Old Russian words in the modern language are quite common, but sometimes they seem strange and incomprehensible to us. Fragments of ancient dialects spread throughout the territory of distant Kievan Rus, they can denote the same words and concepts as thousands of years ago, they can slightly change their meaning, or they can be revived, taking on new, modern interpretations.
Old Russian or Old Slavonic?
Journey to the ancient world can begin with which are still found in modern speech. Mom, motherland, uncle, earth, wolf, work, regiment, forest, oak - Old Russian words. But with the same success they can be called both ancient Belarusian and ancient Ukrainian. Until now, they are found in these languages in almost the same form as thousands of years ago. Old Russian words and their meanings can be found in many monuments of Slavic literature. For example, the textbook "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" is a real treasure trove for collectors of various ancient words.
Probably, Russian and common Slavic words should be separated, but it is not possible to do this in this article. We can only observe the development of an ancient word - from its original meaning to its modern one. And an excellent visual aid for studying such development can be the old Russian word “loving”.
Word history
"The Primary Chronicle" tells how in 1071 on the lands of the city of Vyshgorod "they did animal catches." This word was also known in the time of Monomakh. In his "Instruction" Prince Vladimir says that he himself "kept a hunting detachment", that is, he kept stables, dog packs, tame falcons and hawks in order. The term "fishing" was already then a commonly used word and meant hunting, the capture of an animal.
Later, already in the 13th-14th centuries, the word "fishing" began to be found in testamentary documents. The legal lists mention "fish catches", "beaver catches". Here the word "fishing" is used as a nature reserve, a sanctuary - land in private ownership with great opportunities for hunting and fishing. But both in the old and in the new meaning, “catching” means hunting by catching an animal or fish. remained the same.
Modern "catch"
In modern speech, the word "loving" is also often found. Only it, like many other Old Russian words, is used in a truncated, different meaning - you can say “fishing for herring” or “autumn fishing for cod”. But we will never say “fishing for wolves” or “catching beavers”. For this, there is a convenient and understandable word “hunting”. But in the composition of compound words "fishing" is found everywhere.
Children and grandchildren
Recall the words "mousetrap", "trapper", "trap" and others. After all, all this is the children and grandchildren of the old word "fishing". Some "children" of "fishing" did not survive the time and are now found only in ancient chronicles. For example, the word “lovitva” appeared much later than “lova”, but never took root in the Russian language. Lovitva was known in the 15th-17th centuries and was commonly used in the meaning of "hunting". But already in the time of Pushkin, this concept was not used.
For the contemporaries of the great poet, "catching" and "catching" are obsolete, inanimate words. Old Russian "tricks" do not exist in modern speech either, but when you see them in an old book, you can understand the meaning of this word without much difficulty.
"Nadolba" and "goalkeeper"
Old Russian words with translation can be found in many explanatory dictionaries. But what if the old word is used in a new, modern sense? Old Russian words and their meanings seem to change over time. A good example can be quite well-known ancient Russian literary words "nadolba" and "goalkeeper".
The word "nadolba" was known in the all-Russian military terminology many thousands of years ago. This was the name of the knocked together thick branches and logs - an impenetrable obstacle for infantry and cavalry in ancient, distant times. The advent of guns and cannons made both construction and the words themselves unnecessary. they invented new effective methods for defense and attack, and the "naugers" had to be scrapped.
A thousand years later, at the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the gouges returned from the past. Now they were built from reinforcing blocks, logs, construction debris. Such structures were designed to stop the advance of fascist tanks and disrupt the attack of enemy troops. After the war, the gouges were dismantled, but the word remained. Now it is found in many literary military works, in eyewitness accounts, in stories and novels about the war.
Returned to the modern language and the word "goalkeeper". True, his story is far from being as heroic as that of the previous word. Goalkeepers used to be called modest monks-gatekeepers, who opened the gates of monasteries and temples in the morning and closed them at sunset, fearing dashing people. Goalkeepers have practically disappeared from our lives, but until a certain point. The development of collective sports, the success of our teams in hockey and football competitions have led to the emergence of modern "goalkeepers" - athletes who protect the gates of their own team from opponent attacks. Moreover, the word not only spread widely, but also put the foreign "goalkeeper" on both shoulder blades.
Old "airplane"
Do you think the word "airplane" was known during the time of Peter the Great? And not as a fabulous flying object (flying carpet), but as a very real engineering design? It turns out that in those days, self-propelled ferries were called airplanes, which made it possible to transport large carts with weapons and food to the other side of the river. Later, the word turned into a highly specialized jargon and began to be used in weaving.
A similar story happened with the word "bike". It turns out that it was used with might and main in medieval Russia - in Muscovy. So then called runners-walkers. Bicycles' surname probably translates as "Swiftfoot" rather than "belonging to a bicycle". Therefore, both the bicycle and the plane can also with great reason be attributed to the old, Old Russian words. Unlike catchy, these terms have outlived several of their meanings, have become relevant in modern speech, however, having completely changed their interpretations.
Shards of the past
Oddly enough, many modern dialects have become remarkable monuments of ancient word usage. Old Russian words, examples of which can no longer be found in the initial form, feel great in a fixed, unchanging form. For example, everyone knows such words as "evil", "good luck". The derivatives of these concepts are not difficult to understand - "in spite", "at random". They have long become understandable and simple particles of speech.
Other words are also known, composed according to a similar principle. For example, "quickly". "obliquely", "sideways". But “skew”, “beakren” or “hurry” are Old Russian, their initial meanings are a headache for lexicographers and linguists.
Results
As you can see, Old Russian words and their meanings leave a wide field for research. Many of them have been understood. And now, when we meet the words “vevelyai”, “vedenets” or “lada” in old books, we can safely look for their meanings in dictionaries. But many of them are still waiting for their researchers. Only painstaking work with ancient words will help explain their meanings and enrich the modern Russian language.
At old words, as well as dialectal can be divided into two different groups: archaisms and historicisms .
Archaisms- these are words that, due to the emergence of new words, have fallen into disuse. But their synonyms are in modern Russian.
For example:
right hand- right hand, cheeks- cheeks, ramen- shoulders, loins- waist and so on.
But it is worth noting that archaisms, nevertheless, may differ from modern synonymous words. These differences may be in the morphemic composition ( fisherman- fisherman, friendship - friendship), in their lexical meaning ( stomach- a life, the guest- merchant,), in grammatical design ( at the ball- at the ball fulfill- perform) and phonetic features ( mirror- mirror, Guishpanese- Spanish). Many words are completely obsolete, but still they have modern synonyms. For example: ruin- death or injury hope- to hope and firmly believe, so that- to. And in order to avoid possible errors in the interpretation of these words, when working with works of art, it is strongly recommended to use a dictionary of obsolete words and dialect phrases, or an explanatory dictionary.
historicisms- these are words that denote such phenomena or objects that have completely disappeared or ceased to exist as a result of the further development of society.
Many words that denoted various household items of our ancestors, phenomena and things that were somehow connected with the economy of the past, the old culture, the socio-political system that once existed, became historicisms. Many historicisms are found among words that are somehow related to military topics.
For example:
Redoubt, chain mail, visor, squeaker etc.
Most obsolete words refer to clothing items and household items: prosak, svetets, valley, camisole, armyak.
Also, historicisms include words that denote titles, professions, positions, estates that once existed in Russia: tsar, lackey, boyar, stolnik, equestrian, barge hauler,tinker etc. Manufacturing activities such as Konka and manufactory. The phenomena of patriarchal life: purchase, dues, corvée and others. Lost technologies such as mead and tinning.
Words that arose in the Soviet era also became historicisms. These include words such as: food detachment, NEP, Makhnovist, educational program, Budenovets and many others.
Sometimes it is very difficult to distinguish between archaisms and historicisms. This is connected both with the revival of the cultural traditions of Russia, and with the frequent use of these words in proverbs and sayings, as well as other works of folk art. Such words include words denoting measures of length or measurements of weight, naming Christian and religious holidays, and others and others.
Dictionary of obsolete words by letters of the alphabet:
- Wolf ticket (wolf passport)
In the 19th century, the name of a document that closed access to a public service, an educational institution, etc. Today, phraseological units are used in the sense of a sharply negative characterization of someone's work.
The origin of this turnover is usually explained by the fact that a person who received such a document was not allowed to live in one place for more than 2-3 days and he had to wander like a wolf.
In addition, in many combinations, wolf means "abnormal, inhuman, bestial", which strengthens the opposition between the owner of the wolf ticket and other "normal" people. - Lying like a gray gelding
There are several options for the origin of phraseology.
1. The word gelding comes from the Mongolian morin "horse". In historical monuments, horse siv, gelding siv are very typical, the adjective gray "light gray, gray" shows the old age of the animal. The verb to lie had a different meaning in the past - "talk nonsense, idle talk; chatter." The gray gelding here is a stallion that has turned gray from long work, and figuratively - a man who is already talking from old age and is carrying annoying nonsense.
2. Gelding - stallion, gray - old. The expression is explained by the usual boasting of old people about their own strength, as if still preserved, like among the young.
3. The turnover is associated with the attitude towards the gray horse as a stupid creature. Russian peasants avoided, for example, laying the first furrow on a gray gelding, because he "lied" - he was mistaken, laying it incorrectly. - give oak- die
The turnover is associated with the verb zadubet - "to cool down, lose sensitivity, become hard." An oak coffin has always been a sign of special honor for the deceased. Peter I introduced a tax on oak coffins - as a luxury item. - Alive, bitch!
The origin of the expression is associated with the game "Smoking Room", popular in the 18th century in Russia at gatherings on winter evenings. The players sat in a circle and passed each other a burning torch, saying "Alive, alive, Smoking room, not dead, thin legs, short soul ...". The one whose torch went out, began to smoke, smoke, lost. Later, this game was replaced by "Burn, burn brightly so that it does not go out." - Nick down
In the old days, almost the entire population in Russian villages was illiterate. To account for the bread handed over to the landowner, the work done, etc., the so-called tags were used - wooden sticks up to a fathom (2 meters) long, on which notches were made with a knife. The tags were split into two parts so that the notches were on both: one remained with the employer, the other with the performer. The number of notches was calculated. Hence the expression "to cut down on the nose", meaning: to remember well, to take into account the future. - play spillikins
In the old days in Russia, the game of "spillikins" was common. It consisted in using a small hook to pull out, without touching the rest, one of the other piles of all the spillikins - all kinds of small toy things: hatchets, glasses, baskets, kegs. This is how not only children, but also adults spent their time on long winter evenings.
Over time, the expression "playing spillikins" came to mean an empty pastime. - Bastard soup slurp
Bast shoes - wicker shoes made of bast (the subcortical layer of lindens), covering only the soles of the feet - in Russia were the only affordable shoes for poor peasants, and cabbage soup - a kind of cabbage soup - was their simplest and favorite food. Depending on the wealth of the family and the time of year, cabbage soup could be either green, that is, with sorrel, or sour - from sauerkraut, with meat or lean - without meat, which were eaten during fasting or in case of extreme poverty.
About a person who could not earn his own boots and more refined food, they said that he "slurped cabbage soup", that is, he lives in terrible poverty and ignorance. - Fawn
The word "fawn" comes from the German phrase "Ich liebe sie" (Ich liebe zi - I love you). Seeing the insincerity in the frequent repetition of this “swan”, the Russian people wittily formed the Russian word “fawn” from these German words - it means to fawn, to flatter someone, to seek someone’s favor, favor with flattery. - Fishing in troubled waters
Since ancient times, one of the prohibited ways of catching fish, especially during spawning, is stunning it. There is a well-known fable of the ancient Greek poet Aesop about a fisherman who muddied the water around the nets, driving a blinded fish into it. Then the expression went beyond fishing and acquired a broader meaning - to benefit from an unclear situation.
The proverb is also known: "Before catching fish, [you need] to muddy the water", that is, "deliberately create confusion for profit." - Small fry
The expression came from peasant use. In the Russian northern lands, a plow is a peasant community from 3 to 60 households. A small fry was called a very poor community, and then its poor inhabitants. Later, officials who occupy a low position in the state structure began to be called small fry. - The thief's hat is on fire
The expression goes back to an old anecdote about how they found a thief in the market.
After vain attempts to find the thief, people turned to the sorcerer for help; he shouted loudly: "Look! The thief's hat is on fire!" And suddenly everyone saw how a man grabbed his hat. So the thief was discovered and convicted. - Soap your head
The tsarist soldier in the old days served indefinitely - until death or until complete disability. Since 1793, a 25-year term of military service has been introduced. The landowner had the right to send his serfs to soldiers for a fault. Since the recruits (recruits) shaved off their hair and they said about them: “shaved”, “shaved their forehead”, “soaped their heads”, the expression “I will lather my head” became a synonym for threat in the lips of the rulers. In a figurative sense, "soap your head" means: to give a stern reprimand, to strongly scold. - Neither fish nor fowl
In Western and Central Europe of the 16th century, a new trend appeared in Christianity - Protestantism (lat. "protest, object"). Protestants, unlike Catholics, opposed the Pope, denied holy angels, monasticism, arguing that every person himself can turn to God. Their rituals were simple and inexpensive. There was a bitter struggle between Catholics and Protestants. Some of them, in accordance with Christian precepts, ate modest - meat, others preferred lean - fish. If a person did not adjoin any movement, then he was contemptuously called "neither fish nor fowl." Over time, they began to talk like this about a person who does not have a clearly defined life position, who is not capable of active, independent actions. - Nowhere to test- disapprovingly about a depraved woman.
An expression based on a comparison with a golden thing passing from one owner to another. Each new owner demanded to check the product with a jeweler and put a test. When the product was in many hands, there was no more room for a sample on it. - Not by washing, so by skating
Before the invention of electricity, a heavy cast-iron iron was heated over a fire and, until it cooled down, they ironed linen with it. But this process was difficult and required a certain skill, so the linen was often "rolled". To do this, washed and almost dried linen was fixed on a special rolling pin - a round piece of wood like the one that is currently being rolled out. Then, with the help of a rubel - a curved corrugated board with a handle - the rolling pin, together with the linen wound around it, was rolled along a wide flat board. At the same time, the fabric was stretched and straightened. Professional laundresses knew that well-rolled linen looked fresher, even if it didn't go well.
So the expression "not by washing, so by rolling" appeared, that is, to achieve results not in one way, but in another way. - Break a leg- a wish for good luck in something.
The expression was originally used as a “spell” designed to deceive evil spirits (this expression was admonished to those who went hunting; it was believed that a direct wish for good luck could “jinx” the prey).
Answer "To hell!" was supposed to further secure the hunter. To hell - this is not a curse like "Go to hell!", But a request to go to hell and tell him about it (so that the hunter does not get any fluff or feathers). Then the unclean will do the opposite, and it will be what is needed: the hunter will return "with down and feather", that is, with prey. - Forge swords into plowshares
The expression goes back to the Old Testament, where it is said that "the time will come when the peoples will beat the swords plowshares and spears into sickles: the people will not raise the sword against the people, and they will no longer learn to fight."
In the Old Slavonic language, "ploughshare" is a tool for cultivating the land, something like a plow. The dream of establishing universal peace is figuratively expressed in the sculpture of the Soviet sculptor E.V. Vuchetich, depicting a blacksmith forging a sword into a plow, which is installed in front of the UN building in New York. - Goof
Prosak is a drum with teeth in the machine, with which the wool was carded. To fall into a hole meant to be crippled, to lose an arm. Get into trouble - get into trouble, in an awkward position. - Knock off pantalik
Confuse, confuse.
Pantalik - a distorted Pantelik, a mountain in Attica (Greece) with a stalactite cave and grottoes in which it was easy to get lost. - straw widow
A bundle of straw among Russians, Germans and a number of other peoples served as a symbol of a concluded agreement: marriage or sale. To break the straw meant to break the contract, to disperse. There was also a custom to make a bed for newlyweds on rye sheaves. From straw flowers weaved wedding wreaths. A wreath (from the Sanskrit word "vene" - "bundle", meaning a bunch of hair) was a symbol of marriage.
If the husband left somewhere for a long time, then they said that the woman remained with one straw, so the expression "straw widow" appeared. - dance from the stove
The expression became popular thanks to the novel by the Russian writer of the XIX century V.A. Sleptsov "Good man". The protagonist of the novel "non-serving nobleman" Sergei Terebenev returns to Russia after a long wandering around Europe. He recalls how he was taught to dance as a child. Serezha started all his movements from the stove, and if he made a mistake, the teacher told him: "Well, go to the stove, start over." Terebenev realized that his life circle was closed: he started from the village, then Moscow, Europe, and, having reached the edge, he again returns to the village, to the stove. - Grated roll
In Russia, kalach is wheat bread in the shape of a castle with a bow. Grated kalach was baked from tough kalach dough, which was kneaded and rubbed for a long time. From here came the proverb "Do not grate, do not mint, there will be no kalach", which in a figurative sense means: "troubles teach a person." And the words "grated kalach" became winged - this is how they say about an experienced person who has seen a lot, who "rubbed between people" a lot. - pull the gimp
Gimp - a very thin, flattened, twisted gold or silver wire used for embroidery. Making a gimp consists in pulling it out. This manual work is tedious and time consuming. Therefore, the expression "pull the gimp" (or "dilute the gimp") in a figurative sense began to mean: to do something monotonous, tedious, causing an unfortunate waste of time. - In the middle of nowhere
In ancient times, glades in dense forests were called kuligs. The pagans considered them bewitched. Later, people settled deep into the forest, looked for kuligi, settled there with the whole family. This is where the expression came from: in the middle of nowhere, that is, very far away. - Too
In Slavic mythology, Chur or Shchur is an ancestor, an ancestor, the god of the hearth - a brownie.
Initially, "chur" meant: limit, border.
Hence the exclamation: "Chur", meaning the prohibition to touch something, to go beyond some line, beyond some limit (in spells against "evil spirits", in games, etc.), the requirement to comply with some condition , agreement.
From the word "mind" the word "too" was born, meaning: go over the "mind", go beyond the limit. “Too much” means too much, excessively, excessively. - Sherochka with a masher
Until the 18th century, women were educated at home. In 1764, the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens was opened in St. Petersburg at the Resurrection Smolny Convent. The daughters of the nobles studied there from 6 to 18 years old. The subjects of study were the law of God, French, arithmetic, drawing, history, geography, literature, dance, music, various types of housekeeping, as well as subjects of "secular manners". The common address of institute girls to each other was the French ma chere. From these French words came the Russian words "sherochka" and "masherochka", which are currently used to name a couple consisting of two women. - trump
In ancient Russia, the boyars, unlike commoners, sewed a collar embroidered with silver, gold and pearls, which was called a trump card, to the collar of the front caftan. The trump card stuck up imposingly, giving the boyars a proud posture. Walking as a trump card is important to walk, and trump card is to brag about something.
Vocabulary is the totality of all the words that we use. Old words can be considered a separate group in the vocabulary. There are many of them in the Russian language, and they belong to different historical eras.
What are old words
Since the language is an integral part of the history of the people, the words that are used in this language are of historical value. Ancient words and their meaning can tell a lot about what events took place in the life of the people in a particular era and which of them were of great importance. Old, or obsolete, words are not actively used in our time, but are present in the vocabulary of the people, recorded in dictionaries and reference books. Often they can be found in works of art.
For example, in the poem by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin we read the following passage:
"In the crowd of mighty sons,
With friends, in a high grid
Vladimir the sun feasted,
He gave away his younger daughter
For the brave prince Ruslan."
There is a word "gridnitsa" here. Now it is not used, but in the era of Prince Vladimir it meant a large room in which the prince, along with his warriors, arranged festivities and feasts.
historicisms
Ancient words and their designation are of various kinds. According to scientists, they are divided into two large groups.
Historicisms are words that are not actively used now for the reason that the concepts they denote have fallen out of use. For example, "caftan", "chain mail", armor, etc. Archaisms are words that denote concepts familiar to us in other words. For example, mouth - lips, cheeks - cheeks, neck - neck. 
In modern speech, as a rule, they are not used. Clever words and their meanings, which are incomprehensible to many, are not typical for our everyday speech. But they are not completely out of use. Historicisms and archaisms are used by writers in order to truthfully tell about the past of the people, with the help of these words they convey the flavor of the era. Historicisms can truthfully tell us about what happened at one time in other epochs in our homeland.
Archaisms
Unlike historicisms, archaisms designate those phenomena that we encounter in modern life. These are clever words, and their meanings do not differ from the meanings of words familiar to us, only they sound different. Archaisms are different. There are those that differ from ordinary words only in some features in spelling and pronunciation. For example, hail and city, gold and gold, young - young. These are phonetic archaisms. There were many such words in the 19th century. This is a club (club), a store (curtain). 
There is a group of archaisms with obsolete suffixes, for example, museum (museum), assistance (assistance), fisherman (fisherman). Most often we meet lexical archaisms, for example, eye - eye, right hand - right hand, shuytsa - left hand.
Like historicisms, archaisms are used to create a special world in fiction. So, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin often used archaic vocabulary to give pathos to his works. This is clearly seen in the example of the poem "Prophet".
Words from Ancient Russia
Ancient Russia gave a lot to modern culture. But then there was a special lexical environment, some words from which have been preserved in modern Russian. And some are no longer used at all. Old obsolete Russian words from that era give us an idea of the origin of the East Slavic languages. 
For example, old curses. Some of them very accurately reflect the negative qualities of a person. Hollow-breech is a talker, Ryuma is a crybaby, Tolokon forehead is a fool, Zakhukhrya is a disheveled person.
The meaning of old Russian words sometimes differed from the meanings of the same root in the modern language. We all know the words "jump" and "jump", they mean rapid movement in space. The old Russian word "sig" meant the smallest unit of time. One moment contained 160 whitefish. The largest measurement was considered "far distance", which was equal to 1.4 light years.
Ancient words and their meanings are discussed by scholars. The names of the coins that were used in Ancient Russia are considered ancient. For coins that appeared in the eighth and ninth centuries in Russia and were brought from the Arab Caliphate, the names “kuna”, “nogata” and “reza” were used. Then the first Russian coins appeared - these are golden coins and silver coins.
Obsolete words from the 12th and 13th centuries
The pre-Mongol period in Russia, 12-13 centuries, is characterized by the development of architecture, which was then called architecture. Accordingly, then a layer of vocabulary appeared, associated with the construction and erection of buildings. Some of the words that appeared then have remained in the modern language, but the meaning of the old Russian words has changed over all this time. 
The basis of the life of Russia in the 12th century was a fortress, which then had the name "detinets". A little later, in the 14th century, the term “Kremlin” appeared, which at that time also meant the city. The word "kremlin" can be an example of how old obsolete Russian words are changing. If now there is only one Kremlin, it is the residence of the head of state, then there were many Kremlins.
In the 11th and 12th centuries, cities and fortresses were built in Russia from wood. But they could not resist the onslaught of the Mongol-Tatars. The Mongols, having come to conquer the lands, simply swept away the wooden fortresses. The stone cities of Novgorod and Pskov withstood. For the first time the word "Kremlin" appears in the chronicle of Tver in 1317. Its synonym is the old word "silicon". Then the Kremlin was built in Moscow, Tula and Kolomna.
Socio-aesthetic role of archaisms in classical fiction
Ancient words, which are often discussed in scientific articles, were often used by Russian writers in order to make the speech of their work of art more expressive. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin in his article described the process of creating "Boris Godunov" as follows: "I tried to guess the language of that time." 
Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov also used ancient words in his works, and their meaning exactly corresponded to the realities of the time, where they were taken from. Most of the old words appear in his work “The Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich”. This, for example, is “you know”, “oh you are a goy”, Ali”. Also, Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky writes works in which there are many ancient words. These are "Dmitry the Pretender", "Voevoda", "Kozma Zakharyich Minin-Sukhoruk".
The role of words from past eras in modern literature
Archaisms remained popular in the literature of the 20th century. Let us recall the famous work of Ilf and Petrov "The Twelve Chairs". Here, the old words and their meaning have a special, humorous connotation.
For example, in the description of Ostap Bender's visit to the village of Vasyuki, the phrase "The one-eyed man did not take his only eye off the grandmaster's shoes" is found. Archaisms with Church Slavonic overtones are also used in another episode: “Father Fyodor was hungry. He wanted to be rich."
Stylistic mistakes when using historicisms and archaisms
Historicisms and archaisms can greatly embellish fiction, but their inept use causes laughter. Old words, the discussion of which often becomes very lively, as a rule, should not be used in everyday speech. If you start asking a passer-by: “Why is your neck open in winter?”, then he will not understand you (meaning the neck). 
In newspaper speech, too, there is an inappropriate use of historicisms and archaisms. For example: "The principal of the school welcomed young teachers who came to practice." The word "greeted" is synonymous with the word "greeted". Sometimes schoolchildren insert archaisms into their writings and thereby make sentences not very clear and even ridiculous. For example: "Olya ran in tears and told Tatyana Ivanovna about her offense." Therefore, if you want to use old words, their meaning, interpretation, meaning should be absolutely clear to you.
Obsolete words in fantasy and science fiction
Everyone knows that such genres as fantasy and science fiction have gained immense popularity in our time. It turns out that in the works of the fantasy genre, old words are widely used, and their meaning is not always clear to the modern reader.
Such concepts as "banner" and "finger", the reader can understand. But sometimes there are more complex words, such as "komon" and "nasad". I must say that publishing houses do not always approve of the excessive use of archaisms. But there are works in which the authors successfully find application for historicism and archaism. These are works from the "Slavic fantasy" series. For example, the novels of Maria Stepanova "Valkyrie", Tatyana Korostyshevskaya "Mother of the Four Winds", Maria Semenova "Wolfhound", Denis Novozhilov "Far Far Away. Throne War.
Do you know what a necklace, carp, crate or muscle is? After reading the dictionary of obsolete words, you will understand that not everyone knows about these and other words that are now used in a different meaning ...
Almanakhs- astrological collections for divination by the movement of the stars and the signs of the zodiac.
Argamak- oriental thoroughbred horse, horse: at a wedding - a horse under a saddle, and not in a harness.
Arshin- a measure of length equal to approximately 71 cm.
Bel mozhayskaya- Old Russian variety of bulk apples.
Pancake(pie) - several pancakes, layered one on top of the other and shifted among themselves with various fillings, greased from the sides with a mixture of eggs, flour and milk so that the filling does not fall out, and lightly fried in the oven.
Bort- a hollow tree in which bees are found, our ancestors collected and used the honey of wild bees.
hogweed- a perennial plant of the umbrella family (Heraclium), young leaves and shoots were eaten.
Bratina- a large bowl, a goblet with a spherical body, was used for round drinking.
brashna- food.
Vekoshniki- pies filled with meat and fish food leftovers.
Vershok- a measure of length equal to approximately 4.5 cm.
Spinned- fried on an open fire.
Vespers- daily church service, sent before the evening.
blast- vegetable, onion or berry seasoning, sauce, gravy with spices for meat and fish dishes, also called drinks from fruits and berries boiled with honey, beer or kvass.
Volosnik- women's headdress, a mesh of gold or silver thread with sheathing (often not festive, like a kick, but everyday).
Ravenheart- divination by the cries and flight of birds; a book describing such signs.
sackcloth e - sackcloth, coarse fabric, rags, thin torn dress.
Bran- what remains after sifting flour.
Gorlatnaya(hat) - sewn from very thin fur taken from the neck of an animal; in shape - a high straight hat with a crown that widens upwards.
upper room- living quarters in the upper part of the house (cf. mountain - up).
hot wine- vodka.
hryvnia- a unit of weight equal to a pound, or approximately 400 g.
garden bed- a pole from wall to wall on which clothes were hung.
guzhi- cut into strips of scars or intestines, boiled with garlic and spices.
Right hand- right hand.
Dora- antidor, a large prosphora, from which the Lamb was taken out to perform the Sacrament of Communion, parts of it are distributed to those who took communion at the end of the Liturgy.
Roads- very thin oriental silk fabric.
Epancha- a wide raincoat, a long top dress without sleeves.
Penance- church punishment for sins in the form of renunciation of any blessings of life, an increase in the prayer rule or the number of prostrations, etc.
Zhitnaya(porridge) - barley, from unground barley groats.
Zaspa- any cereal that is poured into various liquid dishes.
Astrologer- astrology.
Zendeni
Golden- gold-woven or embroidered with gold (especially valuable).
Izvara, zvars - special vessels such as tubs for preparing drinks.
cabal- any urgent written obligation, loan bondage - a loan letter with a penalty.
Calla- a liquid first course with the addition of pickles and cucumber pickle.
Damask- patterned silk oriental fabric.
Canon- a church song in praise of a saint or a holiday, read or sung at matins and vespers; the establishment of the apostles, ecumenical and local councils on faith and church rites.
Eve- dishes for the commemoration of the dead.
Kaptan- winter covered wagon.
Kaptur- fur winter dress for married women, especially widows; he covered his head and on the sides his face and shoulders (cf. later - a bonnet).
Loaf- large round hearth bread made from wheat flour.
Karasiki- pies made of unleavened dough with a triangular shape resembling crucian carp, with various fillings, fried in oil.
caftan- upper long-skirted men's dress of various cuts.
Kebenyak- men's outer coat made of cloth with a hood and long sleeves.
Kika- women's headdress of a rounded shape (a symbolic designation of a married woman); the kick was complemented by an embroidered scarf (slap) and a povoinik (underbrown), which covered the hair, falling on the shoulders and chest.
Kindyaki- Imported cotton fabric.
crate- a cold half of the hut, often served as a pantry, closet.
Cartel- a warm summer coat lined with fur and covered with a light silk fabric (without laces and buttons).
Kortsy- ladles hollowed out of wood served as a measure of life.
Korchaga- a large clay pot or cast iron.
Kosyachnaya(sturgeon) - salted teshka of red fish.
boilers- cakes made of dough, layered with lamb fat, fried in oil.
Xeni- caviar in the shell, as well as sturgeon liver and dishes from them: pike xeni with saffron - caviar boiled with saffron, non-white sturgeon xeni - sturgeon liver boiled with poppy milk or hemp oil.
Kumgan- a metal narrow-necked vessel with a lid and a handle.
Kundums- a product made from unleavened wheat dough such as dumplings stuffed with mushrooms or rice with mushrooms.
Kurnik- a rich round pie with chicken and eggs.
Kutya- boiled wheat with honey, brought to the church in commemoration of the dead.
Levashi- sweet pies with berries.
Levashniki- oval-shaped pies made of unleavened pastry (in fasting in vegetable oil) stuffed with pureed fruit mass.
Letnik- light women's outerwear with long wide sleeves.
liar- a sacred vessel with a cross on the handle, used as a spoon during Communion.
Lodoga- fish of the whitefish family, found in Ladoga; lodozhina - the meat of this fish.
Loubier- underbark of linden, used on the roof (under the board), on the bast, on the bast.
Lysina- horse browband in a harness.
Mazuni- a sweet dish of radish with molasses and spices.
Malachi- masturbation, masturbation.
Manti(curves) - products from unleavened dough with meat stuffing in the form of a crescent.
Honey, honey is the main sweet product in the diet of the Eastern Slavs; gravity honey, or molasses - liquid honey flowing by gravity from honeycombs suspended in the sun; obarny honey - the lowest grade, obtained by rendering from honeycombs on fire. Drinks made from honey were also called mead. Fresh honey - pure, not diluted and without additives.
Medvedna- dressed bear skins, served as a cavity in the sleigh.
Mernik- a vessel of known measure, volume, for example, a bucket.
Minderi- a cloth blanket, usually spread by young people over a warm blanket.
Monisto- necklace, beads.
Motion a - purse, bag.
Mshloimism o - a passion for acquiring and collecting unnecessary and superfluous things.
Muscle- shoulder, strength.
Nagolnaya(fur coat) - not covered with fabric, with fur inside.
Naltsevskiye(sleigh) - high elegant sleigh, which was used on special occasions: on holidays, at weddings.
Funeral- a log house, a building over a cellar.
Nasp- Usury on grain bread.
Nogavitsy- clothing or shoes that cover the legs.
Nights- a shallow wooden trough for sifting flour, rolling bread.
Obrot- halter, horse bridle without a bit and with one reason, for a leash.
Navar- liquid boiled down during cooking, broth.
Single row- long-skirted caftan without a collar with a direct smell and buttons, single-breasted.
Necklace- fastened embroidered standing collar of a shirt or zipuna.
Salary- decorative coating on the icon of thin sheets of gold, silver, gilded copper, often decorated with precious stones.
Okorenye- Shanks, cartilage of the legs of cattle.
Unleavened bread- thin dry cakes made of unleavened dough, which Judaism prescribes for believers to eat on the days of the Jewish Passover.
Oserdie- part of the offal, consisting of the throat, lungs and heart.
prison- pointed stick, fishing tool; spurs.
octopus- an eighth of something, a measure of the volume of loose bodies, especially grains, an eighth of an old cadi, by weight about 16 kg.
okhaben- swing dress made of silk or light cloth with a necklace and an odd number of buttons; ohabnem was also called a heavy cloak thrown over a feryaz.
chill- to make a serf, a serf.
Panagia- an icon worn by bishops on the chest; possibly.
Paste- Russian delicacy, berry pulp boiled with honey, laid out in layers and dried.
Syrup(white) - “honey tear” flowing down from honeycombs by gravity, pure fresh honey is its best grade.
Pahwa- a horsetail, a belt with a point from the saddle, the horse's tail is threaded into it so that the saddle does not slide down the horse's neck.
Plast- fish cut into thin layers and dried, layered fish - the same.
Kitchen- kitchen.
compline- daily church service, leading from the custom of monks to celebrate Compline in their cells; you can sing at home.
Povoloka- silk or paper fabric, used as lining for fur coats.
Under- brick smooth lining inside the Russian stove.
podklet- a room in the foundation of the house, which served for various household needs.
Hearth(pies) - sour dough, strongly germinating, which are baked on the hearth.
Stands, - table, little table, cabinet for dishes.
A train(wedding) - a solemn, ritual ride, a procession, as well as all participants in the ceremony - they are trainees.
overweights- nets for catching birds; places for catching birds.
satiate- sweeten, add honey.
Pozem- apply for the land under the buildings.
canvases- processed, cut along the poultry carcass, salted in barrels. Polotkovaya (fish) - flattened along and salted.
Poltava meat- carcass of beef, pork, poultry, cut lengthwise into two parts, salted or dried.
Midnight Office- a church service that takes place at midnight and at any hour of the night.
Fimble- the best canvas, peasant shirt.
Postav- a whole piece, a roll of fabric; as well as a weaving mill.
Postavets- a vessel in which kvass and beer are served at the table.
Prutovaya(fish) - cleaned, lightly salted and then dried, stored in bundles (rods).
navels- the middle part of the fish between the head and tail (tesha); part carved from the belly of the beast; poultry stomachs.
Brine- a solution of salt or a liquid part of salty and fermented foods, used as condiments and drinks: plum, lemon, cabbage, beetroot, cucumber, etc.
Rafli- a book that interprets dreams and riddles.
Cavity- a carpet or fur cover used in a sleigh.
Polt- half carcass, poultry, etc.
Lattice- a device for frying food over coals in a Russian oven or on an open hearth.
dewy- boiled in brine.
Romanea- sweet tincture on Fryazhsky wine.
Scar animal stomach.
Saadaq- embroidered case for bow and arrows.
fathom- a measure of length equal to 1.76 m.
Sandrik- kidney part of lamb carcass, saddle.
saint, hierarchical rank - the highest degree of priesthood, bishops, bishops, archbishops, metropolitans.
juicy- thin cakes made of unleavened dough, which could be smeared with cottage cheese on top in fast days, and porridge on lean days.
sporky- torn things, parts of clothing.
Strada- summer agricultural work: harvesting, mowing, harvesting, etc.
Thunderbolts and axes- sand fused by lightning or a stone of meteorite origin; served for therapeutic "draining of waters" for magical rites.
acquisition- property, wealth, everything acquired and mined.
Exist, exist, exist- dried small fish, not necessarily smelt.
Glassware- a bottle, a small vial, sometimes any glassware was called that.
Cheese- so called and cottage cheese, and cheese. Spongy cheeses are rennet cheeses obtained by fermenting milk with rennet. Sour cheeses - molded, strongly squeezed cottage cheese.
fill up- sweeten with honey.
Abomasum- one of the four stomachs of ruminants.
Tavranchuk- a liquid fish dish in which the fish is cut into pieces.
Trivet- a round iron hoop with legs, under which a fire is made, placing dishes with brew on it.
Taffeta- smooth and thin silk fabric of oriental origin.
Created- round vessels in which they made (created) and molded cottage cheese, marshmallow, etc.
Telogreya- women's warm jacket, with or without sleeves, long or short, worn over a sundress.
Telnoe- fish without bones, fish fillet, often chopped (chopped) with onions and seasonings, laid out in wooden forms in the form of any animals and birds (for example, piglets and ducks, hence piglets are corpulent, ducks are corpulent), or simply round (loaf corpulent) , or wrapped in cloth and baked or boiled.
Terlik- a kind of caftan to the heels, with short sleeves and with an interception at the waist, with a fastener on the chest.
Tolchaniki- koloboks, meat dumplings, ate with fish soup.
Tropari- church hymns, follow the irmos and the canon. They are turned to the irmos, lead a series of thoughts from it and are subordinate to it in rhythm and tone; in their content, they represent prayers in honor of the holiday of a given day or the saint who is honored on this day.
Trumpets- dried fruit or berry marshmallows or levashi, rolled up in thin layers.
Pipes(beluga) - non-plastered headless carcass of a medium-sized fish without a tail.
Tukmachi- a kind of noodles made from wheat or pea flour.
Tyn- solid wood fence.
Tysyatsky- one of the participants in the Russian wedding, the main steward.
tax- direct tax, tax from a peasant family endowed with land.
Tyazh and (carriage) - a support, from the end of the axis of the cart to the beds.
Ubrus- thin linen, boards, scarf.
Oud- any externally separate part of the body: arm, leg, finger, etc.
Vinegar - beer kvass was called vinegar.
Chime- a cutting of the inner surface of a wooden vessel at the edge where the bottom is inserted with a rib.
ear- a large group of old Russian soups, almost a broth with the addition of onions and seasonings: fish, chicken, crayfish, beef; white - from pike perch, perch, ruff, whitefish with onions, black - from asp, carp, chub, crucian carp, carp, red - from sturgeon and salmon fish, nazima - frozen very strong broth, jelly, ordinary - cooked in the simplest way, baked - from pre-baked fish, plast - from plast dried fish.
ear- a liquid dish of lamb brisket, chopped into pieces.
Veil- a cover made of light transparent fabric, a large square scarf, a bedspread.
Feryazi- outerwear without a belt and a collar with long sleeves, oar, with a number of buttons.
Fryazhsky(wine) - Italian, i.e. any overseas grape wines.
brushwood- fried in oil cookies from pastry in strips.
Sieve bread- from flour sifted through a sieve.
Bread- from flour of the highest grade, sifted through a sieve.
tufted- folk names for a small ruff, usually dried: in general, any fish that was sold not by weight, but by measurements.
Khryapa- upper cabbage leaves.
Hearts(hat) - sewn from fur taken from the belly of an animal.
Quarter- a quarter of something; a measure of the volume of loose bodies, especially bread, a quarter of an old cadi, by weight approximately 32 kg.
Chetygi- soft leather (saffiano) or cloth stockings with leather soles, on which shoes were then put on.
Chin- the correct order of service, action or ritual: the person who performs it.
loins- waist, or body circumference above the pelvis, waist.
sixth beef- that is, dried on the hearths in a Russian oven.
Sixwing- tables for divination by the signs of the zodiac and the stars.
Shekhonskaya(sturgeon) - caught in Sheksna.
Fly- any panel, piece of solid fabric; a towel, the bride gives away the fly of her work, either embroidered or with lace; a fly was girded instead of a sash, the fly was hung in a tent over the images; a large scarf with which the bride was covered was also called a fly.
cones- a kind of round-shaped biscuits, baked on Shrove Week; the same young people presented guests invited to the wedding.
Shti sour- a variety of kvass, differed from kvass in a more sour taste; used as a drink and for marinating meat before frying and for cold soups.
Shuia- left.
Liquor- a decoction of ash or an infusion of boiling water on the ashes, was used as a detergent.
cabbage soup two- in general, a stew, any soup with seasonings, but without meat, game or fish.
Yurma- types of sausages with lamb, bacon, etc.
Yalovaya(heifer) - not yet given offspring.
