| capuchins | |
|---|---|
| Full title | Order of Friars Minor Capuchin |
| Latin name | Ordo Fratrum Minorum Capuccinorum |
| Reduction | O.F.MCap |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Founder | Matteo Bassi |
| Foundation date | 1525 |
| Year of approval | 1528 |
| Number of monastics | 10 659 (2013) |
| Website | ofmcap.org |
Story
At the beginning of the 16th century, there was a strong ecclesiastical renewal movement in the Catholic Church that preceded the Council of Trent. Many monastic orders during this period experienced great upheavals and underwent serious reforms. The Franciscans were no exception - in 1517, the division of the previously united order into Franciscan Observants and Franciscan Conventuals was officially fixed. After 8 years, in 1525, the Capuchin reform began, designed to create Franciscan communities with the most strict charter and as close as possible to the ideals of St. Francis. These processes led to the creation of three branches of the Franciscan order, which exist to this day.
The Capuchin reform began in the Marche region of Italy at the initiative of the observant Matteo Bassi. Initially, Bassi did not set himself the goal of creating a new order, he wanted to extend his reforms to all observants, but he faced resistance from a significant part of the order, including the leadership. To avoid conflict, Pope Clement VII, with the bull Religionis zelus of July 3, 1528, approved a new Franciscan community called the Lesser Brothers of the Hermit Life. The first chapter of the new branch of the Franciscans was held at Albacino in April 1529. A strict charter was adopted at the chapter, which fixed the desire for maximum simplicity and poverty.
The new order almost ceased to exist at the very beginning after Matteo Bassi returned to the observatory in 1537, and the head of the community, Bernardino Ochino, converted to Calvinism in 1542. The order was threatened with abolition, but it managed to survive, moreover, in the second half of the 16th century, the number of Capuchins increased dramatically. In 1571 there were 3,300 Capuchins in Italy. In 1574, the order began to operate outside the Apennines, Capuchin monasteries were founded in France, Spain, Switzerland, Austria and other countries. In 1619, Pope Paul V recognized full autonomy for the Capuchins, and the title of Minister General for the head of the order. At the general chapter of 1643, a new constitution for the order was adopted. A number of Capuchins of the 16th-17th centuries were canonized, the most famous among them is Lawrence of Brindisia, who received the honorary title of Doctor of the Church.
In 1535, the Second (female) order of the Capuchins was founded. Since the women's communities of the Franciscan order are historically referred to not as Franciscans, but as Clarissin (Clarissa) in honor of Saint Clare of Assisi, the female branch of the Capuchins began to be called Capuchin Clarissa or simply Capuchin. The nun Veronica Giuliani, canonized in 1839, belonged to the number of Capuchins.
The Capuchins were actively engaged in missionary work and made a great contribution to the emergence of new Christian communities in America, Asia and Africa. The first Capuchin missionaries were the Italians Giovanni da Medina del Campo and Giovanni da Troya, who preached in Egypt in the 16th century and died at the hands of Muslims in Cairo. In 1587, by agreement between France and the Ottoman Empire, the French Capuchins arrived in Constantinople to take care of the Catholics who were captured by the Turks. At the beginning of the 17th century, the first missions were founded in Africa, in 1632 - in America. In 1641 a Capuchin mission was established in India and in 1842 in China.
By 1761, the order had about 35,000 monks and 1,730 monasteries. However, like other monastic orders, the Capuchins suffered greatly from the secularizations and revolutions of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Many monasteries were liquidated, after the French Revolution, many monks were martyred. Between 1789 and 1847 no general chapters were held. Despite this, the order survived, and by the end of the 19th century, the number of its members increased. Poverty was often associated among the Capuchins with a lack of education. Especially famous are their clownish folk sermons (capuchinade; see Schiller's Wallenstein Camp).
In 1908, the Capuchins opened the College of St. Lawrence of Brindisia, later transformed into an institute. At present, it has an extensive library and publishes the journal Collectanea Franciscana, dedicated to the Franciscan heritage.
Among the most famous saints of the 20th century Capuchin order are Saint Pio of Pietrelcina and the Croatian priest Leopold Mandić.
Current state
As of 2010, the order consisted of 10,519 monks, of which 6,939 were priests. As of 2013, the order consisted of 10,659 monks, of which 7,021 were priests. The order has 1628 communities.
The clothes of the Capuchins are brown habit with a hood sewn to it, a rope belt with a knot, symbolizing the inviolability of monastic vows, and sandals on bare feet.
The Capuchins are still engaged in missionary work and have about 200 missions around the world, especially in India, Ethiopia and Turkey.
Facts
Notes
- Capuchins // Office of Confiscation - Kirghiz. - M.: Great Russian encyclopedia, 2009. - S. 47. - (Great Russian encyclopedia: [in 35 volumes] / ch. ed. Yu. S. Osipov; 2004-2017, v. 13). -
To the question, who are the CAPUCHINS and what did they leave us as a "legacy"? given by the author User deleted The best answer is Cappuccino coffee was born in Italy. According to one version, the combination of black coffee and white milk resembles the brown robes of Capuchin monks - hence the name of the drink ("cappuccio" in Italian means "hood", and "cappuccino" - "capuchin"). According to another, more common legend, cappuccino was invented by the Capuchin monks of one of the monasteries north of Rome. The monks drank coffee only with milk. Often they noticed that when pouring milk, a rather stable foam is obtained, which is very pleasant to absorb. Capuchin monks, like all ascetics, were deprived of many earthly pleasures, so enjoying coffee was their small permitted luxury. To get more foam, coffee with milk began to whip, but the foam turned out to be unstable. It was then that they remembered coffee with whipped cream. But such coffee was hot, and the added cream was cold. The Capuchin monks began by steaming whipped cream and then learned how to whip hot milk and cream with mechanical beaters. The rumor about the amazingly delicious drink spread throughout Italy. The self-taught mechanic Giuseppe, who lived near the monastery, undertook to improve the technology of making cappuccino. He made the first cappuccino machine. The beater consisted of two compartments: in the first, water was heated, which, turning into steam, fell through a tube into the second compartment. In the second compartment, the process of foaming milk took place. Currently, all coffee makers with a cappuccino maker work exactly on this principle. According to legend, the invention of cappuccino - coffee with whipped cream, which millions of people around the world drink today - is associated with the name of Marco d "Aviano, who lived in the 17th century as a monastic preacher the Capuchin order. The wandering preacher of the monastic order of the Capuchins, Marco d "Aviano, rallied Catholics and Protestants before the Battle of Vienna in 1683, which helped stop the advance of the Turks into Europe. Born in 1631 in the city of Aviano in northern Italy, the then Pope instructed this monk to unite Christians against the vast army of the Ottoman Empire. Legend has it that after the victory, the Viennese discovered bags of coffee left behind by the enemy army. The coffee seemed too strong to them, and they diluted it with cream and honey. The drink turned brown, like the cassocks of Capuchin monks. And the Viennese called it "cappuccino" in honor of the order to which Marco d'Aviano belonged.
Answer from Bet[guru]
some monks
Answer from chevron[guru]
The monks left cappuccino coffee as a legacy.
Answer from Evgeny Denisov[guru]
Capuchin monkeys can be trained to help people! And the Capuchin monks are a branch of the Franciscan order, only preaching material poverty!
Answer from Salt[active]
The word has several meanings. I think everyone knows about the monastic Order. By the way, they left us such a piece of clothing as a hood as a legacy. Capuchins are also a genus of monkeys - they also inherited a lot of things from them! And the plant is nasturtium. Thanks for this legacy!
capuchins I
Capuchins (Italian cappuccino, from cappuccio - hood)
a Catholic monastic order founded as an offshoot of the Franciscan order (See Franciscans) in 1525 in Italy. It got its name from the pointed hood sewn to the coarse cloth cassock worn by K. The founder, the Franciscan Matteo da Bascio, sought to restore the ascetic character of the early Franciscan communities. The charter of K. was approved by Pope Clement VII (in 1528 or 1529). As an independent order, it was approved by Pope Paul V in 1619. In the 16-17 centuries. the order has become widespread in a number of Western European countries. The Catholics played an important role in the counter-reformation; their activities were primarily aimed at strengthening the influence of Catholicism on the masses. Clericalism remains a stronghold of clericalism to this day. By 1972 there were about 14,000 monks, and in the women's order of the Capuchins (founded in the 16th century) there were about 2,500 nuns. a genus of American chain-tailed monkeys of the capuchin family. The skull of K. is relatively large, rounded, with a shortened facial region. The limbs are of medium length, the thumb is well developed. The tail is long, covered with hair, its last third is tenacious. K. inhabit the dense tropical forests of Central and South America, live in trees, mostly in groups of 8-30 individuals. They feed on leaves, fruits, nuts, insects, bird eggs and chicks. There are several types of K. Belopulchiy, or white-throated, K. (C. capucinus) - the coat is black, but whitish-yellowish on the forehead or on the throat, chest and shoulders; body length about 45 cm, tail 40-50 cm; brown K., or fawn (C. apella), - with a black crest; body length 35-45 cm, tail - 38-48 cm. K. are often kept in zoos, where they often breed. Lit.: Weber M., Primates, trans. from German., M. - L., 1936; Animal life, vol. 6 - Mammals, M., 1971. M. F. Nestgurh.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
See what "Capuchins" are in other dictionaries:
- (German Kapuziner, from the Middle Ages. Latin capa monastic dress). 1) a genus of South American herbaceous plants. 2) monks of the Order of St. Francis, so named from the word for the hood with which they covered their heads. Dictionary of foreign words included in ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
- (Italian cappuccino, from cappuccio hood), members of the Catholic monastic order, founded in 1525 in Italy (as a branch of the Franciscan order), independent since 1619 ... Modern Encyclopedia
- (from Italian cappuccio hood) members of the Catholic monastic order, founded in 1525 in Italy (as a branch of the Franciscan order), independent since 1619 ...
A genus of monkeys of the chain-tailed family. Body length approx. 50 cm, tail equal to body length. At the top of the head, the hair forms a semblance of a monastic hood (hence the name). 4 species, in tropical forests Central. and Yuzh. America (from Honduras to Brazil) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Members of the Catholic monastic order, founded in 1525 in Italy (as a branch of the Franciscan order), independent since 1619 ... Historical dictionary
- (Cebus), a genus of chain-tailed monkeys. Length body 32 57 cm. Solid build, limbs of equal length. Hair color brown or grey. At the top of the head, the hair grows forming a semblance of a monastic hood (hence the name, meaning "monk with a hood") ... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary
I (from Italian cappuccio hood), members of the Catholic monastic order, founded in 1525 in Italy (as a branch of the Franciscan order), independent since 1619. II genus of monkeys of the chain-tailed family. Body length about 50 cm, tail equal to body length ... encyclopedic Dictionary
- (according to lat. Capucini ordinis fratrum minorum) branch Franciscans; originally a derisive nickname referring to the spiky hood worn by members of this order. It was founded in 1525 by the Bassi minor in Urbino, approved in 1528 by the pope ... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
Members of the mendicant order, which separated in 1528 from the Order of the Franciscan Observants. Adherents of strict observance of the precepts of St. Francis of Assisi, followers of Matthew Baschio (1495 1552), who wore a special hood (Italian cappuccio from lat. ... ... Political science. Vocabulary.
- (Italian cappuccini hoods), members of the Catholic order of the Capuchin Minorite Brothers, one of the independent branches of the Franciscan order, existing since 1525. By the time the order arose, the Franciscans were already divided into two independent ... ... Collier Encyclopedia
Books
- Monastic orders, Alexander Andreev. The new work of the Moscow historian A. R. Andreev is the first complete documentary description of the main monastic orders of Western Europe from the 5th to the beginning of the 21st century, both male and female,…
Abstract on the topic:
Capuchins (monastic order)
Order of Friars Minor Capuchins(lat. Ordo Fratrum Minorum Capucinorum ; briefly - capuchins) - a monastic order, a branch of the Franciscans; originally a derisive nickname referring to the pointed hood worn by members of this order. Founded in 1525 by the Minorite Bassi in Urbino, approved in 1528 by Pope Clement VII and in 1529 received an extremely strict charter. When the vicar general of the Okino order converted to Protestantism (1543), the order was threatened with abolition. Poverty was often associated among the Capuchins with a lack of education. Especially famous are their clownish folk sermons (capuchinade; see Schiller's Wallenstein Camp).
The clothes of the Capuchins are brown habit with a hood sewn to it, a rope belt with a knot, symbolizing the inviolability of monastic vows, and sandals on bare feet.
Having spread since 1573 in France, since 1592 in Germany and Switzerland, since 1606 in Spain, in 1619 they received separate generals. At the end of the 18th century they almost disappeared, but at the beginning of the 20th century they again increased in number in Catholic countries. As of 2005, the order consisted of 18,309 monks, of which 7,080 were priests.
Modern capuchins
Like other monastic orders, the Capuchins suffered greatly from the secularizations and revolutions of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Despite this, the order survived and by the end of the 19th century, the number of its members increased.
There are 10 Capuchin monasteries in England, three in Ireland, six in Ukraine, and one in Russia. The Capuchins are still engaged in missionary work and have about 200 missions around the world, especially in India, Ethiopia and Turkey.
More than 190 members of the Habsburg dynasty are buried in the Imperial Crypt, located under the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
In the catacombs located under the Capuchin monastery in Palermo, the bodies of about 8,000 people buried here between 1599 and 1920 lie in the open.
In the United States of America, there are several metropolitanates of the Capuchin order.
In Ukraine there is their vice-province.
In culture
- Brother Medard, the protagonist of Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann's Elixirs of Satan, is a Capuchin monk.
Notes
- Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (Institute of Consecrated Life) - www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dqfmc.html
Literature
- "Chronica provinciae helveticae ordinis Capucinorum" (Solothurn, 1884-87).
This abstract is based on an article from the Russian Wikipedia. Synchronization completed on 07/10/11 17:23:25
Similar abstracts:
Prague is home to the oldest functioning monastery in the Czech Republic. He belongs to the Capuchin order and connects with, which is also patronized by the monks of this order.
History of the monastery
At the end of the 16th century, on the outskirts of the city (then Prague was much smaller) there was a plot of land that Emperor Rudolf II transferred to the Capuchin Order.
The Capuchins are an order of ascetics, they deliberately founded their monasteries in the poorest areas of cities in order to provide assistance to the poorest. The Capuchins came to the Czech Republic even earlier than to Vienna, the capital of the Holy Roman Empire.
In 1602, the emperor ordered the foundation of a Capuchin monastery on this site. Since that time, the monks have been living here, now in the center of the city.
Their lives were not always peaceful. So, for the first time, a well-known astronomer, the court astrologer of Rudolph II, a Dane Tycho de Brahe, encroached on their peaceful existence. He was a talented scientist, but he had a quarrelsome nature. He was very annoyed by the ringing of bells and the singing of the monks, for the astronomer lived nearby. Brahe complained to Rudolph, but he did not intervene, since he himself made a great contribution to the monastery.
Then Brahe drew attention to the statue of the Virgin Mary, which, according to legend, being thrown into the fire of heretics, did not burn down. Brahe claimed that the miraculous statue was made of refractory material and wanted to conduct a study. Rudolph II "really asked" the monks to give the statue, which they did. However, each time (there were three) the sculpture miraculously ended up back in the monastery. The emperor left the monks alone and even gave them a golden cloak and a crown for the statue of the Virgin Mary, and Brahe had already died by that time.
The monastery was endangered for the second time at the end of the 18th century, when Joseph II carried out an audit of all the old buildings in Prague. He wanted to close the monastery, but nevertheless he took into account the charitable activities of the Capuchins and left them in the monastery.
The third time there were strangers in the monastery was during World War II. The SS troops set up a prison here. A letter has been preserved in which a high-ranking SS officer wrote that he perfectly understood the inconvenience caused to the monks and promised to leave the monastery after the victory of Great Germany. Curiously, the letter is dated April 1945.
After a short break, the Capuchins returned here at the end of the 20th century, and since then it has been a functioning monastery.
Visiting the Capuchin Monks
You can get here in extremely rare cases, for example, during the night of churches.
Due to the fact that the monastery is inaccessible on ordinary days, one should try to see as much as possible in one visit. The monastery was built in the Baroque style, but, unlike Loretta, it does not have magnificent decoration, this is an ascetic order.
The monastery complex also includes the Church of the Virgin Mary and the Angels, where there is a miraculous statue in a robe and crown, donated by Rudolph, with a magnificent fresco "Descent from the Cross". The church has a lot of sculptures, hand-painted according to the Catholic tradition, depicting scenes from the Bible.
The interior of the church is decorated with an organ played by Mozart.
