Subject:"Explanation of the dependence of the location of large landforms and mineral deposits on the structure of the earth's crust on the example of individual territories."
Goals of the work: establish the relationship between the placement of large landforms and the structure of the earth's crust; check and evaluate the ability to compare maps, explain the identified patterns; using a tectonic map to determine the patterns of distribution of igneous and sedimentary minerals; explain the observed patterns.
^ Work progress
1. Comparing the physical and tectonic maps of the atlas, determine which tectonic structures correspond to the indicated landforms. Make a conclusion about the dependence of the relief on the structure of the earth's crust. Explain the observed pattern.
2. Arrange the results of the work in the form of a table.
| Landforms | Dominant Heights | Tectonic structures underlying the territory | Conclusion about the dependence of the relief on the structure of the earth's crust |
| the East European Plain | |||
| Central Russian Upland | |||
| West Siberian Lowland | |||
| Caucasus | |||
| Ural mountains | |||
| Verkhoyansk Range | |||
| Sikhote-Alin |
3. Using the map of the atlas "Tectonics and Mineral Resources", determine what minerals the territory of our country is rich in.
4. How are the types of igneous and metamorphic deposits indicated on the map? Sedimentary?
5. Which of them are found on the platforms? What minerals (igneous or sedimentary) are confined to the sedimentary cover? What are the protrusions of the crystalline foundation of ancient platforms on the surface (shields and arrays)?
6. What types of deposits (igneous or sedimentary) are confined to folded areas?
7. Arrange the results of the analysis in the form of a table, draw a conclusion about the established dependence.
^ Practical work No. 4
Subject:“Determination of the patterns of distribution of solar radiation, radiation balance from maps. Identification of the features of the distribution of average temperatures in January and July, the annual amount of precipitation throughout the country.
^ Objectives of the work: determine the patterns of distribution of total radiation, explain the patterns identified; to study the distribution of temperatures and precipitation across the territory of our country, to learn how to explain the reasons for such a distribution; learn to work with various climate maps, to make generalizations and conclusions based on their analysis.
^ Work progress
Look at figure 31 on page 59 in the textbook. How are the values of total solar radiation shown on the map? In what units is it measured?
Determine the total radiation for points located at different latitudes. Present the results of your work in the form of a table.
Draw a conclusion, what pattern can be seen in the distribution of total radiation. Explain your results.
Consider Figure 35 on page 64 of the textbook. How is the distribution of January temperatures across the territory of our country shown? How are the January isotherms in the European and Asian parts of Russia? Where are the areas with the highest temperatures in January located? The lowest? Where is the pole of cold in our country?
Conclude which of the main climate-forming factors has the most significant impact on the distribution of January temperatures. Write a summary in your notebook.
Look at figure 36 on page 65 in the textbook. How is the distribution of air temperature in July shown? Determine in which regions of the country the temperatures of July are the lowest, in which - the highest. What are they equal to?
Conclude which of the main climate-forming factors has the most significant impact on the distribution of July temperatures. Write a summary in your notebook.
Consider Figure 37 on page 66 of the textbook. How is the amount of precipitation shown? Where does the most precipitation fall? Where is the least?
Conclude which of the climate-forming factors have the most significant impact on the distribution of precipitation throughout the country. Write a summary in your notebook.
Under the influence of what forces is constantly changing the relief of the Earth.
The relief of the Earth is constantly changing under the influence of internal and external forces.
Questions in a paragraph
*Which territories of Russia are experiencing the most intense uplifts. Why do you think?
The most intense uplifts are observed in the Far East, South Siberia, and the Caucasus. These territories are included in the area of Cenozoic folding (Alpine-Himalayan geosynclinal belt).
*Determine which landforms prevail in the center of glaciation, and which - in the more southern regions where ice is melting.
In the centers of glaciation, exaration forms predominate - glacial hollows, sheep foreheads, fiords. In places where the glacier melts, detrital material accumulates and kams, eskers, and ridges of terminal moraine are formed on lacustrine-glacial plains. To the south, outwash plains are formed by streams of melt water.
Questions at the end of the paragraph
1. What processes taking place in our time testify to the continuous development of the relief?
Endogenous processes - tectonic movements. Exogenous processes - the activity of flowing waters, living organisms, wind.
2. What is the largest glaciation of the Quaternary period?
Dnieper glaciation.
3. What effect did the glacier have on modern relief?
From the centers of glaciation, along with the mass of ice, a huge amount of detrital material was entrained. At the same time, rocks were smoothed out, potholes were formed. In the south, during the melting of the glacier, detrital material settled and accumulative landforms formed.
4. In which areas of our country did the activity of flowing waters have a special influence on the relief, and in which did the activity of the wind?
The activity of flowing waters is especially noticeable in areas with sloping surfaces and mountainous areas with a significant amount of precipitation. Where there is little precipitation, wind activity predominates. On the territory of the country, it is expressed in the Caspian lowland, on the Baltic coast in the region of Kaliningrad.
5. What natural phenomena are associated with the lithosphere?
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, landslides, avalanches, mud-stone flows.
FINAL TASKS ON THE TOPIC
1. What sources of geographic information should be used in order to characterize the relief of a particular territory?
Tectonic and physical-geographical maps, aerial photographs and space photographs.
2. Explain the patterns of placement of the main landforms on the territory of Russia. What cards did you use and why?
The largest landforms in their distribution correspond to large tectonic structures. Plains and lowlands are on platforms. Mountains correspond to folded regions. To establish a pattern, it is necessary to use a tectonic and physiographic map.
3. Prove that in our time the formation of relief is taking place.
The relief of the Earth is constantly changing under the influence of internal and external forces. Endogenous processes - tectonic movements. Exogenous processes - the activity of flowing waters, living organisms, wind.
4. Practical work No. 3. Explanation of the dependence of the location of large landforms and mineral deposits on the structure of the Earth's crust.
Make a comparative description of the relief, geological structure and minerals of the Russian and West Siberian plains using the following plan:
5. Make a description of any of the mountain ranges of Russia, located in the south of Siberia, using the plan above.
a) where is the territory
The mountain system is located where the borders of Russia, Mongolia, China and Kazakhstan converge
b) what tectonic structure is confined to
Caledonian folding region
c) breeds of what age make up the territory
breeds of the Caledonian age
d) average, minimum and maximum heights of the territory, the reasons for their placement
The minimum heights are 200 m in the ancient peneplain area. The maximum heights in the area of the alpine high-mountain relief are up to 4506 m. The average heights are 800-1800 m - it has a mid-mountain relief, which occupies a large half of Altai.
e) what external processes participated and are participating in the formation of the relief
flowing water activity, physical weathering, mountain glaciers.
f) what landforms are created by these processes; their placement;
The region of the ancient plain is a high mountain range with a wide development of leveling surfaces and steep, stepped slopes modified by regressive erosion. Separate peaks and small ridges rise above the leveling surfaces, composed of harder rocks with relative elevations of 200-400 m. The alpine relief is less common than the surface of the ancient peneplain. Ridges with alpine landforms are their most elevated axial parts (up to 4000-4500 m), strongly dissected by erosion and frost weathering. The main landforms here are peaked peaks and carlings, cirques, trough valleys with lake basins, moraine hills and ridges, landslides, screes, and frost-solifluction formations. The mid-mountain relief is characterized by smoothed, rounded forms of low ranges and their spurs, separated by river valleys.
g) What minerals are there in the area?
polymetallic ores, mercury deposits, iron ores, bauxites, copper ores, magnesium ores.
h) how to explain their presence here
the distribution of minerals is associated with the geological structure - they are confined to folded areas.
i) what natural phenomena are associated with the features of the relief, as well as the tectonic and geological structure
Relief - a set of irregularities of the earth's surface. The largest landforms on land are mountains and plains.
Central Russia is the central region of the East European (Russian) plain. Western Siberia - the largest plain in the world - extends from the Kara Sea to the northern slopes of the Kazakh hills. Thus, both regions are plains, but different in size.
The nature of the relief of Central Russia and Western Siberia is different. Western Siberia is a flat plain, on which only the Siberian Ridges stand out in height, elongated from west to east. The flat Vasyugan and Ishim plains are located in the south of Western Siberia. In general, Western Siberia is lower than Central Russia. The relief of Central Russia is more diverse. In the west there are low hills - Valdai,
Central Russian, Smolensk Moscow, in the east - lowlands (Upper Volga, Meshcher Ekaya). River valleys developed. Central Russia is higher than Western Siberia, the terrain is more rugged.
The similarities and differences in the relief of Western Siberia and Central Russia are due to the processes of relief formation. The flatness of the relief of both territories is due to the fact that they are based on platforms - relatively stable tectonic structures. Central Russia, located within the East European Plain, is based on the ancient Russian platform, and Western Siberia is based on the young West Siberian platform. The basement of the West Siberian platform is covered with a thick layer of sedimentary deposits. The foundation of the Russian platform is located at different depths from the surface, in places it is elevated, which is reflected in the relief. So, the Central Russian Upland is timed to raise the foundation. The slow movements of the earth's crust also had a significant influence on the nature of the relief. The East European Plain, including the territory of Central Russia, did not experience significant fluctuations, and Western Siberia experienced significant deflection until the Neogene-Quaternary, which then turned into a slight uplift. This was manifested in the fact that the height of Western Siberia is insignificant, and the relief is flat compared to Central Russia.
Part of the territory of Central Russia and the north of Western Siberia were affected
Quaternary glaciations. This affected the formation of the relief: the Valdai and Smolensk-Moscow Uplands within Central Russia and the Siberian Ridges in Western Siberia are of glacial origin (hilly-moraine relief, finite moraine ridges). Also of glacial origin are some plains of Western Siberia and Central Russia (Meshcherskaya lowland), which arose along the southern borders of glaciation, where glacial waters deposited a lot of material.
Central Russia is more elevated, and its relief has been developing for a longer time, therefore, within its boundaries, various erosional forms of relief have received greater development - the uplands are dissected by ravines and gullies, and river valleys are developed.
Thus, in the relief of Central Russia and Western Siberia there are similarities and differences due to the tectonic structure, the history of relief formation, and external factors of relief formation.
Relief-forming processes. It would be a mistake to assume that only the formation of tectonic structures in the distant geological past influenced the appearance of the modern relief. Like all other components of nature, the relief is constantly changing. Even in such stable areas of the earth's crust as platforms, there is a constant change in the forms of the surface.
Modern relief-forming processes can be divided into two groups: internal (endogenous), caused by movements of the earth's crust (they are called neotectonic or recent), and external (exogenous).
The latest tectonic movements of the earth's crust can manifest themselves both in mountains and on flat platform areas. In areas of ancient folded structures, where the earth's crust lost its plasticity, became rigid and the rocks lost their ability to bend into folds, powerful faults and faults formed under the influence of the latest tectonic movements. They divided the territory into monolithic boulders: some of them rose in the form of revived high ridges, others sank, forming intermountain depressions. The latest uplifts occur in the Caucasus, and the amplitude of movements reaches several centimeters per year.
Exogenous processes that form the modern relief are associated primarily with the activity of flowing waters, primarily rivers and glaciers, as well as with the peculiarities of climatic conditions. Such, for example, is the relief created by permafrost processes.
Ancient glaciation in Russia. In the Quaternary period, due to changes in climatic conditions, several ice sheets arose in many regions of the Earth. The largest of them was the so-called Dnieper. The centers of glaciation in Eurasia were the mountains of Scandinavia, the Polar Urals, the Putorana Plateau in the north of the Central Siberian Plateau, and the Byrranga Mountains on the Taimyr Peninsula. From here, the ice spread to other territories.
Rice. 23. Ancient glaciation
According to Figure 23, determine the southern boundary of the spread of ice cover. What areas of our country have experienced the greatest impact of the glacier?
As the glacier moved southward, the Earth's surface changed dramatically. Stones (boulders) and loose deposits (sand, clay, crushed stone) moved from the center of glaciation along with ice. On its way, the glacier smoothed the rocks, leaving deep scratches on them. In the southern regions with a warmer climate, the glacier melted, depositing the material brought with it. Loose clay boulder glacial deposits are called moraine. The moraine hilly-ridge relief prevails on the Valdai and Smolensk-Moscow uplands of the Russian Plain.
What forms of relief prevail in the center of the glaciation, and which - in the more southern regions where the ice melted?
When the glacier melted, huge masses of water formed, which carried and deposited sandy material, leveling the surface. Thus, water-glacial plains were created along the outskirts of the glacier. In the northern regions, melted glacial waters filled depressions deepened by the glacier in hard crystalline rocks. Thus, numerous lakes were formed in the north-west of the Russian Plain.
Activity of flowing waters. The surface of the land is constantly exposed to flowing water - rivers, groundwater, temporary streams associated with precipitation. The activity of flowing waters is especially enhanced in areas with significant slopes and a large amount of precipitation. Therefore, water-erosion relief prevails in many mountainous regions.
Flowing waters not only dissect the surface, creating gorges, ravines, hollows, but also deposit destruction products in river valleys, in foothill areas and on gentle mountain slopes.
Rice. 24. Glacial landforms
wind activity. Where there is a small amount of precipitation, the wind plays a leading role in changing the relief. Wind activity in the European part of Russia is especially evident in the regions of the Caspian lowland.
Where sands are widespread, the wind creates an eolian relief with dunes, as, for example, on the Curonian Spit on the coast of the Baltic Sea near the city of Kaliningrad.
human activities. Even Academician V. I. Vernadsky noted that human activity in the extraction of minerals has turned it into a serious relief-forming factor.
Rice. 25. Anthropogenic impacts on the relief
So, with the open method of mining, huge quarries and pits are created, and the whole area takes on an eerie fantastic look. People build canals, dams, railway tunnels, moving huge masses of soil. All this leads to the acceleration of relief-forming processes. At the same time, they are often accompanied by adverse consequences for humans: landslides and landslides are formed, large areas of fertile land are flooded, etc.
Natural phenomena that occur in the lithosphere and bring great disasters to people are earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, as well as collapses, landslides, avalanches and mud-stone flows.
In 1995, as a result of a strong earthquake (about 8 on the Richter scale) in the north of Sakhalin Island, the oilmen's village of Neftegorsk was literally wiped off the face of the earth in a matter of minutes. Thousands of people suffered. The destruction was so great that the government commission decided that it was impossible to restore the city on this site.
Rice. 26. Belts of earthquakes and volcanism
According to Figure 26, determine the seismically active regions of our country. Remember what power earthquakes cause great destruction and are dangerous to human life.
Landslides, talus, landslides, avalanches bring great trouble to people. All of them occur most often in mountainous areas, when, under the action of gravity, fragments of rocks or masses of snow move along the mountain slopes.
Rice. 27. The structure of the landslide
sat down- turbulent mud-stone streams. Most often, they occur near the end of the glacier after heavy rains or rapid snowmelt, when the moisture-saturated soil begins to descend down the valley at an ever-increasing speed, taking with it a mass of stones.
Landslides is the displacement of masses of rocks down the slope under the influence of gravity. They are formed in the shallow occurrence of water-resistant rocks or in the alternation of aquifers and water-resistant layers. Waterlogged upper layers slide down the aquiclude, dragging everything that is on the surface with it. Landslide processes are intensified during earthquakes and heavy precipitation.
Questions and tasks
- What processes taking place in our time testify to the continuous development of the relief?
- When was the ancient glaciation? Show the southern border of the largest glaciation.
- What effect did the glacier have on modern landforms?
- In what areas of our country is the activity of flowing waters especially affected by the relief, in which - the activity of the wind?
- What natural phenomena are associated with the lithosphere?
- On a contour map, show the areas of our country where earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, mudflows, landslides can occur.
Final tasks on the topic
- What sources of geographic information should be used in order to characterize the relief of a particular territory?
- Explain the patterns of placement of the main landforms on the territory of Russia. What cards did you use and why?
- Prove that the process of relief formation continues in our time.
- Practical work No. 3. Explanation of the dependence of the location of large landforms and mineral deposits on the structure of the earth's crust.
Make a comparative description of the relief, geological structure and minerals of the Russian and West Siberian plains, using the following plan: where is the territory; to what tectonic structure is confined; rocks of what age compose the territory; average, minimum and maximum heights of the territory; the reasons for their placement; what external processes have participated and are participating in the formation of the relief; what landforms are created by this or that process; their placement; what minerals are in the area; how to explain their presence here; what natural phenomena are associated with the features of the relief, as well as with the tectonic and geological structure; possible measures to deal with them.
- Make a description of any of the mountain ranges of Russia, located in the south of Siberia, using the plan above.
- Give a description of the relief of your region (territory, republic).
Subject:"Explanation of the dependence of the location of large landforms and mineral deposits on the structure of the earth's crust on the example of individual territories."
Goals of the work: establish the relationship between the placement of large landforms and the structure of the earth's crust; check and evaluate the ability to compare maps, explain the identified patterns; using a tectonic map to determine the patterns of distribution of igneous and sedimentary minerals; explain the observed patterns.
Working process
1. Comparing the physical and tectonic maps of the atlas, determine which tectonic structures correspond to the indicated landforms. Make a conclusion about the dependence of the relief on the structure of the earth's crust. Explain the observed pattern.
2. Arrange the results of the work in the form of a table.
| Landforms | Dominant Heights | Tectonic structures underlying the territory | Conclusion about the dependence of the relief on the structure of the earth's crust |
| the East European Plain | |||
| Central Russian Upland | |||
| West Siberian Lowland | |||
| Caucasus | |||
| Ural mountains | |||
| Verkhoyansk Range | |||
| Sikhote-Alin |
3. Using the map of the atlas "Tectonics and Mineral Resources", determine what minerals the territory of our country is rich in.
4. How are the types of igneous and metamorphic deposits indicated on the map? Sedimentary?
5. Which of them are found on the platforms? What minerals (igneous or sedimentary) are confined to the sedimentary cover? What are the protrusions of the crystalline foundation of ancient platforms on the surface (shields and arrays)?
6. What types of deposits (igneous or sedimentary) are confined to folded areas?
7. Arrange the results of the analysis in the form of a table, draw a conclusion about the established dependence.
Practical work No. 4
Subject:“Determination of the patterns of distribution of solar radiation, radiation balance from maps. Identification of the features of the distribution of average temperatures in January and July, the annual amount of precipitation throughout the country.
Goals of the work: determine the patterns of distribution of total radiation, explain the patterns identified; to study the distribution of temperatures and precipitation across the territory of our country, to learn how to explain the reasons for such a distribution; learn to work with various climate maps, to make generalizations and conclusions based on their analysis.
Working process
Look at figure 31 on page 59 in the textbook. How are the values of total solar radiation shown on the map? In what units is it measured?
Determine the total radiation for points located at different latitudes. Present the results of your work in the form of a table.
Draw a conclusion, what pattern can be seen in the distribution of total radiation. Explain your results.
Consider Figure 35 on page 64 of the textbook. How is the distribution of January temperatures across the territory of our country shown? How are the January isotherms in the European and Asian parts of Russia? Where are the areas with the highest temperatures in January located? The lowest? Where is the pole of cold in our country?
Conclude which of the main climate-forming factors has the most significant impact on the distribution of January temperatures. Write a summary in your notebook.
Look at figure 36 on page 65 in the textbook. How is the distribution of air temperature in July shown? Determine in which regions of the country the temperatures of July are the lowest, in which - the highest. What are they equal to?
Conclude which of the main climate-forming factors has the most significant impact on the distribution of July temperatures. Write a summary in your notebook.
Consider Figure 37 on page 66 of the textbook. How is the amount of precipitation shown? Where does the most precipitation fall? Where is the least?
Conclude which of the climate-forming factors have the most significant impact on the distribution of precipitation throughout the country. Write a summary in your notebook.
