:16, for which, for example, 5 mm is laid vertically, and 80 mm horizontally; draw a hypotenuse, the direction of which determines the desired slope. With the help of a T-square and a square through point A, a slope line is drawn parallel to the hypotenuse.
taper called the ratio of the diameter of the base to its height. In this case, the taper is K=d/l. For a truncated cone K \u003d (d-d 1) / l. Let it be required to build the conical end of the shaft according to the given dimensions: d - shaft diameter - 25 mm; I- total length of the shaft end - 60 mm; l 1- length of the conical part - 42 mm; d1- outer thread diameter - 16 mm; K - taper 1: 10 (Fig. 3, b). First of all, using the axial one, they build a cylindrical part of the shaft having a diameter of 25 mm. This dimension also determines the larger base of the conical part. After that, a taper of 1:10 is built. For this, a cone is built with a base equal to 10 mm and a height equal to 100 mm (it would be possible to use a size of 25 mm, but in this case the height of the cone should be taken equal to 250 mm, which is not very convenient). Parallel to the lines of the found taper, the generators of the conical part of the shaft are drawn and its length is limited to 42 mm. As you can see, the size of the smaller base of the cone is obtained as a result of construction. This dimension is usually not applied to the drawing. The M16X1.5 entry is a metric thread symbol, which will be discussed in more detail later.
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Rice. 1. Building slopes
Before the dimension number characterizing the taper, a conventional sign is applied in the form of an isosceles triangle, the apex of which is directed towards the apex of the cone itself. The sign of the taper is placed parallel to the axis of the cone above the axis or on the shelf of the leader line ending with an arrow, as in the case of the inscription of the slope. The taper is chosen in accordance with GOST 8593-57.
Rice. 2. An example of building slopes
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Rice. 3. Building a taper
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
"ROSTOV STATE CONSTRUCTION UNIVERSITY"
Approved at a meeting of the Department of Descriptive Geometry and Drawing
GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTIONS -
SLOPES, TAPERS, CONNECTIONS
Guidelines for all specialties
Qualification of graduation "Bachelor"
Rostov-on-Don
Geometric constructions - slopes, taper, mates:
Methodical instructions for all specialties. - Rostov n/a: Rost. state
builds. un-t, 2011. - 8s.
Compiled by: assistant. A.V. Fedorova
Editor N.E. Gladkikh Templan 2011, pos. 137.
Signed for publication on 6.07.11. Format 60x84/16.
Writing paper. Risograph. Uch.-ed.l. 0.3. Circulation 20 copies. Order 341.
____________________________________________________________________
Editorial and publishing center of the Rostov State University of Civil Engineering.
344022, Rostov-on-Don, st. Socialist, 162
Rostov State University of Civil Engineering, 2011
GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTIONS - SLOPES, TONES,
PAIRINGS
In the manufacture of rolled steel profiles, the side flanges are made in such a way that the planes limiting them are not parallel, but are located at some angle to each other.
In engineering, conical parts are often used. When drawing drawings of many parts, it is necessary to perform a number of geometric constructions, and in this regard, consider the following concepts: slopes, taper, conjugations.
Slope - the slope of one straight line to another (Fig. 1).
The slope i of the straight AC is determined from the right triangle ABC as the ratio of the opposite leg of the AC to the adjacent leg of the AC (Fig. 2):
The slope can be expressed as a percentage (for example, a slope of 10%
inner edges of channel flanges according to GOST 8240-89, fig. 3), the ratio of two numbers (for example, slopes of 1:20 and 1:4 rail faces according to GOST 8168-75 *) or in ppm (for example, a slope of 5‰ reinforcement).
The slope sign “ ”, the top of which should be directed towards the slope, is applied in front of the dimension number located directly at the image of the slope surface, or on the shelf of the leader line, as shown in the figures.
Building slopes
1. Draw a line with a slope i = 1:6 relative to the line AE through the point A lying on the line AE (Fig. 3).
A 1 2 3 4 5 6C E
Let us plot six arbitrarily chosen units on the line AE from point A. Through the obtained point B, we restore the perpendicular to AE with a length of one unit.
Hypotenuse AC of the constructed right triangle ABC
is the desired straight line with a slope of 1:6.
The construction of the shelves of the channel and I-beam
On fig. 4 and 5 show the construction of the slope of the inner face of the upper flange of the channel and I-beam. Auxiliary triangle BCD is constructed with
legs 10 and 100mm for a channel and 12 and 100mm for an I-beam.
On the horizontal segment "b" set aside a segment equal to (b-d) / 2 - for the channel and (b-d) / 4 - for the I-beam. Draw a perpendicular of length t from the obtained point. Pending dimensions determined the position of point K,
through which a straight line passes with a slope of 10% for a channel and 12% for an I-beam. Through point K draw a line parallel to the hypotenuse of the constructed triangle.
TAPER
Taper is the ratio of the diameter of the circumference of the base D
a straight cone to its height h (Fig. 6).
For a truncated circular cone - the ratio of the difference between the diameters of two normal sections of the cone to the distance between them (Fig. 7), i.e.
Taper, like slope, can be expressed as a ratio of whole numbers or as a percentage. Before the dimension number characterizing the taper,
put the sign “ ”, the acute angle of which should be directed towards the top of the cone.
At the same angle, the taper is twice the slope, since the slope of the generatrix of the cone is equal to the ratio of the radius of its base to the height, and
taper - the ratio of diameter to height.
Thus, the construction of a taper i: n with respect to a given axis is reduced to the construction of slopes i: 2n on each side of the axis.
PAIRINGS
A conjugation is a smooth transition along a curve from one line,
straight or curve, to another.
The construction of conjugations is based on the properties of straight lines tangent to circles, or on the properties of circles tangent to each other.
Construction of a tangent to a circle
When constructing a straight line tangent to
BUT circles at a given point C, draw a straight line perpendicular to the radius OS. At
finding the center of the circle tangent to the given straight line at point C, draw a perpendicular to the straight line through this point and plot the value of the radius of the given circle on it (Fig. 8).
Construction of an external tangent to two circles
From the center O1, an auxiliary circle is drawn with a radius R3 \u003d R1 -R2
and find the point K. The construction of the point K is similar to the construction of the point C. The point O1 is connected to the point K by a straight line and a straight line parallel to it is drawn from the point O2 to the intersection with the circle. Conjugation points C1 and C2 lie at the intersection of straight lines O1 K and the previously drawn line from the center O2 with
circles of radii R1 and R2 (Fig. 9).
Conjugation of two arcs of circles
When two circles touch externally, the distance between the centers O1
and O2 is equal to the sum of the radii R1 and R2. The point of contact C lies on a straight line,
connecting the centers of the circles (Fig. 10).
When the circles touch internally O1 O2 = R1 - R2 . The point of contact C lies on the continuation of the straight line O1 O2 (Fig. 11).
Fig.10 Fig.11
Conjugation of two arcs of circles with an arc of a given radius
Arcs of an auxiliary circle with radius R3 = R + R1 and R4 = R + R2 are described from the centers O1 and O2 (with external conjugation, Fig. 12)
or R3 = R - R1 and R4 = R - R2 (with internal conjugation, Fig. 13). Point O is the center of the desired arc of a circle of radius R.
Conjugation points C1 and C2 will be located on the line of centers O1 O and O2 O
(Fig. 12) or on the continuation of the line of centers (Fig. 13).
When finding the radius of the outer-inner mate, auxiliary arcs are drawn with radii R3 = R - R1 from the center O1 and
R4 = R + R2 from the center of O2 (Fig. 14).
Conjugation of a circle with a straight line along an arc of radius R
From the center O1, an arc is drawn with a radius R2 = R1 + R and a straight line,
parallel to the given one, at a distance R. The intersection of the auxiliary arc of the circle and the straight line will determine the desired center O. The junction point of the arcs C1
lies on the line of centers O1 O, and the straight line and conjugation arc C - on the perpendicular drawn to the given line from the center O (Fig. 15).
R 3 \u003d R - R 1 O
NORMAL ANGLES
(GOST 8908-81)
The table does not apply to the angular dimensions of the cones. When choosing corners, the 1st row should be preferred to the 2nd, and the 2nd to the 3rd.
NORMAL TONES and CONE ANGLES
(GOST 8593-81)
The standard applies to tapers and taper angles of smooth conical parts.
Note. The taper or taper angle values indicated in the "Cone designation" column are taken as initial values when calculating other values given in the table. When choosing tapers or taper angles, row 1 should be preferred to row 2.
TOOL CONES SHORT
(GOST 9953-82)
The standard applies to shortened Morse tool cones.
*z - the largest permissible deviation of the position of the main plane in which the diameter D is located from the theoretical position.
** dimensions for reference.
| Designation cones | Cone morse | D | D1 | d | d1 | l 1 | l 2 | a, no more | b | c | ||||
| B7 | 0 | 7,067 | 7,2 | 6,5 | 6,8 | 11,0 | 14,0 | 3,0 | 3,0 | 0,5 | ||||
| B10 B12 | 1 | 10,094 12,065 | 10,3 12,2 | 9,4 11,1 | 9,8 11,5 | 14,5 18,5 | 18,0 22,0 | 3,5 3,5 | 3,5 3,5 | 1,0 1,0 |
||||
| B16 B18 | 2 | 15,733 17,780 | 16,8 18,0 | 14,5 16,2 | 15,0 16,8 | 24,0 32,0 | 29,0 37,0 | 5,0 5,0 | 4,0 4,0 | 1,5 1,5 |
||||
| B22 B24 | 3 | 21,793 23,825 | 22,0 24,1 | 19,8 21,3 | 20,5 22,0 | 40,5 50,5 | 45,5 55,5 | 5,0 5,0 | 4,5 4,5 | 2,0 2,0 |
||||
| B32 | 4 | 31,267 | 31,6 | 28,6 | - | 51,0 | 57,5 | 6,5 | - | 2,0 | ||||
| B45 | 5 | 44,399 | 44,7 | 41,0 | - | 64,5 | 71,0 | 6,5 | - | 2,0 | ||||
| Dimensions D 1 and d are theoretical, resulting respectively from the diameter D and the nominal dimensions a and l 1 | ||||||||||||||
TONE OF OUTER AND INTERNAL CONES
AND CONES WITH THREADED HOLE
TOOL CONES MORSE AND METRIC EXTERNAL
(GOST 25557-2006)
| Type cones | Metric | morse | Metric | |||||||||||
| Symbol | 4 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 80 | 100 | 120 | 160 | 200 |
| D | 4,0 | 6,0 | 9,045 | 9,065 | 17,78 | 23,825 | 31,267 | 44,399 | 63,348 | 80 | 100 | 120 | 160 | 200 |
| D1 | 4,1 | 6,2 | 9,2 | 12,2 | 18,0 | 24,1 | 31,6 | 44,7 | 63,8 | 80,4 | 100,5 | 120,6 | 160,8 | 201,0 |
| d* | 2,9 | 4,4 | 6,4 | 9,4 | 14,6 | 19,8 | 25,9 | 37,6 | 53,9 | 70,2 | 88,4 | 106,6 | 143 | 179,4 |
| d1 | - | - | - | M6 | M10 | M12 | M16 | M20 | M24 | M30 | M36 | M36 | M48 | M48 |
| d4 max | 2,5 | 4,0 | 6,0 | 9,0 | 14,0 | 19,0 | 25,0 | 35,7 | 51,0 | 67,0 | 85,0 | 102,0 | 138,0 | 174,0 |
| l min | - | - | - | 16,0 | 24,0 | 24,0 | 32,0 | 40,0 | 47,0 | 59,0 | 70,0 | 70,0 | 92,0 | 92,0 |
| l 1 | 23,0 | 32,0 | 50,0 | 53,5 | 64,0 | 81,0 | 102,5 | 129,5 | 182,0 | 196,0 | 232,0 | 268,0 | 340,0 | 412,0 |
| l 2 | 25,0 | 35,0 | 53,0 | 57,0 | 69,0 | 86,0 | 109,0 | 136,0 | 190,0 | 204,0 | 242,0 | 280,0 | 356,0 | 432,0 |
| l 11 | - | - | - | 4,0 | 5,0 | 5,5 | 8,2 | 10,0 | 11,5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| * - size for reference. - the angle of Morse cones No. 0-No. 5 corresponds to the angle of shortened Morse cones; #6 - 1:19.180 = 0.05214 - angle of metric cones - 1:20 = 0.05. |
||||||||||||||
The profile of the threaded hole corresponds to the hole of the center shape R on GOST GOST 14034-74.
In GOST 25557-2006, all dimensions of the center hole are given in the general table. The standard also defines the dimensions of the grooves and holes required for the construction of cones in the case of cutting fluid (coolant) through the tool.
Depending on the design, the tool shank may have the corresponding designation:
BI- inner cone with groove;
BE- outer cone with foot;
AI- inner cone with a hole along the axis;
AE- outer cone with a threaded hole along the axis;
BIK- an internal cone with a groove and a hole for coolant supply;
CENTURY- outer cone with a foot and a hole for supplying coolant;
AIK- an internal cone with a hole along the axis and a hole for supplying coolant;
AEK- an outer cone with a threaded hole along the axis and a hole for supplying coolant.
TOOL CONES MORSE AND METRIC INTERNAL
(GOST 25557-2006)
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CONES 7:24
(GOST 15945-82)
Tolerances of internal and external tapers 7:24 according to GOST 19860-93.
TOOL CONES
Limit deviations of the angle of the cone and tolerances of the shape of the cones
(GOST 2848-75)
The degree of accuracy of tool cones is indicated by the tolerance of the angle of the cone of a given degree of accuracy according to GOST 8908-81 and is determined by the maximum deviations of the angle of the cone and the tolerances of the shape of the cone surface, the numerical values of which are indicated below.
Notes:
1. Deviations of the angle of the cone from the nominal size, placing in "plus" - for external cones, in "minus" - for internal ones.
2. GOST 2848-75 for external cones also provides for accuracy levels AT4 and AT5. Tolerances in accordance with GOST 2848-75 apply to tool cones in accordance with GOST 25557-2006 and GOST 9953-82.
Morse taper designation example 3, degree of accuracy AT8:
Morse 3 AT8 GOST 25557-2006
The same metric cone 160, degree of accuracy AT7:
Meter. 160 AT7 GOST 25557-2006
The same shortened cone B18, degree of accuracy AT6:
Morse B18 AT6 GOST 9953-82
Related Documents:
GOST 2848-75: Tool cones. Tolerances. Methods and means of control
GOST 7343-72: Tool cones with taper 1:10 and 1:7. Dimensions
GOST 10079-71: Conical reamers with a conical shank for Morse tapers. Design and dimensions
GOST 22774-77: Grinding cones and tubes. Types and sizes
GOST 25548-82: Basic standards of interchangeability. Cones and conical connections. Terms and Definitions
Taper and slope
On the images of the conical elements of the parts, the dimensions can be affixed differently: the diameters of the larger and smaller bases of the truncated cone and its length; the angle of inclination of the generatrix (or the angle of the cone) or the value of the taper and the diameter of the base, length, etc.
Taper
The ratio of the difference between the diameters of two cross sections of the cone ( D-d.) to the distance between them ( l) (Fig. 6.39, a) is called taper (To): K = (D-d)/l.
Rice. 6.39.
For example, a conical part element with a larger base diameter of 25 mm, a smaller base diameter of 15 mm, and a length of 50 mm will have a taper K = (D-d)/l = (25 – 15)/50 = 1/5 = 1:5.
When designing new products, the taper values established by GOST 8593–81 are used: 1:3; 1:5; 1:7; 1:8; 1:10; 1:12; 1:15; 1:20; 1:30. The taper values are also standardized, which have elements of parts with frequently occurring angles between the generatrix of the cone: an angle of 30 ° corresponds to a taper of 1: 1.866; 45° - 1:1.207; 60° - 1:0.866; 75° - 1:0.652; angle 90° - 1:0.5. In the drawings of metal-cutting tools, the taper is often determined by an inscription indicating the number of the Morse taper. In these cases, the dimensions of the conical elements are set according to GOST 10079–71, etc.
In the drawings, the taper is applied in accordance with the rules of GOST 2.307–2011. Before the dimension number that determines the amount of taper, a conventional sign is applied in the form of an isosceles triangle, the tip of which is directed towards the top of the cone.
The sign and numbers indicating the amount of taper are placed in the drawings parallel to the geometric axis of the conical element.
They can be affixed above the axis (Fig. 6.39, 6 ) or on a shelf (Fig. 6.39, c). In the latter case, the shelf is connected to the generatrix of the cone using a leader line ending with an arrow.
bias
Flat surfaces of parts located obliquely are indicated in the drawing by the magnitude of the slope. How to calculate this value, we will show with an example. The wedge shown in fig. 6.40, i, has an inclined surface, the slope of which must be determined. From the size of the greatest height of the wedge, subtract the size of the smallest height: 50 - 40 \u003d 10 mm. The difference between these values \u200b\u200bcan be considered as the size of the leg of a right triangle formed after a horizontal line is drawn on the drawing (Fig. 6.40, b). The value of the slope will be the ratio of the size of the smaller leg to the size of the horizontal line. In this case, you need to divide 10 by 100. The slope of the wedge will be 1:10.
Rice. 6.40.
In the drawing, the slopes are indicated by the sign and the ratio of two numbers, for example 1:50; 3:5.
If you want to depict in the drawing the surface of a certain slope, for example 3:20, draw a right triangle, in which one of the legs is three units of length, and the second is 20 of the same units (Fig. 6.41).
Rice. 6.41.
When drawing parts or when marking them out, to build a line along a given slope, you have to draw. For example, in order to draw a line with a slope of 1: 4 through the end point of a vertical line (Fig. 6.42), a straight line segment 10 mm long should be taken as a unit of length and four such units should be set aside on the continuation of the horizontal line (i.e. 40 mm ). Then draw a straight line through the extreme division and the top point of the segment.
Rice. 6.42.
The top of the slope sign should be directed towards the slope of the part surface. The sign and dimension number are placed parallel to the direction in relation to which the slope is given.
Basic norms of interchangeability
PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS GEOMETRIC
Normal tapers and taper angles
ISO 1119:1998
Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -
Series of conical tapers and taper angles
(MOD)
|
Moscow |
Foreword
The goals and principles of standardization in the Russian Federation are established by the Federal Law of December 27, 2002 No. 184-FZ"On technical regulation", and the rules for the application of national standards of the Russian Federation - GOST R 1.0-2004“Standardization in the Russian Federation. Basic Provisions»
About the standard
1 PREPARED by the Open Joint Stock Company "Scientific Research and Design Institute of Measuring Instruments in Mechanical Engineering" (JSC "NIImereniya") based on its own authentic translation into Russian of the standard specified in paragraph 4
2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TK 242 "Tolerances and Controls"
3 APPROVED AND INTRODUCED BY Order No. 557-st of December 4, 2009 of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology
4 This standard is modified in relation to the international standard ISO 1119:1998 “Geometric characteristics of products. Series of tapers and taper angles" (ISO 1119:1998 "Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Series of conical tapers and taper angles", MOD).
At the same time, it does not include Appendix A (informative) “Links in the GPS Matrix System” of the applicable international standard, which is inappropriate for use in national standardization due to the fact that it contains information about the matrix model of the ISO Standards System “Geometric Product Characteristics (GPS) » and the place of the applicable international standard in it, not related to the object of standardization.
The following technical deviations are introduced in this standard from the applicable International Standard:
- "Bibliography" is brought into line with the content of the standard and requirements GOST R 1.5-2004.
The specified application, not included in this standard, is given in the supplementary.
The name of this standard has been changed from the name of the applicable International Standard to bring it in line with the requirements GOST R 1.5-2004(clause 3.5)
5 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME
Information about changes to this standard is published in the annually published information index "National Standards", and the text of changes and amendments - in the monthly published information indexes "National Standards". In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, a corresponding notice will be published in the monthly published information index "National Standards". Relevant information, notification and texts are also posted in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet
2 Normative referencesThis standard uses normative references to the following standards: GOST R 50017-92 (ISO 575-78) Textile machines and auxiliary equipment. Cartridges conical transitional. Half Angle 4°20" Cone Dimensions and Inspection Methods GOST R 50018-92 (ISO 324-78) Textile machines and auxiliary equipment. Tapered cartridges for cross winding during dyeing (cross winding). Half Angle 4°20" Cone Dimensions and Inspection Methods GOST R 50042-92 (ISO 368-82) Textile machines and auxiliary equipment. Chucks for spindles of ring spinning and twisting machines. Taper 1:38 and 1:64. Dimensions GOST R 50213-92 (ISO 5237-78) Textile machines and auxiliary equipment. Tapered chucks for winding yarn (cross winding). The half angle of the cone is 5°57. Dimensions and methods of control GOST R 50663-99 (ISO 8382-88) Resuscitation ventilators. General technical requirements and test methods A.1 Information about the standard and its application This International Standard contains the definition of taper and taper angle, the values of tapers and taper angles for general and special purpose tapers, and their fields of application. To ensure an unambiguous understanding of the requirements, it should be supplemented by standards that include links from the 3rd to the 6th. A.2 Position in the matrix systemGPS This International Standard is a general GPS standard; its positions should be taken into account in links 1 and 2 of the series of angle standards in the overall GPS matrix, as shown in Figure A.1 A.3 Related standards The associated standards are those of the series of standards indicated in Figure A.1.
Figure A.1 Annex B
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Designation of a reference national, interstate standard |
Compliance degree |
Designation and name of the reference international standard |
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GOST 8032 -84 |
ISO 3:1973 Preferred numbers. Rows of Preferred Numbers" |
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GOST 15945 -82 |
ISO 297:1988 Tool shanks with 7:24 taper for manual change |
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GOST 22967 -90 |
ISO 594-1:1986 6% (Luer) taper fittings for syringes, needles and other medical equipment. Part 1. General requirements" |
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|
ISO 595-1:1986 Reusable all-glass or glass-to-metal medical syringes. Part 1. Design, performance requirements and test methods |
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ISO 595-2:1987 Reusable all-glass or glass-to-metal medical syringes. Part 2. Dimensions» |
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GOST 24264 -93 |
ISO 5356-1:1987 Anesthesia and breathing apparatus. Conical connectors. Part 1. Cones and couplings " |
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GOST 25557 -2006 |
ISO 296:1991 Machine tools. Self-locking cones for tool shanks» |
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GOST R 50017 -92 |
ISO 575:1978 Textile machinery and auxiliary equipment. transitional cones. Half cone angle 4° 20"" |
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GOST R 50018 -92 |
ISO 324:1978 Textile machinery and auxiliary equipment. Cones for cross winding for dyeing. Half cone angle 4° 20"" |
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GOST R 50042 -92 |
ISO 368:1982 Equipment for pre-spinning operations, spinning and twisting equipment. Chucks for spindles of ring spinning, cane and ring twisting machines with a taper of 1:38 and 1:64" |
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GOST R 50213 -92 |
ISO 5237:1978 Textile machinery and auxiliary equipment. Cones for cross winding of yarn. Half cone angle 5°57"" |
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GOST R 50663 -99 |
ISO 8382:1988 Mechanical ventilators for humans |
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Note - This table uses the following symbols for the degree of conformity of standards: MOD - modified standard; NEQ - non-equivalent standard. |
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Bibliography
ISO 8489-5:1995 Textile machinery and auxiliaries. Cross winding cones. Part 5. Dimensions, tolerances and designations of cones with a half angle at a point of 5 ° 57 "
ISO 8489-3:1995 Textile machinery and auxiliaries. Cross winding cones. Part 3. Dimensions, tolerances and designations of cones with a half angle at a point of 4 ° 20 "
ISO 8489-4:1995 Textile machinery and auxiliaries. Cross winding cones. Part 4. Dimensions, tolerances and designations of 4°20" half-angle cones used for winding in dyeing
ISO 8489-2:1995 Textile machinery and auxiliaries. Cross winding cones. Part 2. Dimensions, tolerances and designations of cones with a half angle at a point of 3 ° 30 "
ISO 239:1974, Drill chuck cones
ISO 594-1:1986, 6% taper (Luer-type) tips for syringes, needles and other medical equipment. Part 1. General requirements
ISO 595-1:1986 Reusable all-glass or glass-to-metal medical syringes. Part 1. Dimensions
ISO 595-2:1987 Reusable all-glass or glass-to-metal medical syringes. Part 2. Construction
Keywords: taper angle, taper
To his height H) for full cones or the ratio of the difference between two end cross sections of the cone ( D and d) to the distance between them ( L) for truncated cones. Taper is usually expressed in terms of two numbers, for example: 1:10; 1:12; 1:20.
In some countries (mainly countries with a common imperial system of length), the taper is given as the diameter of the base of a cone of unit height. for example 0.6 inches per foot or 0.05 inch per inch, which corresponds to a taper of 1:20.
Also, the taper can be set by the angle.
Taper can be set in percent and ppm.
GOST 8593-81 provides for the following tapers:
1:500, 1:200, 1:100, 1:50, 1:30, 1:20, 1:15, 1:12, 1:10, 1:8, 1:7, 1:6, 1: 5, 1:4, 1:3, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, 90°, 120°
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See what "Tonic" is in other dictionaries:
taper- (C) The ratio of the difference between the diameters of two cross sections of a cone to the distance between them. Notes 1. Taper can be defined as the ratio of the difference between the diameters of the large and small bases to the length of the cone 2. Taper, as a rule, ... ...
taper- 3.3 taper: The ratio of the difference between the upper and lower diameters of a cylindrical product to the height of the product. Source: GOST 5500 2001: Refractory locking products for pouring steel from a ladle. Specifications…
taper- kūgiškumas statusas T sritis radioelektronika atitikmenys: engl. taper vok. kegeliger Verlauf, m; Kegeligkeit, f; Konizitat, f rus. taper, f pranc. conicite, f... Radioelectronics terminų žodynas
taper of the rotor (turbine)- - [A.S. Goldberg. English Russian Energy Dictionary. 2006] Topics energy in general EN rotor taper … Technical Translator's Handbook
thread taper- 11 thread taper: Change in the average diameter of a rounded thread or the diameter of the root thread root at a given axial length. Source … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
reverse taper (drills)- Decreasing outer diameter from the corners along the guide strips towards the shank. [GOST R 50427 92 (ISO 5419 82)] Drill topics General terms twist drills EN back taper DE Verjüngung FR conicité arriére (dépouille… … Technical Translator's Handbook
Question 1. What are the dimensions of drawing sheet formats?
3) The dimensions of the outer frame, performed by a solid thin line;
Question 2. How is the main inscription of the drawing in form 1 on the drawing sheet?
2) In the lower right corner;
Question 3. The thickness of the solid main line, depending on the complexity of the image and the format of the drawing, is within the following limits?
2) 0.5 ...... 1.4 mm.;
Question 4. For tracing drawings and technical drawing, pencils with markings are used:
Question 5. High-quality structural carbon steel has a designation on the drawings:
1) Steel 45 GOST 1050-88
Question 6. A circle in isometry is depicted as:
Question 7. On dimension lines, the length of the arrows is:
Question 8. Should the scales of the images in the drawings be selected from the next row?
2) 1:1; 1:2; 1:2,5; 1:4; 1:5; 1:10…….
Question 9. Is the font size h determined by the following elements?
2) Height of capital letters in millimeters;
Question 10. GOST sets the following font sizes in millimeters?
3) 1,8; 2,5; 3,5; 5; 7; 10; 14; 20......
Question 11. The line thickness of the font d depends on?
1) From the thickness of the solid main line S;
Question 12. In accordance with GOST 2.304-81, type A and B fonts are performed?
1) Without tilt and with a slope of about 75 0 ;
Question 13. What is the width of letters and numbers in standard fonts?
1) The width of letters and numbers is determined by the font size.
Question 14. In what units are the linear dimensions indicated in the drawing?
3) In millimeters
Question 15. When applying the size of the radius of a circle, use the following sign?
Question 16. The figure shows examples of correct and erroneous locations of dimension lines. What number is the correct drawing?
3) The correct answer is No. 1;
Question 17. Thin plates with curved edges that serve to outline curved curves are called:
2) Patterns
Question 18. What lines draw the axial and center lines:
1) Dash-dotted
Question 19. Determine on which drawing the dimensional numbers are correctly recorded:
3) The correct answer is No. 4;
Question 20. At what distance from the contour of the part are dimension lines drawn?
Question 21. What does the sign R 30 on the drawing mean?
2) Circle radius 30 mm
Question 22. The state standard is indicated on the drawing:
Question 23. Sections in the drawing are:
2. Simple, complex, frontal, horizontal. vertical. longitudinal, transverse, profile.
Question 24. Sections in the drawing are classified:
1) Superimposed, rendered and sections in the break of the part
Question 25. How many millimeters should the extension line extend beyond the dimension line?
Question 26. Designation of the course project in the design documentation:
Question 27. The scale is selected strictly from the standard range:
1. 1:1; 1:2; 1: 2,5; 1:4; 1:5; 1:10…
Question 28. It is necessary to fill in the main inscription on the drawings:
2) after the drawing
Question 29. Where is the scale in which the drawing is made indicated?
3) In a special column of the title block
Question 30. ESKD state standards are indicated on the drawing by type:
2) GOST 2.302 - 68 "Scales"
Question 31. In which drawing are the diameter and square values correctly applied?
3) The correct answer is No. 3;
Question 32. What lines do auxiliary constructions perform when performing elements of geometric constructions?
2) Solid thin;
Question 33. At what distance from the contour is it recommended to draw dimension lines?
Question 34. How far apart should parallel dimension lines be?
On the images of the conical elements of the parts, the dimensions can be affixed differently: the diameters of the larger and smaller bases of the truncated cone and its length; the angle of inclination of the generatrix (or the angle of the cone) or the value of the taper and the diameter of the base, length, etc.
Taper
The ratio of the difference between the diameters of two cross sections of the cone ( D-d.) to the distance between them ( l) (Fig. 6.39, a) is called taper (To): K = (D-d)/l.
Rice. 6.39.
For example, a conical part element with a larger base diameter of 25 mm, a smaller base diameter of 15 mm, and a length of 50 mm will have a taper K = (D-d)/l = (25 – 15)/50 = 1/5 = 1:5.
When designing new products, the taper values established by GOST 8593–81 are used: 1:3; 1:5; 1:7; 1:8; 1:10; 1:12; 1:15; 1:20; 1:30. The taper values are also standardized, which have elements of parts with frequently occurring angles between the generatrix of the cone: an angle of 30 ° corresponds to a taper of 1: 1.866; 45° - 1:1.207; 60° - 1:0.866; 75° - 1:0.652; angle 90° - 1:0.5. In the drawings of metal-cutting tools, the taper is often determined by an inscription indicating the number of the Morse taper. In these cases, the dimensions of the conical elements are set according to GOST 10079–71, etc.
In the drawings, the taper is applied in accordance with the rules of GOST 2.307–2011. Before the dimension number that determines the amount of taper, a conventional sign is applied in the form of an isosceles triangle, the tip of which is directed towards the top of the cone.
The sign and numbers indicating the amount of taper are placed in the drawings parallel to the geometric axis of the conical element.
They can be affixed above the axis (Fig. 6.39, 6 ) or on a shelf (Fig. 6.39, c). In the latter case, the shelf is connected to the generatrix of the cone using a leader line ending with an arrow.
bias
Flat surfaces of parts located obliquely are indicated in the drawing by the magnitude of the slope. How to calculate this value, we will show with an example. The wedge shown in fig. 6.40, i, has an inclined surface, the slope of which must be determined. From the size of the greatest height of the wedge, subtract the size of the smallest height: 50 - 40 \u003d 10 mm. The difference between these values \u200b\u200bcan be considered as the size of the leg of a right triangle formed after a horizontal line is drawn on the drawing (Fig. 6.40, b). The value of the slope will be the ratio of the size of the smaller leg to the size of the horizontal line. In this case, you need to divide 10 by 100. The slope of the wedge will be 1:10.
Rice. 6.40.
In the drawing, the slopes are indicated by the sign and the ratio of two numbers, for example 1:50; 3:5.
If you want to depict a surface of a certain slope in the drawing, for example 3:20, draw a right triangle, in which one of the legs is three units of length, and the second is 20 of the same units (Fig. 6.41).
Rice. 6.41.
When drawing parts or when marking them out, to build a line along a given slope, you have to draw auxiliary lines. For example, in order to draw a line with a slope of 1: 4 through the end point of a vertical line (Fig. 6.42), a straight line segment 10 mm long should be taken as a unit of length and four such units should be set aside on the continuation of the horizontal line (i.e. 40 mm ). Then draw a straight line through the extreme division and the top point of the segment.
Rice. 6.42.
The top of the slope sign should be directed towards the slope of the part surface. The sign and dimension number are placed parallel to the direction in relation to which the slope is given.
