Good and evil. These two concepts accompany a person throughout his life. From the moment of realizing oneself as a person, a person goes to an understanding of what a moral choice is. This is what accompanies a person at virtually every stage of his life path and shows the level of his moral development.

Choice as part of human life

Every day a person faces a choice. We can say that every day we solve many problems related to the problem of choice. Philosophers believe that this problem is an integral part of any human activity. Of course, we do not make fateful decisions every minute, but it is from these small steps that a long life road is formed. Therefore, we can say that every second of our existence we choose our future. Well, this theory has a right to exist. However, like many others. After all, the question of choice is very acute in philosophy and ethics. This is especially true of such a concept as moral choice. This is the fundamental moment of morality and the value system of human society. I would like to consider this topic in more detail.

What is moral choice?

Any choice presupposes the activity of the subject of the situation. But a moral choice is an assessment of a system of values ​​and a decision in favor of one of them in certain situations. In a broader sense, this concept is perceived as a problem of the struggle between good and evil, a decision in favor of the dark or light side.

The moral choice of people in favor of one side or another is not always a constant value; in repeated similar situations, the subject can make a completely different decision. This is due to his moral values ​​and experience. In addition, it is worth considering the conditions in which the individual was brought up. After all, every society has its own boundaries of good and evil. That is, in the case when two subjects of the situation make a choice in the direction of good, these can be completely different directions in the system of moral and ethical norms.

The Responsibility of Moral Choice

Moral choice is the responsibility that an individual will bear after making his decision. This responsibility is an unbearable burden for many representatives of society, so they try to avoid making a decision. But in any case, every person at least once in his life faces a moral choice that reveals all his ethical and psychological deformations. After all, in such situations, the individual must identify himself with any social group, and with the brightest and most characteristic part of it.

If we take into account the fact that moral choice is responsibility, then we can confidently state that, getting into this situation, its subject must advance in his moral development to a certain stage.

The moral component of the individual

To understand what a moral choice is, you need to understand what exactly motivates a person to make a certain decision. In philosophy, the moral component of the personality is considered to be decisive. It can be represented as a scan of his soul, which displays all the goals, ways to achieve them, priorities and the meaning of the life of this particular individual. It is the moral component that evaluates the actions of other people and their own, including. It characterizes a person as positive or negative in the prism of certain actions. It should be understood that in the case of an individual, this assessment is very subjective, but in other situations it can show the moral consciousness of the entire society as a whole.

The moral consciousness of the individual

Social consciousness has many forms. But one of the most important is the moral component of public consciousness. It is a kind of cement that fixes the rules of morality and ethics in a particular society, determines the evaluation criteria for people's behavior. It should be noted that moral consciousness is a static value, and includes the principles and set of ethical norms adopted in society.

Objects of moral choice

It is not necessary to consider the problem of choice without noting the objects of this process. They can be represented in the following form:

• individual;
• a separate group of people;
• social structure;
• a large stratum of society or class.

In any case, the individual must make a decision in favor of someone. This may be a choice between the subject and the group, or a decision that does not affect the interests of the subject at all, and concerns a group of other people.

Faced with a moral choice, a person finds himself in a situation of moral choice. It can exist only in the case of several decision options. Moreover, each of the options should be understandable to the individual and amenable to a reasonable explanation.

The situation of moral choice does not imply an unlimited number of solutions, they cannot go beyond the understanding of good and evil. This is an indispensable condition of the current situation, otherwise the choice cannot be classified as moral.

Freedom of moral choice

It should be noted that the problem of choice has a number of features and given conditions, outside of which the situation completely ceases to exist. Moral freedom of choice is an indispensable condition of the situation. An individual should make a decision based only on his own ideas and taking into account the scale of values, no one should put pressure on him and create a special framework.

Freedom of choice consists of the opportunity to make a decision and the real ability to perform this or that action in order to indicate one's position.

Conditions for moral choice

The choice between good and evil requires strict compliance with the conditions, they are the basis of the proposed situation and make it static, despite the mass of solutions:

1. Range of possibilities.

Each individual must be aware of and evaluate all choices and their consequences. If, for various reasons, he does not have the opportunity to conduct an objective analysis, then the choice will not fully reflect the moral values ​​​​and foundations of the individual.

2. Social conditions.

Each person always makes a choice within his social class, where certain norms of behavior and values ​​are accepted. This allows you to make a decision rationally, referring yourself to a certain group.

3. Understanding the need for choice

The individual must be clearly aware that he follows his principles and moral standards, and does not make a decision because everyone does it, or no one does it.

If all these nuances are observed, the individual becomes the subject of the situation.

moral conflict

There are situations when a moral choice follows from certain circumstances that do not lead to an unequivocal victory of good over evil. This problem is called moral conflict. An individual falls into it when, under the proposed circumstances, the decision made becomes evil in a different scale of moral and ethical norms and values. In such a situation, a person cannot decide on one or another option.

The choice in a moral conflict can only be determined by the purely personal moral values ​​of the individual. In this situation, the norms accepted in society fade into the background, and the individual remains alone with his principles. Quite often, with such a problem, we can talk about the maturity of the individual as a whole, the life experience gained and the set of fixed norms will become what will serve as motivation for making a decision.

Topic: Moral Responsibility

Goals: show the connection between a freely chosen act and responsibility for the choice made, the act; lead to the understanding that only the presence of responsibility makes a choice a moral act; development of the ability to formulate one's thoughts, to motivate one's point of view.

During the classes

Organizational moment.

We all managed to get together

Get to work together.

Let's think, discuss

We can start the lesson.

Knowledge update.

Consider: What is morality? Morality is the rules of human behavior and the ideas of good and evil, conscience, and justice accepted in society.

What is a moral standard? Moral norms are an example of correct behavior in society.

Does knowledge of moral norms guarantee that a person will certainly begin to fulfill them? (No)

What can ensure the implementation of moral standards? (student answers)

The only guarantee of moral behavior is the personal ability of each individual to act morally.

Is it possible to turn moral norms into state laws? (No)

There are no legislative, public and other guarantees of morality. There is only one guarantee - it is in every person, in his ability to act morally. It means that moral responsibility lies with each of us. Theme announcement.

Lesson plan:

1. What is a moral choice.

2. Freedom is responsibility.

3. How to cultivate responsibility

1. Moral choice.

A person can be kind, honest, noble, etc. But he is also capable of meanness, lies, betrayal, cruelty. A person himself always decides what to do: to observe or not to observe moral norms.

Here is a simple example. You have two apples, one of them is large, beautiful, the other is obviously worse. A friend has come to you. The thought arises: to treat or not? And if you treat, then what to take for yourself? What does morality teach? (always share with your neighbor, give the best piece to a friend) But there is another, selfish morality: your own shirt is closer to the body.

Have you thought about what to do? (student answers)

This is the choice of action or moral choice- when a person not only internally chooses his moral (good or evil) attitude, but also acts in accordance with his choice. You can also say this: moral choice- this is the choice of one's attitude (good or evil) to other people.

But cases are more complicated than treats with apples.

Situation. The whole class gathered at Sergey's birthday party. The guys looked with interest at the collection of car models collected by his father. Friends had fun and played. The evening flew by unnoticed.

A week later, two friends, Sergei's classmates, decided to go to the cinema. Vadim went for Kostya and saw a familiar car on a shelf in the hallway. It was a red racing model, which he held in his hands not so long ago at Sergei's birthday party. Vadim hesitated and decided to ask a friend directly. Kostya confessed. The car was so good that he could not resist and appropriated it. He asked Vadim not to extradite him….

What choice did Vadim face? (tell Sergei about the theft or remain silent)

What choice does Kostya have? (admit to wrongdoing)

And which path would you choose? (student answers)

So why does a person act badly in one case, and morally, honestly, kindly in another?

How will a person who violates moral standards be punished? (student answers)

It’s hard to live next to such a person, he can always offend.

If a person does not learn to feel the people around him, then by the end of his life he may be left completely alone.

Have you ever had to make your own choice, to be in a situation of moral choice? (student answers)

Conclusion. A person always has a choice. True, it is not easy to act in accordance with good morals, because you need to think not only for yourself, but also for others.

All our actions have consequences.

2. Freedom is responsibility

In life, each of us is like a fairy-tale hero standing in front of a stone with the inscription: “You will go to the right ... To the left ... Straight ...” Where to go? Think, decide, choose. You are free.

What does it mean to be free?

What is the most important thing in freedom?

Freedom is the ability to do whatever you want.

Freedom is independence from someone.

Freedom is the absence of constraints, restrictions.

Freedom is permissiveness.

Freedom is the ability to choose.

Let's consider situations.

1. At the math lesson, I felt an irresistible desire to eat (sing, dance, stand on my head).

2. Guests came to you. You are having fun, the music is blaring, and the time is getting late.

3. Friends call to the street. You really want to go, but your mother is sick.

If you make a choice, you will be responsible for your actions. Because freedom and responsibility are like two sides of the same coin: one is impossible without the other.

Why should a person limit his freedom?

Freedom without responsibility is irresponsibility.

With irresponsible free choice, the consequences can be detrimental not only for the one who committed the act, but also for all those who are connected with it by a common cause. That is why freedom is impossible without responsibility.

Exercise.
1. Read the situation.
2. Define the problem of choice in terms of freedom and responsibility.
Situation 1
On a day off, you and your friends are going on a trip to a concert of your favorite band. You've been waiting for this moment for a long time. Tickets paid. Transport ordered. But the day before, you find out that your parents' work schedule has changed, and you need to be with an elderly sick grandmother.
Situation 2
Walking in the park in the evening with friends, whose opinion you value very much, one of the friends suggested that, in order to have fun, paint portraits on the Alley of Heroes with spray paint. Everyone agreed. How will you do?
Situation 3
At the lesson, during the teacher's explanation, one of the classmates blew up a firecracker to disrupt the lesson. The teacher is nervous. He asks the guilty person to confess to the wrongdoing. You know who did it, but you're afraid of the consequences. How to act in such a situation?
- What can the wrong choice lead to? (a person may suffer, or you yourself may suffer)

There are different types of responsibility, but the main - responsibility moral, responsibility to one's own conscience.

moral responsibility It implies the ability of a person to evaluate his own actions, to foresee their consequences and not remain indifferent to the needs and problems of another person.

Fizminutka

We're tired, we're stuck. We wanted to loosen up.

They looked at the wall, then they looked out the window.

Let's turn our head now - the brain will work better. (Rotation of the head.)

Turn right, turn left, and then vice versa. (Body turns.)

3.How to cultivate responsibility in yourself?

About whom they say so: “He is a responsible person”? (student answers)

It is important from an early age to develop a firm moral responsibility, to be able to promote good and resist evil.

What is needed for this?

1. You must try to behave in a disciplined manner, not to violate the requirements that teachers, parents, other adults make, as well as the requirements that you make to yourself.

It would seem as simple: do not do what is impossible. But many things prevent us from being disciplined (the ridicule of friends, lack of concentration, bad habits). But everything can be overcome if you want.

2. Responsible will be the one who realizes the significance of this quality of character for himself and for all people. Such people are respected. These are reliable friends, you can always rely on them and in everything.

3. You need to learn to control yourself. To do this, it is useful to ask yourself: did I do the right thing? Did I bring harm with my act? Did I let someone down with my optionality?

What's stopping you from being responsible? (self-justification, sometimes achieves miracles of ingenuity)

Exercise

Choose the qualities of character that help to be responsible: honesty, accuracy, kindness, aggressiveness, slovenliness, irascibility, diligence, accuracy, laziness, courage, politeness, commitment.

check yourself

Answer the questions (yes or no)

Do you always keep your promises?

Have you ever confessed to a teacher about what you did?

Is it easier for you to admit to a bad deed or to deceive someone?

If you had to give more “no” than “yes” answers, you should think about strengthening your sense of responsibility.

Conclusion.moral responsibility- this is a responsibility to one's conscience. A moral person will not allow himself a misconduct, even if no one knows about it. The court of his own conscience for him is always above the court of others. You will help your comrades to take responsibility if you trust them, treat them with respect, show that you rely on them, do not doubt their good qualities.

The wise man was asked: "What is the best life?" he replied: "When we do not do what we condemn in others" Guys, everything is in your hands!

Reflection. Today you worked well, showed that you can answer questions and reason. How do you think what you can use the acquired knowledge for?

I worked (a) today at the lesson on "good"

I worked (a) today at the lesson "excellent"

Summarizing.

Homework.

Freedom is manifested in the choice of direction and methods of activity. In freedom of choice, a person manifests himself as a person - independent and creative. Different ethical teachings give their own definitions of freedom:

Moral activity reflects a combination of objective conditions and subjective components of moral consciousness.

Personality and moral responsibility

The moral responsibility of the individual is directly related to the specifics of the implementation of moral freedom. The right to enjoy freedom is given by the morally responsible behavior of a person in society.

Moral responsibility expresses the ability of the individual to independently regulate their activities and be responsible for their actions and their consequences. This type has had weight at all times, but in the context of the transformation of society and in crisis conditions, moral responsibility has acquired special significance for each person and for society as a whole.

What is moral responsibility

Hans Jonas, in his already mentioned book "The Principle of Responsibility" (see § 3.1), energetically insisted on a rethinking of the foundations of ethics. In his opinion, ethics should not be perceived as a negation of other ethical systems, in particular Kant's; it should be regarded as giving them completeness. Unlike other authors who consider responsibility as an attitude or value, Jonas presented the principle of responsibility as the foundation of ethics.

moral responsibility

- an expression of the ability of a person to cope with his activities, actions and deeds on his own. At all times, this type of responsibility was of great importance, but in a period of crisis and in the context of the transformation of society, moral responsibility for each person acquired a special meaning.

Moral plays an important role in all spheres of personality - cultural, political, economic, family.

Moral choice and moral responsibility

Another fundamental limitation of the scope of what is subject to moral assessment is related to the following circumstance: ethics is only interested in situations where a person has a real and free choice - to act in one way or another or in a third way, or not to act at all. (In such cases, one sometimes speaks of voluntary actions or deeds.) Therefore, an act committed by a person under compulsion, when, say, against my will, I am forced to do something that I myself would not want to do - such an act cannot be considered good or evil, moral or immoral - it simply has no ethical dimension.

moral responsibility

MORAL RESPONSIBILITY - individuals for their behavior from the point of view of morality, as well as the responsibility of social communities (family, clan, clan, party, institution, state, etc.) for the morals and moral relations existing in them. Along with the institutional administrative and legal N.d. is the main non-institutional regulator of relationships between people, groups, between the individual and society, between various social structures.

The problem of the moral responsibility of the individual

moral responsibility- an expression of the ability of a person to cope with his activities, actions and deeds on his own.

Moral responsibility plays an important role in all spheres of personality - cultural, political, economic, family. First of all, any responsibility entails an understanding of moral norms and principles.

moral responsibility manifests itself as the reverse side of a freely made decision, as a natural consequence of freedom of choice. To be free, to be independent means to be responsible. Freedom and responsibility are directly related: the wider the freedom, the greater the responsibility. There are different types and different measures of responsibility.

Types of responsibility determined by what, to what and for what a person is responsible. It could be:

1. Responsibility to oneself;

2. Responsibility for specific actions and deeds to others, people;

3. Responsibility to the world and humanity, manifested as concern for the world, caused by anxiety about it.

measure of moral responsibility different people in different situations is not the same. Depends it is due to a number of circumstances:

the independence of the action being performed, and the presence of coercion and even a threat to personal safety does not remove responsibility from a person;

Significance of the committed act for the fate of other people (in an extreme situation, when people's lives may depend on the decision taken, the measure of responsibility is much higher than in normal times);

· the scale of the decisions made, depending on whether we are talking about the fate of an individual enterprise or the fate of the state;

Legal responsibility differs from moral responsibility in that it is always associated with the use of measures of state coercion. With moral responsibility, sanctions against the subject for immoral actions can be imposed not only by society, but also by the subject himself. Moral responsibility is associated primarily with public and personal condemnation.

There is a clear legal framework for determining legal liability. Moral responsibility has no such framework. The measure of moral responsibility to a sufficient extent has a subjective basis, because. society or the person himself in each specific situation determines to what extent and in what form to condemn the offender. However, this does not mean that the measure of moral responsibility is devoid of objective grounds. Such grounds are the degree of harm caused by the misconduct and the degree of guilt of the offender.

The measure of responsibility for moral choice follows from the dialectic of freedom and necessity. The individual is responsible to the extent of freedom of choice, i.e. it is only responsible for what it objectively could and subjectively had to choose and realize in an act.

Section 3. Professional Ethics

Moral responsibility is an expression of the ability to cope with one's activities, actions and deeds on one's own. At all times, this type of responsibility was of great importance, but in a period of crisis and in the context of the transformation of society, moral responsibility for each person acquired a special meaning.

Moral responsibility plays an important role in all spheres of personality - cultural, political, economic, family. First of all, any responsibility entails an understanding of moral norms and principles.

Types of moral responsibility

The types of responsibility are determined in such a way as to whom this very responsibility is borne by a person. There are three main ones:

1. Responsibility to yourself. A person makes a choice and as a result stops at his life, his destiny, therefore he is responsible for them. This type often manifests itself in doubts and regrets of a person.
2. Responsibility for actions to others. The type of such moral responsibility is often associated with administrative and legal responsibility.
3. Responsibility to the world and others. The manifestation of such responsibility is determined by concern for the world, subsequently caused by anxiety. This type of responsibility is considered the most difficult, since a person believes that he is responsible for everything and everyone. A person may deny and be unaware of this responsibility.

The moral responsibility of a person for what is happening

Due to the instinct of self-preservation, a person has to bear responsibility for his mistakes and failures, thereby placing everything on fate. Such a responsibility is global and intimidating, since it requires a person to be included in natural and social connections. Such responsibility is generated from the diverse and multiple ties between the individual and society.