The UK population for 2018 is 66,558,737 people (as of 17/06/2018).
The name of the country "England" is often considered synonymous with "Great Britain". In fact, England has remained a special part of the United Kingdom, which has its own history and its own ethnic group.
Population in England
Today, the population of the largest administrative and political part of the country is approximately 84-85% of the total population of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
The population of England in 2016 was 55,268,100.
Until 55 BC, the land of modern England was inhabited by the Celts. Then the Romans came there, but after they left, the Angles, Saxons and Jutes, who were direct descendants of the Celtic tribes, settled in the territories.
Only the Scots never belonged to the Celtic group, they were descendants of the Picts and Gaels. Thus, the Germanic tribes from ancient times were the indigenous ethnic group of the English territories. This state of affairs continues today.
In the 19th century in England there was an outflow of the population to other countries. People left for the USA and Europe. The human population was poorly replenished by immigrants. Today, the situation has changed in the opposite direction.
Ethnic composition of England
Thanks to immigration in England, the following national composition is now:
- English;
- Irish;
- Indians;
- Pakistanis;
- Bengalis;
- Asians;
- Africans;
- Mixed races.
The Scots and Irish are also considered full residents of Great Britain, but their largest number is in the territory of modern Ireland and Scotland. There are not as many Irish and Scots in England as it might seem at first glance.
Great Britain and its population in numbers
To date, the average life expectancy of one Briton hovers around the mark of 79 years. Population growth is quite low - only 0.27 percent per year.
The total number of inhabitants of the British Isles exceeds 66 million people. The society is multicultural and multinational. Around 2,000 babies are born a day in England. About 1500 people die every day. The population density per square meter is 269 people.
There are slightly more middle-aged men in Britain than women. The dependency ratio in the country is quite high, and is presented as 51%.
This value suggests that in England people pay high taxes in order to provide pensions and benefits to the disabled part of the population.
The UK population has a literacy rate of almost 100%. The country is considered developed, and the standard of living of its citizens is recognized as one of the highest in the world..
The present population of England is mixed and varied. Due to the fact that there are still a huge number of people who want to move to this state, the government had to introduce a tough immigration policy. In general, the population of England continues to grow, but this is happening slowly, as the younger generation believes that you first need to build a career, and only then you can get married and have children.
The population of the UK is over 63 million people.
The British Isles were constantly invaded by continental Europe. Romans, Saxons, Danes, Normans and others occupied the lowlands of Britain, driving the indigenous population north and west into the highlands of the country. Thus, the British Isles were divided into lowland (Anglo-Saxon) and mountainous (Celtic) zones. Thanks to this division, the inhabitants of Cornwall, Wales, Ireland and Scotland still use various dialects of the Celtic language in their speech.
The national composition of Great Britain is represented by:
- the British (81.5%);
- Scots (9.6%);
- Irish (2.4%);
- Welsh (1.9%);
- other nations (4.6%).
On average, 245 people live per 1 km2, but the most densely populated are the southeastern and central parts of England, the central part of Wales, and the northern regions of Scotland.
The official language is English, but Scottish and 2 Celtic languages (Welsh, Gaelic) are widely spoken.
Major cities: London, Edinburgh, Leeds, Sheffield, Glasgow, Liverpool, Bristol.
Most residents of the UK profess Protestantism, but here you can meet Catholics, Hindus, Buddhists, Muslims.
Lifespan
Men on average live up to 76 years, and women - up to 81 years.
The British live 2 years less than the Swiss, Japanese and Italians. The UK spends only 9.7% of its annual GDP (approximately $3,700) on healthcare. But such an amount cannot be called sufficient expenses, because the cost of living in the UK is very high.
Residents of the UK suffer from cardiovascular diseases, malignant tumors, obesity (26.1% of the population: this figure is 17% higher than the European average).
Traditions and customs of the inhabitants of Great Britain
The British are proud of their significant difference from the representatives of other nations of the world: they still strictly observe such traditions as playing cricket and driving on the left.
The British can be called a cold-blooded people - they never show their feelings (approval, as a rule, they express the phrase: “not bad”). But, nevertheless, the British are sociable and have a good sense of humor.
An interesting British tradition is dressing up for dinner; participating in ugly face competitions and rolling cheese races…
Interesting traditions and customs are related to festivals, for example, the most popular takes place in Chelsea (May), and the most solemn and grandiose holiday of the country is the Queen's Birthday.
Arriving in the UK, you can understand why it is called the country of traditions. So, you will have the opportunity to see the changing of the guard at Buckingham Palace, the ceremony of keys (the ritual of closing the Tower), royal gun salutes (they are made on special occasions) ...
The population of Great Britain according to preliminary forecasts of experts by 2025 will reach 25 million people. Despite the active emigration from developing countries, which fell on 1981-2001, population growth during this time amounted to only 6%. Great Britain has one of the highest in the world which is 242 people per square kilometer.
The birth rate in the UK is 1.3% and the death rate is 10.3%. The average life expectancy for men in the UK is about 75 years, for women - about 81 years. In 2000, the female population in the UK exceeded the male population by 838,000.
According to experts, the UK population has a serious problem - aging. Thus, in 2002, people over the age of 65 accounted for almost 16% of the total population of the country. According to the population census conducted in 2001, it turned out that the number of people over 60 years of age exceeds the number of children under the age of 15 years.
The UK has a very high degree of urbanization of the population. At the end of the 20th century, the population of Great Britain living in cities made up about 90% of the total number of inhabitants. The largest cities in terms of the number of inhabitants are London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Leeds, Sheffield and others. Also, according to statistics, about half of all UK residents live in cities with a population exceeding 100 thousand people.
Great Britain, whose population is very multinational, in the second half of the 20th century received a large flow of emigrants from India, Pakistan, and later from African states: Uganda, Kenya, Malawi. People from these countries account for about 7% of the total UK population. As for the largest part of them are the British (about 81%). Other indigenous peoples living in the UK are the Scots (about 9%), the Irish (about 2%) and the Welsh (just under 2%).
The British people speak English. In addition, part of the population of Wales speaks part of the inhabitants of Scotland - Gaelic, and the population of the Channel Islands - French.
As far as the religious sphere is concerned, Great Britain is for the most part a Protestant country. which has state status in England, has about 34 million followers. In Scotland the most important role is played by the Presbyterian Church, whose followers are 800 thousand people. There are also about 6 million Catholics in the country. In addition, there are quite numerous groups of adherents of Methodism, Baptism, Buddhism, Hinduism and Judaism. The number of adherents of Islam is growing very rapidly, the number of which in 2002 was 1.5 million people.
The political structure of Great Britain implies the right to vote for every citizen of the state and other countries that are members of the Commonwealth, and also regardless of national origin.
In many ways, life and its level are very reminiscent of the United States, though in a more compact form. So, let's briefly list all the features of life in this wonderful country.
The main feature is that everyone wants here, walking around London, you will immediately notice that there are almost no Englishmen here, meaning that there are many obvious foreigners, of different nationalities, races and skin colors, many of whom do not even speak English and nevertheless, they all go to work or school with a newspaper in their hands. London is the most untypical British city, despite its size, everything here is very small, as you know in the UK there are 1.8 rooms per person, a rather serious result for Europe, but these rooms are very small, there are also small restaurants, cafes in London, shops, and there are no shopping and entertainment centers in this city, at least those that we have. Real estate prices, including residential real estate, are sky-high, many areas in London cost from 20,000 pounds per square meter, which is exactly twice as high as the central areas of Moscow, utility bills are also an impressive 22% of family income.
There are many pubs, cafes and restaurants in London and other cities, in pubs people even gather outside the institution itself, as there is not always enough space for everyone, the menu mainly includes beer and potatoes with sausages and fish, but there are also many elite restaurants with advice prices, I will add to this that London is a very crowded city. Almost every street and subway passage is enlivened by musicians who play guitars under the prohibition No Busking stash, usually such signs prohibit almost all liberties, only the British follow these prohibitions.
Most likely there is no difference at all where, of course, some regions are rich, others are poor, respectively, prices and salaries are high or low, in London the highest salaries, but at the same time the highest prices for everything. In the provinces, wages are lower, but you can live comfortably on less money. London, like any other metropolis for people who never sleep, in other words, it's fun here, there are huge opportunities for self-realization, you can work with anyone, start your own business in any field.
The salary must be shared, in the UK there is a complex tax system that depends on the level of income, the more you earn, the higher the taxes, for example, for salaries from 20 to 38 thousand pounds per year, income tax and others will amount to 20% if the salary is from 38,000 to 70,000, then taxes sit at 35%, then 42% and even half of earnings.
How does the middle class live in the UK?
If we still hypothetically accept that there is still a middle class, then we can assume that the salary of the head of the family of such a middle class will be about 30,000 pounds per year, after deducting taxes, this is 2,000 pounds per month, not at all much for the most expensive country in Europe . An apartment or a house can take from 600 to 900 pounds per month, depending on whether it is a house or rented, an apartment or a house, the presence of a garden and a large area, a swimming pool and the like. An apartment to the center of London is more expensive in the provinces cheaper. Utilities - it's 130 pounds a month, more expensive in winter. There is also a real estate tax, the so-called Council tax, which can be equal to 100 pounds per month. Transportation costs can be from 50 to 200 pounds, for example, travel through the central areas of London will cost 100 pounds per month. Paid check-in for all cars in the center of London, the high cost of parking, a single fare in public transport.
Food costs can range from £200 to £400 on average. There are other miscellaneous costs to consider, such as health insurance, car insurance, cable TV, communication costs, each of these items alone can add another £45 a month. In total, there will be absolutely nothing left, in most cases the average Briton cannot save a dime for the future. British society sees no way to increase income at all. It should be noted that in the UK, compared to the United States, they do not issue in such quantities and with such a simple loan for goods, cars, mortgages are impossible, the British buy houses and apartments today exclusively with their own money. The American rule of buy now, pay later does not work surprisingly in the UK.
One can imagine how Russians in Great Britain are forced to save in everything, meaning the second kind of Russians, the poor.
Young people, junior office workers, and in general most people in the UK receive a salary of only 20,000 pounds a year, clean on hand receive somewhere around 1,400 pounds a month, then saving money for a rainy day is not at all possible. In small towns and provinces, there are fewer expenses and opportunities to spend money, but also less salaries.
Saving up for your property in the UK is very difficult, the cost of an apartment in London is simply cosmic and starts from half a million pounds, this will be the most murdered apartment. Young people in the UK live with their parents for a very long time for economic reasons, in order to rent a house separately, you need to receive at least an average salary by local standards, as a rule, a minimum salary is expected for young professionals, the same applies even to young doctors, teachers or accountants, so young people are forced live under the same roof with their elders. In this, Great Britain is similar to the countries of Europe, but it is very different for the worse from the United States, where society has long gone from the foundations of the patriarchal family in its classical form.
In the UK there are holy distinctions, for example, a pub with beer on Fridays, in London and other cities people gather after work and communicate in pubs, which is from the word public, if there is no place in the cafe itself, then you can settle on the street.
Tourist trips in the UK and abroad are mainly the lot of wealthy pensioners; after retiring, the British try to make good use of their time and accumulated funds. In the UK, as in the US, the richest people are pensioners.
The British buy everything on credit, of course, if they are allowed to, this is furniture, money for repairs, household appliances, computers, iPhones and more. The demographic problem of Great Britain is being solved with the help of immigrants, among them it is customary to give birth to many children, if it were not for these immigrants in the UK there would not be such a strong economy and prosperity in general.
A century ago, a quarter of the surface of the globe was occupied by the British Empire, now there are former colonies, from which refugees moved to Britain in the second half of the 20th century. The country could not refuse its subjects and accepted everyone, and is accepting now, immigrants from Eastern Europe are in the background, Russia and Ukraine have never been a colony of Great Britain, therefore, the attitude towards Russians in Great Britain is as to strangers, while many Africans here are like their own.
Life in the UK for Russians
Emigrants from Russia, Ukraine without legalizing their education can count on 6 pounds per hour maximum. Russians are not very competitive in the local labor market and are unsuccessful businessmen, they lose even to Asians or Africans. The thing is that the Russians have a different mentality, they are not so mobile, they hold on to their homes, they are afraid of the new, they work where they live, the British, on the contrary, live where there is work. Russians are not as polite as the British, in British etiquette it is customary to apologize ten times, and only then start a conversation or hint about a request, Russians get straight to the point, which is disrespectful and rude in England. Russians do not like to take risks, the Western mentality is alien to them, and these are all the principles on which life in the UK is based, and especially in the UK, even in comparison with the countries of Western Europe, the last place where Russians will take root in Europe is Great Britain. However, not everything is built on this mentality; in London, Russians are millionaires or poor people. Millionaires are identified with Abramovich, and the poor are identified with illegal immigrants as nurses, nannies, builders, plumbers.
Prices, lifestyle
Food is relatively expensive, shops close around 9 pm, on weekends and only in the morning you can use the food markets. Shopping is varied from the most elite department stores to ethnic shops with fake clothes. There are queues everywhere in London, so if you miss the Soviet era, here you will be reminded of it.
There are many musicians in London, if you listen to the Beatles, then you will immediately become your own person in the eyes of others. There are also many Russians in London, Russian speech can be heard more often in elite areas. Of course there are rich and poor Russians, so most of the builders are from Eastern Europe, most of the traders are Asians. What you will not find on the streets are smokers and stray dogs, it seems that there are much fewer of them than homeless people.
Residents of large cities rush to work with umbrellas or PDAs, others use free newspapers. As for the rains, they are really frequent, but not long, the annual amount of precipitation in London is less than, for example, in sunny Rome.
Ecology
In the UK, the reference indicator of environmental cleanliness in everything, here is the cleanest water in the tap, for example, 97% of the inhabitants are satisfied with it, the level of air pollution in large settlements is negligible. The British live an average of 81.1 years, which is the average result for Europe, they smoke and drink little.
Salaries and income
Income figures in the UK are very high, but still do not keep up with the ever-increasing cost of living or real estate. Household income after taxes averages $27,000 a year, slightly less than in France or Germany, but the sum of the final savings of British families is higher than in these countries and is about $63,000.
Work and unemployment
The UK has a low unemployment rate, low chances of finding a job among young people and people without education, the British do not burn with particular zeal to gnaw the granite of science, there are quite a few people with higher education, and the quality of secondary education is not the highest. To this we can add the social gap in income between wealthy citizens and the poor.
Society, elections and civil rights
In the UK, a close-knit society, civil rights at the highest level. Thus, 65% of the population trust political institutions, but at the same time, citizens are not willing to go to the polls, believing that they have a lot to do without politics, although the well-to-do strata of society are an order of magnitude more politically active. The UK has the world's highest level of government transparency and the involvement of private business and the people in legislative issues.
Satisfaction
Most Britons are generally satisfied with their lives, it is safe here, has the lowest rate of assault and homicide rate, and it is quite safe to walk in the cities at night. The British, perhaps better than any other nation, are able to find a balance between work and leisure.
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UK population. United Kingdom
Population and language of England
England is the largest historical and administrative part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
England occupies the southeastern part of the large island. The population of England is over 80% of the total population of the UK. England became a federation of former rulers in 927 and was named after the Angles. It was the name of one of the German tribes that settled on the island in the 5th and 6th centuries.
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Population of England — Over 60 million people. The population of England in the 21st century has finally been surpassed by that of the Netherlands, which was previously the poorest European country.
Now density population in England there were 395 people per square meter.
km. In the United Kingdom, these figures are much more modest - only 253 people per square meter. km.
today population of England- the result of mixing the blood of many peoples. The only exceptions are the inhabitants of some parts of Wales, which exist separately. The autochthonous population of these places is a short-haired brunette - long-headed.
Severely severe and heavily loaded blue dolichocephaly had a great influence on the formation of racial characteristics of the people of today's England.
During the reign of the Romans, this became very noticeable. Mediterranean influence. Scandinavians who migrated to the island also played an important role in shaping racial characteristics.
after England won the Normans, especially mass migration in this country was not.
Until then, in the 20th century, the island was settled by the Irish. However, the influence of Norman, which is considered the most ambitious in the history of England.
Less important was the influence on the racial composition of the British migration of Jews at different times, as well as the migration of the Huguenots 3 centuries ago.
Age structure:
0-14 years old: 19%
15-64 years old: 65%
65 years and older: 16%
Population growth rate: 0.24%
Birth rate: 11.9 newborns / 1000 people
Mortality: 10.64 deaths / 1000 people
Emigration rate: 1.11 emigrants / 1000 people
Gender relations:
at birth: 1.05 men) / women
under 15: 1.05 men/women
15-64 years old: 1.02 men/women
65 years and over: 0.7 men/women
total: 0.97 men/women
Infant mortality rate: 5.78 deaths/1,000 live births
life expectancy:
total population: 77.37 years
male: 74.73 years
women: 80.15 years (for 1999)
Ethnic groups: English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh 1.9%, Lakers 1.8%, Indians, etc.
2.8%. Pakistanis, Arabs, Chinese and Africans also live in the country.
language
In Ljubljana England Usually only one language is spoken - English. but Wales considered a bilingual region. But the number of dialects spoken by local English people is so large that it is very difficult for representatives of two different dialects to understand each other.
The most important deviations from the literary norm of our time English we notice in Cornish dialect, Lancashire, as well as some land in east London.
Oral English was established in the southeastern part of the country.
The rapid development of transport systems, in particular broadcasting and television, contributed to a greater integration of the phonetic form of the English language.
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United Kingdom
Great Britain - in a broad sense - a state in the west of Europe, most of which is located on the island of Britain.
19th century - the heyday of the economic, political, colonial power of the country.
AT economic development of Great Britain in the 19th century two stages are distinguished: the period of free competition capitalism and monopoly capitalism (imperialism). The first half of the century, the country developed under the influence of the industrial revolution, which began to unfold from the middle. 18th century.
Its most intensive stage fell on 1780-1815. The wars with Napoleon increased the demand for uniforms, food, and weapons. But after they ended, government orders for the army were cut, and cheap goods flooded into the country.
To support the national industry under the pressure of the landlords in 1815, the so-called. the Corn Laws, which protected the domestic market with protectionist tariffs.
Industrial Revolution in England
At the same time, income tax was lowered and indirect taxes increased.
Completed in the 1830-1840s. The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the socio-economic face of Britain. There was a massive introduction of machine tools and mechanisms in various industries. Railway construction developed rapidly, which led to a real railway fever: special newspapers, branded envelopes appeared, and railway timetables were widely sold.
K ser. In the 19th century, the length of the railway track in Great Britain was 50 thousand km, which made it possible to transport 54 million passengers annually. By the end of the century, the first indicator had tripled, and the second had exceeded the billion mark. This became an incentive for the development of heavy industries (engineering, metallurgy, coal mining, iron smelting), telegraph, telephone, local transport communications, and the automotive industry.
But the leader both in terms of output and the number of people employed in the cotton industry, whose products accounted for 70% of British exports. Industrial Revolution significantly changed the social face of Great Britain.
The rapid development of machine production led to the growth of cities, the expansion of the sphere of small and medium-sized businesses, and the acceleration of the process of the formation of middle strata, which included broad property strata and the urban intelligentsia.
Rural England was turning into a country of cities. In the 2nd third of the 19th century, the population of London more than tripled. There was a rapid urbanization of the northern industrial cities - Manchester, Leeds, Sheffield. If in the 1830s half of the country's inhabitants concentrated in cities, then by the beginning.
20 century - 9 / Yu, and a third of them - lived in large centers with a population of more than 100 thousand people. In terms of urbanization, the UK ranked first in the world. The Industrial Revolution and the transition to free trade in 1846 gave the British bourgeoisie an invaluable advantage over the entrepreneurs of other states. K ser. 19th century the country has become the industrial "workshop of the world", and the City of London - the international financial capital. In the 1860s the volume of foreign trade of Great Britain was 2 times higher than that of its main rival - France, and 4 times - the United States.
To demonstrate to the whole world the economic triumph of the country in 1851.
The World's Fair was organized in London. To this end, a huge glass and metal building (560 m long and 42 m high) was built in Hyde Park, called the Crystal Palace. Of the 14,000 exhibits, half were produced in Britain.
Before the beginning 1870s In terms of the level of development of industrial production, England confidently occupied the first place in the world. It accounted for 1/3 of world industrial output and 2/5 of world industrial exports. However, already in Ser. 1880s The United States overtook England in steel smelting, and in the 1900s - and iron. By the beginning of the First World War, Great Britain lost leadership not only to the USA, but also to Germany (the share of Great Britain in the world production of pig iron, for example, from 1900 to 1914 fell from 22% to 13.2%).
The reasons for this lay not only in the emergence of dangerous competitors, the impact of the economic crises of the last third of the 19th century, the most devastating of which was the crisis of 1873, but also in the commitment of the liberal party to the idea of free trade at a time when the young countries of capitalism, Germany and the United States, switched to protectionism and protection of their domestic market through customs duties on foreign goods.
Finally, the peculiarities of British imperialism also played their part. In the beginning. 20th century Great Britain still occupied the 1st place in the export of capital in the colony. The value of English merchandise exports 1900-1912 increased by 77%, while the export of capital increased by 624% over the same period. English amount. investment abroad increased by 1.5 times.
The export of capital brought enormous profits to the British bourgeoisie, but diverted funds from industry, the technical equipment of which was becoming more and more obsolete.
Two distinctive features - huge colonial possessions and a monopoly position on the world market - determined the specific features of British imperialism as colonial imperialism.
Parliament of England in the 19th century
Economic, social and technological changes in the UK went hand in hand with political and constitutional, the development of parliamentarism and democracy. In the Victorian era (1837-1901) the importance of parliament in the political life of the country increased; the functions of the crown became more and more symbolic.
The Cabinet of Ministers, which was automatically headed by the leader of the party that won the election, was responsible to the lower elective chamber, and not to the monarch. The House of Commons, now playing a leading role in Parliament, received the right not only to control the activities of the ministry, but also to remove it by means of a vote of no confidence.
From 1912, the House of Lords lost its right of absolute veto and could no longer reject bills approved by the lower house indefinitely.
UK population
The new building of Westminster, erected in 1858 in the Neo-Gothic style and at that time the tallest secular building in the world, symbolized the great importance of Parliament in the life of the British. He was the guarantor of stability, order, prosperity of society.
Of great importance in the process of democratization were three reforms of the suffrage - 1832, 1867 and 1884-1885. Each of them increased the number of electors by 2-2.5 times, the number of which by the end.
19 century reached 6 million people. Not only representatives of the aristocracy, but also the middle, petty bourgeoisie and workers sat in parliament. Thanks to these reforms, changes took place on the “parliamentary map” of the country: “rotten towns” were destroyed (constituencies with less than 2 thousand inhabitants), vacated seats were redistributed in favor of large cities, new constituencies were created, multiple voting was eliminated and the principle “ one person, one vote.
The reform of 1832, carried out in the interests of the big bourgeoisie, led to the emergence of parties of a new type - liberals and conservatives (instead of the former Whigs and Tories), as well as a two-party system. But this process took place gradually and ended no earlier than the middle of the century.
Chartism
The disappointment of the workers in the results of the reform of 1832 led to the emergence of the Chartist movement. In 1837, its participants published a program - the People's Charter, in which they put forward demands for universal suffrage, annual re-election of parliament, equality of electoral districts, the abolition of property qualifications for deputies and payment for their work in parliament, the introduction of secret voting.
The last requirement was satisfied in 1872, and the remaining five - in the course of the reform of 1918. The heyday of the Chartist movement came at stake. 1830 - early. 1840s; the main form of struggle of its participants was the submission of petitions to parliament. The scope of the Chartist movement in the country forced Parliament to pass a number of laws in the interests of the working class. By the middle of the 19th century, due to the economic achievements of the country and the increase in the layer of wealthy workers, the Chartist movement ended.
Napoleon and W.
Pitt Divide the World (19th century caricature)
population UK population According to the 2011 census, there were 63,181,775 people, including 53,012,456 people in England, 5,295,000 people in Scotland, 3,063,456 people in Wales, and 1,810,863 people in Northern Ireland. In its structure, it is distinguished by multinationality, multiculturalism and the mixed character of the settlement of emigrants and indigenous people.
Detailed reports on all aspects of the life of the population are provided on the state statistics website.
- 1. History
- 2 Population dynamics
- 3 Ethnic composition of the population
- 3.1 Nationalities according to the 2001 census
- 4 Languages
- 5 Demographics
- 5.1 Statistics
- 6 Links
Story
The distant ancestors of the inhabitants of the United Kingdom were the Celts (only the Scots originate from the Picts and Gaels, who later mixed with the Celts).
Between 55 B.C. e. and 5th century AD. e. the territory of the modern state was under the rule of the Romans, after their departure, the Germanic tribes of the Angles, Saxons and Jutes established themselves here, gradually subduing the Celts.
Today, the dominant and most numerous group of the population of Great Britain is the English, the English language is included in the northwestern group of Germanic languages.
Also, the majority of the country's Celtic-born population of Scots and Welsh speak English. English is widely spoken outside of the UK.
From the beginning of the 19th century until the end of the 1930s, there was an outflow of population from Great Britain, mainly to the countries of the British Commonwealth and the USA, which exceeded the influx of immigrants.
Between 1871 and 1931, the net population decline was 4 million people. Over the next 30 years, the overall balance shifted in favor of immigrants; however, the population continued to leave Scotland and Wales both abroad and to England. In the 1930s, Great Britain received about 250,000 refugees from Europe, a significant number of Irish immigrants and former emigrants. Since 1948, the flow of emigrants from the countries of the British Commonwealth, especially from the West Indies and Pakistan, has increased. there were more than two hundred natives of the Caribbean who participated in the Second World War on the side of Britain.
Between 1960 and 1962, the number of immigrants exceeded the number of emigrants by 338,000. Three-quarters of this number were from the Commonwealth and almost half from the West Indies. In terms of legislation, immigration from these countries was facilitated by the fact that people from former British colonies had the right to obtain a British passport in those years. At the same time, during the same period, the emigration outflow from Britain to Canada, Australia and the USA continued.
At the same time, there were many highly qualified specialists and scientists among the emigrants.
In 1962, the British Parliament authorized the government to take measures to limit the number of immigrants from the Commonwealth countries and from Ireland. As a result, immigration from the Commonwealth countries already in 1963 amounted to 66 thousand, and since the beginning of 1967 there has been a steady decline.
Laws passed in 1968, 1971 and beyond further curtailed the influx of immigrants.
Internal migration of the population was associated with the process of industrialization. During the 19th century, people migrated from rural areas to large industrial regions, and after the First World War there was a large-scale migration from the coal regions to the South-East, especially to London.
Since 1930, the most significant population growth has been in the belt from Liverpool and Manchester to London.
Due to the current unstable situation in the economy, a large number of UK residents are moving to Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the USA and other countries.
In many ways, there is an outflow of the intellectually employed population.
Population dynamics
Dynamics of the population of the British Isles according to the population censuses since 1801. Prior to 1922, the figures include the population of Ireland. After 1922 Ireland became an independent state and only Northern Ireland is included in the census.
| 1801 | 16 300 000 |
| 1811 | 18 500 000 |
| 1821 | 21 000 000 |
| 1831 | 24 100 000 |
| 1841 | 26 900 000 |
| 1851 | 27 500 000 |
| 1861 | 29 100 000 |
| 1871 | 31 600 000 |
| 1881 | 35 000 000 |
| 1891 | 37 900 000 |
| 1901 | 41 600 000 |
| 1911 | 45 400 000 |
| 1921 | 42 800 000 |
| 1931 | 44 800 000 |
| 1951 | 50 200 000 |
| 1961 | 52 700 000 |
| 1971 | 55 500 000 |
| 1981 | 56 300 000 |
| 1991 | 57 800 000 |
| 2001 | 58 800 000 |
| 2011 | 63 200 000 |
Ethnic composition of the population
The largest population in the UK is English, which inhabit England, most of Wales and form compact settlements in some areas in southern Scotland.
502: Bad Gateway
Scots inhabit mainly Scotland - the northwestern regions of the island of Great Britain and the Shetland, Orkney and Hebrides adjacent to their coast. In the mountains of the northwestern part of the island, a peculiar ethnic group lives, preserving its original traditions and culture - Gaels(highlanders).
Welsh- predominantly inhabit Wales. 500 thousand indigenous people live in Northern Ireland - Irish(Catholics) - as well as 1 million Anglo-Irish and Scotch-Irish.
Nationalities according to the 2001 census
"White" in skin color - 92.1% (54,153,898), including the British ("white" in skin color) - 85.7% (50,336,497).
Of these, there are (by historical regions):
Main ethnic groups of the population according to the 2001 census:
| Irish | 1,2 % | 691 232 |
| Indians | 1,8 % | 1,053,411 |
| people from Pakistan | 1,3 % | 747,285 |
| mixed race | 1,2 % | 677,117 |
| Bengalis | 0,5 % | 283,063 |
| Asians (excluding Chinese) | 0,4 % | 247,644 |
| people from the Caribbean | 0,8 % | 565,277 |
| people from Africa | 0,8 % | 485,277 |
| other nationalities with "black" skin color | 0,2 % | 97,585 |
| Chinese | 0,4 % | 247,403 |
| other | 0,4 % | 230,615 |
45% of non-whites live in London (78% blacks, 61% blacks Caribbean, 54% Bangladeshis).
Pakistanis: 19% London, 21% Western Highlands, 20% Yorkshire, 16% North West. The resettlement of the non-white population: England - 9%, Wales, Scotland - 2%, North.
Ireland - less than 1%, Highlands - 13%, Southeast and Northwest - 8%, Yorkshire and the Humber - 7%.
Languages
Main article: UK languages
English is part of the northwestern group of Germanic languages. In addition to the English, most Scots and Welsh, despite their Celtic origin, also speak English.
One of the northern dialects of the Anglo-Saxon language served as the basis for the creation of the national Scottish language, which differs significantly from standard English in terms of vocabulary and phonetics.
This language (national Scottish) included many words from Gaelic (Celtic Scottish), in addition, it was affected by the influence of the Scandinavian languages.
Of the Celtic languages, the Welsh language remains widespread: according to the 2011 census, 562 thousand people speak it. in England and Wales.
Demographic situation
Currently, the country is characterized by low population growth - the result of both the convergence of birth and death rates, and a decrease in the positive balance of emigration.
Employed men - 13.6 million, women are almost 2 times less - 7.6 million. The average age of the population participating in the economic life of the country is 35-40 years, however, due to the "aging" of the nation, there is a tendency to shift this age to 45 -60 years.
Statistical data
Age structure: 17.2% of the population are children aged 0-14, 67% are aged 15 to 64, 15.8% are 65 and older.
The average age of the population is 39.6 years, including 38.5 years for men and 40.7 years for women.
The average life expectancy is 78.7 years, including 76.23 years for men and 81.3 years for women.
The population growth rate is 0.275% per year.
Links
- 2011 Census, Population and Household Estimates for the United Kingdom: Release
- National Statistics Online - Population Estimates
- Denisenko M.
B., Kharaeva O. A., Chudinovskikh O. S. “Immigration policy in the Russian Federation and Western countries”, Moscow 2003
- Main article
- Population of the British Isles.
- 2001 census data: ethnicity
- http://unitedkingdom.net.ru/?p=3
- IA REGNUM: "Migration to the UK: the population census revealed a record increase in the flow of Poles and Lithuanians"
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Population of the UK Information about
UK population
UK population
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United Kingdom
Area - 244.1 thousand sq.
How ordinary people live in England in 2018
The population is 59.1 million people.
Capital London.
The political system is a constitutional monarchy.
The official name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Administratively divided into counties. Legislative power is vested in the monarch (king) and parliament, which consists of the House of Commons and the Blazing Lords. The actual power belongs to the Cabinet of Ministers, which is formed by the ruling party. Great Britain leads the British Commonwealth of Nations - a political and economic entity, which consists of 50 of its former colonies and dominions.
Great Britain is the oldest industrial country in the world.
Now it belongs to the seven main economically developed countries of the world, is a member of NATO and the EU. The characteristic features of the country's economy are a wide diversification of production, an extremely high qualification of the labor force and the quality of products.
Geographic location of Great Britain
Economic and geographical position and natural resource potential.
Great Britain is an island country located in the northwest of Europe. It consists of: the island of Great Britain, part of the island of Ireland and the surrounding islands. The closest neighbors on the mainland of Eurasia are France and Belgium.
The country is divided into four historical and geographical regions. England is the main core of the country. Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland (Ulster) were annexed by conquest and today have only a vague element of autonomy.
The most important feature of the geographical position of Great Britain is its separation from the continent.
This circumstance contributed because the country for nine centuries (since 1066) never experienced a foreign invasion, although it constantly took part in European wars.
At the same time, the country enjoyed all the benefits that follow from its location next to the most developed countries of Western Europe and on the routes to the World Ocean. The transport significance and resources of the latter will play an important role in the modern development of the country. The coastline of the islands is very dissected. Even in the southern part of the main island, the distance from the sea does not exceed 100-120 km.
The dense network of rivers and canals in England has long played a decisive role in the country's economy.
Location in the zone of broad-leaved forests of the temperate belt, humid (oceanic) climate with almost uniform distribution of precipitation throughout the year, mild winters with rare frosts, cool summers contribute to the year-round cultivation of grasses and the retention of animals, the cultivation of new plants with the help of biotechnology.
Natural resource potential of Great Britain
The modern mineral resource base shows signs of depletion.
There are significant reserves of oil and gas on the shelf of the North Sea, building materials, potash and rock salts. Coal, iron ore, tin and lead-zinc ores played an important role in the past.
UK population
population, cities. 4/5 of all inhabitants of the UK are now British. English belongs to the Germanic group of the Indo-European language family. The ancestors of the modern population of Great Britain were the Britons - Celtic tribes who appeared on the island more than 2500 years ago.
The Angles, Saxons and Jutes - Germanic tribes - moved to this territory in the 5th-7th centuries. AD, French Normans - in the XI century. Among the British, the Ulsters are distinguished into a separate group - the descendants of mixed marriages of the British and Irish.
About 15% of the total population are Scots, Welsh (or Welsh), Irish - descendants of the Celtic tribes. Behind their religion, the English, Ulster, Welsh, and Scots are mostly Protestants of various denominations.
The Irish are Catholics.
In the XVI-XIX and the first half of the XX century. Great Britain was a classic country of emigration. In the second half of the XX century. the situation changed, immigration to the UK of foreign workers began. Most of the immigrants come from Commonwealth countries. Now the national and ethnic minorities make up 6% of the country's population and almost 20% of their number live in London.
As in other industrialized countries, in the UK there is a low birth rate against the background of a significant life expectancy, an aging population, and a fragmentation of families.
The UK is a densely populated country.
Only in the mountains of Scotland there is a small population. The strip that stretches from Manchester to London is one of the most crowded with people not only in Europe, but also in the whole world. 80% of the population lives in cities. The level of urbanization in the country is one of the highest in the world, which is facilitated by the urban lifestyle in rural counties (Fig.
63), 1/3 of the population lives in huge urban formations, which consist of the main city and its surroundings - conurbations. their centers are London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds-Bradford, Sheffield, Newcastle upon Tyne and Glasgow, where the country's main economic capacities are concentrated. Most cities and in addition have powerful port systems.
UK Economy
Economy.
The UK has a typical industrialized countries structure of employment and GNP. Only 1% of the working population, which creates 2% of GNP, is employed in agriculture, forestry and fisheries, while 28% and 31%, respectively, are employed in industry and construction.
The non-material sphere employs 71% of the population and produces 67% of GNP.
All areas of modern industry are developing in the country. Throughout the XX century. Great Britain went through all stages of industrial development, albeit very slowly. Only accession to the EU (1973) led to the activation of structural changes.
To a large extent, under pressure from the government, the process of “de-industrialization” took place, i.e. changes in the structure of industry. As in other highly developed countries, traditional, old industries (labour-, energy- and material-intensive, as well as those that pollute the environment) were reduced. In addition to coal mining, these included metallurgy, the manufacture of traditional equipment, shipbuilding, the textile and shoe industries, etc. At the same time, the share of mechanical engineering increased (2/5 of the employed), new and scientific (high-tech) industries were expanded or created: aerospace, fiber-optic, electronic; chemical industry (chemicals, synthetic fibers, plastics, fertilizers and pesticides, paints, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products).
Now, for a particle of high-tech industries, the UK is second only to the United States.
Of the modern trends, the movement of industry from the inner zones of the central cities to the periphery of the conurbations or even to the rural counties is of great importance. Characteristic is the emergence of numerous industrial "parks", which combine research laboratories and scientific industry.
Most of them are around London, as well as along the road from London to Bristol and to Cambridge.
Over 4/5 of industrial production territorially falls on Central and Southern England, in particular, a strip from Liverpool to London with a length of 350 km stands out.
In the EU countries, this industrial complex is extended in Belgium and the Netherlands up to Central Italy. This is a typical illustration of modern world economic development - integration into the global and regional economy.
In agriculture, livestock production (cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming) makes up 70% and prevails over crop production (growing high-yielding varieties of wheat, barley, sugar beets, potatoes).
Agriculture provides 75% of the country's population with food and is one of the leading areas. Its peculiarity is the use of the work of not peasants, but agricultural workers, a small number of workers and a very high intensity.
Great Britain has modern transport both in terms of size and structure. Developed all its types. The navy of the state, which has not known competition for over two centuries, remains one of the largest in the world today (86% of the country's cargo turnover).
At the same time, many ships, as in other developed countries, sail under "cheap flags". All modern requirements are met by rail (Great Britain was a pioneer in the construction of railways) and road transport, the directions of which are the same.
The center is London. Routes run from it to Dover, Southampton, Bristol, Birmingham, Manchester - Glasgow and Newcastle - Edinburgh. Of decisive importance is the system of ferry, rail-port and rail links between Great Britain and the continent, which has been operating since 1994, after the opening of a 50-kilometer tunnel under the English Channel.
Air transport for domestic transportation ranks first in Western Europe, and for international it is second only to the United States.
Foreign economic activity. Great Britain at one time was the first to go down in history as a country importing raw materials and exporting finished products. It is one of the seven major economically developed countries, which now exports more services than goods, and is the largest provider of services to the world market (banking and insurance operations, tourism, business, telecommunications, scientific, information and cultural, as well as maritime and air force).
One of the most developed forms of foreign economic relations is activity in the capital market.
If earlier capital investments were directed to the colonial countries, now they are also directed to the EU countries and other economically developed countries of the world. The main exporters of capital are powerful monopolies and transnational companies. At the same time, the UK economy is largely dependent on foreign investment, which is dominated by capital flows from the countryside and Western European countries.
Dependence on foreign trade is a specific feature of the country's economy.
Through the poverty of its own raw materials, its imports will still play an important role. But now finished industrial products account for 3/4 of both exports and imports. In imports, in addition to industrial raw materials, machinery and equipment, light and food products, chemical industry, timber and paper will play an important role.
The main exports are aerospace equipment, electronics, scientific and medical equipment, pharmaceuticals, products of heavy engineering and metallurgy. Great Britain has the closest economic ties with Western Europe, primarily with the EU countries: almost 2/3 of the volume of foreign trade. About 1/10 of Great Britain's foreign trade is with the United States, and the same with the Commonwealth countries.
The article contains information on the UK population. Forms an idea of the ethnic composition of the country. The material contains data on the population density of England.
Ethnic composition of the UK population
In terms of ethnic composition, the population of Great Britain is less homogeneous than in any other state in Europe. This is explained by the fact that in the early period of the history of the state, the process of development of three distinct ethnic communities was observed on the skeletons:
- the English;
- the Scots;
- Welsh.
The development of these communities took place in three historically formed insular areas:
- England;
- Scotland;
- Wales.
However, this criterion has changed dramatically over the past half century. The composition of the country's population has become more diverse and geographically integrated.
Rice. 1. England on the map.
The predominant nationality in the UK is English. Their number exceeds 45 million people. They inhabit England, a significant part of Wales, and the south of Scotland. Of the Celtic peoples, the Scots are the most numerous. Their number exceeds 5 million people.
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They inhabit the northwestern territories of the island, as well as Shetland, Orkney and the Hebrides. Due to geo-economic isolation, the Scots were able to maintain their identity.
Rice. 2. Scotland on the map.
Their authentic name is the Gaels, but the English call them Highlanders. They have their own Celtic language, which is used by about 1% of the country's population.
UK population density
According to statistics from the UN Department of Statistics, the total area of England is 243,610 km2. sq. square.
Population density is calculated as the ratio of the total population to the total territorial area. According to recent calculations, the population of the UK is almost 65,746,853 people.
From this it follows that the population density of the country is 269.9 people per square kilometer. km.
If we take into account such an indicator as the population of Great Britain, it becomes clear that the central and southeastern regions are more densely populated. The northern regions of Scotland and the central region of Wales are not so densely populated.
Rice. 3. Diagram of the population density of the country.
Today Great Britain is the most populated country in Western Europe. It overtook France, Germany, Spain in terms of population.
England is characterized by a significant level of urbanization of the population. Over 89% of Britons live in cities. Half of this number live in metropolitan areas. The average population density per square kilometer is approximately 245 people.
