September 1773 - the beginning of the war; uprising of the Yaik Cossacks.
Spring 1774 - the defeat of the rebels near Orenburg.
Summer 1774 - the spread of the uprising in the Urals; the capture of Zlatoust, Krasnoufimsk, Botkin and Izhevsk plants; joining the detachments of the Bashkirs, led by Salavat Yulaev, Chuvash.
July 1774 - the defeat of E. Pugachev during the capture of Kazan.
July 1774 - Pugachev's manifesto on the liberation of peasants from serfdom and taxes.
January 1775 - betrayal, captivity and execution of Pugachev and his associates.
Features of "Pugachevism"
1. Ruthlessness and cruelty of the rebels (rebels) and winners.
2. The destruction of factories and estates by the rebels.
3. Borrowing means of control from the tsarist administration to overcome the spontaneity of the movement.
4. Representation of the new system by the rebels within the framework of their contemporary state and social orders. Monarchist illusions among the rebels.
CONCLUSION.
The peasant war did not bring relief to the peasants. On the contrary, there was an increase in duties.
Lecture 31(question No. 1 of ticket No. 30)
Foreign policy of Russia in the middle - second half of the XVIII century.
At the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna, Russia was at war with Sweden, which ended in a favorable peace for Russia. Sweden confirmed the results of the Northern War and ceded part of Finland to Russia.
The main foreign policy event of the reign of Elizabeth was the participation of Russia in the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763.
The war involved two coalitions of countries :
Prussia, England, Portugal against France, Spain, Austria, Sweden, Saxony and Russia.
1. The task of Russia's foreign policy in the West: the accession of the Right-Bank Ukraine and Belarus, the neutralization of the aggressive foreign policy of Prussia.
2. Reasons for Russia's entry into the war with Prussia.
a) strengthening the position of Prussia in Europe;
b) the possibility of changing the balance of power in Europe not in favor of Russia (the Anglo-Russian treaty of 1756 was regarded in Russia as hostile to its interests).
Major events of the Seven Years' War
1. 1757-1759 - victories of Russian troops in the battles of Gross-Egersdorf and Kunesdorf.
2. 1758 - the Russian army occupied the fortress of Konigsberg (now Kaliningrad).
4. 1761 - the death of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna and the accession of Peter III, who dramatically changed the foreign policy of Russia. Frederick's army was defeated. In the battles of the Seven Years' War, the formation of talented Russian commanders - Rumyantsev and Suvorov.
The change in the foreign policy of Russia in connection with the accession of Peter III in December 1761 nullified the successes of the Russian troops. Peter III was a great admirer of Frederick II, he made a separate peace and returned all the conquered lands.
5. 1762 - signing of the Russian-Prussian treaty.
CONCLUSION.
The main results of the war: the removal of the threat of strengthening Prussia in Europe and, as a result, the growth of Russia's international prestige.
The most important tasks of Russia's foreign policy during the reign of Catherine II and the inclusion of the western lands of Ukraine and Belarus into Russia. At the origins of foreign policy was the head of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs N.I. Panin.
Russian-Turkish war 1768-1774
According to the Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace treaty, Russia received lands between the mouths of the Dnieper and the Southern Bug; Fortresses Kinburn, Kerch, Yenikale, Kabarda, and also Kuban; the right to build a navy in the Black Sea.
The Ottoman Empire recognized the independence of Crimea and the right of Russian ships to pass through the Bosporus and Dardanelles.
Russia received an indemnity from Turkey in the amount of 4.5 million rubles.
1783 - annexation of the Crimea to Russia and the construction of the fortress of Sevastopol.
Russian-Turkish war 1787-1791
According to the Yassy peace treaty, the annexation of Crimea to Russia was confirmed.
New Russia (steppes of the Northern Black Sea region) was annexed to Russia.
Bessarabia, Wallachia, Moldavia - returned to Turkey.
Russo-Swedish War 1788-1790
Under the peace treaty of 1790, Sweden renounced its territorial claims to Russia. The pre-war borders were restored.
Russia's struggle with the French Revolution
1793 - Anglo-Russian convention for a joint economic blockade against France.
1796 - an alliance of Russia, England and Austria on a joint struggle against France.
1798 - Russian fleet under the command of F.I. Ushakov liberated the Ionian Islands from the French and stormed the fortress on about. Corfu; a detachment of Russian sailors entered Rome.
1799 - the Russian land army, led by A. V. Suvorov, liberated Northern Italy from the French, entering the cities of Milan and Turin. 1801 - as a result of disagreements with England and Austria, Russia withdrew from the war and concluded the Paris Peace Treaty.
Polish policy of Catherine II.
Poland has become the epicenter of Russian politics in the west. In 1764, Catherine II achieved the election of her former favorite S. Poniatowski as the Polish king. This led to the emergence of a strong opposition in Poland, which entered into an armed struggle with the new king and the Russian troops brought into Poland to support him. Austria, Prussia and Turkey intervened in Polish affairs.
In 1772, the first partition of Poland between Russia took place. Austria and Prussia. Western Ukraine went to Austria, Pomorie to Prussia. Russia annexed the eastern part of Belarus to Minsk and part of Livonia.
The second partition of Poland was associated with the adoption by the Polish Sejm of the New Democratic Constitution (1791). This caused a new political crisis. Russian troops entered Poland. The constitution was repealed. In March 1793, the second partition of Poland took place. Russia received the Right-Bank Ukraine and the Central part of Belarus with Minsk. Prussia received Gdansk and part of the land along the Warta and Vistula rivers.
In 1794, a national liberation uprising of Polish patriots led by T. Kosciuszko broke out in Poland. The uprising was suppressed by Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov. In 1795, the third partition of Poland was carried out, which eliminated the Polish state. Lithuania, Courland, Volyn and Western Belarus went to Russia. Prussia captured central Poland with Warsaw, Austria captured southern Poland.
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The peasant war of 1773-1775 began suddenly, and covered vast territories in a few weeks. In many respects, Pugachev's success at first is connected with the effect of surprise, as well as with a well-thought-out policy of imposture. For a long time, Catherine II herself did not perceive the successes of Emelyan Pugachev as something serious, and she began to worry only when Orenburg and Chelyabinsk were besieged. What successes and failures pursued Yemelyan Pugachev and his militias at the first stage of the Peasants' War?
Event date | Place of hostilities | The consequences of the operation |
August-September 1773 | The gathering of troops in the Yaitsky town and the issuance of the first decrees | The Cossacks in the Yaik town quickly went over to the side of Pugachev due to regular harassment by government troops and favorites of Catherine II. Thus, Pugacheva received a large army at his disposal. |
Capture of the Lower Lake and Loose fortresses | Both fortresses were captured almost without a fight, as the local Cossacks quickly went over to Pugachev's side. The impostor received several hundred more fighters into power. |
|
Assault and capture of the Tatishchevskaya fortress | It was here that Pugachev first encountered resistance. The thousandth army refused to surrender to Pugachev and began to fight, but in the end, the impostor managed to capture the fortress. All who did not agree to go under his command were brutally executed along with family members. |
|
Solemn Ascension to Seitov Sloboda | Local Cossacks received Pugachev with open arms, and here he received considerable reinforcements. |
|
Solemn ascension of Pugachev to the Sakmara town | Here Pugachev was also accepted as the resurrected legitimate ruler, and several thousand more soldiers passed under his banner. |
|
Capture without a fight Berdskaya Sloboda | In the Berdskaya Sloboda, thousands of local residents accepted Pugachev as a legitimate ruler, which helped him to strengthen his personal authority and be sure of an early victory against the existing monarchical power. |
For the first two months, Pugachev was always lucky, and by the beginning of October he had a decent army. If we add to this the artillery equipment from the Tatishchevskaya fortress, one can imagine how powerful the army of the impostor was.
Siege of Orenburg and subsequent events of the Peasants' War
Despite the fact that the military power of the rebels grew stronger day by day, and Pugachev's authority among the people also increased, Orenburg was a very fortified city, where it was hardly possible to penetrate during the day of the siege. The siege of the city began on October 8 and lasted six months, tying down the main forces of the Pugachev army.
Despite the fact that among the townspeople there were those who wanted to go over to the side of Pugachev, the local military commanders, and in particular, Major Naumov, managed to keep the people from the uprising.
Not wanting to stop for a long time at Orenburg, Pugachev, with a small army, captured several more fortresses along the Samara River. Among them were:
- Perevolotsk fortress
- Buzuluk fortress.
- Sorochinka and Totsk fortresses.
On November 7, an important battle took place near the small village of Yuzeeva, as a result of which Pugachev and his army were able to defeat the forces of the Empress under the command of V.A. Kara. Such impressive victories helped Pugachev earn even more authority and get new troops.
By the end of 1773, Pugachev captured several more important settlements and factories. Among the important fortresses captured by Pugachev was Samara. According to historians, at the end of the first year of the uprising, the army of the impostor ranged from 40 to 60 thousand people.
On January 25, another assault on Ufa was undertaken, and again unsuccessful. A detachment of the Pugachevites were driven out, and the army had to retreat. On the other front of the Peasants' War, active battles were fought for Chelyabinsk. Despite the fact that at the end of January Pugachev's forces were smaller than the capabilities of government troops, by mid-February, the city still managed to be taken.
The victories at Chelyabinsk were among the last before the protracted crisis of regular defeats. By the beginning of 1774, it was already much more difficult for Pugachev to fight, and the government troops had noticeably increased.
The role of the first stage of the Peasant War in history
The first year of the Peasants' War clearly shows what a confident leader of an uprising can do, armed with the legend he needs. Within a few months, the largest centers of Russia were captured, and the threat hung over such large cities as Orenburg and Ufa.
And if Catherine II at first perceived the Peasant War as something passing, then after the capture of Chelyabinsk, the ruler directed all her forces to fight Pugachev. Ahead of the army of the impostor was a series of sudden victories, deafening defeats and the decline of the uprising, which began so quickly, giving the Cossacks and serfs hope for a brighter future.
It went on for almost two years. The uprising swept vast territories of the empire and gathered tens of thousands of people under its banners. Speaking about the stages of the peasant war, three periods can be conditionally distinguished.
The first stage of the peasant war
The beginning of the first stage, as well as the uprising as a whole, is considered the announcement of the order, declaring himself a miraculously saved sovereign, addressed to the Yaik army, on September 17, 1773. Immediately after this, a detachment of 80 Cossacks advances towards the Yaitsky town. When Pugachev approached the settlement, the number of supporters accompanying him exceeded 300 people. It was not possible to take the Yaitsky town, since the rebels did not have artillery.
Pugachev decides to move further upstream the Yaik. The rebels easily occupy the Iletsk town and, having replenished their ranks with new volunteers and having taken possession of the local artillery, continue to move up the river towards Orenburg. Along the way, the Pugachevites easily occupy the fortresses that stand in the way of their advance. The rebels received serious resistance only when the Tatishchevskaya fortress was taken, the garrison of which fought to the last.
The rebels soon reach Orenburg and on October 5 begin the siege of the city. At the same time, the rebel troops occupy more and more fortresses and capture a number of Ural factories. A military expedition led by Major General Kara, sent to lift the siege from Orenburg, was defeated and forced to retreat to Kazan.
Military successes inspired the rebels, their ranks are replenished with more and more new forces, mass accession of local indigenous peoples, especially the Bashkirs, to the Pugachevites begins. The situation is greatly disturbed in St. Petersburg, and a new military expedition led by Bibikov is sent to suppress the uprising. Pugachev decides to withdraw the main forces from Orenburg, lifting the siege from the city. The troops of the rebels concentrated in the Tatishchevskaya fortress. On March 22, 1774, a battle took place in which the Pugachevites were defeated. The leader with the remnants of the troops retreats to the Urals.
Second stage of the peasant war
With the defeat of the Pugachevites at the Tatishchevskaya fortress, the second stage of the war begins. Having gone to the Urals with a detachment of 400 people, Pugachev quickly gathers a new army, most of which are Bashkirs and workers from the Ural factories. By the beginning of May, his troops already numbered more than 8,000 people. On the night of May 6-7, the rebels take the Magnetic Fortress and move further up the Yaik, capturing the fortresses. However, on May 21, the rebels suffer a serious defeat from the Dekolong corps that suddenly attacked them.
Detachments of Bashkirs led by Salavat Yulaev distract government forces, allowing Pugachev to withdraw. Taking advantage of this, he moves towards Kazan. On June 12, rebel troops entered the city. The surviving defenders locked themselves in the Kazan Kremlin and prepared for the siege. In the evening of the same day, Michelson's troops entered the city and drove the Pugachevites out of Kazan. A battle took place on the Kazanka River, as a result of which the rebels were utterly defeated. Pugachev, with the remnants of the army, runs across the Volga to reassemble the army.
The third stage of the peasant war
At the beginning of the third stage of the war, the newly formed rebel detachments capture a number of large cities in the Volga region, such as Penza and Saransk. Pugachev issued decrees that referred to the release of serfs. This causes mass peasant unrest throughout the Volga region. There are statements about going to. However, Pugachev will soon turn south.
During the battle with government troops, which took place on August 25 at the Solenikova gang, the rebels suffer a crushing defeat. Pugachev flees again, but was captured by his own comrades-in-arms and handed over to the government. Emelyan Pugachev was executed in Moscow on January 10, 1775. Unrest in various parts of the country continued until the summer, but then ceased.
Introduction………………………………………………………………………… 3
The problem of imposture in Russia………………………………………………4
Stages of the Peasant War 1773-1775 …………………………………..7
Reasons for the defeat of the uprising…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Appendix………………………………………………………………….. 17
Bibliography…………………………………………………………. 21
The deep antagonism between the oppressed population of the country and the ruling elite manifested itself in various forms of class uprisings. The culmination of the people's struggle was the performance of Pugachev, which quickly grew into a broad peasant war. Its main events unfolded in the Southern Urals. The reasons for this should be sought in the socio-economic and political history of the region.
Objectively, the uprising was directed against Russian statehood. The ideal was seen in the Cossack-peasant, "free" state with its peasant tsar, to make everyone eternal Cossacks, to grant the land, freedom, land, forest, hay, fish lands. As the saying goes, “grant a cross and a beard”, exemption from recruitment sets and extortions, execute nobles, landowners and unrighteous judges.
This topic has been sufficiently studied and covered by such historians as Yuri Aleksandrovich Limonov, Vladimir Vasilyevich Mavrodin, Viktor Ivanovich Buganov.
Nevertheless, the topic that I chose for my term paper has not lost its relevance even after 230 years since the beginning of the uprising. Even now, in our time, problems do not cease to arise related to the correctness of leadership, the meaningfulness of the actions of our government, which leads to protests, rallies, demonstrations in defense of their rights, freedoms and interests. Probably, there will never be such a government that would satisfy the interests of all sections of the population. Especially in Russia, where the tax burden often exceeds the wealth of the bulk of the population living below the poverty line.
An attempt to understand what were the prerequisites that prompted such a large, geographically dispersed number of people, different in their class composition and interests, will be my term paper, in which, after considering all the facts and events in stages, we can conclude what caused and why the uprising did not lead to victory rebels.
The problem of imposture in Russia
Until the 17th century, Russia did not know impostors with views on the royal throne. First, for impostorism of the tsarist persuasion, a certain level of development of feudal relations and the state is necessary. Secondly, the history of imposture in Russia is closely connected with the dynastic crises that from time to time shook the tsar's throne. The first such crisis dates back to the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, when the Rurik dynasty ended and the “boyar tsars” Boris Godunov and Vasily Shuisky were on the throne. It was then that the first false kings appeared and mass movements were born in their support. And later, violations of the traditional order of succession to the throne (for example, the appearance of young children on the throne or the accession of women) enriched the history of imposture with new names and events. Thirdly, the history of imposture is a chain of specific incarnations of folk utopian legends about the "returning deliverer kings." The first of them arose, probably, even under Ivan the Terrible, who showed himself to be “unfair” and “impious”, and therefore “unrighteous”. The hero of the legend was the robber Kudeyar, who was supposedly actually Tsarevich Yuri, the son of Vasily III from his first wife, Solomonia Saburova.
There is an opinion in the literature that the people supported the impostors mainly because they promised him liberation from serfdom, a well-fed life and an increase in social status. At the same time, the possibility is admitted that the working people (at least some of them) could follow the impostors, not believing in their royal origin, but simply using them for their own purposes. It is understood that the "crowd" does not care who ascends the throne with its help - the main thing is that the new king be "muzhik", "good", so that he defends the interests of the people.
However, this point of view is far from undisputed. It is no secret that along with such impostors as E. Pugachev, who carried away thousands of people, there were others in Russia who, at best, could boast of a few dozen supporters. How to explain such selective “deafness”?
Most likely, some impostors played their role better, their actions were more in line with popular expectations, while other contenders for the throne did not follow the generally accepted “rules of the game” or more often violated them.
“Righteous” in the eyes of the people looked like that monarch who was, firstly, “pious”, secondly, “just”, and thirdly, “legitimate”.
The "legality" of the ruler was determined by God's chosenness - the possession of charisma (personal grace), which was proved by the presence of "royal signs" on the body. It was with their help (a cross, a star, a month, an "eagle", that is, the royal coat of arms) that numerous impostors in the 17th-18th centuries proved their right to the throne and secured support among the people.
Emelyan Pugachev in August 1773 turned to the Yaik Cossacks for support. When they found out that “Emperor Peter III” was in front of them, they demanded proof (unnecessary if they needed just a person who plays the role of emperor). A source reports: “Karavaev told him, Emelka:“ You call yourself a sovereign, and sovereigns de have royal signs on their bodies, ”then Emelka ... tearing at the collar shirt, said: “Now, if you don’t believe that I am a sovereign, so look - here is a royal sign for you. And he showed first under the breasts ... signs from the wounds that were after the illness, and then the same spot on the left temple. These Cossacks Shigaev, Karavaev, Zarubin, Myasnikov, looking at those signs, said: “Well, now we believe and recognize you as the sovereign.”
In addition to the "royal signs" there were other distinguishing features of the "legitimate" contender for the throne - the support of the impostor "by the whole world", as well as the success of the contender, testifying to his God's chosenness.
The Osa fortress surrendered to Pugachev without a fight after an old man - a retired guardsman who once knew the real Peter III, “recognized” him in Pugachev and reported everything to the garrison. Pugachevsky Colonel I. N. Beloborodov was convinced of the authenticity of the "tsar" by the guards non-commissioned officer M. T. Golev and soldier Tyumin.
In 1772, the Volga Cossacks, succumbing to the persuasion of the impostor Bogomolov, who also called himself "Peter III", arrested the officers. But the rebellion died before it was born. The son of the Cossack foreman Savelyev rushed to Bogomolov and began to beat him, calling him an impostor. The Cossacks became timid and allowed the false emperor to be arrested.
In popular belief, a "legitimate" pretender to the throne must always be lucky. The Don Cossacks, talking about Pugachev's successes, said, "that if it were Pugach, he could not have resisted the tsarist troops for so long." The inhabitants of Siberia argued similarly, for whom the truth of Pugachev - "Peter III" was proved, among other things, by the fact that "his teams were already scattered everywhere", having conquered many cities.
Finally, a certain plan of action was stored in the popular mind, which was prescribed for each impostor. Its essence was in the armed struggle against the "traitors" and campaigns against Moscow (in the 18th century, first against Moscow, and then against St. Petersburg). To act otherwise was to expose oneself. After all, the “legitimate” tsar was “declared” to the people in order to regain power with his help.
Based on this, the change that occurred in the minds of Pugachev in the summer of 1773 after a meeting with the Yaik Cossacks is clear. Until that time, he only wanted to take the Cossacks outside the Russian state, to "free lands." In my opinion, Pugachev was simply forced to adopt a new plan of action. So, after the defeat near Kazan (July 1774), the Yaik Cossacks turned to Pugachev, who decided to go along the Volga to the Don, with the following words:
“Your Majesty! Have mercy, how long are we to wander and shed human blood? It's time for you to go to Moscow and take the throne!
Now let's talk about such a sign of a "righteous" king as "piety", which consisted primarily in strict compliance with the lifestyle of the prescriptions of the "royal rank". The true sovereign had to fulfill all the establishments of Orthodoxy, strictly observe the national customs and traditions of the court.
In order for a candidate for the royal throne to be recognized by the people as a “pious”, and therefore, “true” sovereign, it was required, in addition to everything else, that he complain and give gifts to his supporters, that he be accompanied by a retinue of the nobility (real or created by the impostor himself ). For example, “Prince Peter”, one of the leaders of the peasant war of the early 17th century, a Cossack by origin, created a “thought” of boyars and nobles and “invariably put titled persons at the head of the army or separate detachments.” Pugachev was also accompanied by a retinue of "generals" and "counts".
In addition, the impostor, in order not to give rise to rumors, had to avoid familiarity with ordinary people, keep a certain distance in relations with them. In view of this, the marriage of Pugachev - "Peter III" to a simple Cossack woman raised doubts that he was an emperor, even among his wife.
The events of 1772–1773 paved the way for organizing an insurgent core around E. Pugachev-Peter III. On July 2, 1773, a cruel sentence was executed on the leaders of the January uprising of 1772 in the Yaitsky town. 16 people were punished with a whip and, after cutting out their nostrils and burning out hard labor marks, they were sent to eternal hard labor in the Nerchinsk factories. 38 people were punished with a whip and exiled to Siberia for settlement. A number of Cossacks were sent to the soldiers. Moreover, a large amount of money was collected from the participants in the uprising to compensate for the ruined property of Ataman Tambovtsev, General Traubenberg and others. The verdict caused a new outburst of indignation among the ordinary Cossacks.
Meanwhile, rumors about the appearance of Emperor Peter III on Yaik and his intention to stand for the ordinary Cossacks quickly spread in the farms and penetrated into the Yaitsky town. In August and the first half of September 1773, the first detachment of Yaik Cossacks gathered around Pugachev. On September 17, the first manifesto of Pugachev - Emperor Peter III - was solemnly announced to the Yaik Cossacks, granting them with the Yaik River "from the peaks to the mouth, and land, and herbs, and monetary salaries, and lead, and gunpowder, and grain provisions." Having deployed banners prepared in advance, a detachment of rebels, numbering about 200 people armed with rifles, spears, and bows, marched towards the Yaitsky town.
The main driving force of the uprising was the Russian peasantry in alliance with the oppressed peoples of Bashkiria and the Volga region. The downtrodden, ignorant, completely illiterate peasantry, without the leadership of the working class, which had just begun to take shape, could not create its own organization, could not work out its own program. The demands of the rebels were the accession of a "good king" and the receipt of "eternal will." In the eyes of the rebels, such a king was the “peasant tsar”, “father tsar”, “emperor Pyotr Fedorovich”, the former Don Cossack Emelyan Pugachev.
MANIFESTO OF E. I. PUGACHEV TO THE YAITSK ARMY ON THE GRANT OF ITS RIVER, LAND, MONEY PAYMENT AND GRAIN PROVISIONS, 1773, SEPTEMBER 17
The autocratic emperor, our great sovereign Pyotr Fedarovich of all Russia: and so on, and so on, and so on.
In my personal decree, the Yaik army is depicted: As you, my friends, served the former kings to the drop of your blood, uncles and your fathers, so you serve for your fatherland to me, the great sovereign Emperor Peter Fedaravich. When you stand up for your fatherland, and your Cossack glory will not expire from now to forever and with your children. Wake me, great sovereigns, complained: Cossacks and Kalmyks and Tatars. And which I, Sovereign Imperial Majesty Pyotr Fe (do) Ravich, were wine, and I, Sovereign Pyotr Fedorovich, forgive and favor you in all wines: from the top to the mouth, and earth, and herbs, and monetary salaries, and lead, and pores, and grain rulers.
I, great sovereign emperor, favor you Pyotr Fedaravich.
Here it is naive monarchism, where the desire to believe in a miracle is stronger than reason. Where strengthened faith in the saved king makes people wholeheartedly come to someone who can give them what they want.
Thus, on September 18, 1773, the first rebel detachment, consisting mainly of Yaitsky Cossacks and organized on the steppe farms near the Yaitsky town (now the city of Uralsk), led by E. Pugachev, approached the Yaitsky town. There were about 200 people in the detachment. An attempt to take over the town ended in failure. In it stood a large detachment of regular troops with artillery. A second attack by the rebels on September 19 was repulsed by cannons. The rebel detachment, which replenished its ranks with Cossacks who had gone over to the side of the rebels, moved up the river. Yaik and on September 20, 1773 stopped near the Iletsk Cossack town (now the village of Ilek).
Even on the way from under the Yaitsky town to the Iletsk town, according to the old Cossack custom, a general circle was convened to select the ataman and the captains.
Andrey Ovchinnikov, a Yaitsky Cossack, was elected an ataman, Dmitry Lysov, also a Yaitsky Cossack, was elected a colonel, and a Yesaul and cornets were also elected. The first text of the oath was immediately drawn up, and all the Cossacks and elected chiefs swore allegiance to "the most illustrious, most powerful, great sovereign, Emperor Peter Fedorovich, to serve and obey in everything, not sparing his life to the last drop of blood." The rebel detachment already numbered several hundred people and had three guns taken from outposts.
The joining of the Iletsk Cossacks to the uprising or their negative attitude towards it was of great importance for the successful start of the uprising. Therefore, the rebels acted very carefully. Pugachev sends Andrei Ovchinnikov to the town, accompanied by a small number of Cossacks with two decrees of the same content: one of them he had to transfer to the ataman of the town, Lazar Portnov, the other to the Cossacks. Lazar Portnov was supposed to announce the decree to the Cossack circle; if he does not do this, then the Cossacks had to read it themselves.
The decree, written on behalf of Emperor Peter III, said: “And whatever you wish, you will not be denied all benefits and salaries; and your glory will not expire until forever; and both you and your descendants are the first in my presence, the great sovereign, learn indulge. And salaries, provisions, gunpowder and lead will always be enough from me.”
But before the rebel detachment approached the Iletsk town, Portnov, having received a message from the commandant of the Yaitsk town, Colonel Simonov, about the beginning of the uprising, gathered the Cossack circle and read Simonov's order to take precautionary measures. By his order, the bridge connecting the Iletsk town with the right bank, along which the insurgent detachment was moving, was dismantled.
At the same time, rumors about the appearance of Emperor Peter III and the freedoms granted to him reached the Cossacks of the town. The Cossacks were indecisive. Andrey Ovchinnikov put an end to their hesitation. The Cossacks decided with honor to meet the rebel detachment and their leader E. Pugachev - Tsar Peter III and join the uprising.
On September 21, a dismantled bridge was repaired and a detachment of rebels solemnly entered the town, greeted with bell ringing and bread and salt. All Iletsk Cossacks swore allegiance to Pugachev, they formed a special regiment. The Iletsk Cossack, later one of the main traitors, Ivan Tvorogov, was appointed colonel of the Iletsk army. E. Pugachev appointed a competent Iletsk Cossack Maxim Gorshkov as a secretary. All suitable artillery of the town was put in order and became part of the rebel artillery. Pugachev appointed the Yaik Cossack Fyodor Chumakov as head of artillery.
Two days later, the rebels, leaving the town of Iletsk, crossed to the right bank of the Urals and moved up the Yaik in the direction of Orenburg, the military and administrative center of the vast Orenburg province, which included within its borders a vast territory from the Caspian Sea in the south to the borders of the modern Yekaterinburg and Molotov regions - in the north. The goal of the rebels was the capture of Orenburg.
The capture of Orenburg was of great importance for the further course of the uprising: firstly, it was possible to take weapons and various military equipment from the warehouses of the fortress, and secondly, the capture of the capital of the province would raise the authority of the rebels among the population. That is why they tried so persistently and stubbornly to seize Orenburg.
Around noon on October 5, 1773, the main forces of the rebel army appeared in sight of Orenburg and began to go around the city from the northeast side, going to Forstadt. The alarm went off in the city. The siege of Orenburg began, which lasted for half a year - until March 23, 1774. The garrison of the fortress during their sorties could not defeat the peasant troops. The assaults of the rebels were repelled by the artillery of the city, but in open battle success always remained on the side of the peasant army.
Upon learning of the approach of Golitsyn's corps, Pugachev moved away from Orenburg to meet the advancing troops.
The government understood the danger of the Pugachev uprising. On November 28, a state council was convened, and General-in-Chief Bibikov, who was equipped with extensive powers, was appointed commander of the troops to fight Pugachev, instead of Kara.
Strong military units were thrown into the Orenburg Territory: the corps of Major General Golitsyn, the detachment of General Mansurov, the detachment of General Larionov and the Siberian detachment of General Dekalong.
Until that time, the government tried to hide from the people the events near Orenburg and in Bashkiria. Only on December 23, 1773, the manifesto about Pugachev was published. The news of the peasant uprising spread throughout Russia.
On December 29, 1773, after the stubborn resistance of the ataman Ilya Arapov's detachment, Samara was occupied. Arapov retreated to the Buzuluk fortress.
On February 28, a detachment of Prince Golitsyn moved from Buguruslan to the Samara line to join with Major General Mansurov.
On March 6, Golitsyn's advance detachment entered the village of Pronkino and camped for the night. Warned by the peasants, Pugachev with chieftains Rechkin and Arapov at night, during a strong storm and snowstorm, made a forced march and attacked the detachment. The rebels broke into the village, seized the guns, but then were forced to retreat. Golitsyn, having withstood the attack of Pugachev. Under pressure from government troops, peasant detachments retreated up Samara, taking with them the population and supplies.
The decisive battle between the government troops and the peasant army took place on March 22, 1774 near the Tatishchev fortress. Pugachev concentrated here the main forces of the peasant army, about 9,000 people. The battle lasted over 6 hours. The peasant troops held out with such stamina that Prince Golitsyn wrote in his report to A. Bibikov:
“The matter was so important that I did not expect such impudence and orders in such unenlightened people in the military trade as these defeated rebels are.”
The peasant army lost about 2500 people killed (in one fortress 1315 people were found dead) and about 3300 people captured. Prominent commanders of the peasant army Ilya Arapov, soldier Zhilkin, Cossack Rechkin and others died near Tatishcheva. All the artillery of the rebels and the convoy fell into the hands of the enemy. This was the first major defeat of the rebels.
The defeat of the rebels near the Tatishchev fortress opened the way for government troops to Orenburg. On March 23, Pugachev, with a detachment of two thousand men, headed across the steppe to the Perevolotsk fortress in order to break through the Samara line to the Yaitsky town. Having stumbled upon a strong detachment of government troops, he was forced to turn back.
On March 24, the peasant army near Ufa was defeated. Its head, Chika-Zarubin, fled to Tabynsk, but was treacherously captured and extradited.
Pugachev, pursued by the tsarist troops, with the remnants of his detachments hastily retreated to Berda, and from there to Seitova Sloboda and the Sakmarsky town. Here, on April 1, 1774, in a fierce battle, the rebels were again defeated. The leader of the uprising E. Pugachev left with a small detachment through Tashla to Bashkiria.
In the battle near the Sakmara town, prominent leaders of the uprising were captured: Ivan Pochitalin, Andrey Vitoshnov, Maxim Gorshkov, Timofei Podurov, M. Shigaev and others.
On April 16, government troops entered the Yaitsky Cossack town. A detachment of Yaik and Iletsk Cossacks in the amount of 300 people under the command of chieftains Ovchinnikov and Perfilyev broke through the Samara line and went to Bashkiria to join Pugachev.
The attempt of the Orenburg and Stavropol Kalmyks to break into Bashkiria ended less happily - only an insignificant part of them could go there. The rest went to the Zasamara steppes. On May 23, they were defeated by government troops. The Kalmyk leader Derbetov died of his wounds.
The events of the beginning of April 1774 basically ended the Orenburg period of the peasant war under the leadership of E. Pugachev.
