Aggressiveness(hostility, asociality) - a person's behavior towards other people, which is distinguished by the desire to cause them trouble, to harm. There is the concept of "instrumental aggression", which means the use of aggression to achieve a goal, for example, by defeating rivals, to win the competition.

Aggressive behavior- this is a specific form of human action, characterized by a demonstration of superiority in strength or the use of force in relation to another person or group of persons whom the subject seeks to harm.

Adaptive Behavior- this is the interaction of a person with other people (social environment), characterized by the coordination of interests, requirements and expectations of its participants.

Altruism- a character trait that encourages a person to selflessly come to the aid of people and animals.

Apathy- a state of emotional indifference, indifference and inactivity.

Attribution is causal- attributing some explanatory reason to the observed action or deed of a person.

attraction- attraction, attraction of one person to another, accompanied by positive emotions.

Affect- a short-term, rapidly flowing state of strong emotional arousal that occurs as a result of frustration or some other reason that strongly affects the psyche, usually associated with the dissatisfaction of needs that are very important for a person.

Affiliation- a person's need to establish, maintain and strengthen emotionally positive - friendly, comradely, friendly - relations with other people.

psychological barrier- an internal obstacle of a psychological nature (reluctance, fear, uncertainty, etc.) that prevents a person from successfully performing some action often arises in business and personal relationships between people and prevents the establishment of open and trusting relationships between them.

brainstorming- a specific method of organizing joint group creative work of people, designed to increase their mental activity and solve complex intellectual problems.

Verbal- pertaining to the sound side of human speech.

attraction- desire, or need, to do something, prompting a person to appropriate actions.

Suggestibility- a person's susceptibility to the action of suggestion.

Suggestion- the unconscious influence of one person on another, causing certain changes in his psychology and behavior.

Will- a property (process, state) of a person, manifested in his ability to consciously control his psyche and actions. It manifests itself in overcoming obstacles that arise on the way to achieving a consciously set goal.

Imagination- the ability to imagine an absent or not really existing object, to keep it in the mind and mentally manipulate it.

Hypnosis- caused by an inspiring influence, a temporary shutdown of a person's consciousness or the removal of conscious control over one's own behavior.

Group- a set of people identified on the basis of any one or more characteristics common to them.

group dynamics- direction of research in social psychology, which studies the process of emergence, functioning and development of different groups.

Deviant behavior- behavior that deviates from the norms accepted in society.

Depression- a state of mental disorder, depression, characterized by a breakdown and a decrease in activity.

Activity- a specific type of human activity aimed at creative transformation, improvement of reality and oneself.

Distress- the negative impact of a stressful situation on human activity, up to its complete destruction.

Wish- the state of the updated, i.e. a need that has begun to act, accompanied by a desire and willingness to do something specific to satisfy it.

vitality- a set of types of activity united by the concept of "life" and characteristic of living matter.

Infection- a psychological term denoting the unconscious transmission from person to person of any emotions, states, motives.

Protection (psychic)- a set of unconscious mental processes that protect the psyche and personality from dangerous, negative and destructive actions of intrapsychic and external impulses.

Protection (psychological)- a special regulatory system for stabilizing the personality, aimed at eliminating or minimizing the feeling of anxiety associated with the awareness of the conflict. The function of protection is to protect the sphere of consciousness from negative, traumatic experiences.

mental health- a state of mental well-being, characterized by the absence of painful mental manifestations and providing regulation of behavior and activity adequate to the conditions of reality.

Knowledge- predominantly logical information about the surrounding and inner world of a person, fixed in his mind.

Game (business)- a form of recreating the subject and social content of professional activity, modeling the systems of relations characteristic of this type of practice.

Identification- identification. In psychology, the establishment of the similarity of one person with another, aimed at remembering him and his own development of a person identifying with him.

Image- an emotionally colored image of someone or something that has developed in the mass consciousness and has the character of a stereotype.

Individual- a single person in the aggregate of all his inherent qualities - biological, physical, social, psychological, etc.

Individuality- a peculiar combination of individual properties of a person that distinguishes him from other people.

Individual style of activity- a stable combination of the features of performing different types of activities by the same person. It depends primarily on temperament, which determines, for example, the speed of performing actions.

Insight (insight, conjecture)- unexpected for the person himself, a sudden finding of a solution to a problem, over which he thought long and hard.

Intelligence- the totality of the mental abilities of humans and some higher animals, such as great apes, that ensure successful adaptation.

Interaction- interaction.

Interactionism- a doctrine that asserts that all psychological properties, qualities and types of behavior acquired by a person during their lifetime are the result of the interaction of their inner world and the external environment.

Interest- emotionally colored, increased attention of a person to an object or phenomenon.

Interiorization- the transition from the environment external to the body to the internal. In relation to a person, internalization means the transformation of external actions with material objects into internal - mental, operating with symbols.

introversion- the appeal of a person's consciousness to himself; preoccupation with one's own problems and experiences, accompanied by a weakening of attention to what is happening around. Introversion is one of the basic personality traits.

Intuition- the ability to quickly find the right solution to the problem and navigate in difficult life situations, as well as to foresee the course of events.

Climate socio-psychological- general socio-psychological characteristics of the state of a small group, the characteristics of human relationships that have developed in it.

cognitive- pertaining to the process of cognition, thinking.

The cognitive dissonance- a contradiction in the system of knowledge of a person, which gives rise to unpleasant experiences in him and encourages him to take actions aimed at eliminating this contradiction.

team- a highly developed small group of people, relations in which are built on positive moral standards. The team is more efficient at work. The ideology of collectivity was actively developed in the Soviet period.

Team- a team of like-minded people rallied around their leader, who is also the highest official in a given organization or its structural unit (if we are talking about a unit team). A team is a social group in which informal relations between its members may be more important than official ones, and the actual role and influence of a particular individual may not coincide with his formal status.

Communication The process by which an idea is passed from a source to a recipient with the aim of changing the behavior of the recipient. Such behavior may include changing knowledge or social attitudes.

Competence socio-psychological- the ability of an individual to effectively interact with other people in the system of interpersonal relations.

Compensation- the ability of a person to get rid of feelings about his own shortcomings due to increased work on himself and the development of other positive qualities. The concept of compensation was introduced by A. Adler.

Inferiority complex- a complex state of a person associated with a lack of any qualities (abilities, knowledge, skills), accompanied by deep negative emotional experiences about this.

Conflict intrapersonal- the state of dissatisfaction of a person with any circumstances of his life, associated with the presence of conflicting interests, aspirations, needs that give rise to affects and stresses.

Interpersonal conflict- an intractable contradiction that arises between people and is caused by the incompatibility of their views, interests, goals, needs.

Conformity- the susceptibility of a person to real or imagined group pressure, manifested in a change in his behavior and attitudes in accordance with the initially unshared position of the majority.

Creativity- the ability to be creative, non-standard vision of the problem, the ability to be productive in creative thinking.

A crisis- a state of mental disorder caused by a person’s long-term dissatisfaction with himself and his relationship with the outside world. An age crisis often occurs when a person moves from one age group to another.

Leadership- relations of dominance and subordination in interpersonal relations in a group. Acquisition or loss of leadership powers, exercise of one's leadership functions, etc.

Personality- a concept denoting the totality of the psychological qualities of a person as a subject of social relations.

Love- the highest spiritual feeling of a person, rich in a variety of emotional experiences, based on noble feelings and high morality, and accompanied by a willingness to do everything in his power for the well-being of a loved one.

small group- a small group of people, including from 2-3 to 20-30 people engaged in a common cause and having direct personal contacts with each other.

Methodology- the doctrine of the most general principles, structure, logical organization, methods, means of cognition and transformation of the world around.

dreams- plans of a person for the future, presented in his imagination and realizing the most important needs and interests for him.

facial expressions- a set of movements of parts of a person's face, expressing his state or attitude to what he perceives (imagines, ponders, recalls, etc.).

Power motive- a stable personality trait that expresses the need of one person to have power over other people, the desire to dominate, manage, dispose of them.

motive- an internal stable psychological reason for a person's behavior or act.

Motivation for success- the need to achieve success in various activities is considered as a stable personality trait.

Motivation to Avoid Failure- a more or less stable desire of a person to avoid failures in those situations of life where the results of his activities are evaluated by other people. The motive for avoiding failure is a personality trait opposite to the motive for achieving success.

Motivation- a dynamic process of internal, psychological and physiological control of behavior, including its initiation, direction, organization and support.

Motivation- reasonable justification, an explanation by the person of his actions, which does not always correspond to the truth.

Thinking- the mental process of cognition associated with the discovery of subjectively new knowledge, with the solution of problems, with the creative transformation of reality.

Skill- formed, automatically carried out movement that does not require conscious control and special volitional efforts for its implementation.

Personal orientation- a concept denoting a set of needs and motives of a person that determines the main direction of her behavior.

tension- a state of increased physical or psychological arousal, accompanied by unpleasant internal feelings and requiring discharge.

Mood- the emotional state of a person associated with weakly expressed positive or negative emotions and existing for a long time.

Learning- acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities as a result of life experience.

Negativism- demonstrative opposition of a person to other people, non-acceptance of reasonable advice from other people. Often occurs in children during age-related crises.

Generalization- selection of the general from the multitude of particular phenomena. The transfer of once formed knowledge, skills and abilities to new tasks and situations.

Feedback- the process of obtaining information about the states of a communication partner in order to improve communication and achieve the desired result.

Communication- a complex, multifaceted process of establishing and developing contacts between people, generated by the need for joint activities; includes the exchange of information, the development of a unified interaction strategy, the perception and understanding of the partner.

Meaningfulness of perception- the property of human perception to attribute a certain meaning to a perceived object or phenomenon, designate it with a word, refer to a certain language category.

Deviant (deviant) behavior- human behavior deviating from established legal or moral norms, violating them.

perceptual perceptual.

Imitation- conscious or unconscious human behavior aimed at reproducing the actions and actions of other people.

Gender-role behavior- behavior characteristic of a person of a certain gender in the social role that corresponds to this gender.

Understanding- a psychological state that expresses the correctness of the decision made and is accompanied by a sense of confidence in the accuracy of the perception or interpretation of an event, phenomenon, fact.

deed- an action consciously committed by a person and controlled by the will, proceeding from certain beliefs.

Need- the state of need of an organism, individual, personality in something necessary for their normal existence

practical thinking- a kind of thinking aimed at solving practical problems.

Prejudice- a stable erroneous opinion, not supported by facts and logic, based on faith.

Projection- one of the protective mechanisms by which a person gets rid of feelings about his own shortcomings by attributing them to other people.

Psyche- a general concept denoting the totality of all mental phenomena studied in psychology.

mental processes- processes reflected in dynamically changing mental phenomena associated with sensations, perception, imagination, memory, thinking, speech, etc.

Psychological compatibility of people- the ability of people to find mutual understanding, to establish business and personal contacts, to cooperate with each other in the performance of certain activities.

Psychology- the science of the laws of development and functioning of the psyche as a special form of life.

Stimulus- any factor that affects the body and can cause any reaction in it.

Reaction is the body's response to a stimulus.

Relaxation- relaxation.

Reference group- a group of people, in some way attractive to the individual, a group source of individual values, judgments, actions, norms and rules of behavior.

Reflex- automatic response of the body to the action of any internal or external stimulus.

Reflex unconditioned- innate automatic reaction of the body to a specific impact.

Reflex conditional- an acquired reaction of the body to a certain stimulus, resulting from a combination of the impact of this stimulus with positive reinforcement from the actual need.

Reflection- the ability of the human mind to focus on itself.

Speech- a system used by a person of sound signals, written signs and symbols for the presentation, processing, storage and transmission of information.

Determination- willingness to move on to practical actions, the formed intention to commit a certain act.

Rigidity- inhibition of thinking, manifested in the difficulty of a person's refusal from a decision once made, a way of thinking and acting.

Role- a concept denoting a person's behavior in a certain life situation corresponding to his position (for example, the role of a leader, subordinate, father, mother, etc.).

Management- activities (often formal) to coordinate the efforts of individuals, teams to achieve a specific goal.

Self-actualization- the use and development by a person of his inclinations, their transformation into abilities. Striving for personal improvement. Self-actualization as a concept was introduced in humanistic psychology.

self-control- the ability of a person to maintain inner peace, to act reasonably and prudently in difficult life situations.

Self-esteem- assessment of a person's own qualities, advantages and disadvantages.

Self-regulation- the process of managing a person's own psychological and physiological states, as well as actions.

Properties of the human nervous system- a complex of physical characteristics of the nervous system that determine the processes of occurrence, conduction, switching and termination of nerve impulses in various departments and parts of the central nervous system.

Synergetics- a science that studies the general laws of self-organization, self-regulation, the formation of stable structures in open systems. Synergetics shows how the process of self-organization (the formation of ordered structures in stochastic systems) and inverse processes (the transition of dynamic systems to the stochastic regime) takes place. The term was introduced by a German scientist, Professor Haken in the book "Synergy".

social technology- an algorithm, a procedure for carrying out an action in various areas of social practice: management, education, research work, artistic creativity, etc.

social status- the position of an individual or group in the social system in relation to other individuals or groups; determined by its economic, professional and other characteristics.

Sympathy- a feeling of emotional predisposition to a person, increased interest and attraction to him.

Compatibility- the ability of people to work together, to successfully solve problems that require them to coordinate actions and good mutual understanding.

Consciousness- the highest level of a person's mental reflection of reality, its representation in the form of generalized images and concepts.

Concentration- concentration of a person's attention, immersion in the activity performed.

Cooperation- the desire of a person to coordinate, coordinated work with people. readiness to support and assist them. The opposite of rivalry.

Socialization- the process and result of the child's assimilation of social experience. As a result of socialization, the child becomes a cultured, educated and educated person.

Social Psychology- a branch of psychological science that studies psychological phenomena that arise in the interaction and communication of people.

social role- a set of norms, rules and forms of behavior that characterize the typical actions of a person occupying a certain position in society.

social attitude- a stable internal attitude of a person towards someone or something, including thoughts, emotions and actions taken by him in relation to this object.

social stereotype- distorted social attitudes of a person in relation to people of a certain category, which arose under the influence of a limited or one-sided life experience of communication with representatives of a given social group - national, religious, cultural, etc.

Capabilities- individual characteristics of people, on which their acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities, as well as the success of various activities depends.

Status- the position of a person in the system of intra-group relations, which determines the degree of his authority in the eyes of other members of the group.

Leadership style- characterization of the relationship between the leader and the followers. The methods and means used by the leader to exert the necessary influence on people dependent on him.

Stress- a state of mental (emotional) and behavioral disorder associated with a person's inability to act expediently and reasonably in the current situation.

Subject- the carrier of subject-practical activity and knowledge, actively transforming his life.

Creative thinking- the kind of thinking associated with the creation or discovery of something new.

Temperament- a dynamic characteristic of mental processes and human behavior, manifested in their speed, variability, intensity and other characteristics.

Anxiety- the property of a person to come into a state of increased anxiety, experience fear and anxiety in specific social situations.

Conviction- a person's confidence in his rightness, confirmed by relevant arguments and facts.

Recognition- classification of the perceived object to the category of already known.

Skill- the ability to perform certain activities with good quality and successfully cope with activities involving these activities.

inference- the process of a logical conclusion of a certain position from some reliable statements-parcels.

Control- the process of the subject's influence on a certain system with the aim of its development. preservation, maintenance or change of the mode of activity, implementation of programs and goals.

Claim level- the maximum success that a person expects to achieve in a particular type of activity.

Installation- willingness, predisposition to certain actions or reactions to specific incentives.

Fatigue- a state of fatigue, accompanied by reduced performance.

Phenotype- acquired traits or a set of properties that have arisen on the basis of a certain genotype under the influence of training and education.

frustration- an emotionally difficult experience by a person of his failure, accompanied by a feeling of hopelessness, the collapse of hopes in achieving a certain desired goal.

Character- a set of the most stable personality traits that determine the typical ways of its response to life circumstances.

Integrity of perception- sensory, mental completion of the totality of some perceived elements of the object to its integral image.

Values- what a person especially appreciates in life, to which he attaches a special, positive life meaning.

personality trait- a stable property of a personality that determines its characteristic behavior and thinking.

Feeling- the highest, culturally determined set of human emotions associated with some social object.

Egocentrism- the concentration of consciousness and attention of a person exclusively on himself, accompanied by ignoring what is happening around.

Euphoria- a state of excessive cheerfulness, usually not caused by any objective circumstances.

Expression- expressiveness, the power of manifestation of feelings, experiences.

extraversion- the focus of a person's consciousness and attention mainly on what is happening around him. Extraversion is the opposite of introversion.

Emotions- elementary experiences that arise in a person under the influence of the general state of the body and the course of the process of meeting actual needs.

Emotionality- a characteristic of a person, manifested in the frequency of occurrence of various emotions and feelings.

empathy- the ability of a person to empathize and sympathize with other people, to understand their internal states.

novelty effect- a phenomenon from the field of perception by people of each other. It manifests itself in the fact that a greater influence on the formation of a person's image usually has such information about him that comes last, i.e. is the most recent.

First impression effect(halo of the first impression) - a phenomenon characterized by the fact that the first impression of a person determines his subsequent perception by other people, passing into the mind of the perceiving person only what corresponds to the prevailing first impression, and filtering out what contradicts him.

halo effect- distribution in conditions of lack of information about a person of a general impression based on his actions or some well-known personality traits.

I-concept- relatively stable, conscious, experienced as a unique system of a person's ideas about himself.

ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD OF SENSATIONS - the minimum value stimulus any modality (light, sound, etc.) that can cause a barely noticeable feeling.
ABSTRACTION - the mental selection of any feature or property of an object, phenomenon in order to study it in more detail.
AUTOKINETIC EFFECT - an illusory, apparent movement of an actually stationary object, for example, a luminous point in the dark when the gaze is fixed on it for a long time in the absence of any other visible objects in the field of view.
AUTHORITARY (powerful, directive) - a characteristic of a person as a person or his behavior in relation to other people, emphasizing the tendency to use predominantly non-democratic methods of influencing them: pressure, orders, orders, etc.
AUTHORITY - the ability of a person to have a certain weight among people, to serve as a source of ideas for them and to enjoy their recognition and respect.
AGGLUTINATION - the merging of different words into one with a reduction in their morphological structure, but with the preservation of the original meaning. In psychology, one of the essential characteristics of words used in inner speech.
AGGRESSION (hostility) - a person's behavior towards other people, which is distinguished by the desire to cause them trouble, to harm.
ADAPTATION - adaptation sense organs to the characteristics of the stimuli acting on them in order to best perceive and protect them receptors from excessive overload.
ACCOMMODATION - a change in the curvature of the lens of the eye in order to accurately focus the image on the retina.
ACTIVITY - a concept that indicates the ability of living beings to produce spontaneous movements and change under the influence of external or internal stimulus stimuli.
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ACCENTATION- highlighting a property or feature against the background of others, its special development.
ACCEPTOR OF ACTION- a concept introduced by P. K. Anokhin. Denotes a hypothetical psychophysiological apparatus that exists in central nervous system and representing a model of the future result of the action, with which the parameters of the actually performed action are then compared.
ALTRUISM- trait character, encouraging a person to selflessly come to the aid of people and animals.
AMBIVALENCE- duality, inconsistency. In psychology feelings denotes the simultaneous presence in the human soul of opposite, incompatible with each other aspirations relating to the same object.
AMNESIA- violations memory.
ANALYZER- the concept proposed by I.P. Pavlov. Denotes a collection afferent and efferent nervous structures involved in the perception, processing and response to irritants(cm.).
ANIMISM- an ancient doctrine of objective existence, the transmigration of souls and spirits, as well as fantastic, supernatural ghosts.
ANTICIPATION- anticipation, anticipation of the onset of something.
APATHY- a state of emotional indifference, indifference and inactivity:
APPERCEPTION- a concept introduced by the German scientist G. Leibniz. Defines a state of special clarity consciousness, his focus on something. In the understanding of another German scientist, W. Wundt, it meant some internal force that directs the course of thought and the course mental processes.
Apraxia- violation of movements in a person.
ASSOCIATION connection, connection of mental phenomena with each other.
ASSOCIATIONISM- a psychological doctrine that used association as the main explanatory principle of all mental phenomena. A. dominated the psychology of the XVIII-XIX centuries.
ATTRIBUTION- the attribution of some directly unperceivable property to an object, person or phenomenon.
ATRIBUTION CAUSAL- attributing some explanatory reason to the observed action or deed of a person.
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ATTRACTION- attraction, attraction one person to another, accompanied by positive emotions.
AUTOGENIC TRAINING- a set of special exercises based on self-hypnosis and used by a person to control their own mental states and behavior.
AUTISM- violation of the normal course of thinking under the influence of illness, psychotropic or other means. Departure of a person from reality into the world fantasies and dreams In the most striking form, it is found in preschool children and in patients with schizophrenia. The term was introduced by the psychiatrist E. Bleiler.
APHASIAS- violations speech.
AFFECT- a short-term, rapidly flowing state of strong emotional arousal resulting from frustrations or any other, strongly acting on psyche causes, usually associated with dissatisfaction of very important for a person needs.
AFFERENT- a concept that characterizes the course of the process of nervous excitation through the nervous system in the direction from the periphery of the body to the brain.
affiliation- a person's need to establish, maintain and strengthen emotionally positive: friendly, comradely, friendly relations with other people.
BARRIER PSYCHOLOGICAL- an internal obstacle of a psychological nature (reluctance, fear, uncertainty, etc.) that prevents a person from successfully performing some action. It often occurs in business and personal relationships between people and prevents the establishment of open and trusting relationships between them.
UNCONSCIOUS- a characteristic of the psychological properties, processes and states of a person that are outside the sphere of his consciousness, but have the same effect on his behavior as consciousness.
BEHAVIORISM- a doctrine in which only human behavior is considered as the subject of psychological research and its dependence on external and internal material incentives is studied. B. denies the need and possibility of a scientific study of psychic phenomena proper. The American scientist D. Watson is considered to be the founder of B..
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LARGE GROUP - a social association of people of considerable quantitative composition, formed on the basis of some abstract (see. abstraction) socio-demographic feature: gender, age, nationality, professional affiliation, social or economic status, etc.
Delusions - an abnormal, painful state of the human psyche, accompanied by fantastic images, visions, hallucinations (see also autism).
Brainstorming is a special method of organizing joint group creative work of people, designed to increase their mental activity and solve complex intellectual problems.
VALIDITY - the quality of the method of psychological research, expressed in its compliance with what it was originally intended to study and evaluate.
FAITH - a person's belief in something, not supported by convincing logical arguments or facts.
VERBAL LEARNING - the acquisition by a person of life experience, knowledge, skills and skills through verbal instructions and explanations.
VERBAL - pertaining to sound human speech.
VIKAR LEARNING - the acquisition of knowledge by a person, skills and skills through direct observation and imitation of the observed object.
DRIVING - a desire or need to do something that prompts a person to take appropriate action.
ATTENTION - a state of psychological concentration, concentration on any object.
INTERNAL SPEECH - a special type of human speech activity, directly related to unconscious automatically flowing processes of translation of thoughts into words and vice versa.
SUSPICABILITY - a person's compliance with action suggestion.
Suggestion - the unconscious influence of one person on another, causing certain changes in his psychology and behavior.
EXCITABILITY - the property of living matter to come into a state of excitation under the influence irritants and keep his traces for some time.
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AGE PSYCHOLOGY - a field of psychology that studies the psychological characteristics of people of different ages, their development and transitions from one age to another.
WILL - a property (process, state) of a person, manifested in his ability to consciously control his psyche and deeds. It manifests itself in overcoming obstacles that arise on the way to achieving a consciously set goal.
IMAGINATION - the ability to imagine an absent or not really existing object, keep it in the mind and mentally manipulate it.
MEMORY (recall) - playback by memory any previously received information. One of the main memory processes.
PERCEPTION - the process of receiving and processing by a person of various information entering the brain through the organs feelings. Ends with the formation image.
REACTION TIME - the time interval between the onset of a stimulus and the appearance in the body of a certain reaction to it.
SECOND SIGNAL SYSTEM - a system of speech signs, symbols that cause the same reactions in a person as real objects that are designated by these symbols.
EXPRESSIVE MOVEMENTS (expression) - a system of data from nature or learned movements (gestures, facial expressions, pantomime), with the help of which a person non-verbally (see. verbal) transmits information about their internal states or the external world to other people.
HIGHER MENTAL FUNCTIONS - transformed under the influence of life in society, training and education mental processes person. The concept was introduced by L.S. Vygotsky in the framework of the cultural-historical theory of the development of V.p.f. (cm.).
REMOVAL is one of defense mechanisms(see) in the psychoanalytic theory of personality (see. psychoanalysis). Under the influence of V. from the memory of a person are derived from consciousness into the sphere unconscious information that causes him strong unpleasant emotional experiences.
HALLUCINATIONS - unrealistic, fantastic images that arise in a person during illnesses that affect the state of his psyche (see also autism, delirium).
STIMULUS GENERALIZATION - the acquisition of many incentives (see. stimulus), initially not related to the us-
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catching reaction (cf. conditioned reflex) the ability to invoke it.
GENETIC PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of psychological science that studies the origin of mental phenomena and their connection with genotype person.
GENETIC METHOD - a method of studying mental phenomena in development, establishing their origin and the laws of transformation as they develop (see also historical method).
GENIUS - the highest level of human development of any abilities, making him an outstanding personality in the relevant field or field of activity.
GENOTYPE - a set of genes or any qualities inherited by a person from his parents.
GESTALT - structure, whole, system.
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of psychological research that arose in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. during an open crisis psychological science. In contrast associationism Gestalt psychology asserted the priority of structure, or integrity (cf. gestalt), in the organization of mental processes, the laws and dynamics of their course.
HYLOZOISM - a philosophical doctrine of the universal spirituality of matter, stating that sensitivity as an elementary form psyche inherent in all, without exception, things that exist in nature.
HYPNOSIS - caused by suggestive influence, a temporary shutdown of a person's consciousness or the removal of conscious control over one's own behavior.
HOMEOSTASIS - a normal state of equilibrium of organic and other processes in a living system.
DREAMS - fantasies, dreams of a person, drawing in his imagination pleasant, desired pictures of a future life.
GROUP - a set of people identified on the basis of any one or more common features for them (see also small group).
GROUP DYNAMICS - a line of research in social psychology(see), which studies the process of emergence, functioning and development of different groups (see).
HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY - a branch of psychology in which a person is considered as a higher spiritual being, setting himself the goal of self-improvement and striving to achieve it. G.p. arose in the first half
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wine of the 20th century American scientists G. Allport, A. Maslow and K. Rogers are considered to be the founders.
DEVIANT BEHAVIOR- (cm. deviant behaviour).
DEPERSONALIZATION(depersonalization) - a temporary loss by a person of psychological and behavioral characteristics that characterize him as personality.
DEPRESSION- a state of mental disorder, depression, characterized by a breakdown and a decrease in activity.
DETERMINATION- causation (cf. determinism).
DETERMINISM- a philosophical and epistemological doctrine that asserts the existence and possibility of establishing the objective causes of all phenomena existing in the world.
CHILD PSYCHOLOGY- industry developmental psychology, which studies the psychology of children of different ages, from birth to graduation.
ACTIVITY- a specific type of human activity aimed at creative transformation, improvement of reality and oneself.
ACTIVITY SUBJECT- activity, subordinated in its course to the characteristics of objects of material and spiritual culture created by people. Calculated on the assimilation of the ways of the correct use of these objects by people and the development of their abilities.
DISPOSITION- predisposition, readiness of a person for certain external or internal actions.
DISTRESS- the negative impact of stress (see. stress) situation on human activity, up to its complete destruction.
DIFFERENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY- a branch of psychological science that studies and explains the psychological and behavioral differences of people.
DOMINANT- the predominant focus of excitation in the human brain, associated with increased attention or actual need. Able to increase due to the attraction of excitations from neighboring areas of the brain. The concept of D. was introduced by A. Ukhtomsky.
DRIVE- a concept denoting an unconscious internal attraction of a general nature, generated by some organic need. Used in psychology motivation and in theory learning.
22. R. S. Nemov, book 1
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DUALISM - the doctrine of the independent, independent existence of the body and soul. It originates in the works of ancient philosophers, but is fully developed in the Middle Ages. Deployed in the works of the French philosopher R. Descartes.
SOUL - the old name used in science before the appearance of the word "psychology" is the name of the totality of phenomena studied in modern psychology.
WISH- the state of the updated, i.e. a need that has begun to act, accompanied by a desire and willingness to do something specific to satisfy it.
GESTURE- the movement of a person's hands, expressing his internal state or pointing to some object in the outside world.
LIFE- a set of types of activity united by the concept of "life" and characteristic of living matter.
FORGETTING- process memory, associated with the loss of traces of previous impacts and the possibility of their reproduction (see. memory).
INDIVIDUALS - prerequisites for the development of abilities. They can be congenital or acquired during life.
BOOGER-WEBER LAW- psychophysical (cf. psychophysics) law expressing the constancy of the increment ratio irritant, giving rise to a barely perceptible change in strength Feel to its original value:
BUT/
-------=K,
I
where I- the initial value of the stimulus, M- its increment, TO - constant.
This law was independently established by the French scientist P. Buger and the German scientist E. Weber.
WEBER-FECHNER LAW- the law stating that the strength of sensation is proportional to the logarithm of the magnitude of the acting stimulus:
S= K ¦ lg I+ C,
where S- feeling power, I- the magnitude of the stimulus, Key S - constants.
Deduced by the German scientist G. Fechner on the basis of the Buger-Weber law (see).
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The YERKS-DODSON LAW is a curvilinear, bell-shaped relationship that exists between the strength of emotional arousal and the success of a person's activity. Shows that the most productive activity occurs with a moderate, optimal level of arousal. Opened at the beginning of the 20th century. American psychologists R. Yerkes and J. Dodson.
STEVENS LAW- one of the variants of the basic psychophysical law (see. Weber-Fechner law), assuming the presence of not a logarithmic, but a power-law functional relationship between the magnitude of the stimulus and the strength of sensation:
S= TO- D
where 5 is the strength of sensation, I- the magnitude of the current stimulus, To and and are constants.
SUBSTITUTION(sublimation) - one of the protective mechanisms, representing a subconscious replacement of one, forbidden or practically unattainable, goal with another, permitted and more accessible, capable of at least partially satisfying an urgent need.
INFECTION- a psychological term denoting the unconscious transmission from person to person of any emotions, states, motives.
PROTECTIVE MECHANISMS- psychoanalytic concept (cf. psychoanalysis), denoting a set of unconscious techniques by which a person, as a person, protects himself from psychological trauma.
REMEMBER- one of the processes memory, denoting the introduction into memory of newly incoming information.
SIGN- a symbol or object that serves as a substitute for another object.
VALUE (words, concepts) - the content that all people who use it put into a given word or concept.
ZONE OF POTENTIAL (NEXT) DEVELOPMENT- opportunities in mental development that open up in a person when he is provided with minimal outside help. The concept of C.p.r. introduced by L.S. Vygotsky.
ZOOPSYCHOLOGY- a branch of psychological science that studies the behavior and psychology of animals.
IDENTIFICATION- identification. In psychology, the establishment of the similarity of one person with another, aimed at remembering him and his own development of a person identifying with him.
22*
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IDEOMOTORICS - the influence of thoughts on movements, manifested in the fact that any thought of movement is accompanied by a barely noticeable real movement of the most mobile parts of the body: arms, eyes, head or torso. These movements are often involuntary and hidden from the consciousness of the person making them.
ICONIC MEMORY - (see. instant memory).
ILLUSIONS - phenomena of perception, imagination and memory that exist only in the human head and do not correspond to any real phenomenon or object.
IMPLICIT THEORY OF PERSONALITY - a stable, life-formed idea in a person about the relationship of appearance, behavior and traits personalities people, on the basis of which he judges people in conditions of insufficient information about them.
Imprinting is a type of acquiring experience that occupies an intermediate position between learning and innate reactions. With I., forms of behavior that are ready from birth are included in the action under the influence of some external stimulus, which, as it were, launches them into action.
IMPULSITY - a characterological trait of a person, manifested in his tendency to fleeting, ill-considered actions and deeds.
INDIVIDUAL - a single person in the aggregate of all his inherent qualities: biological, physical, social, psychological, etc.
INDIVIDUALITY - a kind of combination of individual (see. individual) characteristics of a person that distinguishes him from other people.
INDIVIDUAL STYLE OF ACTIVITY - a stable combination of the features of performing different types of activities by the same person.
INITIATIVE - a person's manifestation of activity that is not stimulated from the outside and is not determined by circumstances beyond his control.
INSIGHT (insight, conjecture) - unexpected for the person himself, a sudden finding of a solution to a problem, over which he thought long and hard.
INSTINCT - an innate, little-changed form of behavior that ensures the adaptation of the body to the typical conditions of its life.
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INSTRUMENTAL ACTION - An action that serves as a means to an end other than its own result.
INTELLIGENCE - the totality of the mental abilities of a person and some higher animals, for example, great apes.
INTERACTION- interaction.
INTERACTIONISM- a doctrine that asserts that all psychological properties, qualities and types of behavior acquired by a person during their lifetime are the result of the interaction of their inner world and the external environment.
INTEREST- emotionally colored, increased attention of a person to an object or phenomenon.
INTERIORIZATION- the transition from the environment external to the body to the internal. In relation to a person, I. means the transformation of external actions with material objects into internal, mental, operating with symbols. According to the cultural-historical theory of the formation of higher mental functions And. is the main mechanism of their development.
INTERFERENCE- violation of the normal course of one process by the intervention of another.
INTROVERSION- the appeal of a person's consciousness to himself; preoccupation with one's own problems and experiences, accompanied by a weakening of attention to what is happening around. I. is one of the basic features personality.
INTROSPECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY- a branch of psychological research that existed mainly in the 19th century. The main research method in I.p. was introspection.
INTROSPECTION- the method of cognition of mental phenomena through self-observation of a person, i.e. careful study by the person himself of what happens in his mind when solving various kinds of problems.
INTUITION- the ability to quickly find the right solution to the problem and navigate in difficult life situations, as well as to foresee the course of events.
IFANTILISM- the manifestation of childhood traits in the psychology and behavior of an adult.
TESTED- a person who is subjected to scientific psychological experiments.
HISTORICAL METHOD- a method of studying mental phenomena in their development, depending on the historical conditions of human life.
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Catharsis - cleansing. psychoanalytic (cf. psychoanalysis) a term denoting mental relief that occurs in a person after strong emotional experiences such as affect or stress.
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS- a method of psychological research in which quantitative indicators are not used, and conclusions are drawn only on the basis of logical reasoning about the facts obtained.
CLIMATE SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL- general socio-psychological characteristics of the state small group, especially the human relationships that have developed in it.
COGNITIVE HELP- a psychological state or a situation in which an individual, having the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities to solve a problem, due to a number of cognitive reasons, cannot cope with it.
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY- one of the modern directions of research in psychology, explaining human behavior on the basis of knowledge and studying the process and dynamics of their formation.
COGNITIVE DISSONANCE THEORY- theory proposed in line with cognitive psychology American scientist L. Festinger. Considers the cognitive dissonance as one of the main factors governing human behavior.
THE COGNITIVE DISSONANCE- a contradiction in the system of knowledge of a person, which gives rise to unpleasant experiences in him and encourages him to take actions aimed at eliminating this contradiction.
TEAM- highly developed small group people whose relationships are based on positive moral standards. K. has increased efficiency in work, manifested in the form superadditive effect.
COMMUNICATIONS- contacts, communication, exchange of information and interaction of people with each other.
COMPENSATION- the ability of a person to get rid of feelings about his own shortcomings (see. inferiority complex) through intensive work on oneself and the development of other positive qualities. The concept of K. was introduced by A. Adler.
INFERIORITY COMPLEX- a complex state of a person associated with a lack of any qualities (abilities, knowledge, skills), accompanied by deep
s ^ about

mi negative emotional experiences about it.
REVIVAL COMPLEX- a complex sensory-motor reaction of an infant (about 2-3 months old), arising from the perception of a loved one, primarily his mother.
CONVERGENCE- reduction of the visual axes of the eyes on any object or to one point of the visual space.
CONSTANTITY OF PERCEPTION- the ability to perceive objects and see them relatively constant in size, shape and color in changing physical conditions of perception.
CONTENT ANALYSIS- a method of psychological study of various texts, which makes it possible to judge the psychology of the creators of these texts by their content.
CONFLICT INTER-PERSONALITY- the state of dissatisfaction of a person with any circumstances of his life, associated with the presence of contradictory interests, aspirations, needs that give rise to affects and stress.
INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT- an intractable contradiction that arises between people and is caused by the incompatibility of their views, interests, goals, needs.
CONFORMITY- uncritical acceptance by a person of someone else's wrong opinion, accompanied by an insincere rejection of his own opinion, the correctness of which the person internally does not doubt. Such refusal in case of conforming behavior is usually motivated by some opportunistic considerations.
CONCEPTUAL REFLECTOR ARC- a concept that expands and deepens the Pavlovian idea of reflex arc due to the inclusion of the latest data on the specialization and work of various groups of neurons in the cerebral cortex. The concept of K.r.d. introduced by E.N. Sokolov and Ch.A. Izmailov.
CORRELATION- a mathematical concept that indicates a statistical relationship that exists between the phenomena under study (see. math statistics).
INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT COEFFICIENT- a numerical indicator of a person's mental development, obtained as a result of the use of special tests, designed to quantify the level of development of human intelligence.
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A CRISIS- a state of mental disorder caused by a person’s long-term dissatisfaction with himself and his relationship with the outside world. To. age quite often arises at transition of the person from one age group to another.
CULTURAL-HISTORICAL THEORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER MENTAL FUNCTIONS- a theory explaining the process of formation and development higher mental functions human on the basis of cultural and socio-historical conditions of human existence. Developed in the 20-30s by L.S. Vygotsky.
LABILITY- property of nervous processes (nervous system), manifested in the ability to conduct a certain number of nerve impulses per unit of time. L. also characterizes the speed of occurrence and termination of the nervous process.
LIBIDO one of the basic concepts psychoanalysis. Denotes a certain type of energy, most often biochemical, which underlies the needs and actions of a person. The concept of L. was introduced into scientific circulation by Z. Freud.
LEADER- a member of a group whose authority, power or authority is unconditionally recognized by the rest of the members small group, ready to follow him.
LEADERSHIP- behavior leader in small group. The acquisition or loss of leadership powers by him, the exercise of his leadership functions.
LINGUISTIC- pertaining to language.
PERSONALITY- a concept denoting a set of stable psychological qualities of a person that make up him individuality.
LOGOTHERAPY- psychotherapeutic method (see. psychotherapy), designed to give a person’s life that has lost its meaning a more definite spiritual content, to draw the attention and consciousness of a person to genuine moral and cultural values. It was proposed by the Austrian psychiatrist W. Frankl and is based on a person's awareness of his responsibility to people and himself.
LOCALIZATION OF MENTAL FUNCTIONS(properties and states of a person) - representation in the structures of the human brain of the location of the main mental functions, states and properties there, their connection with specific anatomical and physiological departments and structures of the brain.
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LOCAL- limited, local.
LOCUS OF CONTROL- a concept that characterizes the localization of the reasons on the basis of which a person explains his own behavior and the behavior of other people observed by him. Internal L.c. - this is a search for the causes of behavior in the person himself, and the external L.k. - their localization outside the person, in his environment. The concept of L.K. introduced by the American psychologist J. Rotter.
LONGITUDINAL STUDY- a long-term scientific study of the processes of formation, development and change of any mental or behavioral phenomena.
LOVE- the highest spiritual feeling of a person, rich in a variety of emotional experiences, based on noble feelings and high morality, and accompanied by a willingness to do everything in his power for the well-being of a loved one.
MASOCHISM- self-humiliation, self-torture of a person, associated with dissatisfaction with oneself and the conviction that the causes of life's failures are in oneself (see. internal locus of control). M.- one of the main concepts used in the typology of social characters proposed by the German-American scientist E. Fromm.
SMALL GROUP- a small number of people, including from 2-3 to 20-30 people engaged in common affairs and having direct personal contacts with each other.
MASS PHENOMENA OF THE PSYCHE- socio-psychological phenomena that arise in the masses of people (population, crowd, mass, group, nation, etc.). M.i.p. include rumors, panic, imitation, contagion, suggestion and etc.
MASS COMMUNICATIONS- means of information transmission designed for a mass audience: print, radio, television, etc.
MATH STATISTICS- an area of ​​higher mathematics that deals with patterns that characterize the interaction of random variables. Methods M.s. are widely used in psychology to search for and detect reliable links between mental and behavioral phenomena and other factors considered as their causes or consequences.
INSTANT MEMORY- memory, designed for a very short time, the preservation of traces of reproduction in a person’s head
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accepted material. M.p. acts, as a rule, only during the process of perception itself.
MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY- a branch of psychological science that studies mental phenomena and human behavior in order to prevent, diagnose and treat various diseases.
MELANCHOLIC- a person whose behavior is characterized by a slow reaction to acting incentives, as well as speech, thought and motor processes.
TWIN METHOD- a method of scientific research based on a comparison of the psychology and behavior of two types of twins: monozygotic (with the same genotype) and dizygotic (with a different genotype). M.b. is used to solve the problem of genotypic or environmental conditioning of certain psychological and behavioral characteristics of a person.
TRIAL AND ERROR METHOD- a way of acquiring knowledge, skills and abilities through repeated mechanical repetition of actions, as a result of which they are formed. M.p. and about. introduced by the American researcher E. Thorndike to study the process learning in animals.
SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL METHOD- a way of studying the content and structure consciousness a person through his definition of concepts using a series of pre-set polar definitions such as “strong - weak”, “good - bad”, etc. M.sd. introduced by the American psychologist C. Osgood.
DREAMS- a person's plans for the future, presented in his imagination and realizing the most important needs and interests for him.
MIMIC- a set of movements of parts of a person's face, expressing his state or attitude to what he perceives (imagines, ponders, recalls, etc.).
MODALITY- a concept denoting the quality of sensations that arise under the influence of certain irritants.
MOTIVE OF POWER- a stable personality trait that expresses the need of one person to have power over other people, the desire to dominate, manage, dispose of them.
MOTIVE- an internal stable psychological reason for a person's behavior or act.
SUCCESS MOTIVATION- the need to achieve success in various activities, considered as a stable personal trait.
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MOTIVE OF AVOIDING FAILURE - a more or less stable desire of a person to avoid failures in those life situations where the results of his activities are evaluated by other people. M.H.S. - trait personality, opposite to achievement motive success.
MOTIVATION is a dynamic process of internal, psychological and physiological control of behavior, including its initiation, direction, organization, support.
MOTIVATION - a rational justification, an explanation by the person himself of his actions, which does not always correspond to the truth.
THINKING is a psychological process of cognition associated with the discovery of subjectively new knowledge, with the solution of problems, with the creative transformation of reality.

OBSERVATION - a method of psychological research, designed to directly obtain the necessary information through the organs feelings.
SKILL - a formed, automatically carried out movement that does not require conscious control and special volitional efforts to perform it.
VISUAL-ACTIVE THINKING - a way of practical problem solving, involving a visual study of the situation and practical actions in it with material objects.
VISUAL-FIGULATORY THINKING is a way of solving problems, including observing the situation and operating with images of its constituent objects without practical actions with them.
RELIABILITY - the quality of a scientific research method that allows you to get the same results with repeated or repeated use of this method.
INTENTION - conscious desire, willingness to do something.
PERSONALITY ORIENTATION - a concept denoting a set of needs and motives personality, determining the main direction of its behavior.
TENSION - a state of increased physical or psychological arousal, accompanied by unpleasant internal feelings and requiring relaxation.
MOOD - the emotional state of a person associated with weakly expressed positive or negative
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strong emotions and existing for a long time.
LEARNING- acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities as a result of life experience.
NEUROTISM- a property of a person, characterized by his increased excitability, impulsiveness and anxiety.
NEGATIVISM- demonstrative opposition of a person to other people, non-acceptance of reasonable advice from other people. Often seen in children during puberty crises.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY- a branch of psychological science that studies the relationship of mental processes, properties and states with the work of the brain.
NEOBEHAVIORISM- direction in psychology, which came to replace behaviorism in the 30s of the XX century. Characterized by the recognition of the active role of mental states in the management of behavior. Presented in the teachings of American psychologists E. Tolman, K. Hull, B. Skinner.
NEOFREUDISM- the doctrine that arose on the basis psychoanalysis Z. Freud. It is associated with the recognition of the essential role of society in the formation of personality and with the refusal to consider organic needs as the only basis for social human behavior.
NORMS SOCIAL- accepted in a given society or group rules of conduct governing human relationships.
DENICHATION- (cm. depersonalization).
GENERALIZATION- (cm. abstraction) - singling out the general from a multitude of particular phenomena. The transfer of once formed knowledge, skills and skills to new challenges and situations.
IMAGE- a generalized picture of the world (objects, phenomena), emerging as a result of processing information about it, coming through the senses.
FEEDBACK- the process of obtaining information about the states of a communication partner in order to improve communication and achieve the desired result.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY- a field of psychological science that studies the general patterns of the psyche and human behavior, develops basic concepts and represents the main laws on the basis of which it is formed, developed and functions psyche person.
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COMMUNICATION- exchange of information between people, their interaction.
ORDINARY CONSCIOUSNESS- the average level of consciousness of the masses of people that make up this society. O.s. differs from scientific consciousness in the low reliability and accuracy of the information available in it.
OBJECTIVATION- the process and result of localization of images of perception in the external world - where the source of perceived information is located.
giftedness- the presence of a person makings to development abilities.
EXPECTATION one of the basic concepts cognitive psychology, expressing the ability of a person to anticipate future events.
ONTOGENESIS- the process of individual development of the organism or personalities(cm.).
OPERATOR CONDITIONING- a type of learning carried out by reinforcing the most successful reactions of the body to certain incentives. The concept of O.O. proposed by the American psychologist E. Thorndike and developed by B. Skinner.
RAM- a type of memory designed to store information for a certain time required to perform some action or operations.
OPERATION- a system of movements associated with the implementation of a specific action, aimed at achieving its goal.
OBJECTIVE- a dialectical-materialistic concept that denotes the process and result of the embodiment in the objects of human activity that make up material and spiritual culture, his own abilities.
POLL- a method of psychological study, in the process of applying which people are asked questions and, based on the answers to them, they judge the psychology of these people.
QUESTIONNAIRE PERSONAL- a method of personality research based on the use of a system of written or oral, pre-thought-out questions addressed to a person whose psychological characteristics are to be studied.
SENSORS- bodily organs specially designed for perception, processing and storage of information. O.h. include receptors nerve pathways that conduct excitations to the brain and back, as well as the central parts of the human nervous system that process these excitations.
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ORDERING REACTION (REFLEX) - the body's reaction to new stimuli, manifested in its general activation, in focusing attention, in mobilizing forces and resources.
INTELLIGENCE OF PERCEPTION - the property of human perception to attribute a certain meaning to a perceived object or phenomenon, designate it with a word, refer to a certain language category.
BASIC PSYCHOPHYSICAL LAW - (see. Weber-Fechner law).
DEVIANT (DEVIANT) BEHAVIOR - human behavior deviating from established legal or moral norms, violating them.
OPEN CRISIS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE - a critical state in psychological science that arose at the beginning of the 20th century. and associated with its inability to satisfactorily resolve a number of topical theoretical and practical problems.
RELATIVE THRESHOLD OF SENSATION - the amount by which the stimulus acting on the sense organs must change in order to simultaneously change the sensation it causes (value A / in the Bouguer-Weber law).
REFLECTION - a philosophical and epistemological concept related to the theory of knowledge. In accordance with it, all mental processes and states of a person are considered as reflections in the head of a person of an objective reality independent of him.
ALIENATION - the process or result of the loss of meaning or personal meaning for a person (see. personal meaning) what previously attracted his attention was interesting and important to him.
SENSATION - an elementary mental process, which is a subjective reflection by a living being in the form of mental phenomena of the simplest properties of the surrounding world.
MEMORY - the processes of memorization, preservation, reproduction and processing by a person of various information.
GENETIC MEMORY - memory conditioned genotype passed down from generation to generation.
LONG-TERM MEMORY - a memory designed for long-term storage and repeated reproduction of information, provided that it is preserved.
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SHORT-TERM MEMORY - a memory designed to store information for a short period of time, from several to tens of seconds, until the information contained in it is used or transferred to long-term memory.
RAM MEMORY - (see RAM).
PANIC is a mass phenomenon psyche, characterized by the occurrence simultaneously in many people who are in contact with each other, feelings of fear, anxiety, as well as erratic, chaotic movements and ill-considered actions.
PANTOMIMICS - a system of expressive movements performed with the help of the body.
PARAPSYCHOLOGY is a field of psychology that studies unusual phenomena that cannot be scientifically explained, associated with the psychology and behavior of people.
PATHOPSYCHOLOGY is a field of psychological research related to the study of deviations in the psyche and behavior of a person in various diseases.
PEDAGOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY - a field of psychological science that studies the psychological foundations of training, education and pedagogical activity.
PRIMARY DATA - that information about the phenomena under study, which is obtained at the beginning of the study and is subject to further processing before reliable conclusions about these phenomena can be made on its basis.
PRIMARY EMOTIONS - genotypically (see. genotype) conditioned elementary emotional experiences: pleasure, displeasure, pain, fear, anger, etc.
EXPERIENCE - a feeling accompanied by emotions.
PERSONALIZATION - the process of transforming a person into personality(see), acquisitions by him individuality(cm.).
PERCEPTIVE - pertaining to perception.
REINFORCEMENT - a means that can satisfy the need that has arisen, relieve the tension caused by it. P. is also a means of confirming the correctness or fallacy of a committed act, action.
IMITATION - conscious or unconscious human behavior aimed at reproducing the actions and actions of other people.
SEX-ROLE TYPING - the assimilation by a person of the forms of social behavior typical of people of the same sex with him.
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GENDER-ROLE BEHAVIOR - behavior characteristic of a person of a certain gender in the social role that corresponds to this gender.
UNDERSTANDING - a psychological state that expresses the correctness of the decision made and is accompanied by a sense of confidence in the accuracy of the perception or interpretation of an event, phenomenon, fact.
SENSATION THRESHOLD - meaning stimulus, affecting the senses, which causes a minimum sensation (lower absolute threshold sensations) the maximum possible sensation of the corresponding modality (the upper absolute threshold of sensation) or a change in the parameters of an already existing sensation (see Fig. relative threshold).
ACT - consciously committed by a person and controlled will action based on certain beliefs.
NEED - a state of need of an organism, individual, personality in something necessary for their normal existence.
PRACTICAL THINKING is a kind of thinking aimed at solving practical problems.
PREDICATIVE - characteristic inner speech, expressed in the absence in it of words representing the subject (subject), and the presence of only words related to the predicate (predicate).
OBJECTIVENESS OF PERCEPTION - the property of perception to represent the world not in the form of separate sensations, but in the form of integral images related to perceived objects.
PREJUDICE - a persistent erroneous opinion, not supported by facts and logic, based on faith.
PRECONSCIOUSNESS - the mental state of a person, which occupies an intermediate place between consciousness and unconscious. It is characterized by the presence of a vague awareness of what is being experienced, but the absence of volitional control or the ability to manage it.
REPRESENTATION - the process and result of reproduction in the form of an image of an object, event, phenomenon.
HABITATION - cessation or decrease in the severity of response to a stimulus that still continues to act.
PROJECTION is one of defense mechanisms, through which a person gets rid of feelings about his own shortcomings by attributing them to other people.
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PROPRIOCEPTIVE - associated with the muscular system.
PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR - the behavior of a person among people, disinterestedly aimed at their benefit.
PSYCHE is a general concept denoting the totality of all mental phenomena studied in psychology.
MENTAL PROCESSES - processes occurring in the human head and reflected in dynamically changing mental phenomena: sensations, perception, imagination, memory, thinking, speech and etc.
PSYCHOANALYSIS - a doctrine created by Z. Freud. It contains a system of ideas and methods for interpreting dreams and other unconscious mental phenomena, as well as diagnosing and treating various mental illnesses.
PSYCHOGENETICS is a field of research that studies the hereditary nature of certain mental and behavioral phenomena, their dependence on genotype.
PSYCHODIAGNOSIS is a field of research related to quantitative assessment and accurate qualitative analysis psychological properties and states of a person using scientifically proven methods that provide reliable information about them.
PSYCHOLINGUISTICS is a field of science that is borderline between psychology and linguistics and deals with the study of human speech, its occurrence and functioning.
PSYCHOLOGICAL COMPATIBILITY OF PEOPLE - the ability of people to find mutual understanding, establish business and personal contacts, cooperate with each other.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CLIMATE - (see. socio-psychological climate).
LABOR PSYCHOLOGY - a field of science that studies the psychological aspects of people's work, including their professional orientation, vocational counseling, vocational training and work organization.
MANAGEMENT PSYCHOLOGY - a branch of psychological science that studies the psychological aspects of human management of various objects: government organizations, people, economic and technical systems, etc.
PSYCHOTHERAPY is an area bordering between medicine and psychology, in which psychological diagnostic tools and methods of treating diseases are widely used.
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PSYCHOTECHNOLOGY is a field of research that existed in the first decades of the 20th century. and associated with the study of the interaction between man and machines, the use by man of various mechanical and technical devices in his work.
PSYCHOPHYSICS is a field of research designed to answer fundamental questions concerning the relationship between mental and physical processes and phenomena. A private but important issue of P. is the use of physical methods to measure human sensations.
PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL PROBLEM - the problem of the connection of mental phenomena with physiological processes occurring in the human body and brain.
PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL PARALLELISM - the doctrine of the parallel and independent existence of psychological and physiological processes in the human body.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY is a field of research bordering between psychology and physiology. He studies the links that exist between psychological phenomena and physiological processes in the body.
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PROBLEM - the problem of the connection between the world of physical phenomena studied by natural sciences and psychological phenomena studied by psychology (see. psychophysiological problem).
IRRITABILITY - the ability of living organisms to respond biologically expediently (for the purpose of self-preservation and development) to environmental influences that are significant for their life.
IRRITANT - any factor that affects the body and can cause any reaction in it.
DISTRIBUTION - a philosophical, dialectical-materialistic concept, meaning the process of acquiring by a person those knowledge, skills and abilities that were previously laid down (objectified) (see. objectification) in objects of material and spiritual culture. R. acts as the main source of formation and development of human abilities.
DISSOLUTION - inability attention concentrate on the object.
Rationalization is one of defense mechanisms, expressed in the search for reasonable and logical explanations by a person for his negative actions and actions, calculated for their moral justification and removal of remorse.
REACTION - the body's response to some stimulus.
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RELAXATION - relaxation.
REMINISCENCE - spontaneous recall of material that was once perceived, but then temporarily forgotten and not restored to memory.
REFERENCE GROUP - A group of people who are attractive to an individual in some way. Group source of individual values, judgments, actions, norms and rules of conduct.
REFLEX - an automatic response of the body to the action of any internal or external stimulus.
REFLEX UNCONDITIONAL - an innate automatic reaction of the body to a specific effect.
CONDITIONAL REFLEX - an acquired reaction of the body to a certain stimulus, resulting from a combination of the impact of this stimulus with positive reinforcement from the actual need.
REFLECTION - the ability of human consciousness to focus on itself.
REFLEX ARC - a concept denoting a set of nerve structures that conduct nerve impulses from stimuli located on the periphery of the body to the center (see Fig. afferent), processing them into central nervous system and causing a reaction to the corresponding irritants.
RECEPTOR - a specialized organic device located on the surface of the body or inside it and designed to perceive stimuli of various nature: physical, chemical, mechanical, etc. - and their transformation into nerve electrical impulses.
SPEECH - a system used by a person of sound signals, written signs and symbols for the presentation, processing, storage and transmission of information.
INTERNAL SPEECH - (see. inner speech).
DECISION - readiness to move on to practical actions, the formed intention to commit a certain act.
RIGIDITY - inhibition of thinking, manifested in the difficulty of a person's refusal from a decision once made, a way of thinking and acting.
ROLE - a concept that denotes a person's behavior in a certain life situation corresponding to his position (for example, the role of a leader, subordinate, father, mother, etc.).
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SADISM - hostile actions of a person in relation to people, animals, sometimes acquiring the form of a pathological desire to harm them. The desire for destruction, the destruction of everything that is around. S. is one of the basic concepts used by E. Fromm to build a typology of social characters.
SELF-ACTUALIZATION- the use and development by a person of his inclinations, their transformation into abilities. Striving for personal improvement. C. as a concept introduced in humanistic psychology.
INTROSPECTION.- (cm. introspection).
SELF-CONTROL- the ability of a person to maintain inner peace, to act reasonably and prudently in difficult life situations.
SELF-DETERMINATION OF THE PERSON- an independent choice by a person of his life path, goals, values, moral standards, future profession and living conditions.
SELF-ESTEEM- assessment of a person's own qualities, advantages and disadvantages.
SELF-REGULATION- the process of managing a person's own psychological and physiological states, as well as actions.
SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS- a person's awareness of himself, his own qualities.
SANGUINE- a type of temperament, characterized by energy, increased efficiency and speed of reactions.
SUPER ADDITIVE EFFECT- higher in quantitative and qualitative terms, in comparison with individual work, the result of group activity. S. e. occurs in small group when it approaches the level of development to team due to a clearer division of responsibilities, coordination of actions and the establishment of good business and personal relationships between its members.
EXCESSIVE ACTIVITIES- voluntary, going beyond the established social norms, activity of a person or a group of people, aimed at helping other people.
PROPERTIES OF THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM- a complex of physical characteristics of the nervous system that determine the processes of occurrence, conduction, switching and pre-
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staining of nerve impulses in various departments and parts central nervous system.
SENSITIVITY- a characteristic of the sense organs, expressed in their ability to subtly and accurately perceive, distinguish and selectively respond to weak, slightly different stimuli.
SENSITIVE PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT- a period in a person's life that provides the most favorable conditions for the formation of certain psychological properties and types of behavior in him.
SENSITIZATION- an increase in the sensitivity of the sense organs under the influence of certain stimuli on them, in particular those that come at the same time to other sense organs (for example, an increase in visual acuity under the influence of auditory stimuli).
SENSORY- associated with the work of the senses.
SENSATIONALISM- a philosophical doctrine, for which sensations act as the only source of information and knowledge of the external world by a person.
STRENGTH OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM- the property of the nervous system to withstand prolonged and heavy loads.
SYMBOL- sign something that has a certain resemblance to the designated object.
SYMPATHY- a feeling of emotional predisposition to a person, increased interest and attraction to him.
SYNESTHESIA- the ability of an irritant, addressed by nature to a sensory organ adapted for it, to simultaneously cause an unusual sensation in another sensory organ. For example, when perceiving music, some people may experience visual sensations.
TENDENCY- predisposition to something.
VERBAL-LOGICAL THINKING- a type of human thinking, where verbal abstraction and logical reasoning.
PERSONAL MEANING- the meaning that an object, event, fact or word acquires for a given person as a result of his personal life experience. The concept of S.l. introduced by A. N. Leontiev.
CONSCIENCE- a concept denoting a person's ability to experience, perceive deeply personally and regret cases of violation by himself or other people of moral
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norms. S. characterizes personality, reached a high level of psychological development.
COMPATIBILITY - the ability of people to work together, to successfully solve problems that require them to coordinate actions and good mutual understanding.
CONSCIOUSNESS - the highest level of mental reflections a person of reality, its representation in the form of generalized images and concepts.
Empathy - a person experiencing the same feelings and emotions that are characteristic of people next to him (see also empathy).
COMPETITION - a person's desire to compete with other people, the desire to defeat them, win, surpass.
CONCENTRATION - the concentration of a person's attention.
COOPERATION - a person's desire for coordinated, well-coordinated work with people. Willingness to support and help them. Opposite rivalry.
PRESERVATION is one of the processes memory, aimed at retaining the received information in it.
SOCIALIZATION is the process and result of the child's assimilation of social experience. As a result, S. the child becomes a cultured, educated and well-mannered person.
SOCIAL INHIBITION - inhibition of mental processes, deterioration of human activity in the presence of other people under their influence.
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of psychological science that studies psychological phenomena that arise in the interaction and communication of people.
SOCIAL ROLE - a set of norms, rules and forms of behavior that characterize the typical actions of a person occupying a certain position in society.
SOCIAL SITUATION OF DEVELOPMENT - a system of social conditions that determine the psychological development of a person.
SOCIAL ATTITUDE - a person's stable internal attitude towards someone or something, including thoughts, emotions and actions taken by him in relation to this object.
SOCIAL FACILITATION - facilitating the impact of people present on the psychology and behavior of a person
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century, expressed in the activation of his mental processes and states, the improvement of practical activity. S.f. opposite of social inhibition.
SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAINING - the theory and practice of special psychotherapeutic influence on people, designed to improve their communication and adaptation to living conditions.
SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS - judgments, actions and deeds expected from a person occupying a certain position in society, corresponding to his social roles.
SOCIAL STEREOTYPE - distorted social attitudes of a person towards people of a certain category, which arose under the influence of a limited or one-sided life experience of communicating with representatives of a given social group: national, religious, cultural, etc.
SOCIOGRAM - a graphic drawing, with the help of which the system of personal relationships that have developed between members of the small group at this point in time. Used in sociometry.
SOCIOMETRY - a set of similarly constructed methods designed to identify and present in the form sociograms and a number of special indices of the system of personal relationships between members small group.
COHESION OF A SMALL GROUP - a psychological characteristic of the unity of members small group.
ABILITIES - individual characteristics of people, on which their acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities, as well as the success of performing various types of activities depends.
STATUS - the position of a person in the system of intragroup relations, which determines the degree of his authority in the eyes of other participants groups.
LEADERSHIP STYLE - a characteristic of the relationship that develops between leader and led. The methods and means used by the leader to exert the necessary influence on people dependent on him.
STIMULUS - something that affects the human senses, (see also stimulus).
PASSION - a strongly expressed passion of a person for someone or something, accompanied by deep emotional experiences associated with the corresponding object.
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PURSUIT- desire and readiness to act in a certain way.
STRESS- a state of mental (emotional) and behavioral disorder associated with a person's inability to act expediently and reasonably in the current situation.
STRUCTURE OF PERCEPTION- the property of human perception to combine influencing stimuli into integral and relatively simple structures (see. gestalt).
SUBLIMATION- (cm. substitution).
SUB-SENSORY PERCEPTION- unconscious perception and processing by a person of signals entering the brain through the senses and not reaching a threshold value (see. absolute threshold of sensation).
SUBJECTIVE- pertaining to a person - a subject.
SUGGESTIA- (cm. suggestion).
SURDOPSYCHOLOGY- a special branch of psychology that studies the characteristics of deaf and hard of hearing people.
SCHEME OF THINKING- a system of concepts or logic of reasoning habitually applied by a person when meeting with an unfamiliar object or a new task.
TALENT- a high level of development of human abilities, ensuring the achievement of outstanding success in a particular type of activity.
CREATIVE THINKING- the kind of thinking associated with the creation or discovery of something new.
TEMPERAMENT- a dynamic characteristic of mental processes and human behavior, manifested in their speed, variability, intensity and other characteristics.
ACTIVITY THEORY- a psychological theory that considers the mental processes of a person as types of internal activity arising from external and having a structure similar to external activity. etc. developed by A.N. Leontiev.
THE THEORY OF CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER MENTAL FUNCTIONS(cm. cultural-historical theory of the development of higher mental functions).
THEORY OF LEARNING- a general concept denoting a set of psychological and physiological concepts that explain how a person and animals acquire life experience.
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SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY - a concept that explains the process of acquiring experience by a person under the influence of social factors as a result of training, education, communication and interaction with people.
THE THEORY OF EMOTIONS BY JAMES-LANGE - a theory that considers emotions as a subjective reflection of organic processes and asserts their derivative nature from the processes occurring in the body. Proposed by the American psychologist W. James and refined by the Danish scientist Glange at the end of the 19th century.
THEORY OF EMOTIONS KENNON-BARD - a theory stating that emotions are the result of processing signals that enter the brain from the external and internal environment. Switching in the thalamus to nerve pathways that simultaneously go to the cerebral cortex and internal organs, these signals give rise to emotions and the organic changes that accompany them. T.e. K.-B. acts as an alternative to the theory of emotions James Lange.
TEST is a standardized psychological technique designed for a comparative quantitative assessment of a person's psychological quality being studied.
TESTING - application procedure tests on practice.
ANXIETY - the property of a person to come into a state of increased anxiety, experience fear and anxiety in specific social situations.
BELIEF - a person's confidence in his rightness, confirmed by relevant arguments and facts.
RECOGNIZATION - the assignment of the perceived object to the category of already known.
SKILL - the ability to perform certain actions with good quality and successfully cope with activities involving these actions.
CONCLUSION - the process of a logical conclusion of a certain position from some reliable statements - premises.
LEVEL OF CLAIMS - the maximum success that a person expects to achieve in a particular type of activity.
CONDITIONAL REFLECTOR LEARNING - the acquisition of lifetime experience through the mechanism of a conditioned reflex (see. conditioned reflex).
INSTALLATION - readiness, predisposition to certain actions or reactions to specific stimuli.
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FATIGUE - a state of fatigue, accompanied by reduced performance.
FACTOR ANALYSIS- a method of mathematical and statistical processing of scientific research data, which makes it possible to identify and describe the underlying, directly unperceivable causes, called factors.
FANATICISM- excessive enthusiasm of a person for something, accompanied by a decrease in control over one's behavior, uncritical judgments about the object of one's passion.
FANTASY- (cm. autism, imagination, daydreams, daydreams).
PHANTOM LIMB- an illusory feeling of the presence of a lost limb - arms or legs, which persists for a long time after their removal.
PHENOTYPE- acquired characteristics or a set of properties that have arisen on the basis of a certain genotype under the influence of education and upbringing.
PHI-PHENOMENON- the illusion of moving a luminous point from one place to another, arising from their sequential perception in a short time and at a small distance from each other.
PHLEGMATIC PERSON- a type of human temperament, characterized by reduced reactivity, poorly developed, slow expressive movements (see).
FREUDISM- a doctrine associated with the name of the Austrian psychiatrist and psychologist Z. Freud. Except psychoanalysis contains a theory of personality, a system of views on the relationship between a person and society, a set of ideas about the stages and stages of a person's psychosexual development.
FRUSTRATION- an emotionally difficult experience by a person of his failure, accompanied by a feeling of hopelessness, the collapse of hopes in achieving a certain desired goal.
FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM- a complexly organized psychophysiological system that ensures the coordinated work of physiological and psychological processes involved in the regulation of a holistic behavioral act. The concept of F.s. proposed by P.K. Anokhin.
FUNCTIONAL BODY- a vitally formed organic system that ensures the work of higher
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mental functions and being their anatomical and physiological basis.
CHARACTER - a set of personality traits that determine the typical ways of its response to life circumstances.
INTEGRITY OF PERCEPTION- sensory, mental completion of the totality of some perceived elements of the object to its integral image.
CENSORSHIP is a psychoanalytic concept (cf. psychoanalysis), denoting subconscious psychological forces that seek to prevent certain thoughts, feelings, images, desires from entering consciousness.
VALUES- what a person especially appreciates in life, to which he attaches a special, positive life meaning.
VALUE ORIENTATIONS- (cm. values).
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM- part of the nervous system, including the brain, diencephalon and spinal cord.
CENTRAL- characteristics of nervous processes occurring at higher levels central nervous system.
PERSONALITY TRAIT- a stable property of a personality that determines its characteristic behavior and thinking.
AMBITION- a person's desire for success, designed to increase his authority and recognition from others.
SENSITIVITY- the ability of the body to remember and respond to environmental influences that do not have direct biological significance, but cause a psychological reaction in the form of sensations.
FEELING- higher, culturally determined emotion person associated with some social object.
EGOCENTRISM- the concentration of consciousness and attention of a person exclusively on himself, accompanied by ignoring what is happening around.
EIDETIC MEMORY- visual memory for images, characterized by the ability to store and reproduce them for a sufficiently long time.
EUPHORIA- a state of excessive cheerfulness, usually not caused by any objective circumstances.
EXPECTATIONS- (cm. social expectations).
EXPRESSION- (cm. expressive movement).
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EXTERIORIZATION - the process of transition of internal states into external, practical actions. E. opposite interiorization(cm.).
EXTRAVERSION - the focus of a person's consciousness and attention mainly on what is happening around him. E. opposite introversion.
EMOTIONS - elementary experiences that arise in a person under the influence of the general state of the body and the course of the process of meeting actual needs.
EMOTIONALITY - a characteristic of a person, manifested in the frequency of occurrence of various emotions and feelings.
Empathy is a person's ability to empathize and sympathize with other people, to understand their internal states.
EMPIRISM is a trend in the philosophical theory of knowledge that reduces it to sensory experience.
Epiphenomenon - an unnecessary, inactive appendage.
ZEIGARNIK EFFECT - a phenomenon that a person remembers better and more often reproduces those tasks that he failed to complete on time.
NOVELTY EFFECT - a phenomenon from the field of people's perception of each other. It manifests itself in the fact that a greater influence on the formation of a person's image usually has such information about him that comes last, i.e. is the most recent.
The HALO EFFECT is a phenomenon characterized by the fact that the first impression of a person determines his subsequent perception by other people, passing into the mind of the perceiving person only what corresponds to the prevailing first impression, and filtering out what contradicts it.
EFFICIENCY OF GROUP ACTIVITIES - the productivity and quality of joint work of people in a small group.
EFFECTIVE - (see. efferent).
EFFERENT - a process directed from the inside out, from the central nervous system to the periphery of the body.
LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY - a branch of psychological science that studies the mental processes, phenomena and states of people involved in the perception, following legal norms. In Yu.p. the phenomena associated with the production of an inquiry, the trial and the correction of convicts are also investigated.

Glossary of terms

ADAPTATION (English - adaptation, German - Adaptuerung) - the adaptation of an organ, organism, personality or group to changed external conditions. Distinguish adaptation: physiological; medical; analyzers (as a change in their sensitivity); socio-psychological (as the interaction of an individual or a social group with the social environment when included in a new group); professional (when included in the new working conditions).

ADAPTABILITY (English - adaptability, German - Anpassungsvermogen) - the ability to adapt.

ADEQUACY OF MENTAL REACTIONS (English - adequitness of mental responses, German - Aquivalenz der mental Reizantwort) - the correspondence of mental reactions to the value of the stimulus.

Adequate stimulus (English - adequate stimulus, German - Normalreiz) - a stimulus to which the sensory organ (analyzer) responds normally.

ACTUALIZATION (English - actualization, German - Artualization) - the transition of a mental phenomenon from potential to actual or from less relevant to more relevant. The concept was developed by B.G. Ananiev and his students.

AMBIVALENCE (English - ambivalence, German - Ambivalenz) - the simultaneous existence or incompatible emotions and feelings (laughing and crying, love and hate, etc.) in a person to the same object.

AMNESIA (English - amnesia, German - Amnesie) - lack of memories due to memory impairment; memory loss.

ANALYZER (English - analysor, German - Analysator) - an organ that provides the formation of sensations and perceptions. The term was introduced in 1909 by I.P. Pavlov instead of the obsolete "sense organ". Each analyzer consists of three parts: a peripheral, or perceiving section - a receptor (all sense organs - an eye, an ear, etc.), pathways and higher nerve centers in the cerebral cortex. There are analyzers: visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, thermal, kinestatic (motor).

QUESTIONNAIRE (English - questionary, German - Fragebogen) - one of the methods of psychology: writing questions, providing written answers in a strictly defined form (this questionnaire differs from a questionnaire where answers are given in free form)

ANITICIPATION (English - anticipation, German - Antizipation) - the ability of a person to foresee, predict events.

APPERCEPTION (English - apperception, German - Apperzeption) - a manifestation of the selectivity of perception, its dependence on the experience and orientation of the individual. The term was introduced by G. Leibniz.

ASSOCIATION (English - association, German - Assoziation) - a connection that occurs under certain conditions between two or more mental formations (sensations, perceptions, motor acts). The basic concept of associative psychology (English - association psychology), which explains the dynamics of mental processes using the principle of association. Association is distinguished by similarity, contrast, adjacency (in time or space). This division was proposed by Aristotle. The term was introduced by J. Locke.

AFFECT (English - affect, German - Affect) - a rapidly flowing short-term emotion of an explosive nature, not controlled by consciousness. Occurs, as a rule, in response to a strong irritant.

Abstraction is the mental selection of any property of an object or phenomenon and a distraction from all the others. Authoritarianism is a person's tendency to control other people with power, to suppress their initiative, to use coercive measures. Aggression is a motivated destructive behavior that causes moral and / or physical damage to others, causing psychological discomfort. Psychological adaptation - adaptation of a person to new conditions of life, to other people and social circumstances. Test adaptation - a set of research procedures aimed at adapting the test to use in new conditions. For example, the adaptation of foreign methods in relation to the conditions of a different social and cultural environment. Accentuations of character are extreme variants of the norm, in which individual character traits are excessively strengthened. Ambivalence of feelings is a contradictory emotional experience associated with an ambivalent attitude towards a person, object, phenomenon. The simultaneous manifestation of sympathy and antipathy, love and hatred, affection and disgust, acceptance and rejection. Amnesia is a memory impairment that occurs when the brain is damaged. Analysis is an intellectual operation that consists in dividing the whole into its constituent parts or descriptive features. Analytical psychology is a system of views of the Swiss psychologist K.G. Jung, in which, as in the concept of psychoanalysis 3. Freud, great importance is attached to the unconscious. In addition to the personal unconscious, the collective unconscious also stands out. Anamnesis - a set of information about the patient, about the conditions of life preceding the disease, about the history of the development of the disease. At present, A. is used not only in medicine, but also in psychology as a method of studying personality. Apperception - the influence of a person's past experience, his interests and personal characteristics on the image of an object or phenomenon that arises as a result of perception. Assertiveness is the ability of a person to defend his rights, taking into account the rights of others. Association - a connection between thoughts, images, in which the occurrence of one thought or image causes the appearance of others in memory. Attribution is the attribution by a person of motives of behavior, personal qualities and characteristics to other people based on an everyday analysis of their actions and deeds. Attitude - a stable predisposition that develops on the basis of experience, a person's social attitude towards people, events, social phenomena. Autogenic training is a set of special exercises based on relaxation and self-hypnosis. Can be used by a person to control their own mental states and behavior. Affect is a short-term, rapidly occurring and rapidly flowing emotional reaction, characterized by motor excitation, significant impairment of consciousness and the ability to volitional control over actions. Forms of manifestation of affect can be rage, anger, horror. Affiliation is a manifestation of a person's need for communication, emotional contacts, the desire to be in the company of other people, to help members of the group and accept their help, to interact with others. At the same time, communication itself is a value for a person, regardless of its purpose. B

PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIER (English - psychological barrier, German - psychologische Barriere) - a motive that prevents the performance of certain actions (in particular, communication with a certain person or group of people).

UNCONDITIONAL REFLEX, UNCONDITIONAL REFACTION (English - unconditional response, German - nightbedingle Reaktion) - an innate instinctive response to an unconditioned stimulus (English - unconditional stimulus). The basic concept of the reflex theory of the psyche, developed by I.M. Sechenov and I.P. Pavlov.

BEHAVIORISM (English - behaviorism, German - Behaviorismus) - the leading direction of American psychology of the first half of the twentieth century, which is based on the understanding of human (and animal) behavior as a set of motor and verbal (speech) and emotional responses (reactions) that are reduced to them ) on the influences (stimuli) of the external environment. This position is expressed by their direct connection according to the "stimulus-response" scheme. The founders of behaviorism - E. Thoridike and D. Watson

The psychological barrier is a misperception, an erroneous opinion, fear, insecurity that prevent a person from successfully completing a task. In business and personal relationships, people are prevented from establishing open and trusting relationships between them. The semantic barrier is a misunderstanding between people, caused by the fact that the same action, word, phrase is interpreted by them in different ways. A battery of tests is a group of test tasks (subtests) aimed at measuring various aspects of a complex mental function or quality and combined into one test. The unconscious is a set of mental phenomena that are not realized by a person, but that influence his behavior. AT

VALIDITY (English - validity, German - Validital, Gultigkeit) - the degree to which the parameters of the psychological method (questionnaires, surveys, tests) correspond to the parameters of the evaluated activity or function.

VERBALIZATION OF CONSCIOUSNESS (English - verbal thinking, German - Verbal Denken) - the transition of subjective phenomena in the words of external or internal speech. Everything that is verbalized (spoken) is realized by a person.

ATTENTION (English - attention, German - Aufmerksamkeit) - concentration and focus of mental activity on a specific object. There are types of understanding: involuntary (passive), voluntary (active, when the choice of the object of attention is carried out consciously, intentionally), post-voluntary (the volitional component is replaced by interest and developed skills). Characteristics of attention: volume (the number of objects that can be perceived and captured by a person in a relatively short period of time), distribution (the ability to simultaneously hold various objects in the field of consciousness), concentration (the ability to arbitrarily reduce its volume to one object), intensity, direction, switching, stability.

Suggestibility (English - suggestibility, German - Suggestibilitat) - the predisposition of the individual to suggestion.

SUGGESTION (English - sussestion, German - Suggestion) - an impact on a person, leading either to the appearance in a person, in addition to his will and consciousness, of a certain state, feeling, attitude, or to a person committing an act without thinking and fighting motives. The object of suggestion can be an individual, a group, a social stratum.

PERCEPTION (English - awareness, perception, German - Warnehmung, Perzeption) - the simplest form of mental reflection of objective reality peculiar only to man in the form of a holistic image. Unlike sensations, perception reflects the object holistically and objectively.

IMPRESSION (English - imptession, German - Eindruck) - a mental phenomenon characteristic of higher animals, and especially humans, in which fuzzy perception is enhanced by emotional coloring, as a result of which experience prevails over knowledge. Impressionability as a property of a person is expressed in the predominance of impressions over the cognitive function of perception of the surrounding world.

Validity is a property of a methodology (test) that characterizes the reliability of the information received about the studied mental phenomenon. Validity refers to whether a test actually measures what it measures and how well it does it. The leading type of activity is an activity that is decisive, decisive for mental development in a particular period of human development. Verbal - verbal; speech; expressed in words. Suggestibility is a property of a person, manifested in his susceptibility to suggestion, uncritical susceptibility to the influences of other people. Suggestible people take the advice of others relatively easily, are easily infected by the moods and opinions of other people, and show a tendency to imitate. Suggestion (suggestion) is a verbal and non-verbal influence on a person, characterized by a decrease in awareness and criticality when a person perceives what is suggested to him. Repression is one of the defense mechanisms in psychoanalytic personality theory. It manifests itself in the involuntary exclusion from consciousness of information unpleasant for a person, unacceptable thoughts, memories and experiences. They can no longer be remembered, although they can manifest themselves in human behavior. G

Gender differences are social and psychological differences between men and women. Gerontopsychology is a branch of developmental psychology that studies the psychological aspects of aging, changes in the psyche, behavior, and activities of people in the elderly and senile ages. Gestalt therapy is a direction of psychotherapy based on the idea that a person in his functioning strives for holistic development and integration, for the formation of a gestalt (integrity) of the personality Hypnosis is a mental state similar to sleep, which is characterized by a kind of inhibition of the cerebral cortex and activation of subcortical formations . It is caused by a special effect of a hypnotist or targeted self-hypnosis. It is characterized by increased susceptibility to the psychological effects of hypnotizing and reduced sensitivity to all other influences; used as a method of psychotherapeutic influence. Hypnopedia is a method of learning while you sleep. Hypnotherapy is a treatment method based on hypnotic suggestion. Group dynamics - intragroup processes that characterize leadership and leadership; group decision-making, standard formation, formation of the functional-role structure of the group, cohesion, conflicts; group pressure, etc. Group compatibility is a socio-psychological phenomenon that characterizes the degree of effectiveness of people's joint activities, the possibility of their adaptation to each other. D

BUSINESS GAMES (English - practical play, German - Geschafsspielen) - a method of modeling various management and production situations in order to learn decision-making.

DEPRESSION (English - depression, German - Depression) - a mental state of pronounced depression with a lack of interest in the environment; dreary mood with a consciousness of one's own worthlessness, with a decrease in the threshold of motives, inhibition of movements.

DIFFERENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY (English - differential psychology, German - differentielle Psychologie) - a branch of psychology that studies the differences in personalities as their individualities.

Deviant (deviant) behavior - behavior that deviates from legal or moral norms accepted in society. The main manifestations are crime and immorality A delinquent (offender) is a person whose deviant behavior in extreme manifestations represents criminally punishable actions. Depersonalization is a change in self-consciousness associated with the feeling of losing one's "I", the emergence of the effect of alienation from one's thoughts, feelings, actions. Depression is a state of mental disorder, melancholy, depression, characterized by apathy, passivity, pessimism, a decrease in motivation and activity of the individual. Defectology is a science that studies clinical and physiological and psychological and pedagogical patterns and features of the development of abnormal children, the problems of their education and upbringing. Discomfort is a condition characterized by unpleasant subjective sensations (headache, etc.), often accompanied by unfavorable psychophysiological changes. Disposition - readiness, predisposition of the subject to a certain behavior, action, act. Distress is an excessive stressful state that has a negative impact on a person's activity, his mental and physiological processes. Differential psychology is a branch of psychology that studies individual psychological differences between people. W

Makings - anatomical and physiological features of the body, the functional characteristics of the nervous system, "the qualities of a person, on the basis of which his abilities arise and develop. Psychological protection is an unconscious mental phenomenon associated with a person's desire to eliminate anxiety from consciousness, to prevent traumatic experiences from entering consciousness. Manifested in defense mechanisms.Defense mechanisms are a concept denoting a set of techniques by which a person as a person protects himself from psychological trauma.Examples of defense mechanisms are repression, sublimation, suppression, denial, projection, identification, regression, isolation, rationalization, conversion, etc. "In children, defense mechanisms are observed to a much lesser extent. In preschool and primary school age, this is most often fantasizing. A significant other is a person who is an authority for another person. And

Imprinting, Imprinting (English - imprinting, German - Pragung) - imprinting in the memory of stimuli that are key to some types of instinctive behavior; acquired by a person shortly after birth as borrowed from the behavior of parents or other people. The concept and term were introduced in the early 40s of the twentieth century by K. Lorenz.

INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY (English - individual psychology, German - Individualpsychologie) is one of the three main psychological sciences, along with general psychology and social psychology. The subject of individual psychology is the mental phenomena inherent in the individual.

INTROVERSION (English - introversion, German - Introverzion) - orientation to one's inner world;

INTROVERT (English - introvert, German - Introvert) - a type of personality, the direction of which is largely determined by the inner world with a pronounced development of I, memory and imagination. The concept and term were introduced by K.G. Jung.

INTROSPECTION (English - introspection, German - Introzpection) - self-observation.

Game therapy is a method of psychotherapeutic influence on children and adults using the game. Identification is identification, likening in the broadest sense. It is used in various fields of science and practice, for example, in forensics (comparison of handwriting, photography and object, etc.). In psychology, it is used in different meanings: 1) recognition, identification of an object; 2) the process of unconscious identification by a person of himself with another person or group. Interpersonal identification is the readiness of a person to feel, experience, act in relation to another as if this other were himself. Identity is the property of a person to be himself, to maintain his individuality for a long time, to remain true to himself. Social identity is a person's idea of ​​belonging to a particular social group (nationality, social class, religion). Hierarchy is a general scientific term denoting a system of successively subordinate elements arranged in order from lowest to highest (or vice versa). It is used to characterize social, psychological, mathematical, physiological, linguistic and other structures. Altered states of consciousness are states of consciousness that are characterized by a lack of control and loss of contact with reality, as well as an altered perception of time and space. An individual is a person as a single natural being or a separate representative of the human community. Individual psychology is one of the areas of depth psychology developed by A. Adler and based on the concept that an individual has an inferiority complex and the desire to overcome it as the main source of motivation for human behavior. Individuality is a set of individual psychological characteristics of a person that distinguish him from other people, in which his originality and originality are manifested. An individual style of activity (in work, study, sports) is a system of techniques and methods for performing a particular activity that is characteristic of a given person, ensuring greater or lesser success. It becomes necessary due to the individual differences of people and allows you to achieve the same efficiency of activity when performing it in different ways, techniques. Indifference - neutrality, indifference, indifference. Intelligence is a set of human cognitive processes, including perception, memory, imagination, thinking, speech; relatively stable structure of the mental abilities of the individual. Interaction is the interaction that occurs between people in the conditions of their social relations. Interest is the motive of activity, due to the cognitive need of a person. It manifests itself in the emotional coloring of the process of cognition. Internalization is the process of forming the internal structures of the human psyche through the assimilation of the structures of external activity. An internal is a type of personality that is characterized by a tendency to attribute responsibility for the results of one's activities to oneself, and not to surrounding circumstances. In case of failure, he blames himself more than other people or surrounding circumstances. Introspection is a person's observation of his own mental life (sensations, feelings, thoughts, etc.); introspection. Intuition -1) the ability of a person to find ways to solve problems correctly, navigate in difficult life situations, foresee the course of events without analysis, without logical thinking, justification; 2) a peculiar type of thinking, in which individual links in the process of thinking pass unconsciously; an intuitive solution arises as an inner insight, enlightenment of thought. Infantilism is a manifestation in adults of mental traits, behavioral characteristics characteristic of childhood and adolescence. In children and It is expressed in mental retardation, in which the child shows features characteristic of an earlier age. Hypochondria is a mental state in which depression, painful suspiciousness, excessive attention to one's health, and unreasonable anxiety for it are manifested. Often repeated, it can lead to the formation of a corresponding character trait. To

KATARSIS (English - catharsis, German - Katharsis) - purification; in the psychoanalysis of Z. Freud - one of the methods of psychotherapy. The psychological essence of catharsis is the displacement and replacement of some emotions by others. The concept was introduced by Aristotle in his doctrine of tragedy and music as a cleansing of the soul from bad things after strong experiences.

PSYCHOLOGICAL CATEGORIES (English - psychological categories, German - psychologische Kategorie) - the most general and fundamental concepts of psychological science, reflecting the essential properties and relationships of mental phenomena and processes. Categories psychological are ordered in the following hierarchical ladder: philosophical categories; general scientific concepts; general psychological categories; private psychological categories; categories of psychological sciences.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGICAL CATEGORIES (English - general psychological categories, German - allgemein psychologische Kategorie) - extremely broad psychological concepts: forms of mental reflection, mental phenomena, consciousness, personality, activity, development of the psyche. At the same time, general psychological categories are ordered in the following hierarchy: the psyche (the main psychological category) is understood through the forms of mental reflection; they are supplemented by needs (as a push), attention (as organization) and psychomotor (as objectification), united in the category of mental phenomena; their highest generalization is consciousness; its bearer is the personality, which manifests itself in only its characteristic activity and is the main factor in the development of the psyche at all these hierarchical levels.

COGNITIVE, COGNITIVE (English - cognitive, German - kognitiv) - relating to knowledge only on the basis of thinking, through the prism of one's own cognitive system.

CONSTANT PERCEPTION (English - perceptual constancy, German - Wahrnechmungskonstanz) - the quality of perception to keep the image consistent with the reflected object, despite the difference in the individual sensations included in it.

Confabulation (English - confabulation, German - Konfabulation) - an illusion of thinking, in which a person believes in his fiction.

CONFORMITY (English - conformity, German - Konformitat) - the assimilation by an individual of certain group norms, habits, values; property "to be like others", to fall into a rigid dependence on the group.

Catharsis is a term of ancient Greek philosophy (introduced by Aristotle), denoting a state of internal purification of the soul as a result of the viewer experiencing feelings of anger, fear, joy, compassion when perceiving a tragedy, leading to emotional discharge. In psychoanalysis - purification, spiritual relief resulting from psychotherapeutic influence. It manifests itself in the release, "reacting" of an affect that was previously forced out into the subconscious and is the cause of a neurotic conflict, the phenomenon of liberation of a person from traumatic emotions through a story, memories. Clinical psychology is a field of medical psychology aimed at solving the diagnostic problems of clinical practice (psychiatric, neurological, somatic). The components of clinical psychology: pathopsychology, neuropsychology, somatopsychology. Cognitive is a psychological term that characterizes cognitive processes. Cognitive dissonance is a state of mental discomfort that occurs in a situation where logically contradictory knowledge, opinions about the same object or event collide in a person’s mind. A person seeks to get rid of this state and therefore tries to eliminate this contradiction. To do this, he limits the flow of external information if it introduces a contradiction into existing attitudes, adapts new knowledge to previously acquired knowledge, restructures his knowledge and attitudes regarding the relevant objects and events in such a way that the contradiction between them is removed. The term was introduced by the American psychologist L. Festinger. Cognitive style is a relatively stable individual features of human cognitive activity, which are manifested in the cognitive strategies used by him. Sociability - the ability to easily establish social contacts, sociability. Compensation is the ability of a person to get rid of worries about his own shortcomings due to increased work on himself and the development of other positive qualities. The concept was introduced by A. Adler. Compensation of mental functions - compensation for underdeveloped or impaired mental functions through the use of intact or restructuring of partially impaired functions. Inferiority complex - a set of experiences and personality traits, consisting in a person's persistent confidence in his inability to solve life problems, insolvency as a person. A superiority complex is a set of experiences and manifestations of a person, consisting in excessive self-confidence. At the same time, a person gives the impression of a conceited and arrogant subject with an exaggerated opinion about his true capabilities. Constancy - constancy, immutability. Constant - constant Conflict - a psychic phenomenon consisting in a clash of opposing actions, views, interests, aspirations, plans of different people or opinions. It is recognized as an intractable contradiction associated with acute emotional experiences. An external conflict is a confrontation between subjects. An internal conflict is a clash between opposing interests, needs, and inclinations of a person. Conformism is conciliation, opportunism, passive acceptance of the environment, the existing order, prevailing opinions, the absence of one's own position and blind imitation of any model that has the greatest power of pressure, mental coercion. Conformity - the tendency of a person to change his behavior under the influence of other people in such a way that it corresponds to the opinion of others; desire to adapt to the demands of the majority. Confrontation - opposition, opposition, confrontation. Psychological crisis - a state of mental disorder; caused by a person's dissatisfaction with himself, his successes and relationships with the outside world. Age crises are special periods of age-related development of the individual, characterized by sharp psychological changes; naturally arise at a certain age stage and are necessary for the normal course of personal development. L

Lability is one of the main properties of the nervous system, characterizing the functional mobility of nervous processes, the speed of their onset and termination. Libido is one of the basic concepts of psychoanalysis, meaning sexual energy, which is transformed in the unconscious into various types of mental activity. According to the theory of 3. Freud, it is present from birth and underlies the development of personality. Personality - a person with an individual warehouse of character, interests, abilities, as well as other traits and qualities. M

Big psychological dictionary. Ed. Meshcheryakova B.G., Zinchenko V.P.

M.: 2003 - 672 p.

Many students and teachers call this book the main psychological book in the country, because a good dictionary is the basis for both theoretical research and practical work. This book has stood the test of time. Here is the latest edition of the famous dictionary.

It contains more than 1600 articles and more than 160 domestic authors. The volume of the dictionary compared to previous editions (`Psychological Dictionary`, 1983, 1996) has doubled. The dictionary is built in a fundamentally new way: each article is published in the author's edition; most terms have English equivalents. A new system of cross-references has been introduced, so it became possible to find a significantly larger number of concepts and terms than the number of articles themselves. Many articles, as is customary in the tradition of fundamental dictionaries, have additions written either by editors or by external authors.

And, finally, the main thing is that the dictionary adequately reflects the situation in modern domestic and world psychology.

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Table of contents:
Table of contents
Preface. 2
Personalities. 5
List of authors. 6
List of abbreviations and list of symbols. 7
_A_ 9
_B_ 49
_B_ 60
_G_ 85
_D_ 105
_E_ 138
_Ж_ 139
_З_ 143
_I_ 164
_K_ 192
_L_ 228
_M_ 242
_N_ 286
_O_ 302
_П_ 327
_R_ 410
_S_ 433
_T_ 481
_У_ 501
_F_ 513
_X_ 530
_C_ 537
_Ch_ 540
_Ш_ 545
_Sch_ 550
_E_ 550
_Yu_ 571
_I_ 573
Thematic subject index. 574
General scientific, methodological and philosophical concepts. 574
Related humanities (linguistics, ethnography, etc.). 575
Related information-cybernetic sciences. 576
Related biomedical sciences. 577
Methods of psychology and other sciences (including methods of statistics). 579
Branches of psychology. 582
Age psychology and developmental psychology. 583
Zoopsychology, ethology and comparative psychology. 586
Engineering psychology, labor psychology and ergonomics. 587
Medical psychology, pathopsychology (see also neuropsychology, psychotherapy and psychocorrection). 589
Neuropsychology. 591
General psychology. 593
Psychology of sensations and perception. 593
Psychology of attention. 600
Psychology of memory. 601
Psychology of thinking and imagination. 603
Psychology of emotions, motivation and will. 605
Parapsychology. 607
Pedagogical psychology and psychological education service. 608
Psychogenetics. 609
Psycholinguistics and psychosemantics. 610
Psychology of art, psychology of creativity. 611
Psychology of consciousness, behavior and personality, differential psychology. 612
Psychology of management. 615
Psychometrics. 616
Psychomotor. 616
Psychotherapy and psychocorrection. 618
Psychophysics. 619
Psychophysiology and psychopharmacology. 620
Sexology and sexopathology. 622
Social psychology (including the psychology of communication and interpersonal relationships). 624
Special psychology. 626
Ethnopsychology. 627
Legal psychology. 627
Directions, concepts, approaches and schools of psychology, history of psychology. 627
Activity approach. 627
Behavioral psychology. 628
Gestalt psychology. 628
Cognitive psychology. 628
Cultural-historical psychology and psychology of activity. 629
Psychoanalysis. 629
Other. 629
Personalities. 630