Find the area of a figure online. How to calculate the area of a plane figure using the double integral

In this article, you will learn how to find the area of a figure bounded by lines using integral calculations. For the first time, we encounter the formulation of such a problem in high school, when the study of certain integrals has just been completed and it is time to start the geometric interpretation of the knowledge gained in practice.

So, what is required to successfully solve the problem of finding the area of \u200b\u200ba figure using integrals:

Ability to correctly draw drawings;
Ability to solve a definite integral using the well-known Newton-Leibniz formula;
The ability to "see" a more profitable solution - i.e. to understand how in this or that case it will be more convenient to carry out the integration? Along the x-axis (OX) or y-axis (OY)?
Well, where without correct calculations?) This includes understanding how to solve that other type of integrals and correct numerical calculations.

Algorithm for solving the problem of calculating the area of a figure bounded by lines:

1. We build a drawing. It is advisable to do this on a piece of paper in a cage, on a large scale. We sign with a pencil above each graph the name of this function. The signature of the graphs is done solely for the convenience of further calculations. Having received the graph of the desired figure, in most cases it will be immediately clear which integration limits will be used. Thus, we solve the problem graphically. However, it happens that the values of the limits are fractional or irrational. Therefore, you can make additional calculations, go to step two.

2. If the integration limits are not explicitly set, then we find the points of intersection of the graphs with each other, and see if our graphical solution coincides with the analytical one.

3. Next, you need to analyze the drawing. Depending on how the graphs of functions are located, there are different approaches to finding the area of \u200b\u200bthe figure. Consider various examples of finding the area of a figure using integrals.

3.1. The most classic and simplest version of the problem is when you need to find the area of a curvilinear trapezoid. What is a curvilinear trapezoid? This is a flat figure bounded by the x-axis (y=0), straight x = a, x = b and any curve continuous on the interval from a before b. At the same time, this figure is non-negative and is located not lower than the x-axis. In this case, the area of the curvilinear trapezoid is numerically equal to the definite integral calculated using the Newton-Leibniz formula:

Example 1 y = x2 - 3x + 3, x = 1, x = 3, y = 0.

What lines define the figure? We have a parabola y = x2 - 3x + 3, which is located above the axis OH, it is non-negative, because all points of this parabola are positive. Next, given straight lines x = 1 and x = 3 that run parallel to the axis OU, are the bounding lines of the figure on the left and right. Well y = 0, she is the x-axis, which limits the figure from below. The resulting figure is shaded, as seen in the figure on the left. In this case, you can immediately begin to solve the problem. Before us is a simple example of a curvilinear trapezoid, which we then solve using the Newton-Leibniz formula.

3.2. In the previous paragraph 3.1, the case was analyzed when the curvilinear trapezoid is located above the x-axis. Now consider the case when the conditions of the problem are the same, except that the function lies under the x-axis. A minus is added to the standard Newton-Leibniz formula. How to solve such a problem, we will consider further.

Example 2 . Calculate the area of a figure bounded by lines y=x2+6x+2, x=-4, x=-1, y=0.

In this example, we have a parabola y=x2+6x+2, which originates from under the axis OH, straight x=-4, x=-1, y=0. Here y = 0 limits the desired figure from above. Direct x = -4 and x = -1 these are the boundaries within which the definite integral will be calculated. The principle of solving the problem of finding the area of \u200b\u200ba figure almost completely coincides with example number 1. The only difference is that the given function is not positive, and everything is also continuous on the interval [-4; -1] . What does not positive mean? As can be seen from the figure, the figure that lies within the given x has exclusively "negative" coordinates, which is what we need to see and remember when solving the problem. We are looking for the area of \u200b\u200bthe figure using the Newton-Leibniz formula, only with a minus sign at the beginning.

The article is not completed.

So, what is required to successfully solve the problem of finding the area of \u200b\u200ba figure using integrals:

Ability to correctly draw drawings;
Ability to solve a definite integral using the well-known Newton-Leibniz formula;
The ability to "see" a more profitable solution - i.e. to understand how in this or that case it will be more convenient to carry out the integration? Along the x-axis (OX) or y-axis (OY)?
Well, where without correct calculations?) This includes understanding how to solve that other type of integrals and correct numerical calculations.

Algorithm for solving the problem of calculating the area of a figure bounded by lines:

2. If the integration limits are not explicitly set, then we find the points of intersection of the graphs with each other, and see if our graphical solution coincides with the analytical one.

Example 1 y = x2 - 3x + 3, x = 1, x = 3, y = 0.

Example 2 . Calculate the area of a figure bounded by lines y=x2+6x+2, x=-4, x=-1, y=0.

The article is not completed.

Task number 3. Make a drawing and calculate the area of \u200b\u200bthe figure bounded by lines

Application of the integral to solving applied problems

Area calculation

The definite integral of a continuous non-negative function f(x) is numerically equal to the area of a curvilinear trapezoid bounded by the curve y \u003d f (x), the O x axis and the straight lines x \u003d a and x \u003d b. Accordingly, the area formula is written as follows:

Consider some examples of calculating the areas of plane figures.

Task number 1. Calculate the area bounded by the lines y \u003d x 2 +1, y \u003d 0, x \u003d 0, x \u003d 2.

Decision. Let's build a figure, the area of which we will have to calculate.

y \u003d x 2 + 1 is a parabola whose branches are directed upwards, and the parabola is shifted upwards by one unit relative to the O y axis (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Graph of the function y = x 2 + 1

Task number 2. Calculate the area bounded by the lines y \u003d x 2 - 1, y \u003d 0 in the range from 0 to 1.

Decision. The graph of this function is the parabola of the branch, which is directed upwards, and the parabola is shifted down by one unit relative to the O y axis (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Graph of the function y \u003d x 2 - 1

Task number 3. Make a drawing and calculate the area of \u200b\u200bthe figure bounded by lines

y = 8 + 2x - x 2 and y = 2x - 4.

Decision. The first of these two lines is a parabola with branches pointing down, since the coefficient at x 2 is negative, and the second line is a straight line crossing both coordinate axes.

To construct a parabola, let's find the coordinates of its vertex: y'=2 – 2x; 2 – 2x = 0, x = 1 – vertex abscissa; y(1) = 8 + 2∙1 – 1 2 = 9 is its ordinate, N(1;9) is its vertex.

Now we find the points of intersection of the parabola and the line by solving the system of equations:

Equating the right sides of an equation whose left sides are equal.

We get 8 + 2x - x 2 \u003d 2x - 4 or x 2 - 12 \u003d 0, from where .

So, the points are the points of intersection of the parabola and the straight line (Figure 1).

Figure 3 Graphs of functions y = 8 + 2x – x 2 and y = 2x – 4

Let's build a straight line y = 2x - 4. It passes through the points (0;-4), (2; 0) on the coordinate axes.

To build a parabola, you can also have its intersection points with the 0x axis, that is, the roots of the equation 8 + 2x - x 2 = 0 or x 2 - 2x - 8 = 0. By the Vieta theorem, it is easy to find its roots: x 1 = 2, x 2 = 4.

Figure 3 shows a figure (parabolic segment M 1 N M 2) bounded by these lines.

The second part of the problem is to find the area of this figure. Its area can be found using a definite integral using the formula .

With regard to this condition, we obtain the integral:

2 Calculation of the volume of a body of revolution

The volume of the body obtained from the rotation of the curve y \u003d f (x) around the O x axis is calculated by the formula:

When rotating around the O y axis, the formula looks like:

Task number 4. Determine the volume of the body obtained from the rotation of a curvilinear trapezoid bounded by straight lines x \u003d 0 x \u003d 3 and a curve y \u003d around the O x axis.

Decision. Let's build a drawing (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Graph of the function y =

The desired volume is equal to

Task number 5. Calculate the volume of the body obtained from the rotation of a curvilinear trapezoid bounded by a curve y = x 2 and straight lines y = 0 and y = 4 around the axis O y .

Decision. We have:

Review questions

Decision.

The first and most important moment of the decision is the construction of a drawing.

Let's make a drawing:

The equation y=0 sets the x-axis;

- x=-2 and x=1 - straight, parallel to the axis OU;

- y \u003d x 2 +2 - a parabola whose branches are directed upwards, with a vertex at the point (0;2).

Comment. To construct a parabola, it is enough to find the points of its intersection with the coordinate axes, i.e. putting x=0 find the intersection with the axis OU and solving the corresponding quadratic equation, find the intersection with the axis Oh .

The vertex of a parabola can be found using the formulas:

You can draw lines and point by point.

On the interval [-2;1] the graph of the function y=x 2 +2 situated over axis Ox , That's why:

Answer: S \u003d 9 square units

After the task is completed, it is always useful to look at the drawing and figure out if the answer is real. In this case, "by eye" we count the number of cells in the drawing - well, about 9 will be typed, it seems to be true. It is quite clear that if we had, say, the answer: 20 square units, then, obviously, a mistake was made somewhere - 20 cells clearly do not fit into the figure in question, at most a dozen. If the answer turned out to be negative, then the task was also solved incorrectly.

What to do if the curvilinear trapezoid is located under axle Oh?

b) Calculate the area of a figure bounded by lines y=-e x , x=1 and coordinate axes.

Decision.

Let's make a drawing.

If a curvilinear trapezoid completely under the axle Oh , then its area can be found by the formula:

Answer: S=(e-1) sq. unit" 1.72 sq. unit

Attention! Don't confuse the two types of tasks:

1) If you are asked to solve just a definite integral without any geometric meaning, then it can be negative.

2) If you are asked to find the area of a figure using a definite integral, then the area is always positive! That is why the minus appears in the formula just considered.

In practice, most often the figure is located in both the upper and lower half-planes.

with) Find the area of a plane figure bounded by lines y \u003d 2x-x 2, y \u003d -x.

Decision.

First you need to make a drawing. Generally speaking, when constructing a drawing in area problems, we are most interested in the intersection points of lines. Find the intersection points of the parabola and direct This can be done in two ways. The first way is analytical.

We solve the equation:

So the lower limit of integration a=0 , the upper limit of integration b=3 .

We build the given lines: 1. Parabola - vertex at the point (1;1); axis intersection Oh - points(0;0) and (0;2). 2. Straight line - the bisector of the 2nd and 4th coordinate angles. And now Attention! If on the segment [ a;b] some continuous function f(x) greater than or equal to some continuous function g(x), then the area of the corresponding figure can be found by the formula: .

And it does not matter where the figure is located - above the axis or below the axis, but it is important which chart is HIGHER (relative to another chart), and which one is BELOW. In the example under consideration, it is obvious that on the segment the parabola is located above the straight line, and therefore it is necessary to subtract from

It is possible to construct lines point by point, while the limits of integration are found out as if "by themselves". Nevertheless, the analytical method of finding the limits still sometimes has to be used if, for example, the graph is large enough, or the threaded construction did not reveal the limits of integration (they can be fractional or irrational).

The desired figure is limited by a parabola from above and a straight line from below.

On the segment , according to the corresponding formula:

Answer: S \u003d 4.5 sq. units

Task 1(on the calculation of the area of a curvilinear trapezoid).

In the Cartesian rectangular coordinate system xOy, a figure is given (see figure), bounded by the x axis, straight lines x \u003d a, x \u003d b (a curvilinear trapezoid. It is required to calculate the area of \u200b\u200bthe curvilinear trapezoid.
Decision. Geometry gives us recipes for calculating the areas of polygons and some parts of a circle (sector, segment). Using geometric considerations, we will be able to find only an approximate value of the required area, arguing as follows.

Let's split the segment [a; b] (base of a curvilinear trapezoid) into n equal parts; this partition is feasible with the help of points x 1 , x 2 , ... x k , ... x n-1 . Let us draw lines through these points parallel to the y-axis. Then the given curvilinear trapezoid will be divided into n parts, into n narrow columns. The area of the entire trapezoid is equal to the sum of the areas of the columns.

Consider separately the k-th column, i.e. curvilinear trapezoid, the base of which is a segment. Let's replace it with a rectangle with the same base and height equal to f(x k) (see figure). The area of the rectangle is $f(x_k) \cdot \Delta x_k $, where $\Delta x_k $ is the length of the segment; it is natural to consider the compiled product as an approximate value of the area of the kth column.

If we now do the same with all the other columns, then we arrive at the following result: the area S of a given curvilinear trapezoid is approximately equal to the area S n of a stepped figure made up of n rectangles (see figure):
$S_n = f(x_0)\Delta x_0 + \dots + f(x_k)\Delta x_k + \dots + f(x_(n-1))\Delta x_(n-1) $
Here, for the sake of uniformity of notation, we consider that a \u003d x 0, b \u003d x n; $\Delta x_0 $ - segment length , $\Delta x_1 $ - segment length , etc; while, as we agreed above, $\Delta x_0 = \dots = \Delta x_(n-1) $

So, $S \approx S_n $, and this approximate equality is the more accurate, the larger n.
By definition, it is believed that the desired area of the curvilinear trapezoid is equal to the limit of the sequence (S n):
$$ S = \lim_(n \to \infty) S_n $$

Task 2(about moving a point)
A material point moves in a straight line. The dependence of speed on time is expressed by the formula v = v(t). Find the displacement of a point over the time interval [a; b].
Decision. If the motion were uniform, then the problem would be solved very simply: s = vt, i.e. s = v(b-a). For uneven motion, one has to use the same ideas on which the solution of the previous problem was based.
1) Divide the time interval [a; b] into n equal parts.
2) Consider a time interval and assume that during this time interval the speed was constant, such as at time t k . So, we assume that v = v(t k).
3) Find the approximate value of the point displacement over the time interval , this approximate value will be denoted by s k
$s_k = v(t_k) \Delta t_k $
4) Find the approximate value of the displacement s:
$s \approx S_n $ where
$S_n = s_0 + \dots + s_(n-1) = v(t_0)\Delta t_0 + \dots + v(t_(n-1)) \Delta t_(n-1) $
5) The required displacement is equal to the limit of the sequence (S n):
$$ s = \lim_(n \to \infty) S_n $$

Let's summarize. The solutions of various problems were reduced to the same mathematical model. Many problems from various fields of science and technology lead to the same model in the process of solution. So, this mathematical model should be specially studied.

The concept of a definite integral

Let us give a mathematical description of the model that was constructed in the three considered problems for the function y = f(x), which is continuous (but not necessarily non-negative, as was assumed in the considered problems) on the segment [a; b]:
1) split the segment [a; b] into n equal parts;
2) sum $$ S_n = f(x_0)\Delta x_0 + f(x_1)\Delta x_1 + \dots + f(x_(n-1))\Delta x_(n-1) $$
3) compute $$ \lim_(n \to \infty) S_n $$

In the course of mathematical analysis, it was proved that this limit exists in the case of a continuous (or piecewise continuous) function. He's called a definite integral of the function y = f(x) over the segment [a; b] and are denoted like this:
$\int\limits_a^b f(x) dx $
The numbers a and b are called the limits of integration (lower and upper, respectively).

Let's return to the tasks discussed above. The definition of area given in problem 1 can now be rewritten as follows:
$S = \int\limits_a^b f(x) dx $
here S is the area of the curvilinear trapezoid shown in the figure above. This is what geometric meaning of the definite integral.

The definition of the displacement s of a point moving in a straight line with a speed v = v(t) over the time interval from t = a to t = b, given in Problem 2, can be rewritten as follows:

Newton - Leibniz formula

To begin with, let's answer the question: what is the relationship between a definite integral and an antiderivative?

The answer can be found in problem 2. On the one hand, the displacement s of a point moving along a straight line with a speed v = v(t) over a time interval from t = a to t = b and is calculated by the formula
$S = \int\limits_a^b v(t) dt $

On the other hand, the coordinate of the moving point is the antiderivative for the speed - let's denote it s(t); hence the displacement s is expressed by the formula s = s(b) - s(a). As a result, we get:
$S = \int\limits_a^b v(t) dt = s(b)-s(a) $
where s(t) is the antiderivative for v(t).

The following theorem was proved in the course of mathematical analysis.
Theorem. If the function y = f(x) is continuous on the segment [a; b], then the formula
$S = \int\limits_a^b f(x) dx = F(b)-F(a) $
where F(x) is the antiderivative for f(x).

This formula is usually called Newton-Leibniz formula in honor of the English physicist Isaac Newton (1643-1727) and the German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716), who received it independently of each other and almost simultaneously.

In practice, instead of writing F(b) - F(a), they use the notation $\left. F(x)\right|_a^b $ (it is sometimes called double substitution) and, accordingly, rewrite the Newton-Leibniz formula in this form:
$S = \int\limits_a^b f(x) dx = \left. F(x)\right|_a^b $

Calculating a definite integral, first find the antiderivative, and then carry out a double substitution.

Based on the Newton-Leibniz formula, one can obtain two properties of a definite integral.

Property 1. The integral of the sum of functions is equal to the sum of the integrals:
$\int\limits_a^b (f(x) + g(x))dx = \int\limits_a^b f(x)dx + \int\limits_a^b g(x)dx $

Property 2. The constant factor can be taken out of the integral sign:
$\int\limits_a^b kf(x)dx = k \int\limits_a^b f(x)dx $

Calculating the areas of plane figures using a definite integral

Using the integral, you can calculate the area not only of curvilinear trapezoids, but also of plane figures of a more complex type, such as the one shown in the figure. The figure P is bounded by straight lines x = a, x = b and graphs of continuous functions y = f(x), y = g(x), and on the segment [a; b] the inequality $g(x) \leq f(x) $ holds. To calculate the area S of such a figure, we will proceed as follows:
$S = S_(ABCD) = S_(aDCb) - S_(aABb) = \int\limits_a^b f(x) dx - \int\limits_a^b g(x) dx = $
$= \int\limits_a^b (f(x)-g(x))dx $

So, the area S of the figure bounded by the straight lines x = a, x = b and the graphs of functions y = f(x), y = g(x), continuous on the segment and such that for any x from the segment [a; b] the inequality $g(x) \leq f(x) $ is satisfied, is calculated by the formula
$S = \int\limits_a^b (f(x)-g(x))dx $

Table of indefinite integrals (antiderivatives) of some functions

$$ \int 0 \cdot dx = C $$ $$ \int 1 \cdot dx = x+C $$ $$ \int x^n dx = \frac(x^(n+1))(n+1 ) +C \;\; (n \neq -1) $$ $$ \int \frac(1)(x) dx = \ln |x| +C $$ $$ \int e^x dx = e^x +C $$ $$ \int a^x dx = \frac(a^x)(\ln a) +C \;\; (a>0, \;\; a \neq 1) $$ $$ \int \cos x dx = \sin x +C $$ $$ \int \sin x dx = -\cos x +C $$ $ $ \int \frac(dx)(\cos^2 x) = \text(tg) x +C $$ $$ \int \frac(dx)(\sin^2 x) = -\text(ctg) x +C $$ $$ \int \frac(dx)(\sqrt(1-x^2)) = \text(arcsin) x +C $$ $$ \int \frac(dx)(1+x^2 ) = \text(arctg) x +C $$ $$ \int \text(ch) x dx = \text(sh) x +C $$ $$ \int \text(sh) x dx = \text(ch )x+C $$

Portal for the student. Self-training

Task number 3. Make a drawing and calculate the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe figure bounded by lines

The concept of a definite integral

Newton - Leibniz formula

Calculating the areas of plane figures using a definite integral

Table of indefinite integrals (antiderivatives) of some functions

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Task number 3. Make a drawing and calculate the area of \u200b\u200bthe figure bounded by lines