Each literary genre is divided into genres, which are characterized by features common to a group of works. There are epic, lyrical, lyrical epic genres, genres of dramaturgy.

epic genres

Story(literary) - a work in prose or poetry, based on the folklore traditions of a folk tale (one storyline, fiction, depiction of the struggle between good and evil, antithesis and repetition as the leading principles of composition). For example, satirical tales by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin.
Parable(from the Greek parabole - "located (placed) behind") - a small epic genre, a small narrative work of an instructive nature, containing moral or religious teaching, based on a broad generalization and use of allegories. Russian writers often used the parable as an interstitial episode in their works in order to fill the narrative with deep meaning. Let us recall the Kalmyk fairy tale told by Pugachev to Pyotr Grinev (A. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter") - in fact, this is the culmination in the disclosure of the image of Emelyan Pugachev: "Than eating carrion for three hundred years, it is better to drink living blood once, and then what God will give!". The plot of the parable about the resurrection of Lazarus, which Sonechka Marmeladova read to Rodion Raskolnikov, suggests to the reader the idea of ​​​​a possible spiritual revival of the protagonist of the novel, F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". In M. Gorky's play "At the Bottom", the wanderer Luka tells a parable "about the righteous land" to show how dangerous the truth can be for weak and desperate people.
Fable- a small genre of epic; plot-complete, having an allegorical meaning, the fable is an illustration of a well-known worldly or moral rule. A fable differs from a parable in the completeness of the plot; a fable is characterized by unity of action, brevity of presentation, the absence of detailed characteristics and other elements of a non-narrative nature that hinder the development of the plot. Usually a fable consists of 2 parts: 1) a story about an event, specific, but easily generalizable, 2) moralizing following or preceding the story.
Feature article- a genre, the hallmark of which is "writing from nature." In the essay, the role of the plot is weakened, because fiction is irrelevant here. The author of the essay, as a rule, narrates in the first person, which allows him to include his thoughts in the text, draw comparisons and analogies - i.e. use the means of journalism and science. An example of the use of the essay genre in literature is “Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev.
Novella(Italian novella - news) is a kind of story, an epic action-packed work with an unexpected denouement, characterized by brevity, a neutral style of presentation, and a lack of psychologism. An important role in the development of the action of the novel is played by chance, the intervention of fate. A typical example of a Russian short story is the cycle of stories by I.A. Bunin "Dark Alleys": the author does not psychologically draw the characters of his heroes; a whim of fate, blind chance brings them together for a while and separates them forever.
Story- an epic genre of a small volume with a small number of heroes and the short duration of the events depicted. In the center of the narrative is an image of an event or life phenomenon. In Russian classical literature, the recognized masters of the story were A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, I.S. Turgenev, L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov, I.A. Bunin, M. Gorky, A.I. Kuprin and others.
Tale- a prose genre that does not have a stable volume and occupies an intermediate position between the novel, on the one hand, and the short story and short story, on the other, gravitating towards a chronicle plot that reproduces the natural course of life. The story differs from the story and the novel in the volume of text, the number of characters and issues raised, the complexity of the conflict, etc. In the story, it is not so much the movement of the plot that is important, but the descriptions: the characters, the place of action, the psychological state of a person. For example: "The Enchanted Wanderer" by N.S. Leskov, "Steppe" by A.P. Chekhov, "Village" by I.A. Bunin. In the story, episodes often follow one after another according to the principle of a chronicle, there is no internal connection between them, or it is weakened, therefore the story is often built as a biography or autobiography: "Childhood", "Boyhood", "Youth" L.N. Tolstoy, "The Life of Arseniev" by I.A. Bunin, etc. (Literature and language. Modern illustrated encyclopedia / edited by Prof. A.P. Gorkin. - M.: Rosmen, 2006.)
Novel(French roman - a work written in one of the "living" Romance languages, and not in "dead" Latin) - an epic genre, the subject of which is a certain period or a person's whole life; Roman what is it? - the novel is characterized by the duration of the events described, the presence of several storylines and a system of actors, which includes groups of equivalent characters (for example: main characters, secondary, episodic); a work of this genre covers a wide range of life phenomena and a wide range of socially significant problems. There are different approaches to the classification of novels: 1) according to structural features (novel-parable, novel-myth, novel-dystopia, novel-journey, novel in verse, etc.); 2) on issues (family, social, social, psychological, psychological, philosophical, historical, adventurous, fantastic, sentimental, satirical, etc.); 3) according to the era in which this or that type of novel dominated (knightly, enlightenment, Victorian, Gothic, modernist, etc.). It should be noted that the exact classification of genre varieties of the novel has not yet been established. There are works whose ideological and artistic originality does not fit into the framework of any one method of classification. For example, the work of M.A. Bulgakov's "Master and Margarita" contains both acute social and philosophical problems, it simultaneously develops the events of biblical history (in the author's interpretation) and contemporary Moscow life of the 20-30s of the XX century, scenes full of drama are interspersed with satirical. Based on these features of the work, it can be classified as a socio-philosophical satirical novel-myth.
epic novel- this is a work in which the subject of the image is not the history of private life, but the fate of the whole people or an entire social group; the plot is built on the basis of nodes - key, turning point historical events. At the same time, the fate of the people is reflected in the fate of the heroes, as in a drop of water, and, on the other hand, the picture of people's life is made up of individual destinies, private life stories. An integral part of the epic are mass scenes, thanks to which the author creates a generalized picture of the flow of people's life, the movement of history. When creating an epic, the artist requires the highest skill in linking episodes (scenes of private life and mass scenes), psychological authenticity in drawing characters, historicism of artistic thinking - all this makes the epic the pinnacle of literary creativity, which not every writer can climb. That is why in Russian literature only two works created in the epic genre are known: “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy, "Quiet Flows the Don" by M.A. Sholokhov.

Lyric genres

Song- a small poetic lyrical genre, characterized by the simplicity of musical and verbal construction.
Elegy(Greek elegeia, elegos - a mournful song) - a poem of meditative or emotional content, dedicated to philosophical reflections caused by the contemplation of nature or deeply personal feelings about life and death, about unrequited (usually) love; the prevailing moods of the elegy are sadness, light sadness. Elegy is a favorite genre of V.A. Zhukovsky ("Sea", "Evening", "Singer", etc.).
Sonnet(Italian sonetto, from Italian sonare - to sound) - a lyrical poem of 14 lines in the form of a complex stanza. The lines of a sonnet can be arranged in two ways: two quatrains and two tercetes, or three quatrains and distich. In quatrains there can be only two rhymes, and in terzets - two or three.
The Italian (Petrarchian) sonnet consists of two quatrains with the rhyme abba abba or abab abab and two tercetes with the rhyme cdc dcd or cde cde, less often cde edc. French sonnet form: abba abba ccd eed. English (Shakespearean) - with rhyming scheme abab cdcd efef gg.
The classical sonnet presupposes a certain sequence of thought development: thesis - antithesis - synthesis - denouement. Judging by the name of this genre, particular importance is attached to the sonnet's musicality, which is achieved by alternating male and female rhymes.
European poets developed many original types of sonnets, as well as the wreath of sonnets, one of the most difficult literary forms.
Russian poets turned to the sonnet genre: A.S. Pushkin (“Sonnet”, “To the Poet”, “Madonna”, etc.), A.A. Fet (“Sonnet”, “Date in the Forest”), poets of the Silver Age (V.Ya. Bryusov, K.D. Balmont, A.A. Blok, I.A. Bunin).
Message(Greek epistole - epistole) - a poetic letter, in the time of Horace - philosophical and didactic content, later - of any nature: narrative, satirical, love, friendship, etc. A mandatory feature of the message is the presence of an appeal to a specific addressee, motives for wishes, requests. For example: “My Penates” by K.N. Batyushkov, "Pushchin", "Message to the Censor" by A.S. Pushkin and others.
Epigram(Greek epgramma - inscription) - a short satirical poem, which is a lesson, as well as a direct response to topical events, often political. For example: epigrams of A.S. Pushkin on A.A. Arakcheeva, F.V. Bulgarin, Sasha Cherny's epigram "To Bryusov's album", etc.
Oh yeah(from Greek ōdḗ, Latin ode, oda - song) - a solemn, pathetic, glorifying lyrical work dedicated to the depiction of major historical events or persons, talking about significant topics of religious and philosophical content. The ode genre was widespread in Russian literature of the 18th - early 19th centuries. in the work of M.V. Lomonosov, G.R. Derzhavin, in the early works of V.A. Zhukovsky, A.S. Pushkin, F.I. Tyutchev, but in the late 20s of the XIX century. other genres have come to replace the ode. Separate attempts by some authors to create an ode do not correspond to the canons of this genre (“Ode to the Revolution” by V.V. Mayakovsky and others).
lyric poem- a small poetic work in which there is no plot; the author focuses on the inner world, intimate experiences, reflections, moods of the lyrical hero (the author of a lyric poem and the lyrical hero are not the same person).

Lyric epic genres

Ballad(Provencal ballada, from ballar - to dance; Italian - ballata) - a plot poem, that is, a story of a historical, mythical or heroic nature, set out in poetic form. Usually a ballad is built on the basis of the dialogue of characters, while the plot does not have independent meaning - it is a means of creating a certain mood, subtext. So, “The Song of the Prophetic Oleg” by A.S. Pushkin has philosophical overtones, "Borodino" by M.Yu. Lermontov - socio-psychological.
Poem(Greek poiein - "to create", "creation") - a large or medium-sized poetic work with a narrative or lyrical plot (for example, "The Bronze Horseman" by A.S. Pushkin, "Mtsyri" by M.Yu. Lermontov, "The Twelve" A .A. Blok, etc.), the system of images of the poem may include a lyrical hero (for example, "Requiem" by A.A. Akhmatova).
Poem in prose- a small lyrical work in prose form, characterized by increased emotionality, expressing subjective experiences, impressions. For example: "Russian language" I.S. Turgenev.

Drama genres

Tragedy- a dramatic work, the main conflict of which is caused by exceptional circumstances and insoluble contradictions that lead the hero to death.
Drama- a play, the content of which is connected with the image of everyday life; despite the depth and seriousness, the conflict, as a rule, concerns private life and can be resolved without a tragic outcome.
Comedy- a dramatic work in which the action and characters are presented in funny forms; comedy is distinguished by the rapid development of action, the presence of complex, intricate plot moves, a happy ending and simplicity of style. There are sitcoms based on cunning intrigue, a special set of circumstances, and comedies of manners (characters), based on the ridicule of human vices and shortcomings, high comedy, everyday, satirical, etc. For example, "Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov - high comedy, "Undergrowth" by D.I. Fonvizina is satirical.

?INTRODUCTION
Lyric is a word that came to us from the Greek language. In the classical sense, this is one of the types of literature, which is based on the image of the spiritual life of a person, the world of his feelings and emotions, thoughts and reflections. A lyrical work implies a poetic narrative, which reflects the author's thoughts about various natural phenomena and life in general.

One of the founders of Russian literary criticism was V. G. Belinsky. And although even in antiquity serious steps were taken in the development of the concept of literary gender (Aristotle), it was Belinsky who owns the scientifically based theory of three literary genera.
There are three types of fiction: epic (from the Greek. Epos, narration), lyrical (a lyre was a musical instrument, accompanied by sung verses) and dramatic (from the Greek. Drama, action).
Epos is a story about events, the fate of heroes, their actions and adventures, an image of the external side of what is happening (even feelings are shown from the side of their external manifestation). The author can directly express his attitude to what is happening.
Drama is a depiction of events and relationships between characters on stage (a special way of writing text). The direct expression of the author's point of view in the text is contained in the remarks.
Lyrics - experiencing events; depiction of feelings, inner world, emotional state; feeling becomes the main event.
Each type of literature in turn includes a number of genres.

A genre is a historically established group of works, united by common features of content and form. These groups include novels, stories, poems, elegies, short stories, feuilletons, comedies, etc. In literary criticism, the concept of a literary type is often introduced; this is a broader concept than a genre. In this case, the novel will be considered a type of fiction, and genres - various varieties of the novel, for example, adventure, detective, psychological, parable novel, dystopian novel, etc.
Examples of genus-species relations in the literature:
? Genus: dramatic; type: comedy; Genre: sitcom.
? Genus: epic; type: story; genre: fantasy story, etc.
Genres, being historical categories, appear, develop, and eventually "leave" from the "active reserve" of artists, depending on the historical era: the ancient lyric poets did not know the sonnet; in our time, an ode born in antiquity and popular in the 17th-18th centuries has become an archaic genre; nineteenth-century romanticism gave rise to detective literature, and so on.

1. Lyric genres

Until the 19th century, lyrics were divided into: sonnet, excerpt, satire, epigram and epitaph. Let's take a closer look at each of these genres of poetry.

The sonnet is one of the poetic forms of the Renaissance. A dramatic genre in which its structure and composition are united in meaning, like a struggle of opposites.

An excerpt is a fragment of a work or a deliberately incomplete poem of philosophical content.

Satire, as a genre, is a lyrical-epic work designed to ridicule any phenomenon of reality or social vices, in essence it is an evil criticism of public life.

An epigram is a short satirical work. This genre was especially popular among Pushkin's contemporaries, when the evil epigram served as a weapon of revenge against the rival author, later the epigram was revived by Mayakovsky and Gaft.

An epitaph is a gravestone inscription dedicated to the deceased, often the epitaph is written in poetic form.

To date, there are other ways to classify genres of lyrics. According to the theme of the poems, such main genres of lyrics are distinguished as: landscape, intimate, philosophical.

Landscape lyrics in most cases reflect the attitude of the author himself to nature and the world around him through the prism of his own attitudes and feelings. For landscape lyrics, more than for all other varieties, figurative language is important.

Intimate lyrics are an image of friendship, love, and in some cases, the personal life of the author. It is similar to love lyrics, and, as a rule, intimate lyrics are a “continuation” of love ones.

Philosophical lyrics examines universal questions about the meaning of life and humanism. Its continuation and varieties are “civil lyrics” and “religious lyrics”. If the philosophical lyrics consider the eternal themes of the meaning of life, good and evil, the world order and the purpose of our stay on earth, then the “civil” one is close to social problems - to history and politics, it describes (by all means in poetic language!) Our collective aspirations, love for the motherland , the fight against evil in society.

The theme of "religious lyrics" is the understanding of one's faith, church life, relationships with God, religious virtues and sins, repentance.

We will now discuss the features of writing poetry for each of these varieties of the lyrical genre.
Lyrical is a kind of literature in which the author's attention is paid to the image of the inner world, feelings, experiences. The event in the lyrics is important only insofar as it evokes an emotional response in the soul of the artist. It is the experience that becomes the main event in the lyrics. Lyrics as a kind of literature arose in ancient times. The word "lyric" is of Greek origin, but does not have a direct translation. In ancient Greece, poetic works depicting the inner world of feelings and experiences were performed to the accompaniment of a lyre, and this is how the word "lyric" appeared.

The most important character of the lyrics is the lyric hero: it is his inner world that is shown in the lyrical work, on his behalf the lyric artist speaks to the reader, and the external world is depicted in the context of the impressions that he makes on the lyrical hero. It is very important not to confuse the lyrical hero with the epic one. Pushkin reproduced in great detail the inner world of Eugene Onegin, but this is an epic hero, a participant in the main events of the novel. The lyrical hero of Pushkin's novel is the Narrator, the one who is familiar with Onegin and tells his story, deeply experiencing it. Onegin only once becomes a lyrical hero in the novel - when he writes a letter to Tatyana, just as she becomes a lyrical heroine when she writes a letter to Onegin.
By creating the image of a lyrical hero, the poet can make him personally very close to himself (poems by Lermontov, Fet, Nekrasov, Mayakovsky, Tsvetaeva, Akhmatova, etc.). But sometimes the poet seems to be "hiding" behind the mask of a lyrical hero, completely far from the personality of the poet himself; so, for example, A. Blok makes Ophelia a lyrical heroine (2 poems called "The Song of Ophelia") or a street actor Harlequin ("I was all in colorful rags ..."), M. Tsvetaeva - Hamlet ("At the bottom she, where the silt ... "), V. Bryusov - Cleopatra ("Cleopatra"), S. Yesenin - a peasant boy from a folk song or fairy tale ("Mother went to the bathing suit through the forest ..."). So it’s more literate, when discussing a lyrical work, to talk about the expression in it of the feelings of not the author, but the lyrical hero.
Like other types of literature, poetry includes a number of genres. Some of them arose in ancient times, others - in the Middle Ages, some - quite recently, one and a half to two centuries ago, or even in the last century.
LYRICAL GENRES:

Ode (Greek "Song") - a monumental solemn poem glorifying a great event or a great person; distinguish between spiritual odes (arrangements of psalms), moralizing, philosophical, satirical, ode-messages, etc. The ode is three-part: it must have a theme stated at the beginning of the work; development of the theme and arguments, as a rule, allegorical (second part); final, didactic (instructive) part. Samples of ancient ancient odes are associated with the names of Horace and Pindar; the ode came to Russia in the 18th century, the odes of M. Lomonosov ("On the day of the accession to the Russian throne of Empress Elisaveta Petrovna"), V. Trediakovsky, A. Sumarokov, G. Derzhavin ("Felitsa", "God"), A .Radischev ("Liberty"). Paid tribute to the ode A. Pushkin ("Liberty"). By the middle of the 19th century, the ode had lost its relevance and gradually passed into the category of archaic genres.
Hymn - a poem of laudatory content; also came from ancient poetry, but if in ancient times hymns were composed in honor of gods and heroes, then at a later time hymns were written in honor of solemn events, festivities, often not only of a state, but also of a personal nature (A. Pushkin. "Feasting students" ).
Elegy (Phrygian "reed flute") is a genre of lyrics dedicated to meditation. Originated in ancient poetry; originally it was called crying over the dead. The elegy was based on the life ideal of the ancient Greeks, which was based on the harmony of the world, the proportionality and balance of being, incomplete without sadness and contemplation, these categories have passed into the modern elegy. An elegy can embody both life-affirming ideas and disappointment. The poetry of the 19th century still continued to develop the elegy in its "pure" form; in the lyric poetry of the 20th century, elegy is found rather as a genre tradition, as a special mood. In modern poetry, an elegy is a plotless poem of a contemplative, philosophical and landscape nature.

A. Blok "From the Autumn Elegy":

Epigram (Greek "inscription") - a small poem of satirical content. Initially, in ancient times, inscriptions on household items, tombstones and statues were called epigrams. Subsequently, the content of the epigrams changed.
Examples of epigrams:

Yuri Olesha:

Sasha Black:

Epistole, or message - a poem, the content of which can be defined as "a letter in verse." The genre also came from ancient lyrics.
A. Pushkin. Pushchin ("My first friend, my priceless friend...")
V.Mayakovsky. "Sergey Yesenin"; "Lilichka! (Instead of a Letter)"
S. Yesenin. "Mother's Letter"
M. Tsvetaeva. Poems to Blok
A sonnet is a poetic genre of the so-called rigid form: a poem consisting of 14 lines, organized in a special way into stanzas, with strict principles of rhyme and stylistic laws. There are several types of sonnet in form:
? Italian: consists of two quatrains (quatrains) in which the lines rhyme according to the ABAB or ABBA scheme, and two three-line verses (tercetes) with rhyming CDС DCD or CDE CDE;
? English: consists of three quatrains and one couplet; general rhyming scheme - ABAB CDCD EFEF GG;
? sometimes French is singled out: the stanza is similar to Italian, but in tercetes there is a different rhyming scheme: CCD EED or CCD EDE; he had a significant influence on the development of the next type of sonnet -
? Russian: created by Anton Delvig: the stanza is also similar to Italian, but the rhyming scheme in tercetes is CDD CCD.
The content of the sonnet is also subject to special laws: each stanza is a step in the development of some one general thought (thesis, position), therefore the sonnet belongs not so much to narrowly lyrical as to intellectual poetic genres.
This lyrical genre was born in Italy in the 13th century. Its creator was the lawyer Jacopo da Lentini; a hundred years later Petrarch's sonnet masterpieces appeared. The sonnet came to Russia in the 18th century; a little later, he received a serious development in the work of Anton Delvig, Ivan Kozlov, Alexander Pushkin. The poets of the "Silver Age" showed particular interest in the sonnet: K. Balmont, V. Bryusov, I. Annensky, V. Ivanov, I. Bunin, N. Gumilyov, A. Blok, O. Mandelstam ...
In the art of versification, the sonnet is considered one of the most difficult genres. In the last 2 centuries, poets rarely adhered to any strict rhyme, often offering a mixture of various schemes.
Such content dictates the features of the sonnet language:
? vocabulary and intonation should be sublime;
? rhymes - accurate and, if possible, unusual, rare;
? significant words should not be repeated in the same meaning, etc.
Of particular difficulty - and therefore the pinnacle of poetic technique - is a wreath of sonnets: a cycle of 15 poems, the initial line of each of which is the last line of the previous one, and the last line of the 14th poem is the first line of the first. The fifteenth sonnet consists of the first lines of all 14 sonnets in the cycle. In Russian lyrics, the wreaths of sonnets by V. Ivanov, M. Voloshin, K. Balmont became the most famous.
In school literary criticism, such a genre of lyrics is called a lyric poem. There is no such genre in classical literary criticism. It was introduced into the school curriculum to somewhat simplify the complex system of lyrical genres: if the bright genre features of the work cannot be distinguished and the poem is not in the strict sense either an ode, or a hymn, or an elegy, or a sonnet, etc., it will be defined as a lyric poem . In this case, one should pay attention to the individual features of the poem: the specifics of the form, theme, image of the lyrical hero, mood, etc. So, lyrical poems (in the school sense) should include poems by Mayakovsky, Tsvetaeva, Blok, etc. Almost all the lyrics of the twentieth century fall under this definition, unless the authors specifically specified the genre of the works.
Satire (lat. "mixture, all sorts of things") - as a poetic genre: a work, the content of which is the denunciation - of social phenomena, human vices or individuals - by ridicule. Satire in antiquity in Roman literature (satires of Juvenal, Martial, etc.). The genre received new development in the literature of classicism. The content of satire is characterized by ironic intonation, allegoricalness, Aesopian language, and the technique of "speaking names" is often used. In Russian literature, A. Kantemir, K. Batyushkov (XVIII-XIX centuries) worked in the satire genre, in the 20th century Sasha Cherny and others became famous as the author of satires. Many poems from V. Mayakovsky's "Poems about America" ​​can also be called satires ( "Six nuns", "Black and white", "Skyscraper in section", etc.).
Ballad - lyric-epic plot poem of fantastic, satirical, historical, fabulous, legendary, humorous, etc. character. The ballad arose in antiquity (it is assumed that in the early Middle Ages
etc.................

LYRICS- a kind of literature, in which the world is mastered aesthetically as the realm of subjectivity. The object is the inner world of a person. Content - experience (thoughts, feelings). The objective world in lyrics is a reason for experiencing or its external imprint. The main values ​​are spiritual: nobility and power of thought, a culture of feelings, a wealth of emotions.

Bearers of lyrical experiences:

2) The hero of role-playing lyrics - the hero acts differently in relation to the author (special speech style is different from lit. norms)

3) Poetic world. Hood. reality is a visually visible embodiment of experience.

The subject of the image in the lyrics is the inner world of a person. Content dominant: experiences (some kind of feeling, thought, mood). The form of verbal expression is a monologue. Functions of the word - expresses the state of the speaker. The emotional sphere of human emotions, the inner world, the way of influence - suggestiveness (suggestion). In the epic and drama, they try to identify common patterns, in the lyrics - individual states of human consciousness.

Irrational feelings and aspirations. Uniqueness, although there is an element of generalization to convey their thoughts to contemporaries. Consonance with the era, age, emotional experiences. As a kind of literature, lyrics are always important.

Feelings are at the core. Lyrical plot- this is the development and shades of the author's emotions. It is often said that the lyrics are plotless, but this is not so.

The poet defends the right to write in a light, small genre. Small genres were elevated to the absolute. Imitation of other genres, playing with rhythms. Sometimes cycles of poems appear due to life background.

Lyrical hero - this concept is introduced by Yu. Tynyanov and L.Ya. Ginzburg "About Lyrics". There are synonyms "lyrical consciousness", "lyrical subject" and "lyrical self". Most often, such a definition is the image of the poet in the lyrics, the artistic counterpart of the poet, which grows out of the text of lyrical compositions. This is the bearer of experience, expression in the lyrics. The term arose due to the fact that it is impossible to put an equal sign between the poet and the bearer of consciousness. This gap appears at the beginning of the 20th century in Batyushkov's lyrics.

There may be different media, so two kinds of lyrics : autopsychological and role-playing. Example: Block "I am Hamlet ..." and Pasternak "The rumble has subsided ...". The image is the same, but the lyrics are different. Blok plays in the performance, this is the experience of interpersonal relationships - autopsychological lyrics. Pasternak has a role-playing one, even included in the cycle of Yuri Zhivago. Most of it in verse

Lyric genres originated in ancient times. Here are some examples of genre lyrical works: hymn (praise), ode (glorification of a person or event), epitaph (tombstone inscription, sometimes comic), epithalama (poems for marriage), epigram (satire on a person), dithyramb (sympathy for one person ), message (appeal to a person in the form of a letter). This division persisted for a long time, but around the middle of the 19th century and later, lyrical genres of a large form began to appear, for example, a lyric poem (Whitman's "Leaves of Grass", Blok's "The Nightingale Garden"). They changed a short lyrical song - an elegy (Zhukovsky, Lermontov, Beranger). Such genres are related to the ballad genre (“Lyudmila” and “Svetlana” by V. Zhukovsky, “Knight for an Hour” by N. Nekrasov). Some lyrical genres are called romances because of their musical arrangement.

TYPES (GENRES) OF LYRICAL WORKS:

(ode, hymn, song, elegy, sonnet, epigram, message)

ODA (from the Greek “song”) is a choral, solemn song.

HYMN (from Greek “praise”) is a solemn song based on programmatic verses.

EPIGRAM (from Greek “inscription”) is a short satirical poem of a mocking nature that arose in the 3rd century BC. e.

ELEGY - a genre of lyrics dedicated to sad thoughts or a lyrical poem imbued with sadness.

MESSAGE - a poetic letter, an appeal to a specific person, a request, a wish, a confession.

SONNET (from the Provencal sonette - "song") - a poem of 14 lines, which has a certain rhyming system and strict stylistic laws.

Drama as a literary genre. genres of drama.

Drama - (another Greek action, action) is one of the literary movements. Drama as a kind of literature, in contrast to lyrics and like epic, drama reproduces primarily the external world for the author - actions, relationships between people, conflicts. Unlike the epic, it has not a narrative, but a dialogical form. In it, as a rule, there are no internal monologues, author's characteristics of characters and direct author's comments of the depicted. In Aristotle's Poetics, drama is spoken of as the imitation of action through action, not storytelling. This provision has not been outdated to this day. Dramatic works are characterized by acute conflict situations that encourage characters to verbal and physical actions. The author's speech can sometimes be in the drama, but it is of an auxiliary nature. Sometimes the author briefly comments on the replicas of his characters, makes indications of their gestures, intonation.

Drama is closely related to theatrical art and must meet the demands of the theatre.

Drama is regarded as the crowning achievement of literary creativity. Examples of drama are the play "Thunderstorm" by Ostrovsky, "At the Bottom" by Gorkov.

It is necessary to talk about dramatic genres, not forgetting that drama itself is a genre that arose at the junction of literature and theatre. It is impossible to analyze them separately from each other. We have already spoken about drama enough, however, the importance of drama as a theatrical act has not yet been given.

In order for any work to be called a drama, it must at least contain a conflict or a conflict situation. The conflict has the right to be both comical and tragic. Drama often contains a large amount of both. This is probably why it is often treated in specialized literature as an intermediate genre.

Drama can be psychological (both on the stage and in literature), social, philosophical, based on everyday or historical conflict, and a combination of the above types is also often found, this will be especially characteristic of literary drama. Drama can also be national, so you can highlight the Spanish drama - it is sometimes also called the "drama of honor" or "the comedy of the cloak and sword", here everything depends entirely on what kind of conflict is developed in the drama. Drama genres can only appear in literature. There really aren't too many of them:

play

Comedy

Sideshow

Tragedy

Burlesque

Chronicle (historical, psychological, retrospective)

Scenario

Dramatic prose differs from ordinary prose primarily in that it contains many constantly changing events, with a large number of characters, much more than, say, in a normal story, although the volume of the narrative may be the same. It is believed that the reader is able to remember no more than 5-7 acting characters, the drama often violates this law, the reader of a dramatic work always has the opportunity to look at the flyleaf and see who exactly is the hero that he completely forgot about.

Lyric works.

The lyrical-epic kind of literature is works of art in poetic form, which combine epic and lyrical images of life.

In the works of the lyric-epic kind, life is reflected, on the one hand, in a poetic narrative about the actions and experiences of a person or people, about the events in which they take part; on the other hand, in the experiences of the poet-narrator, caused by the pictures of life, the behavior of the characters in his poetic story. These experiences of the poet-narrator are usually expressed in works of the lyrical-epic kind in the so-called lyrical digressions, sometimes not directly related to the course of events in the work; lyrical digressions are one of the types of author's speech.

Such, for example, are the well-known lyrical digressions in A. S. Pushkin's poetic novel "Eugene Onegin", in his poems; such are the chapters “From the Author”, “About Me” and lyrical digressions in other chapters of the poem in A. T. Tvardovsky’s poem “Vasily Terkin”.

LYROEPIC TYPES (GENRES): poem, ballad.

POEM (from the Greek poieio - “I do, I create”) - a large poetic work with a narrative or lyrical plot, usually on a historical or legendary topic.

BALLAD - a story song of dramatic content, a story in verse.

TYPES (GENRES) OF DRAMA WORKS:

tragedy, comedy, drama (in the narrow sense).

TRAGEDY (from the Greek tragos ode - “goat song”) is a dramatic work depicting a tense struggle of strong characters and passions, which usually ends with the death of the hero.

COMEDY (from the Greek komos ode - “fun song”) is a dramatic work with a cheerful, funny plot, usually ridiculing social or domestic vices.

DRAMA (“action”) is a literary work in the form of a dialogue with a serious plot, depicting a person in her dramatic relationship with society. Drama may be tragicomedy or melodrama.

VAUDEVILLE - a genre variety of comedy, it is a light comedy with singing couplets and dancing.

Laikina Elizabeth

Lyrics are the kind of literature that forms the spiritual world, subtly and deeply influencing a person. Rika is the kind of literature that forms the spiritual world, subtly and deeply influencing a person.

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Research work Lyrics and its genres Completed by the student of the 8th "b" class Laikina Elizaveta Lecturer Tkachenko l.s.

LYRICS AND ITS GENRES Lyrics are the kind of literature that forms the spiritual world, subtly and deeply influencing a person. When studying lyrics, the logical and emotional principles are combined. To study the lyrics, it is necessary to find out the artistic image, the most characteristic of the lyrics - the lyrical hero.

A lyrical image is an image of experience, a direct reflection of thoughts and feelings. In lyrics, experience becomes an independent object of observation. In the lyrics, the feeling of the poet is expressed directly, directly. The artistic image in lyrics, just like the image in epic and drama, has a generalized, technical character. A huge role in the lyrics, much greater than in the drama and even in the epic, is played by the personality of the poet. “THE LYRICAL POEM EXPRESSES THE DIRECT FEELING EXCITED IN THE POET BY A KNOWN PHENOMENON OF NATURE OR LIFE. The main thing here is not in the feeling itself, not in passive perception, but in the internal reaction to the impression that is received from the outside.

The perception of a lyrical work is a complex creative process. Not one of the types of literary creativity is perceived as specifically, individually, as lyrics, since lyrics are the most subjective type of creativity. Features of the power of the impact of lyrics is that it always expresses a living direct feeling, experience. Lyrical works are multi-dark, since various motives can be reflected in one experience of the poet: love, friendship, civic feelings. The artistic image of any work, including a lyrical one, summarizes the phenomena of life through an individual personal experience, expresses thoughts and feelings. The subject of literary lyrics is the most diverse. Poetic feelings can cause various phenomena of the surrounding life, memories, dreams, objects, reflections. Although it is very difficult to divide poems by rank, types can be distinguished in the lyrics.

Types of lyrics Philosophical (meditative). Philosophy is the love of wisdom. Reflections about life and death, about the destiny of man, the meaning of life, about good and evil, immortality, peace and war, about creativity, about the trace that a person will leave on earth - a person thinks about a lot, and these reflections cause certain emotions that the poet, together with his thoughts, expresses in a poem. For example, Pushkin's poem "Bird" In a foreign land, I sacredly observe Native custom of antiquity: I release a bird into the wild On a bright holiday of spring. I became available for consolation; Why should I grumble at God, When I could grant freedom to at least one creature!

Civil (political). A person is connected by feelings not only with loved ones, friends, enemies, but he is also a citizen, a member of society, a unit of the state. Attitude to society, homeland, country, attitude to political events are reflected in civil lyrics. Poem by N.A. Nekrasov is a vivid example of civil lyrics. Yesterday, at six o'clock, I went to the Sennaya; There they beat a woman with a whip, a young peasant woman. Not a sound from her chest, Only the whip whistled, playing ... And I said to the muse: “Look! Your own sister!"

Intimate (friendly and loving). Intimate is an indifferent, close relationship of one person to another, first of all, a feeling of love. Love distinguishes a person, it has many shades and expressions. This is one of the main feelings in the life of every person. It determines the degree of his happiness. Everyone wants to love and be loved. At all times, poets created poems about love, but there is no end to this topic. In addition to love, two people can be connected by relations of friendship, respect, gratitude. All this is told by intimate lyrics. Pushkin's poem I loved you can serve as an example of intimate lyrics: love, perhaps, has not completely died out in my soul; But don't let it bother you anymore; I don't want to sadden you with anything. I loved you silently, hopelessly, Now with timidity, now with jealousy; I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly, How God forbid you be loved by others.

Landscape. Each person has his own special relationship with nature. Her perception depends on the mood, on the state. And sometimes nature itself changes a person, gives him a new idea of ​​the laws of life, fills him with new forces and feelings. Poets are especially receptive to pictures of nature, so landscape lyrics occupy a large place in their work. Poems by A.A. Feta often capture extraordinary pictures of nature. This morning, this joy, This power and day and light, This blue arch, This cry and strings, These flocks, these birds, This dialect of waters, These willows and birches, These drops are tears, This fluff is not a leaf, These mountains These valleys, These midges, these bees, This tongue and whistle, These dawns without an eclipse, This sigh of the nocturnal village, This night without sleep, This haze and heat of the bed, This fraction and these trills, This is all - spring.

Lyric genres. According to its genres, the lyrics are divided: 1. Lyric poem 11. Ode 2. Song or song 12. Pastoral 3. Elegy 13. Message 4. Ballad 14. Romance 5. Burime 15. Rondo 6. Burlesque 16. Ruban 7. Verses 17. Sonnet 8. Free verse 18. Stanzas 9. Dithyramb 19. Eclogue 10. Madrigal 20. Elegy

Features of the lyrics The peculiarity of the lyrics is that the main thing in it is the lyrical hero. A lyrical hero is an image of that hero in a lyrical work whose experiences, thoughts and feelings are reflected in it. It is by no means identical to the image of the author, although it reflects his personal experiences associated with certain events in his life, this attitude to nature, social life, and people. The originality of the poet's worldview, worldview, his interests, character traits find a corresponding expression in the form, in the style of his works.

Lyrics are distinguished from prose by rhythm and rhyme. Versification is based on the correct alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables, common for all lines-verses. Rhythm is the repetition in poetic speech of homogeneous sound features. Rhyme is a coincidence, a repetition of sounds that connect separate words or lines. Each combination of stressed and unstressed syllables that are repeated in a certain order is called a foot. When several poetic lines are combined, a poetic meter arises. The feet are two-component and three-complex. Disyllabic: trochee (ro-za), iambic (re-ka). Wa-nya I-van. Tresyllabic: dactyl), amphibrach, anapaest (de-re-vo (be-re-za) (bi-ryu-za) Va-nech-ka Va-nu-sha I-va-nov

By the number of feet, there are two-foot (three-, four-, five-, six-foot) trochaic or iambic, two-foot (three-, four-foot) dactyl, amphibrach, anapaest. The foot helps to catch the rhythm. The combination of two or more poetic lines, united either by a system of rhymes or intonation, is called a stanza. The stanzas range from simple to complex.

One verse: Oh, cover your pale feet! (V. Bryusov) Couplet (distich): Poetry is in you. You know how to elevate simple feelings to art (W. Shakespeare) Three lines (tertsina): They are in you yourself. You are your own highest court; You will be able to appreciate your work more strictly. Are you satisfied with it, demanding artist? Satisfied? So let the crowd scold him And spit on the altar, where your fire burns, And your tripod sway in childish playfulness? (A.S. Pushkin.)

Quatrain (quatrain) Snow is whitening in the fields, And the waters are already rustling in spring - They run and wake up the sleepy shore, They run and shine and say ... F.I. Tyutchev Pentistish (quintet) The fragrant bliss of spring has not had time to descend To us, The ravines are still full of snow, The cart still rumbles at dawn On the frozen path. A.A. Fet Shestistishie (sextina) Mom, look out the window - It was not for nothing that the cat washed its nose yesterday: There is no dirt, the whole yard is dressed, It brightened, turned white - It can be seen that there is a frost. A.A. Fet

Semitishie (sentima) - Tell me, uncle, it's not for nothing that Moscow, burnt by fire, was given to the Frenchman? After all, there were combat fights, Yes, they say, some more! No wonder the whole of Russia remembers About the day of Borodin! M. Lermontov Eight lines (octave) The Terek howls, wild and vicious, Among the rocky masses, Its cry is like a storm, Tears fly in sprays, But, scattering across the steppe, He took on the sly form And, affably caressing, Murmurs to the Caspian Sea ...

Less commonly used are the Nine Lines (nona) Open the dungeon for me, Give me the radiance of the day, The black-eyed maiden, The black-breasted horse, Give me once across the blue field To ride on that horse; Give once in a lifetime and freedom, As to a share alien to me, To look closer to me. Decathlete (decima) The sciences nourish young men, Give joy to the young, Decorate in a happy life, Protect in an accident, In domestic difficulties, joy And in distant wanderings is not a hindrance. Science is used everywhere, Among peoples and in the desert, In city noise and alone, Sweet in peace and work. M. Lomonosov

Eleven lines Both twelve lines and thirteen lines are allowed. Special forms: a triolet (an octist line in which the lines are repeated in a certain order), a rondo (two five-line lines and three lines between them), a sonnet (two quatrains, two tertets) and a Onegin stanza (fourteen lines, specially organized). The stanza is organized by rhyme. There are rhymes: cross (ab ab), adjacent or paired (aa bb), ring or encircling (ab ba).

Rhymes are masculine - with an emphasis on the last syllable of the line (window - for a long time), feminine - with an emphasis on the second syllable from the end of the line (for nothing - by fire), dactylic - with an emphasis on the third syllable from the end of the line (spreads - spills), hyperdactylic with stress on the fourth and subsequent syllables from the end (hanging - mixing). Exact rhymes differ (repeating sounds are the same: mountains - rubbish, he is a dream), inaccurate (with mismatched sounds: story - longing, crucified - passport)

The main thing in the lyrics is an artistic image, which is created using a variety of visual and expressive means. The most common tropes are metaphors, epithets, personifications, comparisons. Metaphor - the use of a word in a figurative sense based on the similarity in any respect of two objects or phenomena: diamond dew (sparkles like a diamond), the dawn of a new life (beginning, awakening). Personification is a figurative means that consists in attributing the properties of living beings to inanimate objects: What are you howling about, night wind, what are you so madly complaining about. An epithet is a poetic, figurative definition, usually expressed by an adjective, sometimes a noun, an adverb, a participle: velvet eyes, a tramp-wind, looking greedily, rushing sparkling. Comparison - a figurative comparison of two phenomena: Below, like a steel mirror, the lakes of the jet turn blue.

EXPANDED METAPHOR - a combination of several metaphors, when the connecting link between them is not named and exists in an open form. The forest overturned in the water, It drowned in water with jagged peaks, Between two curving skies. Mentally drawing a picture, we will restore the missing image in the text: a mirror of water. Restoring the missing image creates an extended metaphor. In versification, various other tropes and figures of speech are also used.

Conclusion. I managed to consider only some features of the lyrics and its genres. It can be concluded that lyrics are a whole huge world of literature that lives according to its own laws, knowing which we can not only understand poems, but also enrich our spiritual world and develop our creative abilities.

Lyric genres originate in syncretic art forms. In the foreground are personal experiences and feelings of a person. Lyrics are the most subjective kind of literature. Its range is quite wide. Lyrical works are characterized by laconism of expression, the utmost concentration of thoughts, feelings and experiences. Through various genres of lyrics, the poet embodies what excites him, upsets or pleases.

Features of the lyrics

The term itself comes from the Greek word lyra (a kind of musical instrument). The poets of the period of antiquity performed their works to the accompaniment of the lyre. The lyrics are based on the experiences and thoughts of the protagonist. He is often identified with the author, which is not entirely true. The character of the hero is often revealed through deeds and actions. An important role is played by the direct author's characteristic. An important place is given to the most frequently used monologue. Dialogue is rare.

Meditation is the main means of expression. In some works, lyrics and drama are intertwined. In lyrical compositions there is no detailed plot. In some there is an internal conflict of the hero. There is also "role" lyrics. In such works, the author plays the roles of different persons.

The genres of lyrics in literature are closely intertwined with other types of art. Especially with painting and music.

Types of lyrics

How Lyricism Was Formed in Ancient Greece. The highest flowering occurred in ancient Rome. Popular ancient poets: Anacreon, Horace, Ovid, Pindar, Sappho. In the Renaissance, Shakespeare and Petrarch stand out. And in the 18-19 centuries the world was shocked by the poetry of Goethe, Byron, Pushkin and many others.

Varieties of lyrics as a kind: in expressiveness - meditative or suggestive; by theme - landscape or urban, social or intimate, etc.; by tonality - minor or major, comic or heroic, idyllic or dramatic.

Types of lyrics: poetic (poetry), dramatized (role-playing), prose.

Thematic classification

Lyric genres in literature have several classifications. Most often, such essays are distributed by topic.

• Civil. Socio-national issues and feelings come to the fore.
• Intimate. It conveys the personal experiences experienced by the protagonist. It is divided into the following types: love, friendship lyrics, family, erotic.
• Philosophical. It embodies the awareness of the meaning of life, being, the problem of good and evil.
• Religious. Feelings and experiences about the higher and spiritual.
• Landscape. It conveys the thoughts of the hero about natural phenomena.
• satirical. Exposes human and social vices.

Variety by genre

Lyric genres are diverse. This is:

1. Hymn - a lyrical song expressing a festively upbeat feeling formed from some good event or exceptional experience. For example, "Hymn to the Plague" by A. S. Pushkin.

2. Invective. Means a sudden denunciation or satirical ridicule of a real person. This genre is characterized by semantic and structural duality.

3. Madrigal. Initially, these were poems depicting rural life. A few centuries later, the madrigal is significantly transformed. In the 18th and 19th centuries, free-form, glorifying the beauty of a woman and containing a compliment. The genre of intimate poetry is found in Pushkin, Lermontov, Karamzin, Sumarokov and others.

4. Ode - a laudatory song. This is a poetic genre, finally formed in the era of classicism. In Russia, this term was introduced by V. Trediakovsky (1734). Now it is already remotely connected with the classical traditions. There is a struggle of conflicting stylistic tendencies in it. Lomonosov's solemn odes are known (developing a metaphorical style), Sumarokov's anacreontic odes, and Derzhavin's synthetic odes.

5. Song (song) - one of the forms of verbal and musical art. There are lyrical, epic, lyro-dramatic, lyro-epic. Lyrical songs are not characterized by narration, presentation. They are characterized by ideological and emotional expression.

6. Message (letter in verse). In Russian, this genre variety was extremely popular. The messages were written by Derzhavin, Kantemir, Kostrov, Lomonosov, Petrov, Sumarokov, Trediakovsky, Fonvizin and many others. In the first half of the 19th century they were also in use. They are written by Batyushkov, Zhukovsky, Pushkin, Lermontov.

7. Romance. This is the name of a poem that has the character of a love song.

8. Sonnet is a solid poetic form. It consists of fourteen lines, which, in turn, break up into two quatrains (quatrain) and two three-line (tercet).

9. Poem. It was in the 19th and 20th centuries that this structure became one of the lyrical forms.

10. Elegy is another popular genre of melancholic lyric poetry.

11. Epigram - a short poem of a lyrical warehouse. It is characterized by great freedom of content.

12. Epitaph (tombstone).

Lyric genres of Pushkin and Lermontov

A. S. Pushkin wrote in different lyrical genres. This is:

• Oh yeah. For example, "Liberty" (1817).
• Elegy - "The daylight went out" (1820).
• Message - "To Chaadaev" (1818).
• Epigram - "On Alexander!", "On Vorontsov" (1824).
• Song - "About the prophetic Oleg" (1822).
• Romance - "I am here, Inezilla" (1830).
• Sonnet, satire.
• Lyrical compositions that go beyond traditional genres - "To the Sea", "Village", "Anchar" and many others.

Pushkin's themes are also multifaceted: citizenship, the problem of freedom of creativity and many other topics are touched upon in his works.

The various genres of Lermontov's lyrics make up the main part of his literary heritage. He is a successor to the traditions of civil poetry of the Decembrists and Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Initially, the most favorite genre was a monologue-confession. Then - romance, elegy and many others. But satire and epigram are extremely rare in his work.

Conclusion

Such works can be written in various genres. For example, a sonnet, madrigal, epigram, romance, elegy, etc. Also, lyrics are often classified by subject. For example, civil, intimate, philosophical, religious, etc. It is worth paying attention to the fact that the lyrics are constantly updated and replenished with new genre formations. In poetic practice, there are genres of lyrics borrowed from related art forms. From music: waltz, prelude, march, nocturne, cantata, requiem, etc. From painting: portrait, still life, sketch, bas-relief, etc. In modern literature, there is a synthesis of genres, so lyrical works are divided into groups.