According to modern history, there were three revolutions in tsarist Russia.

Revolution of 1905

Date: January 1905 - June 1907. The impetus for the revolutionary actions of the people was the shooting of a peaceful demonstration (January 22, 1905), in which workers, their wives and children took part, led by a priest, whom many historians later called a provocateur who deliberately led the crowd under rifles.

The result of the first Russian revolution was the Manifesto adopted on October 17, 1905, which provided Russian citizens with civil liberties based on the inviolability of the individual. But this manifesto did not solve the main issue - hunger and industrial crisis in the country, so the tension continued to accumulate and was later discharged by the second revolution. But the first answer to the question: "When was the revolution in Russia?" will be - 1905.

February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917

Date: February 1917 Hunger, a political crisis, a protracted war, dissatisfaction with the tsar's policies, fermentation of revolutionary sentiments in the large Petrograd garrison - these factors and many others led to the aggravation of the situation in the country. The general strike of workers on February 27, 1917 in Petrograd grew into spontaneous riots. As a result, the main government buildings and the main structures of the city were captured. Most of the troops went over to the side of the strikers. The tsarist government was unable to cope with the revolutionary situation. Troops called in from the front were unable to enter the city. The result of the second revolution was the overthrow of the monarchy, and the establishment of the Provisional Government, which included representatives of the bourgeoisie and large landowners. But along with this, the Petrograd Soviet was formed as another body of power. This led to dual power, which had a bad effect on the establishment of order by the Provisional Government in a country exhausted by a protracted war.

October Revolution of 1917

Date: October 25-26, old style. The protracted First World War continues, Russian troops retreat and suffer defeat. Hunger in the country does not stop. The majority of people live in poverty. Numerous rallies are held at factories, factories and in front of military units stationed in Petrograd. Most of the military, workers and the entire crew of the cruiser "Aurora" took the side of the Bolsheviks. The Military Revolutionary Committee announces an armed uprising. October 25, 1917 There was a Bolshevik coup led by Vladimir Lenin - the Provisional Government was overthrown. The first Soviet government was formed, later in 1918 peace was signed with Germany already tired of the war (Brest peace) and the construction of the USSR began.

Thus, we get that the question "When was the revolution in Russia?" You can briefly answer this way: only three times - once in 1905 and twice in 1917.

The February Revolution took place without the active participation of the Bolsheviks. There were few people in the ranks of the party, and the leaders of the party, Lenin and Trotsky, were abroad. Leni arrived in rebellious Russia on April 3, 1917. He correctly understood the basic principles by which the script would develop further. Lenin was well aware that the Provisional Government was unable to keep its promises to end the war and distribute the land. This in the shortest possible time should have raised people to a new rebellion. The October Revolution of 1917 entered the preparation stage.

By the end of August 1917, a situation had developed in the country when the people had lost faith in the Provisional Government. Demonstrations against the Government were actively taking place in the cities. The growth of people's confidence in the Bolsheviks grew. Lenin gave the Russians simplicity. The simple theses of the Bolsheviks contained exactly the points that people wanted to see. Coming Bolsheviks to power seemed very likely at the time. Kerensky also knew this, and he resisted Lenin with all his might.

The rise of the Bolsheviks to power

The RSDLP(b), as the Bolshevik party was called, began to actively expand its ranks. People enthusiastically joined the party, which promised to restore order in the country and distribute land to the people. By the beginning of February, the membership of the RSDLP(b) did not exceed 24,000 people across the country. By September, this number was already 350 thousand people. In September 1917, new elections to the Petrograd Soviet took place, in which representatives of the RSDLP (b) received a majority. The Council itself was headed by L.D. Trotsky.

The popularity of the Bolsheviks grew in the country, their party enjoyed popular love. It was impossible to delay, Lenin decided to concentrate power in his hands. October 10, 1917 V.I. Lenin held a secret meeting of the Central Committee of his party. There was only one issue on the agenda, the possibility of an armed uprising and the seizure of power. According to the voting results, 10 out of 12 people voted for an armed seizure of power. Opponents of this idea were only Zinoviev G.E. and Kamenev L.B..

On October 12, 1917, a new body was created under the Petrograd Soviet, which was called the All-Russian Revolutionary Committee. The October Revolution of 1917 was fully developed by this body.

The struggle for the coming of the Bolsheviks to power came to an active stage. On October 22, the revolutionary committee sends its representatives to all the garrisons of the Peter and Paul Fortress. Tribunes were placed throughout the city, from which the best orators of the Bolsheviks spoke.

The Provisional Government, seeing a clear threat from the Bolsheviks, with the help of the police, closed the printing house that printed all Bolshevik printed matter. In response to this, the Revolutionary Committee put all units of the Garrison on alert. On the night of October 24, the October Revolution of 1917 began. In one night, the Bolsheviks captured the entire city. Only the Winter Palace resisted, but it also capitulated on 26 October. The October Revolution of 1917 was not bloody. People, for the most part, themselves recognized the power of the Bolsheviks. The total losses of the rebels amounted to only 6 people. Thus the Bolsheviks came to power.

Without a doubt, the October Revolution of 1917 was a continuation of the February Revolution, but with a number of changes. The February Revolution was for the most part spontaneous, while the October Revolution was carefully planned. The change of the political regime and the coming of the Bolsheviks to power hit the international prestige of the country. The country was in chaos. The new government needed to quickly restore everything that had been destroyed as a result of the revolution.

The October Revolution of 1917 took place on October 25 according to the old or November 7 according to the new style. The initiator, ideologist and protagonist of the revolution was the Bolshevik Party (Russian Social Democratic Bolshevik Party), led by Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (party pseudonym Lenin) and Lev Davidovich Bronstein (Trotsky). As a result, power has changed in Russia. Instead of a bourgeois country, a proletarian government headed.

Goals of the October Revolution of 1917

• Building a more just society than capitalist
• Ending the exploitation of man by man
• Equality of people in rights and duties

  The main motto of the socialist revolution of 1917 is "To each according to his needs, from each according to his work"

• Fight against wars
• world socialist revolution

Revolution slogans

• "Power to the Soviets"
• "Peace to the nations"
• "Land - to the peasants"
• "Factories - to workers"

Objective causes of the October Revolution of 1917

• Economic difficulties experienced by Russia due to participation in the First World War
• Huge human losses from the same
• Unsuccessfully developing affairs on the fronts
• The mediocre leadership of the country, first by the tsarist, then by the bourgeois (Provisional) government
• The unresolved peasant question (the issue of allocating land to the peasants)
• Difficult living conditions for workers
• Almost complete illiteracy of the people
• Unfair national politics

Subjective causes of the October Revolution of 1917

• The presence in Russia of a small, but well-organized, disciplined group - the Bolshevik Party
• The primacy in it of the great historical Personality - V. I. Lenin
• The absence in the camp of her opponents of a person of the same magnitude
• The ideological throwing of the intelligentsia: from Orthodoxy and nationalism to anarchism and support for terrorism
• The activities of German intelligence and diplomacy, which had the goal of weakening Russia, as one of Germany's opponents in the war
• Passivity of the population

Interesting: the causes of the Russian revolution according to the writer Nikolai Starikov

Methods for building a new society

• Nationalization and transfer to state ownership of the means of production and land
• Eradication of private property
• Physical elimination of political opposition
• Concentration of power in the hands of one party
• Atheism instead of religion
• Marxism-Leninism instead of Orthodoxy

Trotsky led the direct seizure of power by the Bolsheviks.

“By the night of the 24th, the members of the Revolutionary Committee dispersed to the districts. I was left alone. Later came Kamenev. He was opposed to the uprising. But he came to spend this decisive night with me, and we remained together in a small corner room on the third floor, which looked like a captain's bridge on the decisive night of the revolution. There was a telephone booth in the adjoining large and deserted room. They called continuously, about the important and the trifles. The bells emphasized the wary silence even more sharply... Detachments of workers, sailors, and soldiers are awake in the districts. Young proletarians have rifles and machine-gun belts over their shoulders. Street pickets are basking around fires. Two dozen telephones concentrate the spiritual life of the capital, which squeezes its head from one era to another on an autumn night.
In the room on the third floor, news converges from all districts, suburbs and approaches to the capital. As if everything is foreseen, leaders are in place, connections are secured, nothing seems to be forgotten. Let's mentally check again. This night decides.
... I give the order to the commissars to set up reliable military barriers on the roads to Petrograd and send agitators to meet the units called by the government ... "If you don’t keep words, use weapons. You are responsible for this with your head.” I repeat this phrase several times…. The outer guard of Smolny was strengthened by a new machine-gun team. Communication with all parts of the garrison remains uninterrupted. Duty companies are awake in all regiments. Commissioners are in place. Armed detachments move from the districts through the streets, ring the bells at the gates or open them without ringing, and occupy one office after another.
... In the morning I pounce on the bourgeois and compromising press. Not a word about the uprising that had begun.
The government still met in the Winter Palace, but it had already become only a shadow of itself. It no longer existed politically. During October 25, the Winter Palace was gradually cordoned off by our troops from all sides. At one o'clock in the afternoon I reported to the Petrograd Soviet on the state of affairs. Here is how the newspaper report portrays this report:
“On behalf of the Military Revolutionary Committee, I announce that the Provisional Government no longer exists. (Applause.) Individual ministers have been arrested. ("Bravo!") Others will be arrested in the coming days or hours. (Applause.) The revolutionary garrison, at the disposal of the Military Revolutionary Committee, dissolved the meeting of the Pre-Parliament. (Loud applause.) We stayed awake here at night and watched over the telephone wire how detachments of revolutionary soldiers and the workers' guards silently carried out their work. The layman slept peacefully and did not know that at this time one power was being replaced by another. Stations, post office, telegraph, the Petrograd Telegraph Agency, the State Bank are busy. (Loud applause.) The Winter Palace has not yet been taken, but its fate will be decided in the next few minutes. (Applause.)"
This naked report can give the wrong impression of the mood of the meeting. That's what my memory tells me. When I reported on the change of power that had taken place during the night, there was a tense silence for several seconds. Then applause came, but not stormy, but thoughtful ... “Can we overcome it?” – many people asked themselves mentally. Hence a moment of anxious reflection. Let's do it, everyone replied. New dangers loomed in the distant future. And now there was a feeling of great victory, and this feeling sang in the blood. It found its way out in a stormy meeting arranged for Lenin, who first appeared at this meeting after an absence of almost four months.(Trotsky "My Life").

Results of the October Revolution of 1917

• In Russia, the elite has completely changed. The one that ruled the state for 1000 years, set the tone in politics, economics, public life, was a role model and an object of envy and hatred, gave way to others who had really “been nothing” before
• The Russian Empire fell, but its place was taken by the Soviet Empire, which for several decades became one of the two countries (together with the United States) that led the world community
• The tsar was replaced by Stalin, who acquired much more powers than any Russian emperor.
• The ideology of Orthodoxy was replaced by communist
• Russia (more precisely, the Soviet Union) within a few years has turned from an agrarian into a powerful industrial power
• Literacy has become universal
• The Soviet Union achieved the withdrawal of education and medical care from the system of commodity-money relations
• There was no unemployment in the USSR
• In recent decades, the leadership of the USSR has achieved almost complete equality of the population in income and opportunities.
• In the Soviet Union there was no division of people into poor and rich
• In the numerous wars waged by Russia during the years of Soviet power, as a result of terror, from various economic experiments, tens of millions of people died, the fates of probably the same number of people were broken, distorted, millions left the country, becoming emigrants
• The country's gene pool has changed catastrophically
• The lack of incentives to work, the absolute centralization of the economy, huge military spending led Russia (USSR) to a significant technological, technical lag behind the developed countries of the world.
• In Russia (USSR), in practice, democratic freedoms were completely absent - speech, conscience, demonstrations, rallies, press (although they were declared in the Constitution).
• The proletariat of Russia lived materially much worse than the workers of Europe and America.

Which was adopted at that time in Russia. And although already in February of the year the Gregorian calendar (new style) was introduced and the first anniversary of the revolution (like all subsequent ones) was celebrated on November 7, the revolution was still associated with October, which was reflected in its name.

The name "October Revolution" has been found since the first years of Soviet power. Name Great October Socialist Revolution established itself in the Soviet official historiography by the end of the 1930s. In the first decade after the revolution, it was often called, in particular, October coup, while this name did not carry a negative meaning (at least in the mouths of the Bolsheviks themselves), but, on the contrary, emphasized the grandiosity and irreversibility of the "social revolution"; this name is used by N. N. Sukhanov, A. V. Lunacharsky, D. A. Furmanov, N. I. Bukharin, M. A. Sholokhov. In particular, the section of Stalin's article, dedicated to the first anniversary of October (), was called About the October Revolution. Subsequently, the word "coup" became associated with a conspiracy and an illegal change of power (similar to palace coups), and the term was withdrawn from official propaganda (although Stalin used it until his last works, written already in the early 1950s). On the other hand, the expression "October coup" began to be actively used, already with a negative meaning, in literature critical of the Soviet regime: in emigre and dissident circles, and since perestroika, in the legal press.

background

There are several versions of the causes of the October Revolution:

• version of the spontaneous growth of the "revolutionary situation"
• version of the purposeful action of the German government (See Sealed wagon)

Version of the "revolutionary situation"

The main prerequisites for the October Revolution were the weakness and indecisiveness of the Provisional Government, its refusal to implement the principles proclaimed by it (for example, the Minister of Agriculture V. Chernov, the author of the Socialist Revolutionary program for land reform, defiantly refused to carry it out after he was told by his government colleagues that expropriation landowner lands damages the banking system, which credited the landlords on the security of land), dual power after the February Revolution. During the year, the leaders of the radical forces led by Chernov, Spiridonova, Tsereteli, Lenin, Chkheidze, Martov, Zinoviev, Stalin, Trotsky, Sverdlov, Kamenev and other leaders returned from hard labor, from exile and emigration to Russia and launched an extensive agitation. All this led to the strengthening of extreme left sentiments in society.

The policy of the Provisional Government, especially after the SR-Menshevik All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets declared the Provisional Government a "government of salvation", recognizing its "unlimited powers and unlimited power", brought the country to the brink of disaster. The smelting of pig iron and steel fell sharply, and the extraction of coal and oil was significantly reduced. The railway transport came to an almost complete breakdown. There was a sharp lack of fuel. In Petrograd, there were temporary interruptions in the supply of flour. Gross industrial output in 1917 decreased by 30.8% compared to 1916. In autumn, up to 50% of enterprises were closed in the Urals, Donbass and other industrial centers, 50 factories were stopped in Petrograd. There was massive unemployment. Food prices rose steadily. The real wages of workers fell by 40-50% compared with 1913. The daily expenditure on the war exceeded 66 million rubles.

All practical measures taken by the Provisional Government worked exclusively for the benefit of the financial sector. The provisional government resorted to money issue and new loans. In 8 months, it issued paper money worth 9.5 billion rubles, that is, more than the tsarist government in 32 months of the war. The main burden of taxes fell on the working people. The actual value of the ruble compared to June 1914 was 32.6%. The state debt of Russia in October 1917 amounted to almost 50 billion rubles, of which the debt to foreign powers amounted to more than 11.2 billion rubles. The country faced the threat of financial bankruptcy.

The provisional government, which did not have confirmation of its powers from any popular will, nevertheless, in a voluntaristic way, declared that Russia would "continue the war to a victorious end." Moreover, he failed to get the allies in the Entente to write off Russia's war debts, which reached astronomical sums. Explanations to the allies that Russia was unable to service this state debt, the experience of the state bankruptcy of a number of countries (Khedive Egypt, etc.) were not taken into account by the allies. Meanwhile, L. D. Trotsky officially declared that revolutionary Russia should not pay the bills of the old regime, and was immediately imprisoned.

The provisional government simply ignored the problem because the grace period on loans lasted until the end of the war. They turned a blind eye to the imminent post-war default, not knowing what to hope for and wanting to delay the inevitable. Wishing to postpone state bankruptcy by continuing an extremely unpopular war, they attempted to attack on the fronts, but their failure, emphasized by the "treacherous", according to Kerensky, surrender of Riga, caused extreme bitterness among the people. The land reform was also not carried out for financial reasons - the expropriation of landlords' lands would have caused massive bankruptcy of financial institutions that credited landlords on the security of land. The Bolsheviks, historically supported by the majority of the workers of Petrograd and Moscow, won the support of the peasantry and soldiers ("peasants dressed in overcoats") through a consistent policy of agrarian reform and an immediate end to the war. In August-October 1917 alone, more than 2,000 peasant uprisings took place (690 peasant uprisings were registered in August, 630 in September, and 747 in October). The Bolsheviks and their allies actually remained the only force that did not agree to give up their principles in practice in order to protect the interests of Russia's financial capital.

Revolutionary sailors with the flag "Death to Bourgeois"

Four days later, on October 29 (November 11), an armed rebellion of junkers took place, including artillery pieces, which was also suppressed using artillery and armored cars.

On the side of the Bolsheviks were the workers of Petrograd, Moscow and other industrial centers, the land-poor peasants of the densely populated Chernozem region and Central Russia. An important factor in the victory of the Bolsheviks was the appearance on their side of a considerable part of the officers of the former tsarist army. In particular, the officers of the General Staff were distributed almost equally among the warring parties, with a slight advantage among the opponents of the Bolsheviks (at the same time, the Bolsheviks had a larger number of graduates of the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff on the side of the Bolsheviks). Some of them were repressed in 1937 .

Immigration

At the same time, a number of workers, engineers, inventors, scientists, writers, architects, peasants, politicians from all over the world who shared Marxist ideas moved to Soviet Russia to participate in the program of building communism. They took some part in the technological breakthrough of backward Russia and the country's social transformations. According to some estimates, the number of only Chinese and Manchus who immigrated to Tsarist Russia due to the favorable socio-economic conditions created in Russia by the autocratic regime, and then took part in building a new world, exceeded 500 thousand people. , and for the most part they were workers who create material values ​​and transform nature with their own hands. Some of them quickly returned to their homeland, most of the rest were subjected to repression in the year

A certain number of specialists from Western countries also came to Russia. .

During the Civil War, tens of thousands of internationalist fighters (Poles, Czechs, Hungarians, Serbs, etc.) fought in the Red Army and voluntarily joined its ranks.

The Soviet government was forced to use the skills of some immigrants in administrative, military and other posts. Among them are the writer Bruno Yasensky (shot in the city), administrator Bela Kun (shot in the city), economists Varga and Rudzutak (shot in the year), special services officers Dzerzhinsky, Latsis (shot in the city), Kingisepp, Eichmans (shot in the year), military leaders Joachim Vatsetis (shot in the year), Lajos Gavro (shot in), Ivan Strod (shot in), August Kork (shot in the year), head of Soviet justice Smilgu (shot in the year), Inessa Armand and many others. The financier and intelligence officer Ganetsky (shot in), aircraft designers Bartini (repressed in the city, spent 10 years in prison), Paul Richard (worked in the USSR for 3 years and returned to France), teacher Yanoushek (shot in a year), Romanian, Moldovan and Jewish poet Yakov Yakir (who ended up in the USSR against his will with the annexation of Bessarabia, was arrested there, left for Israel), socialist Henrich Erlich (sentenced to death and committed suicide in the Kuibyshev prison), Robert Eikhe ( shot in the year), journalist Radek (shot in the year), Polish poet Naftali Kon (twice repressed, after his release he left for Poland, from there to Israel), and many others.

Holiday

Main article: Anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution

Contemporaries about the revolution

Our children and grandchildren will not even be able to imagine the Russia in which we once lived, which we did not appreciate, did not understand - all this power, complexity, wealth, happiness ...

• October 26 (November 7) - birthday of L.D. Trotsky

Notes

1. MINUTES of 1920 August 11-12 days judicial investigator for especially important cases at the Omsk District Court N. A. Sokolov in Paris (in France), in the order of 315-324 Art. Art. mouth injection. court., examined three issues of the newspaper “Obshchee Delo” provided for investigation by Vladimir Lvovich Burtsev.
2. Russian National Corpus
3. Russian National Corpus
4. I. V. Stalin. The logic of things
5. I. V. Stalin. Marxism and questions of linguistics
6. For example, the expression "October coup" is often used in the anti-Soviet magazine "Posev":
7. S. P. Melgunov. Golden german key of the Bolsheviks
8. L. G. Sobolev. Russian revolution and German gold
9. Ganin A.V. On the role of officers of the General Staff in the civil war.
10. S. V. Kudryavtsev Liquidation of "counter-revolutionary organizations" in the region (Author of Candidate of Historical Sciences)
11. Erlikhman V.V. "Loss of population in the XX century". Reference book - M .: Publishing house "Russian panorama", 2004 ISBN 5-93165-107-1
12. Cultural Revolution Article on rin.ru
13. Soviet-Chinese relations. 1917-1957. Collection of documents, Moscow, 1959; Ding Shou he, Yin Xu Yi, Zhang Bozhao, The Impact of the October Revolution on China, translated from Chinese, Moscow, 1959; Peng Ming, History of Sino-Soviet Friendship, translated from Chinese. Moscow, 1959; Russian-Chinese relations. 1689-1916, Official documents, Moscow, 1958
14. Border clearances and other forced migrations in 1934-1939.
15. "Great Terror": 1937-1938. Brief chronicle Compiled by N. G. Okhotin, A. B. Roginsky
16. From among the descendants of immigrants, as well as local residents who originally lived on their historical lands, as of 1977, 379 thousand Poles lived in the USSR; 9 thousand Czechs; 6 thousand Slovaks; 257 thousand Bulgarians; 1.2 million Germans; 76 thousand Romanians; 2 thousand French; 132 thousand Greeks; 2 thousand Albanians; 161 thousand Hungarians, 43 thousand Finns; 5 thousand Khalkha Mongols; 245,000 Koreans, etc. Most of them are the descendants of the colonists of tsarist times, who have not forgotten their native language, and residents of the border, ethnically mixed regions of the USSR; some of them (Germans, Koreans, Greeks, Finns) were subsequently subjected to repressions and deportations.
17. L. Anninsky. In memory of Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Historical magazine "Rodina" (RF), No. 9-2008, p. 35
18. I.A. Bunin "Cursed Days" (diary 1918 - 1918)

Links

• The Great October Socialist Revolution on the wiki section of the RKSM(b) portal
• Decrees of the Soviet power. Volume 1. October 25, 1917 - March 16, 1918
• John Reid"Ten Days That Shook the World"
• Rabinovich A."The Bolsheviks Come to Power: The Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd"
• Hobsbaum E."World Revolution" Chapter 2 of "The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century (1914-1991)"
• Buldakov V.

, Civil war in Russia 1918-20 - chronology.

October 10, 1917 - The Bolshevik Central Committee decides on an armed uprising.

October 12- Creation of the Military Revolutionary Committee under the Petrograd Soviet ( VRK) to guide the seizure of power.

Mid October - Kerensky makes an attempt to bring part of the Petrograd garrison to the front. This pushes the garrison, which does not want to fight, to the side of the Bolsheviks, becoming the main condition for the success of the October Revolution.

October 23- Dispatch by Trotsky of the commissars of the Military Revolutionary Committee to most of the Petrograd military units of the garrison. The Peter and Paul Fortress (where there are cannons and an arsenal with 100 thousand rifles) goes over to the side of the Bolsheviks.

October 24- Under the guise of defense against the “counter-revolution”, the Military Revolutionary Committee begins a systematic silent capture of the capital by small groups of soldiers and Red Army men.

pre-parliament actually denies Kerensky the authority to suppress the Bolshevik rebellion in order "not to provoke a civil war."

Deputies gather in Petrograd II Congress of Soviets". Its composition was rigged by the Bolsheviks in advance: representatives of only 300 (according to other sources, only 100) of the 900 existing in the country gather at the congress. Soviets- and predominantly members of the Leninist party (335 out of 470 deputies, while the true proportion in local councils is completely different).

On a front completely decomposed by the Communists, it is almost impossible to assemble troops to help the Provisional Government. Kerensky accidentally finds a detachment of the general near Pskov Krasnova, in which - only 700 Cossacks. Krasnov agrees to lead him against the Bolsheviks to Petrograd (where there is a 160,000-strong garrison from the reserve regiments that refused to go to the front, not counting the sailors).

29th of October- The Bolsheviks begin to disarm the Petrograd junkers. They are resisting. The result is fierce battles with artillery around the Pavlovsk and Vladimir schools; twice as many victims as on Bloody Sunday, January 9, 1905.

Reinforcements arrive at Krasnov in the evening: another 600 Cossacks, 18 guns and an armored train. However, his forces are still insignificant for further movement on Petrograd.

The cowardly Colonel Ryabtsev negotiates a daily truce with the Moscow Military Revolutionary Committee. During these days, the Bolsheviks are pulling reinforcements from everywhere to Moscow.

October 30- Krasnov arranges an attack on the Pulkovo Heights. The garrison soldiers and workers flee in fear from a bunch of Cossacks, but the sailors get tired and repel the attack. In the evening Krasnov retreats to Gatchina. Vikzhel, hoping for the success of negotiations with the Bolsheviks on a homogeneous socialist government, prevents the transportation by rail of the reinforcements still collected at the front to Krasnov.

In Moscow in the evening, the Military Revolutionary Committee violates the truce. Bloody battles between the Bolsheviks and the Junkers on Tverskoy and Nikitsky Boulevards.

Fights with the Bolsheviks in Kyiv, Vinnitsa, and some other cities.

October 31- The All-Army Soldiers' Committee at Headquarters declares that the front considers the coup of the Bolsheviks illegal and opposes any negotiations with them.

Bolshevik agitators arrive in Gatchina, persuading the few Cossacks of Krasnov not to defend him, who had already betrayed them in July and august Kerensky, and return to the Don.

The Moscow Bolsheviks begin shelling the Kremlin and cadet schools with heavy artillery from Sparrow Hills and Khodynka.

Nov. 1- The flight from Gatchina disguised Kerensky. Trotsky brings large Bolshevik detachments to Gatchina, and Krasnov has to stop further actions. Indecisive commander in chief Dukhonin orders from Headquarters to stop sending new troops to Petrograd.

November 2- Having got rid of the danger from Krasnov, Lenin orders to stop negotiations on a homogeneous socialist government. This is opposed by a group of influential Bolsheviks (Kamenev, Zinoviev, Rykov, Nogin) who do not believe that their party will hold power alone.

the 3rd of November- The Junkers surrender the Moscow Kremlin in the morning, terribly mutilated by red artillery. Ruthless reprisals against the junkers and the robbery of the Kremlin churches begin.

Consequences of the Bolshevik coup in Moscow. Documentary Newsreel

November 4- The Bolshevik supporters of a homogeneous socialist government leave the Central Committee (Kamenev, Zinoviev, Rykov, Milyutin, Nogin) and the Council of People's Commissars (they return soon, unable to withstand the pressure of Lenin).

November 7 – Left SRs form a party separate from the right and begin negotiations with the Bolsheviks to join the Council of People's Commissars.

November 8- Lenin removes Commander-in-Chief Dukhonin, replacing him with a Bolshevik ensign Krylenko. Lenin's radiogram: let all soldiers and sailors, themselves, regardless of their superiors, enter into negotiations on a truce with the enemy - the final surrender of Russia to mercy