Let's give the topic a slightly different twist. Pseudoscience is closely connected with the so-called occult science. It admits the existence in the cosmos or in man himself of hidden forces, accessible to the understanding of only the elect. At first, alchemy, astrology, palmistry (we will meet with them) entered the occult system, later parapsychology, Philippine healing, the effects of AAA (anomalous atmospheric phenomena), UFOs and other events (which are still waiting for their conversation) were added here.

Some scientists, without wasting long words, take out the named series of classes and everything that is connected (or seems to be connected) with occult hobbies, in the section of pseudo-teachings, calling for them to tightly block access to science. Others have more cautious opinions: one should not knowingly, without initiating a special inspection, declare one thing a lie and the other a truth. Moreover, to ban any topics just because someone considers them parascience.

Of course, it is pointless to decree the boundaries of what is permitted. Science often begins not even from scratch, but, so to speak, from negative values. At one time, N. Bohr remarked: "Very often people talk about mysticism in modern physics. In reality, it is mostly about not yet clearly formulated concepts." Based on the new results, we are trying to "control physics so as not to introduce any mystical elements".

Occultism just grows up near phenomena that are far from clear to science, strange, interpreted as mystical and therefore anti-scientific. The ban on experiment, on observation, on search only warms up the situation, breeds rumors and conjecture. Obviously, such phenomena need to be investigated. Let the hypotheses of, say, telepathic communication, traveling "space saucers", skin vision not be confirmed, their study will help not only to remove the hype, but also to explain other phenomena, which means to deepen our understanding of the world. A. Migdal speaks out strongly for the study of, for example, telepathy, Corresponding Member V. Troitsky calls for studying fixed anomalous events in the atmosphere, scientific and especially popular science magazines and the mass media talk about strange phenomena.

In a word, the ice broke. But how many lethal shells were fired at those who are interested in the "D" phenomenon ( Juna Davitashvili). The most important guardians of the purity of science, such as the medical academic N. Blokhin, accuse psychics of quackery, and the most vigilant - even "in complicity with American imperialism" (Professor I. Akulinichev). But the academician Y. Gulyaev in a series of verified experiments, he proves that the devices register an increase in body temperature in the area of ​​contactless massage conducted by Juna by as much as three degrees. At the same time, the points corresponding to the diseased areas are heated more strongly. And this is achieved not by the suggestion of Juna, but thanks to the radiation of her hands.

This is how prejudice breaks down. What are the highly learned rages of the prohibitions worth after this? Those who advise to be guided in the assessment of anomalous processes by the rule of "presumption of naturalness" (a kind of analogue of the "presumption of innocence" practiced in legal proceedings) are right. This is the fundamental admissibility of the fact that the observed phenomenon is of a natural nature, and not at all the fruit of a hallucination, illusion, self-deception. On the other hand, this rule is also reasonable: it is not for science to prove the falsity of a controversial idea, but for the author of the idea - its truth.

Therefore, it would be reckless to shy away from the mysterious, fencing it off with the concrete of prohibitions. Everything mysterious must be studied. However, on one condition: you must adhere to the rules of the game, that is, remain honest.

It is known that many prominent naturalists at various times brought tribute to occult affairs. For centuries, astrology, for example, was strongly cultivated as a completely decent occupation, and therefore many scientists (we will name them later) joined it. From the depths of history comes a passion for alchemy, which for a long time remained the guardian of chemical knowledge.

At the turn of the last two centuries, attention to parapsychology flared up, which has survived to this day. She was given time by minds like a French psychiatrist P. Jeanne, English physicists W. Crooks and W. Barrey, Nobel Prize-winning physiologist Sh. Richet(in recent years - President of the Paris Academy of Sciences). The idea of ​​telepathic communication turned out to be in the field of attention of a number of our outstanding compatriots, intriguing V. Bekhtereva and K. Tsiolkovsky. A famous chemist A. Butlerov in collaboration with writer S. Aksakov even published the Rebus magazine, in which telepaths and spiritualists found shelter.

Thus, great scientists found themselves in captivity of great occult passions. But will it turn to call them pseudoscientists? For none of them went to deceit or fabrication of facts, none suffered from scientific fanaticism, capable of leading to the path of pseudoscientific claims.

The question arises: why T. Lysenko, not marked by an addiction to occult topics, is considered a pseudoscientist, and some scientists involved in the occult, around which dark personalities always dance, are left beyond suspicion? Exactly. And the demarcation runs along the edge of moral and ethical assessments. An honest researcher, just a decent person who maintains integrity in the affairs of science, cannot, no matter what he does, be among the pseudoscientists. He lacks certain qualities for this, but he has an abundance of those that protect against the temptation of cheap fame. And this significantly changes approaches.

Or such a situation. Astrologers of the past were much mistaken, they were guided by a false goal, on the realization of which their efforts were concentrated. However, at home in the XIV-XVI centuries, even in the XVII century, they, as a rule, did not stoop to deceit, distortion of facts, etc. actions that accompany pseudoscience. Moreover, they obtained a lot of valuable information. But over time, astrology has largely lost its best position, turning into a false doctrine that has become a brake on the development of knowledge. And today, astrology is often accompanied by fraud.

Once the Moscow Planetarium was visited by an astrologer from one of the small states. He looked around, listened to a lecture and in the guest book he highly appreciated the work of employees in the fight against superstitions. This surprised many employees. Overcoming embarrassment, they told the astrologer about it. However, not embarrassed at all, the guest explained. Of course, he himself does not believe in anything like that" and does not take his "science" seriously. But these studies create prestige for him in the state. In other words, we met here with real pseudoscience, and this is not uncommon in our enlightened days.

Claims to fame and popularity, and most of all, passion for profit - these are the motives that incline most modern astrologers, as well as magicians, sorcerers, etc., to near-scientific activity. Outwardly, everything is like in a decent house: societies, congresses, interviews. For better or worse, even modern scientific and technical innovations are used, magazines and monographs are published.

It must be admitted that in our broadly scientific age the wave of appeals to magic is not weakening. Occult figures find ways to the sick, lonely, in need of support, acquired even at the cost of illusory hopes. Various kinds of businessmen, financial kings turn to magicians. Politicians do not shy away from guessing.

Alas, in a huge army of sorcerers, only a few retain the honor and dignity of a decent person who does not resort to conscious deceit. In a significant mass, people work who have exchanged their conscience for a bill or prestige.

The following is noteworthy. Wizards in some ways pressed the focus professionals. And the delimitation between them according to the same moral criterion. The professional does not hide his intentions. Presenting the trick as a kind of "honest deception", he does not pass off the illusion as a full-fledged coin, but only hides the deception formula. Characteristic episode. At the congress of magicians and wizards in 1986 in Italy, the fakir Kumar, demonstrating his skill, was completely buried in the ground for 17 hours. After he was dug up, he declared! "Truth is truth and reality is reality. Magic is not truth, it's a trick."

The catchers of occult forces have a completely different understanding of professional honor when a trick is presented as the truth.

As we can see, the appeal to parascientific effects has diverging goals for the scientist and the occult figure. Therefore, a scientific researcher has the right to turn to a parascientific topic; there should be no restricted areas for him. The problem is different: is such an appeal dictated by interest in the phenomenon or does it have a different connotation: uncritical attention to facts, connivance of dubious activities, generally a departure from moral norms.

So, the boundary between science and pseudoscience is drawn not by an epistemological (epistemological-theoretical) line internal to science, but by a moral-ethical one. It is true that the moral indicator is perceived here as a stranger, who came from outside. However, stopping in solving the dilemma at the position of "rational - irrational" and even more strongly "truth - falsehood", we walk "in a circle, which this moral criterion helps to open.

Of course, it would be even better to look for a solution in the fields of practical justification. But it usually deploys its merits only in time, and we need to decide and cut off pseudoscience here, now. In a word, no matter how you turn it, there are no unambiguous answers.

When applying ethical assessments, it must be remembered that these are only the first steps in the selection of research results. Then the actual scientific indicators come into force from the point of view of truth or falsity, and even more strictly from the standpoint of novelty. After all, it may be that knowledge was obtained in an honest way, but it is not at odds with the truth, or, if it is at odds, it does not bring anything new. The role of the "ethical watchman" is that it is first necessary to rid science of conscious distortions and only then subject the results of research to analysis from the point of view of proper cognitive characteristics (scientifically, truly), to which at the very beginning of the movement it is sometimes difficult to rise.

It is clear that moral postulates are by no means always able to protect science from pseudoscience. But they at least warn against one. You can't go into science with dishonest thoughts. Coming into contact with the mysterious, incomprehensible, the scientist is able to take the wrong step, draw erroneous conclusions, which may seem to him flawless. We trust science, scientists. Therefore, they have no right to enter the road of deceit, nor to allow themselves to be carried away along this shaky road, which inevitably leads to the swamp of pseudoscience. And the only guarantee against these ailments is honest, unbiased research work.

(1) Pseudoscience is closely related to so-called occult science. (2) Occult science admits the existence in the cosmos or in man himself of latent forces, accessible to the understanding of only the elect. (3) At first, alchemy, astrology, palmistry entered the occult system, later parapsychology, Philippine medicine, the effects of AAP (anomalous atmospheric phenomena) and other events were added here.

(4) Some scientists, without wasting long words, take out the named series of classes and everything that is connected (or seems to be connected) with occult hobbies, in the section of pseudo-teachings, calling for them to tightly block access to science. (5) Others are more careful: one should not knowingly, without initiating a special “examination”, declare one thing to be a lie and the other to be true. (6) Moreover, to prohibit any topics just because someone considers them parascience.

(7) Of course, it is senseless to decree the boundaries of what is permitted. (8) Occultism just grows up near phenomena that are far from clear to science, strange, interpreted as mystical and therefore anti-scientific. (9) The ban on experiment, on observation, on search only warms up the situation, breeds rumors and conjectures. (10) It is precisely on the basis of new results that we are trying to "control physics so as not to introduce any mystical elements." (11) Even if the hypotheses of, say, telepathic communication, traveling “space saucers”, skin vision are not confirmed, their study will help not only to remove the hype, but also to explain other phenomena, and therefore deepen our understanding of the world. (12) Therefore, it would be reckless to shy away from the mysterious, fencing it off with the concrete of prohibitions. (13) Everything mysterious must be studied. (14) However, on one condition... (15) It is known that quite a few prominent natural scientists brought tribute to occult affairs at different times. (16) For centuries, astrology, for example, was strongly cultivated as a completely decent occupation, and therefore many scientists were involved in it. (17) From the depths of history comes a passion for alchemy, which for a long time remained the guardian of chemical knowledge. (18) The idea of ​​telepathic communication came to the attention of a number of our outstanding compatriots, intriguing V. Bekhterev and K. Tsiolkovsky. (19) And the famous chemist A. Butlerov, in collaboration with the writer S. Aksakov, even published the Rebus magazine, in which telepaths and spiritualists found shelter. (20) Thus the great scientists were caught in the thrall of great occult passions. (21) But will the tongue turn to call them false scientists?

(22) None of them deceived or fabricated facts, none suffered from scientific fanaticism capable of leading to the path of pseudoscientific claims. (23) "Demarcation" runs along the edge of moral and ethical assessments. (24) An honest researcher, just a decent person who maintains decency in matters of science, cannot, no matter what he does, be among the pseudoscientists. (25) He lacks certain qualities for this, but he has an abundance of those that protect against the temptation of cheap fame.

(A. Sukhotin)

About the author: Anatoly Konstantinovich Sukhotin is a famous scientist, philosopher of the 20th century, author of the popular science books Paradoxes of Science, Rhythms and Algorithms.

vocabulary work

telepaths- People with telepathy.

Telepathy- a scientifically unexplained phenomenon of transmitting at a distance information about the state of one living being to another or the thoughts of one person to another.

spiritists- people involved in spiritualism.

Spiritualism- a mystical movement associated with the belief in the afterlife of the souls of the dead and is characterized by a special practice of "communication" with them.

Demarcation- the line dividing the warring parties at the time of the truce.

Alchemy- a pre-scientific direction in the development of chemistry, the main goal of which is to find the so-called philosopher's stone for turning base metals into gold and silver, obtaining an elixir of longevity, etc.

Occult- related to the occult.

Occultism- the general name of the teachings that recognize the existence of hidden forces in man and the cosmos, accessible only to the "initiated".

parascience- near-scientific knowledge ( pair- Greek. "near, outside").

Decree- subject to decree.

Decree- a decision of the supreme power, having the force of law.

Assignments to the text 1

a) Many great scientists were interested in the paranormal.

b) The study of the occult sciences should be banned.

c) A scientist must be honest and objective.

d) The study of mystical phenomena will help to expand a person's ideas about the world.

2. From sentence 23 write out a word in which there are more letters than sounds.

3. From sentence 25, write out a word in which there are more letters than sounds.

4. From sentences 5–6 write out a phrase with a connection agreement.

5. From sentences 21–25 write out the number of the sentence where there is a phraseological unit.

6. From sentences 11–12, write out a colloquial word, replace it with a commonly used one.

7. Write a short participle from sentences 4–5.

13. Write down the grammatical basis from sentence 13.

14. Choose the correct explanation for the colon in sentence 5.

Others are more careful: one should not knowingly, without initiating a special “inspection”, declare one thing a lie and the other a truth..

b) Associative compound sentence, the second sentence complements the first.

15. From sentences 7–15 write out the number of a complex sentence with a subordinate clause.

16. Among sentences 19–25, find sentences with separate definitions. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

17. Among sentences 1-6, find sentences with separate circumstances. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

18. Among sentences 11–17, find a complex sentence, part of which is a one-part indefinite personal sentence.

19. Write out introductory words from sentences 10–14.

20. Match the means of expression with the sentence numbers:

a) rows of homogeneous members;

b) metaphor;

c) contextual synonyms;

Offer numbers: 3, 5, 23, 24.

I. Write an introduction to the essay, reflecting on the relevance of the problem of the text.

Since ancient times, people have been attracted to...

The unusual abilities of man, the mysteries of life and death, other worlds - that's ...

II. State the problem of the text.

So how do you deal with...?

III. Comment on the problem of the text, considering the following questions:

1. What points of view on the attitude of people to the occult sciences does the author of the article give?

3. What image does the metaphor create in the reader fencing it off with concrete prohibitions?

In order to understand the problem, A. Sukhotin cites opposite points of view:

Some scientists consider occult knowledge..., others say...

Rumors and conjectures breed near mystical phenomena due to insufficient ...

The metaphor of "enclosing it with concrete prohibitions" helps to imagine...

Everything mysterious is necessary ..., but at the same time, a scientist who studies ... must be ...

The honesty and objectivity of a scientist is a guarantee ...

The metaphor "caught in captivity of great occult passions" emphasizes the attraction ...

To the rhetorical question "Can these scientists be called pseudoscientists?" The reader will answer in the negative because...

Remember the great scientists (Copernicus, Einstein, Lobachevsky, Mendel), whose discoveries were not immediately recognized. Why were these discoveries recognized over time? What qualities necessary for a person engaged in science did these people possess?

Keys to tasks in the text 1

2) moral and ethical;

3) famous;

4) any topics;

6) shun- avoid;

7) connected;

8) prefixed-suffixal;

9) b ( hypothesis- a hypothetical proposition put forward to explain a phenomenon);

10) grows, warms;

12) elected;

13) need to study(predicate);

19) say, means;

20) a – 3, b – 23, c – 24, d – 5.

Exemplary essay-reasoning on the text 1

Since ancient times, people have been attracted by the unknown, difficult to explain, incomprehensible, and the problem posed by the author of the article is still relevant today, because people are still interested in the unusual abilities of a person, the mysteries of life and death, other worlds.

How to relate to the occult sciences? The author of the article reflects on this question.

In order to understand the problem, A. Sukhotin cites different points of view: some scientists categorically consider occult knowledge to be pseudoscience, others are afraid to deny with certainty what no one can understand yet.

The author is convinced that the ban on the study of any mystical phenomena is meaningless and even harmful: it is precisely because of the insufficient study of these phenomena that rumors and conjectures breed around them. According to A. Sukhotin, one should not fence oneself off from the mysterious "concrete of prohibitions." This metaphor helps the reader imagine a wall behind which there is something forbidden and through which one wants to get over in order to find out what is really there.

Everything mysterious must be studied, but at the same time, a scientist dealing with the mysterious must be honest, objective, responsible - this is the idea of ​​the text. Proving this idea, the author speaks of the famous scientists Bekhterev, Tsiolkovsky, Butlerov, who "fell in captivity of great occult passions" (this metaphor emphasizes the attractiveness of the inexplicable). “But will the tongue turn to call them pseudoscientists?” - any reader will answer this rhetorical question in the negative, because these scientists did not manipulate the facts, did not deceive, winning cheap fame.

It is difficult for the author to object: the unknown, the mysterious must be studied, and all scientific discoveries have been made in order to explain the mysterious. Several centuries ago, a thunderstorm was perceived by man as God's wrath, and now you can read about the nature of this phenomenon in a physics textbook, and maybe in decades the topic "Telepathy" will be included in the school curriculum. There are cases in science when great discoveries were not immediately recognized; for example, Copernicus, who claimed that the planets revolve around the Sun, and not around the Earth, was not taken seriously, and Mendel, who discovered the laws of genetics, had to convince the scientific world that he was right for a long time. But the discoveries of these scientists were appreciated by their descendants, because their honesty and responsibility guaranteed the objectivity of the results obtained.

(1) In the editorial office they told me: since you are going to the village anyway and will live there for some time, please take an interest in the TV. (2) I promised. (Z) Of course, I also had some attitude towards TV. (4) I immediately remembered my conversation with an English farmer, whose hospitality I once took advantage of. (5) He then called television a disaster, especially for his young daughters.

– (6) TV generates passivity! the farmer got excited. - (7) Just think, my daughters, instead of practicing the violin or piano, instead of reading and developing their imagination, instead of collecting butterflies or medicinal herbs, instead of embroidering, they sit all evenings staring at it gray spot. (8) Time passes, it seems to everyone that everyone is busy with business, or at least skillfully uses leisure. (9) But then the gray spot goes out - and that's it. (10) Emptiness. (11) Nothing has been added: neither the ability to play the violin, nor the ability to ride ...

(12) Considering that televisions do not play the first role in shaping future generations, I nevertheless once wrote an article “Creator or viewer?” in the sense that if earlier in the village they sang themselves, now they only listen to how they sing, if before they danced themselves, now they only watch how they dance, and so on, that is, a consumer attitude towards art is gradually developed instead of active, lively, creative.

(13) Now it was necessary to ask how they consume, what they consume and what are the wishes in the field of consumption. (14) With such and such data and with a questionnaire in my pocket, I looked around, standing in the middle of our village. (15) It now has thirty-three houses. (16) Antennas rise above eleven roofs. (17) The first TV set was bought in 1959, the last one a week ago.

(18) It turned out that cinema ranks first in terms of interest. (19) 3themes of productions, that is, performances. (20) In third place - football, "Club of Travelers", singing, concerts, "Spark".

(21) It is interesting that, so to speak, the smallest number of points, namely round zero, was received, on the one hand, by symphonic and any orchestral music and even opera, and on the other hand, conversations on agricultural technology and generally special agricultural programs. (22) This is worth thinking about. (23) Imagine a program about the basics of versification. (24) Do you think poets would listen and watch it? (25) Not at all. (26) It would be more interesting to all non-poets who want to touch on the secrets of someone else's profession. (27) So the story of harvesting tea or cultivating the soil is more interesting to a city person.

Assignments to the text 2

1. What question is out of sight of the author of the article?

a) How does television influence the formation of a person's attitude to life?

b) What is the difference between a creative perception of life and a passive one?

d) What TV programs are interesting to the viewer?

2. Determine the style and leading speech type of the text.

a) Scientific, reasoning.

b) Publicistic, reasoning.

c) Artistic, storytelling.

d) Artistic, description.

3. The meaning of which word is defined incorrectly?

a) Leisure- free time from work;

b) coming- real;

in) passivity- lethargy, indifference;

G) symphonic- orchestral.

4. From sentence 12 write out all pairs of contextual antonyms and contextual synonyms.

5. From sentence 6, write out a word in which there are fewer sounds than letters.

6. From sentence 12, write out words with alternating vowels in the root.

7. Write out all the verbs of the 1st conjugation from sentences 23–24.

8. From sentence 27 write out the grammatical basis.

9. Among sentences 13–20, find a non-union complex sentence, one of the parts of which is an incomplete sentence. Write down his number.

10. Among sentences 6-12, find a simple one-part nominative sentence. Write down his number.

11. Determine the way of subordination of the subordinate clauses in sentence 13.

12. Indicate the number of grammatical bases in the sentence 18.

13. Indicate the type of predicate in sentence 22.

14. Choose the correct explanation for the colon in sentence 11.

Nothing has been added: neither the ability to play the violin, nor the ability to ride a horse ...

a) A simple sentence, a generalizing word, is in front of a number of homogeneous members.

b) Asyndetic complex sentence, the second sentence reveals the meaning of the first.

c) Associative compound sentence, the second sentence indicates the reason.

d) Associative compound sentence, the first sentence indicates a condition.

15. From sentence 27 write out a phrase with the type of connection agreement. Replace this phrase with a synonym for the type of connection control.

16. Write out a stable phrase (idiom) from sentence 12.

17. From sentence 8, write out a noun with a different declension.

18. Among sentences 9–15, find sentences with isolated circumstances. Write down their numbers.

19. Among sentences 15–23, find one that is related to the previous one with the help of a demonstrative pronoun that has turned into a noun. Write down his number.

20. Match the means of expression with the sentences of the text:

a) rows of homogeneous members;

b) question-answer form of presentation;

c) lexical repetition;

d) metaphor.

Suggestions: 9, 12, 13, 24–26.

Work on an essay-reasoning on the proposed text

I. Write an introduction to the essay. In the introduction, try to think about the role television plays in our lives, what programs are of interest to the viewer.

We all watch from time to time...

Different people are attracted by different ...: some people like ..., others ..., third ...

II. Formulate the problems posed by the author of the text.

What attitude to art and to life develops ...?

What TV programs are interesting...? Thinking about these questions...

III. Comment on the problems posed by the author of the text, formulate the author's position (for each problem), considering the following questions:

2. What language tool helps to express the idea that the TV absorbs a person's time and energy?

Metaphor... expresses the idea of ​​meaninglessness...

Contextual antonyms… emphasize the contrast between active and passive…

V. Write about your attitude to the author's position. Think about whether watching a feature film or play is a waste of time. In what cases does watching TV only take a person's time and give him nothing? Are, in your opinion, interesting programs that tell about what a person does not encounter in his life and work, about the secrets of other professions?

However, if the TV program is of poor quality…

Each person is probably interested in learning about something new ... therefore ...

Keys to tasks in the text 2

4) contextual antonyms: creator - spectator, before - now, they sing - they listen, they dance - they look; consumer - active, lively, creative; contextual synonyms - active, lively, creative;

5) passivity;

6) believing, creator, creative;

7) think, steel, listen;

8) the story is more interesting;

11) homogeneous subordination;

13) compound verb;

15) city ​​man- agreement, man from the city– management;

16) play the role;

20) a – 12, b – 24–26, c – 13, d – 9.

Exemplary essay-reasoning on the text 2

We all watch TV from time to time, and we are all attracted to different things: one gravitates towards watching feature films, another is interested in political programs, and the third is interested in popular science programs.

What attitude to art does watching TV develop and what is interesting for viewers? The author of the article reflects on these questions.

Recalling a conversation with an English farmer who considered TV a disaster, V. Soloukhin tries to convince the reader that TV develops in a person a consumer attitude towards art; contextual antonyms (singing - listening, dancing - watching) emphasize the contrast between active and passive perception of reality.

What does the viewer need? After analyzing the results of a survey conducted among the villagers, the author comes to interesting conclusions: of all TV programs, viewers are especially interested in feature films, theatrical performances, sports and popular science programs, concerts, and it seemed unexpected to the author that villagers are not at all interested in programs, dedicated to agriculture.

Thinking about this result of the survey, V. Soloukhin asks the question: would poets watch a program about the basics of versification? Being a writer, a poet, the author answers this question with a categorical refusal: "Not at all." Thus, according to the author of the article, it is more interesting for a person to “touch the secrets of someone else's profession” than to look at what has long been known and well known.

The author's idea that the TV develops a consumer attitude towards art seems somewhat categorical, because if a person watches a good film, performance, he thinks about what he sees on the screen, worries about the characters, compares his ideas about the book (if he has a film adaptation literary work) with the director's vision, and thus the inner world of a person is enriched. It’s another matter if watching programs of not the best quality takes up all the viewer’s free time, then TV really is a gray spot for a person, absorbing time that could be spent on more interesting and useful activities.

I. A. RUDENKO,
Magnitogorsk city
multidisciplinary lyceum
at MSTU im. Nosova

Case number 4. Sample essays-reasoning.

Text #1.

(1) Pseudoscience is closely related to the so-called occult science. (2) Occult science admits the existence in the cosmos or in man himself of hidden forces, accessible to the understanding of only the elect. (3) At first, alchemy, astrology, palmistry entered the occult system, later parapsychology, Philippine healing, the effects of AAP (anomalous atmospheric phenomena) and other events were added here.

(4) Some scientists, without wasting long words, take out the named series of classes and everything that is connected (or seems to be connected) with occult hobbies, in the section of pseudo-teachings, calling for them to tightly block access to science. (5) Others are more careful: one should not knowingly, without initiating a special “examination”, declare one thing a lie and the other a truth. (6) Moreover, to prohibit any topics just because someone considers them parascience.

(7) Of course, it is pointless to decree the boundaries of what is permitted. (8) Occultism just grows up near phenomena that are far from clear to science, strange, interpreted as mystical and therefore anti-scientific. (9) The ban on experiment, on observation, on search only warms up the situation, breeds rumors and conjectures. (10) It is precisely on the basis of new results that we are trying to "control physics so as not to introduce any mystical elements." (11) Let the hypotheses of, say, telepathic communication, traveling "space saucers", skin vision not be confirmed, their study will help not only to remove the hype, but also to explain other phenomena, and therefore deepen our ideas about the world. (12) Therefore, it would be reckless to shy away from the mysterious, fencing it off with concrete prohibitions. (13) Everything mysterious must be studied. (14) However, under one condition: ...

(15) It is known that many major naturalists brought tribute to occult affairs at different times. (16) For centuries, astrology, for example, was intensively cultivated as a completely decent occupation, and therefore many scientists joined it. (17) From the depths of history comes a passion for alchemy, which for a long time remained the guardian of chemical knowledge. (18) The idea of ​​telepathic communication was in the field of attention of a number of our outstanding compatriots, intriguing V. Bekhterev and K. Tsiolkovsky. (19) And the famous chemist A. Butlerov, in collaboration with the writer S. Aksakov, even published the Rebus magazine, in which telepaths and spiritualists found shelter. (20) So great scientists were captured by great occult passions. (21) But will the tongue turn to call them false scientists?

(22) None of them deceived or fabricated facts, none suffered from scientific fanaticism that could lead to pseudoscientific claims. (23) "Demarcation" runs along the edge of moral and ethical assessments. (24) An honest researcher, just a decent person who maintains decency in the affairs of science, cannot, no matter what he does, be among the pseudoscientists. (25) He lacks well-known qualities for this, but there are plenty of those that protect against the temptation of cheap fame. (A. Sukhotin)

Essay No. 1.

There is a widespread opinion: to achieve the goal, all means are good. Are these means and the end itself always noble, ethical? Before me are A. Sukhotin's reflections on a sharp, burning topic. This text touches on a very serious problem: what path should be chosen to achieve your goal? This problem is relevant, because it is written about in newspapers, spoken on television, philosophers, sociologists, politicians, teachers discuss it. It belongs, first of all, to the category of moral, ethical problems. A. Sukhotin considers the question of interest to him on the example of the correlation of pseudoscience and true science, pseudoscientists and genuine scientists. Studying the problem, the publicist comes to the conclusion that on the way to the truth, on the way to achieving the goal, a person can be mistaken, make mistakes, put forward hypotheses. Even if this person is wrong, he cannot be called a pseudo-scientist. The author's position is clear: a real researcher must remain honest and decent at all costs, and not succumb to the temptation of "cheap glory". It is impossible not to agree with the opinion of A. Sukhotin. If a person chooses a false path to achieve a goal, the path of vanity, deceit, calculation, selfishness, then his work will undoubtedly be doomed to failure. So, in 2005, the well-known Korean scientist in the field of cloning and stem cell medicine, Hwang, was often reported in the media. Hwang faked the results of his experiments and reports about them published in magazines. What was driving this man? The desire to make discoveries in science or still get the fame of a scientist who successfully cloned a dog and human embryonic stem cells for the first time? At the end of the last, twentieth century, miracle workers like A. Chumak, A. Kashpirovsky often appeared on TV screens. Wasn't there a massive introduction of pseudoscience in this and, as a result, a massive intoxication of people? I think that such doctors, "psychotherapists", are hardly guided by a noble goal. Unfortunately, there are so many of them that this problem has grown to national proportions. A few years ago, the Russian Academy of Sciences even organized a Commission to Combat Pseudoscience. In conclusion, I would like to note that the real success of any field of knowledge, activity, any kind of art is determined, in my opinion, by moral principles, ethical norms of people.

Text number 2.

(1) Polya's inflamed state, and most importantly, her confused, ambiguous speech - everything suggested the worst guesses, much worse than even the captivity of Rodion or his mortal wound.

(2) “No, it’s completely different here,” Polya shuddered and, turning to the wall, took out a crumpled, read out triangle from under the pillow.

(3) Subsequently, Varya was ashamed of her initial assumptions. (4) Although rare transit trains did not stop in Moscow, the stations were nearby, and Rodion knew Pauline's address. (5) Of course, the command might not have allowed the soldier to leave the echelon for the Annunciation dead end, then why didn’t he at least drop postcards of his own, beloved, on his way to the active army? ..

(6) So, this was his first front-line news with more than a two-week delay. (7) In any case, now it turns out, with

what thoughts he went to war. (8) Varya impatiently unfolded the sheet, all pierced with a pencil - apparently, it was written on her knee. (9) I had to go up to the lamp to make out the dim, half-finished lines.

(10) Varya immediately stumbled upon the main place.

(11) “Perhaps the only reason, my dear, why he was silent all this time was that there was nowhere to settle down,” Rodion wrote briefly, with unexpected fullness and straightforwardly, as in a confession. (12) - We are still retreating for now, retreating day and night, occupying more advantageous defensive lines, as they say in the reports. (13) I was very sick, besides, and now I have not yet fully recovered: my illness is worse than any concussion. (14) The most bitter thing is that I myself am quite healthy, all whole, so far there is not a single scratch on me. (15) Burn this letter, I can only tell you about it in the whole world, - Varya turned the page.

(16) The incident happened in one Russian village, which our unit passed in retreat. (17) I was the last in the company ... and maybe the last in the whole army. (18) In front of us on the road stood a local girl of about nine years old, just a child, apparently trained at school to love the Red Army ... (19) Of course, she did not really understand the strategic situation. (20) She ran up to us with wild flowers, and, as it happened, I got them. (21) She had such inquisitive, questioning eyes - it’s a thousand times easier to look at the midday sun, but I forced myself to take a bunch, because I’m not a coward, I swear to you by my mother, Polenka, that I’m not a coward. (22) I closed my eyes, and accepted it from her, who was left at the mercy of the enemy ... (23) Since then, I have kept that withered broom constantly with me, on my body,

as if I carry a fire in my bosom, I order him to put it on himself in the grave, if something happens. (24) I thought I would bleed seven times before I become a man, but this is how it happens, dry ... and this is a font of maturity! - (25) Then two lines came across completely illegible. - (26) And I don’t know, Polenka, will my whole life be enough to pay for that gift ... "

(27) - Yes, he has grown very much, your Rodion, you are right ... - folding the letter, Varya said, because with such a line of thought, this soldier would hardly have been capable of any reprehensible act.

(28) Embracing, the girlfriends listened to the rustle of rain and the rare, fading horns of cars. (29) The topic of conversation was the events of the past day: an exhibition of captured aircraft that opened on the central square, an unfilled funnel on Veselykh Street, as they are already accustomed to calling it among themselves, Gastello, whose selfless feat thundered in those days all over the country. (According to L. Leonov*)

Essay No. 2.

Every person goes through the process of growing up at some point in their life. Most people mature over a number of years, gradually gaining life experience. Someone becomes an adult quickly, performing, for example, some kind of heroic deed. And only a few grow up instantly, unexpectedly. The problem of growing up a person cannot leave anyone indifferent, including the famous Russian writer, author of the novel "Russian Forest" Leonid Leonov. It does not depend on time, on the nationality of a person and on what country he is a resident of. What does growing up depend on? So, reflecting on the reasons for the belated maturation of today's young people, we can say that today many young men and women are surrounded by the care of close people who ensure their material well-being and spiritual comfort, most of them do not feel a sense of responsibility for others, do not know wars and hunger. But it is war that often makes a person an adult, forcing them to make responsible decisions. So, the hero of the presented text becomes an adult precisely in the war. Leonid Leonov, reflecting on the problem of growing up a person, shows the conditions - unusual, unexpected - of this growing up. He argues that it is not necessary to "bleed seven times" to become a man.

Sometimes it is enough for a young man to receive a modest bouquet of flowers from a little girl in order to feel responsible not only for himself, but also for such children, the desire to protect them, to protect them from terrible misfortune. It is difficult to disagree with the position of the author. Growing up can sometimes happen to a person unexpectedly, and war often serves, figuratively speaking, as a catalyst for gaining maturity. To confirm this, one cangive a number of arguments. If we turnto the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War andworld",then, of course, remember the youngPetya Rostov, who at the age of fifteen, despite the persuasion of the family,voluntarilywent to war with the French to stand up for the Fatherland, to protect his loved ones from the enemy. Fromstory by Valentin Kataev "Son of the regiment",dedicated to another Patriotic War,we learn thather hero, Vanya Solntsev, who lost all his relatives in wartime and found himself in the territory occupied by the Nazis, having taken a sip of dashing, finally ends up on a reconnaissance battery commanded by Captain Yenakiev. He, still a boy, having become the son of a regiment, fights bravely, goes, risking his life, to the German rear. The war makes this child an adult, ready to stand up for the Motherland, for the lives of people. The main thing that unites these so different heroes is their thoughts, feelings, desire to be needed by their Fatherland at a time of difficult trials. There is something to learn from people like Petya Rostov and Vanya Solntsev, there is something to envy of many of my peers!

Text number 3.

(1) Each of us has such times in life when the natural loneliness given to us by nature suddenly begins to seem painful and bitter to us: you feel abandoned and helpless by everyone, you are looking for a friend, but there is no friend ... (2) And then you ask yourself in amazement and bewilderment: how could it happen that all my life I loved, fought and suffered, and, most importantly, served a great goal - and did not find any sympathy, understanding, or friend? (3) Why didn’t the unity of the idea, mutual trust and mutual love bind me with anyone into a living unity of spirit, strength and help? ..

(4) Then a desire awakens in the soul to find out how other people’s lives are: do they find real friends for themselves or not? (5) How did people live before. before us? (6) And has the beginning of friendship been lost precisely in our days?

(7) Sometimes it seems that it is modern man who is decidedly not created for friendship and is not capable of it. (8) And in the end you inevitably come to the main question: what is true friendship, what does it consist of and what is it based on?

(9) There is a "friendship" based on joint gossip or on the mutual outpouring of complaints. (10) But there is also “friendship” of flattery, “friendship” of vanity, “friendship” of patronage, “friendship” of slander, “friendship” of preference and “friendship” of drinking companionship. (11) Sometimes one borrows and the other lends - and both consider themselves "friends." (12) "The hand washes the hand", people do business and affairs together, not trusting each other too much, and think that they have "befriended". (13) People bump into each other in life and bounce off each other like wooden balls. (14) A mysterious fate sweeps them up like earthly dust, and carries them through the living space to an unknown distance, and they play the comedy of "friendship" in the tragedy of universal loneliness. (15) For without living love, people are like dead dust.

(16) But true friendship breaks through this loneliness, overcomes it and frees a person to living and creative love. (17) True friendship ... (18) If only you knew how it is tied up and arises ... (19) If only people could cherish it and strengthen it ...

(20) There is only one and only force in the world that can overcome the loneliness of a person: this force is love. (21) In the world there is only one opportunity to get out of the dust of life and resist its whirlwind; this is the spiritual life. (According to I. Ilyin) *

Essay No. 3.

In the article "On Friendship", the Russian Christian philosopher and publicist I.A. Ilyin discusses the most important moral and ethical topics: loneliness and friendship, love and spirituality. The main problem, which I will discuss, is formulated in the title of the article and in the 8th sentence: "... what is real friendship, what does it consist of and what is it based on?"

At the beginning of the article, the author bitterly says that loneliness is characteristic of all creative people. In 2-5 sentences, he writes about himself, summarizing the state of lonely people: "... all his life he loved, fought and ... served a great purpose." So why "the unity of the idea, mutual trust and mutual love did not bind me with anyone into a living unity of spirit, strength and help," the philosopher bitterly asks. Was there friendship "before, before us?" and "whether the beginning of friendship has been lost precisely in our days," the philosopher passionately desires to know. In 9-15 sentences, the author sarcastically classifies unfriendliness, because joint gossip, complaints in the waistcoat, patronage, joint slander, drinking companionship, preference, joint petty and major fraud - this is not friendship, but "a comedy of friendship in the tragedy of universal loneliness." I partially agree with this. Prince Hamlet had a real true friend Horatio and two vile traitors - Rosenkratz and Guildenstern. An example of a real strong friendship was the relationship between the pupils of the Lyceum, where Pushkin studied. The poems and song of the greatest bard of the 20th century, V Vysotsky, became the anthem of male friendship:

Pull the guy to the mountains, take it.

Don't leave him alone.

Let him be one with you

There you will understand who it is.

And the friendship between Prince Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov?! Isn't this proof that "true friendship breaks through" loneliness, resurrects a person to life, activity and love. Thus, at the end of the article, the author succinctly formulates the theses of friendship, with which I fully agree. To be friends, you must be able to love. Which is also a gift, "for without living love people are like dead dust." And only the spiritual life contributes to strong friendship and deep love.

Text No. 4.

(1) 60 years have passed since the end of World War II ... (2) Psychologists say that human memory keeps information related to the positive aspects of life in its storerooms longer. (3) Maybe this is because a person is still born for happiness, friendship and love, for which it is necessary for him to keep good feelings for the world around him and discard everything that provokes anger and bitterness in him.

(4) The war years go further and further, the ranks of those who were participants in the war have completely thinned out, and in the external paraphernalia of everyday life everything that reminds of it gradually disappears. (5) In general, the life of the Earth cannot be called peaceful, because here and there conflicts of different duration and size constantly arise, local wars in which blood is shed and people die. (6) But, fortunately, there has not been a global scale similar to that war in these 60 years, and therefore a new generation is growing up, which the plots of the past war can excite no more than a “horror” action movie. (7) And thank God that people are already growing up who do not know the fear of the sky, bomb shelters - all that their grandparents experienced. (8) But in order for them to take the baton of the struggle for peace and preserve it for their generation and the generation of their children, they should not live without looking back.

(9) The world is so arranged that, next to good, evil somehow finds a place for itself. (10) Here a huge tree grew near my house. (11) The crown is luxurious, and the foot resembled a desert mound with dried, gray earth, cut through by branches of roots crawling out to the surface. (12) This picture ceased to please me, and I surrounded the foot with a rocky fence, planting simple, unpretentious, but very beautiful flowers in the same dried land. (13) And the flowers began to grow and bloom slowly according to the laws of their nature. (14) But I was extremely amazed that right there, where nothing had previously grown, a weed went in a lush aggressive color, which, no matter how you pick it, comes and goes, trying to crowd out the delicate flowers or overshadow their beauty ... (15) So in nature, and so in the human world. (16) This cannot be ignored, but this does not need to be put up with.

(17) People are born for happiness, peace and love! (18) However, the forces of evil appear among them, who want to interfere with the harmony between them, disturb their peace and tranquility. (19) Leo Tolstoy in "War and Peace" wrote that evil is aggressive and offensive, therefore the forces of good should not relax and should be ready to confront. (20) And that is why we must not forget the tragic and majestic pages of history, in order to learn from mistakes and be proud of victories, in order to store and pass on from generation to generation the experience that may always be needed.

(21) And that is why people of good will, uniting in various forms of communities, try to keep the past in memory in the ways available to them in order to affirm the principles of philanthropy, solidarity, friendship on its lessons and examples.

(22) The statement "No one is forgotten and nothing is forgotten!" is a call to ensure that no one is forgotten and nothing is forgotten. (23) This is extremely relevant now, when the world is threatened by terrorism of unprecedented scale and cynicism.

24) In the era of globalization of the life of earthlings, the theme of war and peace acquires a different scale, previously unknown aspects. (25) And that is why today the appeal to the topic of Victory is more relevant than ever, because the Great Victory has contributed to the system of fundamental eternal, enduring values, showing how powerful and invincible the people of the Earth are when they are guided by the wisdom of finding ways to unite the forces of good and humanism against evil and misanthropy. (26) And thanks to these values, paraphrasing B. Okudzhava, we can say that “The Earth is still spinning”, and thanks to them “the Light is still ... bright”.(According to L. Matros)

Essay No. 4.

Many years have passed since the volleys of the Victory thundered over our great Motherland. But people remember the war and go to the monuments of the soldiers who died defending the Fatherland, and lay flowers, remember those who gave their lives for peace on Earth. Why can't we forget the last war? The author is trying to answer this very important question in today's unstable world. L. Matros complains that the ranks of those who participated in the war have thinned, everything that reminds of it disappears. And although the life of the Earth cannot be called peaceful, a generation of people has grown up who do not know the "fear of the sky, bomb shelters." But next to good, evil finds its place. The author compares the life of human society with nature: weeds grow next to delicate flowers, she recalls L. N. Tolstoy, who wrote in “War and Peace” that evil is aggressive and offensive, therefore “the forces of good should not relax and need to be prepared for opposition."The author, recalling the Great Patriotic War, thanks God for the fact that a new generation of people is growing up, for whom the events of the past war are nothing more than a “thriller-horror movie”. But in order to preserve peace "for their generation and the generation of their children," writes L. Matros, "people should not live without looking back." What does the author mean? The fact that everything that reminds of World War II, the memory of those grandiose events, of the feat of the people in the holy war, is fading.The writer convinces readers that memory plays a huge role in people's lives, that one should not forget the tragic and majestic pages of history in order to learn from mistakes and be proud of victories.It is not difficult to determine the author's point of view: in order for peace to reign on Earth, it is necessary to preserve the memory of the past in order to affirm the principles of philanthropy and friendship on its lessons and examples.I am sure that such a vision of the lessons of history is right, because we must remember at what cost the Victory was won, remember that good must always overcome evil.It is difficult to disagree with the opinion of L. Matros.Hardly anyone will deny the fact thatthe role of memory in the modern world, full of cynicism and misanthropy, is extremely great.What arguments can be given to support this thesis?A vivid example of the fact that memory plays a huge role in a person's life, I find in Mikhail Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man". Andrei Sokolov, having gone through the hell of the Great Patriotic War, having lost his wife and children, adopted Vanyusha. Good has conquered evil! I read it with tears in my eyes. We remember our heroes - the people who defended the country, gave us the Victory.A striking example of the fact that memory has played and is playing a huge role in people's lives, I find in A.P. Chekhov's story "Student". Ivan Velikopolsky, a seminary student, telling the parishioners he met by chance on the eve of Easter the gospel episode about Peter's treacherous denial of Jesus, sees how unusual the reaction of these women is: they cry bitterly... The seminarian realizes that the memory of the past is inextricably linked with the present.Having written the great epic novel "War and Peace", Leo Tolstoy reminded his people and all mankind of the lessons of history and the price paid for the Victory in the Patriotic War of 1812. And for us, readers of the 21st century, the events of that time are so obvious, close and important that we seem to feel a connection with our ancestors. Consequently, the role of memory in the life of society is enormous.In the work of V. Rasputin "On the field of Kulikovo" the problem of memory is also raised. Entering the sacred land of the Kulikovo field, where Russia freed itself from slavery, defended itself as a nation, the hero of the essay was amazed at his feelings and sensations. The event that took place several centuries ago became so close and obvious to him that he seemed to feel the presence of his ancestors, his connection with them.Thus, I can conclude that the role of memory in the life of society is enormous.

Text number 5.

(1) As a child, I hated matinees, because my father came to our kindergarten. (2) He sat on a chair near the Christmas tree, chirped on his button accordion for a long time, trying to find the right melody, and our teacher strictly told him: “Valery Petrovich, higher!" (3) All the guys looked at my father and choked with laughter. (4) He was small, plump, began to go bald early, and although he never drank, for some reason his nose always had a beet red color, like a clown's. (5) Children, when they wanted to talk about someone, that he was funny and ugly, they said this: “He looks like Ksyushka’s dad!” (6) And at first in kindergarten, and then at school, I carried the heavy cross of my father's absurdity. (7) It would be fine (you never know who has any fathers!), But I was unpleasant why he, an ordinary locksmith, went to our matinees with your stupid harmonica. (8) I would play at home and not dishonor myself or my daughter! (9) Often straying, he sighed thinly, like a woman, and a guilty smile appeared on his round face. (10) I was ready to sink into the ground with shame and behaved coldly, showing with my appearance that this ridiculous person with a red nose had nothing to do with me. (11) I was in the third grade when I had a bad cold. (12) I got otitis media. (13) In pain, I screamed and pounded my head with my palms. (14) Mom called an ambulance, and at night we went to the district hospital. (15) On the way we got into a terrible snowstorm, the car got stuck, and the driver shrillly, like a woman, began to scream that now we will all freeze. (16) He screamed piercingly, almost crying, and I thought that his ears also hurt. (17) My father asked how much was left to the district center. (18) But the driver, covering his face with his hands, repeated: “What a fool I am!” (19) The father thought and quietly said to me: “We will need all the courage!” (20) I remembered these words for the rest of my life, although wild pain circled me like a snowflake. (21) He opened the car door and went out into the roaring night. (22) The door slammed behind him, and it seemed to me that a huge monster, with a clanging jaw, swallowed my father. (23) The car was rocked by gusts of wind, snow was falling on the frosty windows with a rustle. (24) I cried, my mother kissed me with cold lips, the young nurse looked doomed into the impenetrable darkness, and the driver shook his head in exhaustion. (25) I don’t know how much time has passed, but suddenly the night was lit up with bright headlights, and a long shadow of some giant fell on my face.

(26) I closed my eyes and through my eyelashes I saw my father. (27) He took me in his arms and pressed me to him. (28) In a whisper, he told his mother that he had reached the district center, raised everyone to their feet and returned with an all-terrain vehicle. (29) I dozed in his arms and through my sleep I heard him coughing. (30) Then no one attached any importance to this. (31) And for a long time afterwards he suffered from bilateral pneumonia.

(32) ... My children are perplexed why, when decorating a Christmas tree, I always cry. (33) From the darkness of the past, my father comes to me, he sits under the tree and puts his head on the button accordion, as if stealthily wants to see his daughter among the tense crowd of children and smiles cheerfully at her. (34) I look at his face shining with happiness and also want smile at him, but instead I start crying. (According to N. Aksyonova)

Essay No. 5.

Why do we not always understand our parents? Why are we ashamed of showing their deep feelings for us? In her text, N. Aksyonova raises the problem of children's misunderstanding of selfless parental love. The problem raised by the author is relevant at all times. No wonder it is classified as "eternal". Relationships between parents and children are difficult when the latter do not understand, and often do not want to understand and accept loved ones as they are. The author sadly notesthat very often children show spiritual callousness, even cruelty towards the most dear and loving people. The heroine of the text behaves "emphatically coldly" with her father, ashamed of him. The closest person is called “this ridiculous man with a red nose”, “a clown with a stupid harmonica”. The heroine, feeling sorry for herself, is forced to bear the "heavy cross of her father's absurdity" N. Aksyonova believes that without understanding the value of parental love, it is impossible to achieve understanding. I fully agree with the author of the text. Parents often suffer from the fact that we move away from them, do not trust our thoughts, offend them with inattention. The realization of selfless parental love comes too late, when it is no longer possible to ask for forgiveness and smile back. This feeling of repentance is experienced by the heroine of the text: “I look at his face shining with happiness and also want to smile at him, but instead I start to cry.” And the children of the grown-up heroine of the story look at her with bewilderment, not understanding their mother. Memory usually preserves happy and joyful moments of life. I am pleased to remember the smiling faces of my parents, to think about it, to write. But I know that my father will not forget the harsh words that I said to him many times; I know that my mother is acutely worried about my mood swings. My parents love me with all their hearts, patiently enduring the hardships of my age. The problem of difficult relationships between parents and children is reflected in the literature. L.N. Tolstoy, I.S. Turgenev, and A.S. Pushkin wrote about this. I want to turn to A Vampilov's play "The Elder Son", where the author shows the attitude of children towards their father. Both the son and the daughter frankly consider their father a loser, an eccentric, they are indifferent to his experiences and feelings. The father silently endures everything, finds excuses for all the ungrateful deeds of the children, asks them for only one thing: not to leave him alone. The protagonist of the play sees how someone else's family is being destroyed before his eyes, and sincerely tries to help the kindest person - his father. His intervention helps to survive a difficult period in the relationship of children to a loved one. “You are all my best children,” the father says, touched, hugging the “eldest son” as well. In conclusion, I want to say how importantto say in time about your love for the closest people, how important it is to linger for a moment to give a smile to mom, warm words to dad ... We must treat our parents in such a way as not to regret and not repent, like the heroine of the text when it's too late. For this, obedience and respect are not enough; for this, our unselfish and self-sacrificing love is necessary.

Text No. 6.

(1) When I look at my school photos, I smile shyly. (2) Is it really me that a timid, sharp-nosed creature with funny freckles on her cheeks, who looks at me with fright with myopic eyes ?!

(3) At school I was always alone. (4) I didn’t have girlfriends, the boys shunned me. (5) I still don't know why it happened. (b) I dressed with taste, skillfully used cosmetics, studied well. (7) And she didn’t turn up her nose, like other excellent students ... (8) But for some reason, between me and my classmates, it was as if there was always a wall. (9) How many tears I shed, how it hurt me from that cold indifference that surrounded me.

(10) But one day a miracle happened. (11) The real thing! (12) Like in a good fairy tale! (13) I came to the first lesson. (14) Without looking at anyone, she took out a textbook and a notebook from her bag, put them on the table. (15) And only then I saw that a green stalk was peeking out from under the table top. (16) It was a rose! (17) She smelled like a lake, and the velvet petals concealed someone's gentle warmth. (18) Nearby lay a postcard with the inscription: “You are the most beautiful! (19) I, choking with joyful surprise, looked around. (20) But classmates seemed to be even more surprised than me. (21) They, numb, looked as if they had seen an extremely rare trick and were now waiting for its solution ...

(22) Since then, everything has gone differently for me. (23) Life has become more transparent and joyful, I knew that someone's loving eyes were looking at me, (24) I graduated from school with a gold medal, entered the university, got married, had children ... (25) Every time, when I came to my city, I asked my former classmates if they knew the one who put a rose in my desk. (26) But in response, stern, respectable uncles only shrugged their shoulders. (27) Who is that unknown admirer who never confessed his feelings to me? (28) The mystery of a rose given by someone still excites me ...

(29) I'm flying on an airplane. (30) Clouds float under me, nearby, in an impenetrable void, the stars shine, infinity swirls behind them. (31) I'm flying home to my children, and, looking at the sky, I see not distant stars twinkling innights, but red roses. (32) Roses planted for people like me, who once just needed to say: “You are the most beautiful!” (33) I lick a warm tear from my lips and whisper “thank you” to the kind wizard who once touched my stiffened soul with his tenderness. (34) The sky hangs above me, below me, illuminated by the lights of cities, the earth sleeps, and I, like a ray of a warm, kind sun, fly through infinity. (According to E. Kochneva)

Essay No. 6.

Some people very often feel like an "ugly duckling" in society. But always kind and loving. So E. Kochneva in her text raises the problem of the need for the life-giving power of goodness and love. What changes took place in the soul of the heroine after the miracle she met? The problem put forward by the author is psychological, affecting a very important aspect of human life. Impressions received by a person in childhood, relationships with peers have a profound impact on his future life, determine his attitude to the world, to people, to himself. A miracle happened to the heroine of the text E. Kochneva, which changed her whole future life: “I lick a warm tear from my lips and whisper “thank you” to the kind magician who once touched my stiffened soul with his tenderness.”

It is impossible not to agree with this author's idea in the words of the heroine, because the most important thing for a person is relationships in society, and most importantly, the support and attention of others. Let us recall Vera Sheina, the main character of A. Kuprin's story "Garnet Bracelet". A gift sent to unknown lovers - a garnet bracelet - caused a storm of indignation in Vera. People close to the princess considered the poor telegraph operator who presented the bracelet to be crazy, a maniac. And when her secret admirer dies, Vera realizes that the love she dreamed of all her life has passed by. Once I also received a poem with a declaration of love as a gift. The poems were "raw", without much rhyme, but they left a mark on my soul. Unfortunately, I, too, still do not know who wrote these inept, but very touching lines. What a pity! Who are you, answer! In childhood, in adolescence, we are always like "ugly ducklings." And the “ugly duckling” turns into a beautiful swan! Everyone is waiting for a miracle (even those who do not recognize it). Tomorrow I will open the door, and there ... And my life will change! Exactly! I know... I feel...

Text No. 7.

(1) One day an eagle flew into the farm where a flock of sparrows lived. (2) The sparrows flocked to see the king of birds and hear what he had to say. (3) And the Eagle began to tell about other worlds and other life. (4) The sparrows listened, listened, but could not understand anything. (5) Then a sparrow came forward and said: “You are talking about something interesting, but alien to us. You better talk about farms and how life goes on in these beautiful places.”

(6) The Eagle scanned the neighborhood with his keen eye and saw a huge farm, in the pens of which fat, dirty, grunting animals were pushing. (7) Some trampled down the mud or wallowed in it, others pushed around the feeders, slurped and squealed.

(8) Then the Eagle said to the sparrows:

I considered sparrows to be birds, because they are endowed with wings and flew to you to tell you about other worlds and invite you to unknown distances, to incomprehensible heights. (9) But I found, unfortunately, not birds, but creatures with wings that use God's gift to live somewhere and somehow. (10) And they do not fly in vast expanses, but in pens, and they see not wonderful worlds, but pigsties, and they do not live with their own kind, but with a herd of pigs. (11) And they are not worthy to bear the proud name of a bird, for there is no aspiration in their wings, in their eyes and in their hearts.

(12) The sparrows were indignant at such speeches, they flew up over the Eagle in a cloud and let's peck at him. (13) Then the Eagle spread its wings, soared into the sky and dissolved in its heights, only it reached the earth: “Short wing - low flight” ...

(14) And the sparrows returned to their nests under the roof of the farm and chirped again in the bushes.

(15) Eyes are given to man, but they do not see beyond the desires of the body. (16) Reason is given to man, but it does not aspire beyond the human eye.

Essay No. 7.

Why do people use what is given to them from God only to get by somewhere and somehow, why do they not strive for incomprehensible heights? The author of the text "The Eagle and the Sparrows" reflects on these questions, reflecting on the problem of the lack of interest in everything new and more modern. He, citing birds as an example, but meaning people by them, is trying to convince the reader that many stop at what they have already acquired, live boringly, monotonously, without striving for something unknown or unattainable. The protagonist of the text, the Eagle, tells the Sparrows living on the farm about other worlds and invites them to unknown distances. But little birds with short wings do not understand him and are indignant at these speeches. “Eyes have been given to man, but they do not see beyond the desires of the body. Reason is given to man, but it does not aspire further than the human gaze” - this is the main idea of ​​the text and the position of the author. I agree with his opinion and believe that you should never stop there, you need to improve and expand your horizons. I will prove this with a few examples. I would like to recall I.A. Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov”, in which the main character lies on the couch in the “four walls” and does not want to “move forward” at all, somehow change his life for the better. Even love couldn't fix anything. Even as evidence for my opinion and the opinion of the author, one can recall M. Gorky's play "At the Bottom". This work most opportunely reflects the problem of the text-parable "The Eagle and the Sparrows". The main characters of the play listen to the unknown wanderer just like the little birds listen to the proud high-flying bird, and also do not understand beautiful speeches about something unknown and new. Thus, I want to say that people should not use the God-given only for a humble existence. Let everyone live and know that there are many more interesting things in the world. We are simply obliged to strive for the new, for the unknown, otherwise our small world will be covered by a wave of monotony, dullness and boredom.

Text number 8.

(1) Children's toys at all times had an important influence on the formation of the child's soul. (2) Indeed, she brought up patience and caution, dexterity and attention, the child unconsciously received an idea of ​​cause-and-effect relationships, the essence of human relations, the complex structure of the world. (3) A toy is a spiritual image of an ideal life, an ideal world, it affirms goodness and predetermines the distinction between good and evil. (4) In addition, the toy is also a means of education, entertainment and even treatment.

(5) But how lucky is the modern child, who is literally bombarded by a diverse and tempting world of toys? Of course, now every kid lives in a world that is much brighter and more diverse than his peers two hundred, one hundred and even thirty years ago. (7) In fact, there are bright covers of books, magazines, colored billboards on the street, and at home - felt-tip pens and pencils, colorful clothes and, of course, a variety of toys, sometimes the most unimaginable colors and shapes. (8) I'm not talking about the TV screen, the computer monitor with their riot of colors, unnatural angles and graphic solutions. (9) Colors, shapes change, pictures, objects, faces flash. (10) And the child’s tender psyche can’t cope - the perception of color and sound, smell and touch, the idea of ​​good and bad, good and evil are deformed.

(11) Unfortunately, a modern toy essentially becomes an anti-toy: it contains the idea of ​​possession, and not a joyful comprehension of the world. (12) Psychologists say in unison that a generation is growing up, brought up on toys that cause irreparable harm to the soul of a child. (13) Ninja Turtles, transformer robots, Batman, Spiderman - these toys atrophy the ability to believe, compassion, sympathy, mercy and contribute to the accumulation of aggressive fantasies, often realized by a child in life in relation to the weaker ones. (14) As an adult, he, in my opinion, will already be programmed to serve those whose plastic likeness he gave the first moments of the game in his life and with whose help the knowledge of the world is carried out.

(15) But a toy is not fun. (16) It lays in the soul the initial concepts of good and evil, gives vivid images of the world, and the formation of the moral qualities of a person often depends on what they will be. (17) A toy should create conditions for development, leaving an opportunity for independent creativity. (18) It is necessary to teach goodness and beauty, wisdom and the ability to empathize.

Essay No. 8.

Why does a child need a toy, and what should it be? The author thinks about these questions, reflecting on the problem of the initial perception of the surrounding world by the child's consciousness and the subsequent reflection of this perception in the activities of an already formed person. The compiler of this text, giving examples, is trying to convince the reader that the toy largely affects the character of the child, it helps to get an idea of ​​the cause-and-effect relationships, the essence of human mutual understanding, and the complex structure of the world. The author talks about modern toys, which are essentially anti-toys; they contain only the idea of ​​possession, and not the joyful comprehension of the world. Such toys contribute to the accumulation of aggression and its further influence on someone. “But a toy is not fun. It lays in the soul the initial concepts of good and evil, gives vivid images of the world, and the formation of the moral qualities of a person often depends on what they will be. This is the position of the author. I agree with his opinion and I think that, of course, a toy should positively influence the character of a child, instill in him only good human qualities. Let me give you a few examples to prove this. Recall the story of VG Korolenko "In a bad society." In it, a boy from a family of considerable wealth brings a doll of his sister to the dying girl Marusa. It seems that thanks to her, the terminally ill girl lived a few days longer. The toy, if it didn’t save, then at least pushed me to fight the disease and just brightened up the last days, hours of my life with a piece of little happiness. I would also like to tell you about my old friend. From the very birth of his child, he bought him only the most modern models of robots, monsters, computer games with suspicious content. The kid grew up in constant aggression, his perception of the world around him was disturbed. Now this boy is studying in the second grade not striving for knowledge, but striving to offend the weaker in communication with classmates. These are the consequences of toys that are detrimental to a growing, developing organism. I would like to advise young parents to buy their offspring only "good" toys that do not cause aggression and evil. Otherwise, there will be no good people on Earth capable of truly human deeds.

Text no. 9.

Most often, a person is looking for his dream, but it also happens that a dream finds a person. Like a disease, like a flu virus. It seems that Kolka Velin never looked at the sky with bated breath, and the voices of the birds soaring in the blue height did not make his heart tremble. He was the most ordinary student, moderately assiduous and diligent, he went to school without much enthusiasm, was quieter than water in the lessons, loved to fish ...

Everything changed in one day. He suddenly decided that he would become a pilot.

In a remote, remote village, where the nearest station is more than a hundred kilometers away, where any trip becomes a whole journey, the very thought seemed crazy. The life path of every person here was even and straight: after school, the boys received the right to drive a tractor and became machine operators, and the most daring completed driving courses and worked as drivers in the village. Traveling on earth is the destiny of man. And then fly in an airplane! They looked at Kolka as if he were an eccentric, and his father hoped that the absurd idea would somehow disappear by itself from his son's head. You never know what we want in our youth! Life is a cruel thing, it will put everything in its place and indifferently, like a painter, paint over with gray paint our ardent dreams, drawn in youth. But Kolya did not give up. He dreamed of silvery wings carrying him over the wet snow of clouds, and dense elastic air, pure and cold, like spring water, filled his lungs.

After the graduation party, he went to the station, bought a ticket to Orenburg and went by night train to enter the flight school. Kolya woke up early in the morning from horror. Horror, like a boa constrictor, squeezed his stiff body with cold rings and dug his toothy mouth into his very chest. Kolka went down from the top shelf, looked out the window, and he became even more frightened. Trees protruding from the semi-darkness stretched their crooked arms to the glass, narrow lanes, like gray steppe vipers, spread through the bushes, and from the sky, filled to the brim with shreds of tattered clouds, twilight flowed down to the ground with violet-black paint. Where am I going? What will I do there alone? Kolka imagined that he was about to be landed and he would find himself in the boundless emptiness of an uninhabited planet ...

Arriving at the station, he bought a return ticket the same day and returned home two days later. Everyone reacted calmly to his return, without mockery, but without sympathy either. It’s a bit of a pity for the money spent on tickets, but I went, looked, checked myself, calmed down, now I will throw all nonsense out of my head and become a normal person. These are the laws of life: everything that has flown up, sooner or later returns to earth. Stone, bird, dream - everything comes back ...

Kolka got a job in the forestry, got married, now he is raising two daughters, and goes fishing on weekends. Sitting on the bank of a muddy stream, he looks at jet planes flying silently in the sky, immediately determines: here is the MiG, and there is the Su. His heart is groaning from aching pain, he wants to jump higher and at least once take a sip of that freshness with which the sky generously waters the birds. But the fishermen are sitting nearby, and he fearfully hides his excited look, puts the worm on the hook, and then patiently waits for it to start pecking. (According to S. Mizerov)

Composition No. 9.

In this text, S. Mizerov talks about how the choice of a life path is born.

Does the environment influence a person's choice of life path? What prevents him from being faithful to his dream? The author of the text thinks about these questions. It invites us to reflect on this moral, urgent problem for us. S. Mizerov believes that the influence of everyday traditions, habits often makes a person change his dream, does not allow him to realize his abilities to the end. The hero of the story Kolka Velin could not overcome the feeling of fear of the new, he betrayed his dream and became like everyone else. It is difficult to disagree with the author of the text. Often a person is lost in front of difficulties. And he, in my opinion, should not just want something, but strive to fulfill his dream. And then the realized dream will make his life more full-blooded, more interesting. The hero of the story by B. Polevoy, pilot Alexei Meresyev (aka Alexei Maresyev in life), left without legs, dreamed of flying. How much he had to suffer in order to again sit at the helm of the aircraft! Maria from V. Zakrutkin's story "The Mother of Man" in incredibly difficult conditions, dreaming of surviving and preserving the unborn child as a memory of the past, was able to overcome her fear and give life to a new person.

You don’t need to give up, lose self-control, but you need to believe in your strength, in your dream, and then your heart will not groan from the “wrenching pain”.

Text number 10.

(1) Once I asked one artist why the faces of children on the canvases of old masters are so grown-up. (2) Madonna or just some woman holds a child in her arms or leads him by the handle, he is very small in body, and his eyes look serious.

(Z) The artist answered me something like this. (4) The old masters and, in general, the great painters of the past saw in the baby, first of all, a person. (5) After all, the main thing in every baby is not that he is a child, but that he is a human child. (6) And his human life is difficult, complicated. (7) Of course, childhood is the dawn of life, it is happiness. (8) But the child himself does not realize this happiness. (9) Were you happy as a child?

(10) After listening to her, I became thoughtful. (11) Of course, there was some overlap in her words. (12) But when I began to sort through the sad and happy impressions of my childhood in my memory, there were very few happy ones. (13) And the reason for this was by no means parents, not others, not the difficulties of the era. (14) I just had no time to be happy.

(15) Well, then what about the "golden childhood"? (16) "Golden childhood" is a firmly established formula.

(17) What if the myth of the golden childhood was invented by adult uncles and aunts who forgot their childhood years? (18) After all, if everyone were cloudlessly happy in childhood, then stupid adults would grow out of children. (19) Meanwhile, we live in a society of intelligent, talented, capable, smart, intelligent, thinking people - and this is in all areas of life.

(20) Childhood is a time of very intense study (“learning”, as they say now), a time of mastering and assimilating being. (21) As a child, life is very interesting and very difficult. (22) A colossal stream of information, sensations, experiences flows into consciousness, and everything needs to be sorted out, but there is still very little mental strength and experience. (23) All the time mistakes, overlays, miscalculations, bewilderment. (24) The joy of comprehending something is instantly replaced by new searches and new mistakes.

(25) Someone said that every person is a whole world. (26) But a person lays the foundation of this world very early. (27) We have to move the heaviest stones in childhood, then the bricks will go. (28) And in old age, from the height of adult years, these stones begin to seem to us as light as fluffs, and we begin to remember our golden childhood.(According to V. Shefner)

Essay No. 10.

One night I had a dream: I am five years old, and I build castles in a sandbox without any worries. In the morning I woke up thinking about how good it is to be small: your mother takes you to kindergarten, and you timidly, still yawning, stomp along the path, not thinking about anything at that moment. But I had to think after reading the text by Vadim Sergeevich Shefner. A logical question immediately arose: why is childhood traditionally called the “golden time”? This socio-moral, in my opinion, very important problem made the author reflect. He thinks that as a person accumulates life experience, the difficulties that he overcame in childhood seem insignificant, which is why childhood seems to be a carefree, “golden time.” I agree with Vadim Shefner's opinion. After all, this is truly the most wonderful time in the life of absolutely every person. I walk along the road and see children frolicking. I want, I really want to run, jump with them, plunge into that “cloudless” atmosphere when there is nothing in the world but dolls, a ball and cartoons. I heard Yu. Shatunov’s song many times: “Childhood, childhood, where are you running to? Childhood, childhood, where are you in a hurry? I haven’t played enough with you yet, childhood, childhood, wait, wait! Yes, this is a game that will definitely remain in your memory. And let's remember L. Tolstoy's story "Childhood", where the great classic shares vivid memories of his "golden time". Now I am sixteen years old. In a year I will graduate from school, and the doors of childhood will be closed for me forever. But they will not close in my heart, in my thoughts, in my soul.

Text number 11.

Andrei saw how some women in white coats, military men in pea jackets and boots, and just people in dark padded jackets carried children out of the narrow carriage doors with vertical, uncomfortable steps, and then put them on the ground right next to the rails.

Blockade... Leningrad... They brought from Vologda... - it was said in the crowd, next to Andrey.

Nobody reacted to these words. Everyone knew what a blockade was and what Leningrad was. But there was something in the children that people, who did not hear the last words, stopped and froze, unable to tear their eyes away. And all the new ones came up to them and stood like that, lining up on the edge of the platform and forgetting about their train.

People saw everything in the war. There was nothing to surprise or surprise them. But then they looked, and who would have looked at them: so much pain, sorrow, excruciating pity, shock, suffering, but also bitter joy was in their eyes. For, although they were children of war, pitiful burns on a black ashes, but they were alive; children saved and carried out of the fatal flame, and this meant rebirth and hope for the future, without which these people, also different on the platform, could not go on living.

The children were also different. But something united them all. Not only the unusual complexion, merging with the fallen snow, not only the eyes, in which the eternal horror of the blockade froze, as if frozen, not only the strange unopened mouths. They had one more thing in common, both in appearance, and in the same faces, and in the lips, and in the eyes, and in something else that could only be seen not one by one, but only when they were all together, and that expressed in the way they behaved towards each other and towards adults, how they stood, how they held hands, lined up in a column - and you can put it this way: children of war. A terrible combination of two unnatural, impossible words next to each other. The children here, by their presence, expressed the lowest, most hellish, destructive essence of the war: it hit in the bud, in the bud, all the other children who were not born, all the generations that had not yet been.

But these, who now stood in a column, taking two by two, ready to set off on an unknown path, after all, they survived! Survived! God bless! They were messengers from there, from the future, bringing to the people standing on the other side of the platform, on this still military side of life, hope for the future, no matter what.

In a strange, oscillating, thin stream, following the thin, dark woman, blockaders flowed along the rails farther and farther towards the city. And in each tiny man, wrapped in rags, there was, despite the timidity of the first steps, a slight swaying - why the living stream now stretched, then contracted, and pulsated, and torn to merge again - an inextricable bond with others, friend with the friend they were now walking with, their blue fingers interlocked so that no one could open them, but also with the people on the platform, and with this silent station, and with this new promised land that would raise them. A seed thrown into hard soil, will you sprout, will you become a noisy ear? (According to A. Pristavkin)

Composition No. 11.

After reading the text by A. Pristavkin, the words of the classic L. Tolstoy instantly surfaced in my memory: “War is not a courtesy, but the most disgusting thing in the world.” Almost every sentence of the text makes clear the main idea: "children ... expressed the lowest, most infernal, destructive essence of war: it beat in the bud, in the rudiment ...". Reading these lines, I wonder: will a normal person grow out of these “tiny people wrapped in rags”, exhausted from severe trials? This problem is psychological, vital and relevant especially in our days. The author believes that the children standing on the platform are "messengers from there, from the future, bringing people hope for the future." I agree with the author. Of course, it is bitter that children are “miserable stubs” of the war, but still it is joyful that they are “alive”, saved, which means that there really is hope for the best. My heart shrinks when I see documentary footage from the TV screen: exhausted children in a concentration camp, in a hurry, free their hands to show the barbarians their number. Seeing this horror, I say to myself: “Damn you, war!” Until recently, not so much has been written about children as victims of war. I remember only Vanya Solntsev from the story “Son of the Regiment” by V. Kataev and Kuzmyonyshi from A. Pristavkin’s work “A golden cloud spent the night.” Belarusian writer S. Aleksievich "The Last Witnesses", where the title of the book speaks for itself. This text is a testament, a warning, a reminder to all of us! And this is a text of hope: a seed thrown even into hard, hard soil will surely grow; a “noisy ear” will surely grow, because life cannot be defeated.

Text number 12.

(1) There were ten singers, only ten. (2) All in the same black concert suits, white shirt-fronts. (3) And no instruments, no microphones, no pop sound amplifiers, and no light manipulators, of course - they just dimmed the lights in the hall a little.

(4) And although I was sure that listeners who had an idea of ​​\u200b\u200bwhat a chapel were gathered here, I became scared for the singers. (5) Our youth are accustomed to electronic loudness, and they are like unarmed soldiers on the battlefield.

(6) The singers stood tightly shoulder to shoulder, forming a small semicircle. (7) Their faces were calm and concentrated. (8) And for some reason they all seemed similar to each other. (9) Perhaps because at that hour they were possessed by a common concern, a common readiness, a single spiritual impulse.

(10) And now, at the nod of the one on the right, apparently the leader in the group, they sang. (11) And voices soared ...

(12) Zal was subdued, enchanted, plunged into meditation; each had the opportunity to join himself in what for centuries has been formed in the tragic delusions and insights of the mind. (13) And at the same time, everyone’s imagination carried everyone into that obscure, but always painfully desired world, made up of their own memories, dreams, longing, pangs of conscience, from losses and joys experienced by a person on his life path.

(14) I did not understand and, in truth, did not really want to understand what was happening to me at that hour, which chained my thoughts, feelings with such irresistible power to these ten singers, but the hymns that they sang seemed to come from me, from my own impulses, from the accumulated pains, anxieties and delights, which until now had not found a way out in me, and, being freed from them and at the same time filled with new light and insight, I comprehended, thanks to the art of these singers, the original essence of music.

(15) When you make a discovery for yourself, everything in you is in agreement and enlightenment of the soul comes. (1b) And on that wave of surging enlightenment, I suddenly thought: where does all this come from in a person - music, Songs, prayers, what need was and is there in them? (17) Perhaps from a subconscious feeling of the tragedy of one's stay in the cycle of life, when everything comes and everything goes, comes again and leaves again, and a person hopes to express, designate, perpetuate himself in this way. (18) After all, when in billions of years our planet dies, fades, some world consciousness that has come from other galaxies must certainly hear our music and singing amid the great silence and emptiness. (19) Living after life is what is indestructibly invested in us from creation! (20) How important it is to realize how necessary it is for a person to be sure that such an extension of himself is possible in principle. (21) Probably, people will think of leaving behind some kind of eternal automatic device, some kind of musical perpetual motion machine - this will be an anthology of all the best in the culture of mankind.

(22) Life, death, love, compassion and inspiration - everything will be said in music, because in it, in music, we have reached the highest freedom, for which we have fought throughout history, starting from the first glimpses of consciousness in man, but to achieve which we succeeded only in it. (According to Ch. Aitmatov)

Essay No. 12.

Life, death, love, compassion and inspiration - all this is said in music that can touch the innermost strings of the human soul. The text, authored by Ch. Aitmatov, reveals the problem of human need for music. What was and is the need for it? What role does it play in a person's life? The problem put forward by the author is deeply philosophical, quite relevant in our time. The author talks about the concert he attended and about the emotions he experienced at that moment. Aitmatov, by his own example, shows us that the music we listen to seems to come from us, from our own motives, from the accumulated pains, anxieties and delights: “When you make a discovery for yourself, everything in you agrees, and enlightenment of the soul comes.” It's hard to disagree with the author. Music at all times had a powerful effect on the human soul, healed it, helped to better understand oneself and the world around. Recall the story of VG Korolenko "The Blind Musician". The main character Peter Popelsky was blind, he had no friends, but he took strength to continue his life from music, musical compositions composed by him. Peter became a famous pianist. In our time, young people are accustomed to electronic loudness. Each listener has his own preferences in music, because now there is a wide variety of musical directions. All of them are very different from each other, but they are similar in one thing - they give impetus to the creative imagination. I also love music very much. When I am in a bad mood or some difficulties appear, I turn on a quiet melody and calm down, because beautiful music gives strength and a desire to live well.

Text number 13.

(1) It must be said that in Russia, if they haven’t kept up with foreigners in some other way, then they have far surpassed them in their ability to address. (2) It is impossible to enumerate all the shades and subtleties of our conversion. (Z) A Frenchman or a German will not understand and understand all his features and differences; he will speak in almost the same voice and the same language with a millionaire and with a petty tobacco dealer, although, of course, in his soul he will scoff in moderation before the first. (4) It’s not the same with us: we have such wise men who will speak with a landowner who has two hundred souls in a completely different way than with one who has three hundred of them, and with one who has three hundred of them, they will again speak differently , as with the one who has five hundred of them, and with the one who has five hundred of them, again it is not the same as with the one who has eight hundred of them - in a word, even ascend to a million, there will still be shades. (5) Suppose, for example, there is an office, not here, but in a distant state, but in the office, let's say, there is a ruler of the office. (b) I ask you to look at him when he is sitting among his subordinates - you just can’t utter a word out of fear! pride and nobility, and what does not his face express? just take a brush and draw: Prometheus, decisive Prometheus! (7) Looks out like an eagle, acts smoothly, measuredly. (8) The same eagle, as soon as he left the room and approaches his boss’s office, hurries like a partridge with papers under his arm that there is no urine. (9) In society and at a party, if everyone is of a small rank, Prometheus will remain Prometheus, and a little higher than him, such a transformation will take place with Prometheus, which even Ovid will not invent: a fly, even less than a fly, was destroyed in a grain of sand. (10) “Yes, this is not Ivan Petrovich,” you say, looking at him. - Ivan Petrovich is taller, and this one is short and thin; that one speaks loudly, basses and never laughs, but this devil knows what: he squeaks like a bird and laughs all the time. (11) You come closer, you look - it’s like Ivan Petrovich! (12) "Ehehe!" - you think to yourself ... (N.V. Gogol)

Composition No. 13.

In his text, N.V. Gogol shows us the “nuances and subtleties” of the treatment of officials of different levels among themselves, compares them with French and German. Clearly there is a problem of true and imaginary values ​​in the life of society. The author in a playful way describes the transformation of officials depending on the circumstances in which they are. Sometimes they look like eagles, sometimes they look like flies. The thing is, what is the rank of this or that employee. I think that this problem has existed for a long time and will continue to exist as long as sycophancy and blasphemy towards the “boss” is welcomed in society. Any modern working person must clearly and fully fulfill his duties. And promotion through the ranks should depend only on his efforts, skills and, of course, diligence. The remarkable work of N.V. Gogol "The Inspector General" very clearly and poignantly reveals this problem, shows us the attitude of officials of one of the county towns to the imaginary auditor. This is where both blasphemy and sycophancy are fully revealed! The example of Chatsky from the work of A.S. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit” is very indicative. The words of this character: "I would be glad to serve, it's sickening to serve" - ​​are alive to this day. Yes, and Chekhov's "chameleon", unfortunately, is still walking around the country. S. Mikhalkov, the world-famous author of children's poems and the Russian anthem, said this: "Every piece of paper should have legs." He meant that with every request you need to go through the authorities yourself, and sometimes more than once, and, more often, not empty-handed. Returning to N.V. Gogol, it should be noted that in his works he harshly and wisely ridiculed such officials, in whom the true service to the Motherland was replaced by fear of the authorities.

Text No. 14.

(1) In autumn, the forest is silent. (2) Such silence. (3) 3a hundred steps you can hear the mouse running away along the dry leaves. (4) In anticipation of cold weather, the birds fell silent. (5) No sound. (6) At such a time, the working music of a woodpecker brings special joy in the forest. (7) It seems that not on wood, but on a tight string, a bone hammer is knocking.

(8) I walked for a long time through the spruce forest until I saw the only musician in the silent forest. (9) The woodpecker worked tirelessly. (10) On the diseased pine tree, the pattern of his "chisel" was visible. (11) Through the binoculars, it was visible how a woodpecker took out the larvae that had settled in the wood with a long tongue. (12) I hid behind a bush, admiring the work. (13) The woodpecker looked down, but continued to work. (14) At that moment, a story happened, unfortunately, very common. (15) A shot rang out from the hazel bushes - the bark devoured by worms was torn off by a shot, and with it a bird fell on the yellow grass. (16) The woodpecker did not have time to swallow the larva - it remained white in its bloodied beak.

(17) A seventeen-year-old guy with a new double-barreled shotgun, with a creaking belt full of cartridges, came out of the blue smoke into the clearing. (18) I didn’t swear, but the guy felt: the meeting did not bode well. (19) To top it all off, he didn't know what to do with the bird.

(20) - Why?

(21) - And just like that ...

(22) The guy awkwardly stamped his feet, then pulled out a cartridge from the second barrel and put it in his pocket.

(23) Who should teach the boys who, from the age of seven, have been in love with slingshots, home-made pistols and new double-barreled shotguns? (24) Who should teach them to cherish and love nature? (25) Who should explain to them that a forest without birds is boring and inhospitable?

Essay No. 14.

The problem of the relationship between man and nature is relevant in our time. How many words have already been said and how much more will be said about it. In this text, the author reveals the problem of irresponsible attitude of man to nature. How often do we think about it? And do we think at all, destroying mercilessly what surrounds us? The problem put forward by the author is deeply moral, affecting a very important aspect of human life and nature - their relationship. The writer talks about the measured life of the forest, which is destroyed by a “burst shot.” ​​We, of course, agree with the author. The thoughtless destruction of nature leads to the death of all living things. This problem is clearly expressed in S.A. Yesenin’s poem “The Song of the Dog”, which speaks of the merciless destruction of innocent kutyat by man. Once on the street I saw how the boys were pulled out of the nest chick and threw it on the road. (Just as mercilessly, a seventeen-year-old guy shot a woodpecker in the forest). I felt sorry for the chick, and I put it back in its nest in the tree. From the media, we often learn about how smugglers, for the sake of profit, in terrible conditions, transport rare endangered species of birds and mammals from region to region.

So “who should teach the boys, who from the age of seven have been in love with slingshots, homemade pistols and new double-barreled shotguns? Who should teach them and all of us to protect and love nature? Who is to explain to us that a forest without birds is boring and inhospitable?

Text No. 15.

We know prayers
That the heart is light at night;
And the proud muses of Russia
Invisibly accompany us...
(B. Nabokov)
(1) Lately, one has often heard the arguments of prominent public figures, people of art and science about the search for a saving “national idea” that could unite Russians in building their future.
(2) Well, these arguments are urgent! (3) But talk is talk, and the insane conveyor of the spiritual impoverishment of the nation, in which many TV programs are guilty, a huge part of the Internet industry, the print business, it seems, leaves no chance for any spiritually uplifting "ideas". (4) It is, of course, not the television cameras themselves, computers or printing presses that are to blame for this, but, in fact, the people who control them.
(5) Remembering what heartburn the liberal stratum was caused by the attempt of the Russian Orthodox Church to introduce a course in the basics of Orthodox culture in Russian schools, I am amazed at the very nervous reaction to the subject of this part of the scientific community of the country.
(6) Now passions boil up again! (7) The reason for this is the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation to conduct an experiment in teaching the basics of religious culture and secular ethics in schools in a number of regions of the country.
(8) Without plunging into the abyss of a new ideological confrontation, I cannot but notice: those who do not want the enlightenment of their people are not getting smaller. (E) Surprisingly, cursing the Soviet past for the death of “good old Russia” in 1917, they reject today what she, so to speak, stood on.
(10) By the way, about the past: in it, Russia has plenty of vivid examples of a meaningful, moral life. (11) Here, for example, are the artistic and intellectual salons of the early 19th century. (12) If you like, these were some kind of effective communication models that supplied intellectual food for the best minds of Russia, nurturing high ideals in art, science, and education. (13) Why not a storehouse for those seeking "national ideas"?
(14) It doesn’t take much effort to “feel the difference”, or rather, the degree of our fall today - just press the remote control button and get, for example, into the “salon” of Ksenia Sobchak in the “House 2” program.
(15) What needs to be done so that the “proud muses of Russia” from Nabokov’s epigraph to these notes accompany HER today? (16) Maybe start small - remember them, they, proud and high, equal ...
(17) As, however, to other examples from our great past. (According to G. Rogov)

Composition No. 15.

The past is inextricably linked to the present. In something there is development, improvement, and in something - regression, degradation. Comparing "today" and "yesterday" of our country, I would like to understand the spiritual and moral culture of the nation, which sets the tone for the development of society as a whole. In the above text, German Rogov raises the problem of the spiritual impoverishment of the nation. Why is this happening? In modern society, the mass media have become very popular, through which streams of immoral thoughts flow, changing the worldview of people for the worse. These thoughts "leave no chance for any uplifting ideas." Russia is degrading spiritually and morally especially progressively in our time - the time of free dissemination of information. Today the problem of spiritual impoverishment of the nation is one of the most important. The author believes that it is necessary to look up to examples from the past of our country, remember and not forget about them. This will restore the lost national morality. I do not agree with the opinion of the author. In the past of Russia there were many immoral examples that should not be equaled, and modern people are no worse than their predecessors. G. Rogov mentions the artistic and intellectual salons of the early nineteenth century and considers them "storehouses of national ideas." I cannot agree with him. Yes, it is better than modern "assemblies" in clubs, but there are also disadvantages in the salons described by the author. For example, L. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" tells about the salons of that time: Anna Scherer, Helen, who almost lost one of the main national treasures - the Russian language. These people not only spoke, but also thought in French. Maybe they developed intellectually, but degraded morally, because they neglected the national value - the Russian language. Thus, I think that the salons of the nineteenth century cannot be called an example of high morality. The modern writer V. Soloukhin in "Black Boards" refers to what happened in the twentieth century. And this was what happened: the doors and windows of churches were blocked with blackened boards from time to time, the temples were closed and destroyed. Some churches still survived. The black boards preserved in them, as it turned out, are icons painted several centuries ago. Their contemporaries are restoring them, restoring the historical memory of the time when the icons were created, trying to revive the spirituality lost in the twentieth century. Therefore, I believe that our generation is no worse than the past. Much is said about the problem of spiritual impoverishment of the nation. Probably for no reason. So there are reasons for that. However, I don't think the past is better than the present.

Option 4

When completing the tasks of this part, in the answer form No. 1, under the number of the task you are performing (A1-A30), put a sign "X" in the cell, the number of which corresponds to the number of the answer you have chosen.

A1. Which of the words is given in the correct pronunciation?

1) snow [s "n" eh] 3) cream [cream]

2) God [boh] 4) mashed potatoes [p "ur" e]

A2. Give an example without violating the norms of lexical compatibility.

1) This is an unprecedented thing.

2) The overwhelming majority of speakers were in favor of introducing new traffic rules.

3) The text is written in a very understandable language.

4) We tried carefully to avoid talking about yesterday's incident.

A3. Indicate the sentence without grammatical (morphological) errors.

1) The appeal to the governments of the world was signed by more than seven hundred famous scientists.

3) The lieutenant stated that there were no explanations and comments on the order.

4) It is important that children at an early age learn to put things in their place.

A4. Indicate the sentence without grammatical (syntactic) errors.

1) To the right of the steering wheel was a compass with a circle of pointer covered with cracked and partly chipped enamel, on which numerous divisions were applied.

2) Finding myself in the icy water, at first I was trembling, but energetic hand movements helped to warm up.

3) Modern cars are much easier to drive than cars made in the 20s and 30s of the last century.

4) More than half of the townspeople have summer cottages.

A5. Indicate a possible (grammatically correct) option for

missing part of the phrase: In chess, as in life, ........., only realizing your mistakes and shortcomings.

1) Success can be achieved by...

2) you can achieve success, ...

3) success is achieved, ...

4) success is possible...

Read the text and complete tasks A6-A11.

A. Some linguists believe that writing appeared before sound speech by a whole archaeological epoch, but such a theory has no real basis.

B. And the data of history, anthropology, and ethnography refute the proposition that writing appeared before the appearance of sounding speech.

B. History does not know a single human society, be it the most backward, which would not have its own sound language.

G. Moreover, neither the history nor the ethnography of a human society is known that would use writing without having speech.

A6. What question can be put at the beginning of the text?

1) How many years ago did writing begin?

2) How did language originate?

3) What form of speech arose earlier: oral or written?

4) Why was writing invented?

A7. Which sentence should be followed by the following sentence?

Archeology, which is often referred to by supporters of the hypothesis of the early origin of writing, is not able to provide any evidence of the existence or absence of sounding speech in the pre-literate period.

1) between A and B 3) between C and D

2) between B and C 4) after D

A8. Indicate the correct statement about sentence B.

1) consists of 3 parts; not common

2) consists of 2 parts; both common

3) consists of 3 parts; one of them is an uncommon offer

4) consists of 4 -x parts; two of them are uncommon

A9. What characteristic corresponds to sentence G?

1 ) complex subordinate

2) complex with non-union, subordinating and coordinating connection

3) complex with an allied and subordinating relationship

4) complex with coordinating and subordinating connection

A10. In what case are the nouns HISTORIES and ETHNOGRAPHIES in sentence D?

1) in the nominative

2) in parent

3) in the dative

4) in the accusative

All. Indicate the meaning of the word SOCIETY in sentences C and D.

1) organization, association of people who set themselves common goals,

2) a certain stratum of the population, which differs from other strata in living conditions, education, etc.; class, class

3) a set of people living in certain specific historical conditions

4) state, country

A12. In place of which numbers is NN written?

In museums, you probably saw old (1) drawings, under which you wrote (2) about: “Lead pencil”. Three hundred years ago, there were no modern (3) pencils with a lead in a wooden (4) shirt.

2) 2,3,4 4) 1,3,4

A13. In which row are all the words with an alternating vowel in the root?

1) por..sl, company..n, g..hot

2) r..sten, cr..beer, p..sat

3) wipe .. ret, nat. .army, k..sleep

4) r..get lost, k..speech, r..ret

A14. In which row is the letter I missing in both words?

1) pr .. branch, pr .. form

2) pr..two, pr..decorate

3) without..initiative, counter..gra

4) trans..ransky, super..initiative

A15. In which row is the letter A missing in both words?

1) breathable..shchy, (they) jump out..t

2) crying..shchy, (they) study..t

3) servant..sch, (they) jump..t

4) dir..sch, (they) endure..t

A16. In which row in all words at the place of the gap is written b?

1) help .., help .. nickname, rags ..

2) hide..tes, achieves..sya, creates..sya

3) eight .. ten, men .. majority, wide open ..

4) in..moving, breaking down, out of..yan

A17. In which answer option are all the numbers correctly indicated, in the place of which NOT is written?

The baron n (1) spared n (2) time, n (3) money to find the culprit of his disgrace, and already n (4) what, except for revenge, n (5) could think of.

1) 1,4 2) 2,3,4 3) 1 ,5 4) 4

A18. In which line are both underlined words spelled together?

1) One must be a patriot, and (not) a nationalist. There is no need to (not) hate other nations because you are a patriot.

2) (B) soon the swimmers found themselves under the very ship, which lifted (above) them their bare sides, covered with resin blackened from time to time.

3) Poets clothe (in) flesh and blood (not) bold refinement of the feelings of the crowd.

4) (C) to the left of the road we saw a pit, (to) the top filled with water.

A19. Indicate the correct explanation of punctuation in the sentence:

In the famous play by Schwartz, the shadow of a scientist begins to live its own life () and it is not so easy to put it in its place.

1) The comma in place of the brackets is needed because the union And connects parts of a complex sentence.

2) A comma in place of brackets is not needed, because AND connects homogeneous members of a sentence.

3) A comma in place of the brackets is needed because the union And is part of the introductory sentence.

4) Taken in place of brackets is not needed, because AND connects parts of a complex sentence that have a common minor member.

A20. Point out the sentence with a punctuation error.

1) In the room, in addition to the entrance, there was one more door.

2) The caught fish was placed in a hollow filled with water in a stone, and the boy, watching with interest how the body of the fish changes color, and gently stroking it, suggested that we touch the cool scales.

3) The storm subsided, replaced by a light breeze, and the sailboat could continue its journey.

4) Curving my whole body and pushing off with my fins, I surfaced to catch my breath.

A21.Which digit(s) should be replaced by commas in sentences?

AT that day the white moon is standing in the sky, in the morning (I) at last(2) frost hit, and the trees were covered with brittle hoarfrost. Thank God it seems(3) winter came.

A22. Specify the sentence in which you need to put two commas. (No punctuation marks.)

1) The brother was smart and dexterous, he easily solved problems and easily learned to do tricks.

2) The black hole of the tunnel was either clearly visible or disappeared in the haze rising from the hot stones.

3) The square itself and the leaves gilded by the sun and the monument seemed somehow foreign.

4) The half-flooded ship had bare sides covered with mold and blackened with time.

A23. Which sentence should not include a dash? (No punctuation marks.)

1) The Netherlands is a state in the north-west of Europe often called Holland.

2) In the east the country borders with Germany in the south with Belgium.

3) In the Middle Ages, it was believed that Bordeaux steel was the most reliable in the world.

4) One of the most striking signs of our estrangement from the people is that we almost completely stopped singing in chorus.

A24. Point out the sentence with a punctuation error.

1) There are great ones, next to whom everyone seems small, but truly great is the one with whom everyone feels great.

2) The Colonel opened the case and took out two identical swords, the blades of which flashed in the sun with rays of white fire.

3) The sandy bottom is completely littered with small fragments of stones, between which tangled algae weakly swayed in time with the barely noticeable movements of the sea.

4) None of us knew which way to go, so we decided to wait for dawn, when it would be possible to orient ourselves on the map.

A25. Which answer option shows the correct placement of commas in the sentence:

District (1) where we lived (2) was far from the river (3) and (4) to get to the beach (5) we had to drag ourselves through the city in a crowded tram.

1) 1,2,3,4,5 2) 2,4,5 3) 1,3,4 4) 1,2,3,5

A26. In which sentence can the subordinate clause of a complex sentence be replaced by a synonymous participial phrase?

1) People who lived 20 years ago could create works of art of the highest level.

2) It would be unfair to blame only science and technology for the damage done to the environment.

3) The coming third technological revolution, which will change the very nature of work, will be based on the power of human mental activity.

4) Aristotle believed that comets, like a rainbow, are formed due to evaporation that rises from the surface of the Earth.

A27.Read the text.

Natural science, being the basis of all knowledge, has always had a significant impact on the development of the humanities with its methods, methodological and philosophical attitudes.

mi and representations, images and ideas. Such an impact is especially powerful in our Epoch. Now it is obvious to everyone that the fundamental training of specialists in the humanities is already unthinkable without familiarization with the history and current state of natural science.

Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the main information contained in the text?

1) In our time, the impact of natural science on all sciences is especially powerful.

2) Natural science plays an increasingly important role in the development of all sciences, including the humanities, and the fundamental training of specialists in the humanities requires familiarization with the history and current state of natural science.

3) Natural science is the basis of all knowledge. It plays a major role in our era, so the fundamental training of specialists in the fields of knowledge is unthinkable without familiarization with the history and current state of natural science.

4) The methods of natural science are used in all sciences, including the humanities.

Read the text and complete tasks A28-A30, B1-B8, C1.

(1) Pseudoscience is closely related to the so-called occult science. (2) Occult science admits the existence in the cosmos or in man himself of hidden forces, accessible to the understanding of only the elect. (H) At first, alchemy, astrology, palmistry entered the occult system, later parapsychology, Philippine healing, the effects of AAP (anomalous atmospheric phenomena) and other events were added here.

(4) Some scientists, without wasting long words, take out the named series of classes and everything that is connected (or seems to be connected) with occult hobbies, in the section of pseudo-teachings, calling for them to tightly block access to science. (5) Others are more careful: one should not knowingly, without initiating a special “examination”, declare one thing to be a lie and the other to be true. (6) Moreover, to prohibit any topics just because someone considers them parascience.

(7) Of course, it is pointless to decree the boundaries of what is permitted. (8) Occultism just grows up near phenomena that are far from clear to science, strange, interpreted as mystical and therefore anti-scientific. (9) The desire to experiment, to observe, to search only warms up the situation, breeds rumors and conjectures. (10) It is precisely on the basis of new results that we are trying to "control physics so as not to introduce any mystical elements." (11) Let the hypotheses of, say, telepathic communication, traveling "space saucers", skin vision not be confirmed, their study will help not only to remove the hype, but also to explain other phenomena, and therefore deepen our understanding of the world. (12) Therefore, it would be reckless to shy away from the mysterious, fencing it off with concrete prohibitions. (13) Everything mysterious must be studied. (14) However, under one condition: It is known that many major naturalists brought tribute to occult affairs at different times. (16) For centuries, astrology, for example, was intensively cultivated as a completely decent occupation, and therefore many scientists joined it. (17) From the depths of history comes a passion for alchemy, which for a long time remained the guardian of chemical knowledge. (18) The idea of ​​telepathic communication was in the field of attention of a number of our outstanding compatriots, intriguing V. Bekhterev and K. Tsiolkovsky. (19) And the famous chemist A. Butlerov, in collaboration with the writer S. Aksakov, even published the Rebus magazine, in which telepaths and spiritualists found shelter. (20) So great scientists were captured by great occult passions. (21) But will the tongue turn to call them false scientists?

(22) None of them deceived or fabricated facts, none suffered from scientific fanaticism that could lead to pseudoscientific claims. (23) "Demarcation" runs along the edge of moral and ethical assessments. (24) An honest researcher, just a decent person who maintains decency in the affairs of science, cannot, no matter what he does, be among the pseudoscientists. (25) She lacks well-known qualities for this, but there are plenty of those that protect against the temptation of cheap fame.

(A. Sukhotin)

A28.Find a continuation of sentence 14 that matches the content of the text and the position of the author?

1) ...do not attach serious importance to this study.

2) ... to adhere to the rules of the game, that is, to remain honest.

3) ... to abandon the conclusions made by classical science.

4) ...be sure to put the discovery into practice.

A29.Determine the style and type of speech.

1) artistic style; description

2) scientific style; description

3) journalistic style; reasoning

4) conversational style; reasoning

AZO.What word or phrase is explained through the context?

1) occult spider

2) palmistry

4) telepathic communication

When completing the tasks of this part, write down your answer in the answer sheet No. 1 to the right of the task number (B1-B8), starting from the first cell. Write each letter or number in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form. Words or numbers when transferring separate with commas. Put each comma in a separate box. Spaces are not used when writing answers.

Answers to tasks B1-B3 write down in words.

81. From sentences 17-19 write out the noun formed by the prefix-suffix method.

82. From sentences 2-3 write out all animate nouns.

83. From sentences 7-10, write out a phrase with the connection MANAGEMENT, with an adjective as the main word.

Write down the answers to tasks B4-B8 in numbers.

84. Among sentences 10-17, find a complex sentence that includes a one-part indefinitely personal. Write the number of this offer.

85. Which of sentences 7-18 has homogeneous isolated definitions? Write the number of this offer.

86. Among sentences 15-25, find a complex sentence with a concession clause. Write the number of this offer.

87. Which of sentences 15-22 is related to the previous one with the help of a pronominal adverb? Write the number of this offer.

88. Read the fragments of the review, which analyze the linguistic features of this text. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. Write the sequence of numbers in the answer in the answer sheet No. 1 to the right of the number of task B8, starting from the first cell.

(sentences 18, 19, 20, 21, etc.), _ (for example, in sentences 8, 9,

12, 17), colloquial grammatical means are used (_ in sentences 8, 9, 10, 11) and book syntactic constructions (_ in sentences 3, 8, 9, 11).

One of the means emphasizing the author's ironic attitude both to pseudo-scientists and to too distrustful specialists is -_ (in sentences 4, 5, 7).

List of terms:

1) little-known terms

3) words with diminutive suffixes

4) phraseological units

5) particles

6) metaphor

7) expressive lexical repetition

8) comparative turnovers

9) rows of homogeneous members

10) violation of logical homogeneity

For the answer to the task of this part, use the answer sheet No. 2. First write down the number of the task C1, and then write an essay.

C1. Write an essay based on the text you read.

Formulate and comment on one of the problems posed by the author of the text (avoid excessive quoting).

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated.

If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated by zero points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Answers:

compatriots

(c) a man of the elect

3,4,7,8,9

(not) clear science

There are many things in our world that cannot be explained from the point of view of science. And the stronger the ban on the observation of paranormal phenomena, the more interest they cause. And when you still manage to get closer to the solution of what seemed impossible and unknown, the most important thing is not to violate the moral and ethical laws. The problem of their observance is mentioned in the text by A. Sukhotin. The author states: "An honest researcher, simply decent, maintaining integrity in the affairs of science, cannot, no matter what he does, turn out to be in the ranks of pseudoscientists."

I fully agree with the opinion of the publicist. In no case should one speculate on moral and ethical standards in the pursuit of cheap popularity, since this will not lead to anything good. And there is a lot of evidence for this in our literature.

M.A. in the story "Fatal Eggs" just describes the consequences of careless interference with the laws of nature. “Paper from the Kremlin” allowed the head of the “Red Luch” state farm A. Rokku “to raise chicken breeding in the country” to expropriate from Professor Persikov the “ray of life” invented by him in the form of three chambers to increase the cage. But instead of chickens, the Moscow region was flooded with giant pythons and crocodiles, accidentally bred by Rokk instead of chickens. Wanting not to lose the face of the head of the demonstrative state farm, Alexander Semyonovich violated all sorts of moral laws, for which he was severely punished. However, like the eccentric Professor Persikov. Salvation came from nature itself - in August the frost suddenly hit 18 degrees, and the reptiles died out. So M.A. Bulgakov once again says that it is wise and everything in it is arranged correctly, even if we cannot describe everything from the point of view of science.

Of course, if we talk about the violation of moral and ethical standards by scientists, then one cannot but recall the novel by A. Belyaev “The Head of Professor Dowell”. In pursuit of his own fame, Kern, taking advantage of Dowell's asthma attack, deprived the head of the body, and then, passing an electric current through the professor's head, mixing irritants with nutrient solutions, forced Dowell to cooperate. Using someone else's knowledge, Kern sews the head of the singer Briquet to the body of Angelica Guy. However, this experiment ends in failure, and the exposed Kern commits suicide. The positive characters of this novel - the doctor Marie Laurent and Professor Dowell - are those honest researchers about whom A. Sukhotin just said that they have qualities "that protect against the temptation of cheap fame."

Summing up the above, I would like to note only one thing: whatever he does, he must be morally stable and not chase after cheap fame, distorting scientific facts. Alas, this glory is groundless and fleeting, because it is easy to debunk it with the help of true scientific knowledge.

Text by A. Sukhotin:

(1) Pseudoscience is closely related to the so-called occult science. (2) Occult science admits the existence in the cosmos or in man himself of hidden forces, accessible to the understanding of only the elect. (3) At first, alchemy, astrology, palmistry entered the occult system, later parapsychology, Philippine healing, the effects of AAP (anomalous atmospheric phenomena) and other events were added here.

(4) Some scientists, without wasting long words, take out the named series of classes and everything that is connected (or seems to be connected) with occult hobbies, in the section of pseudo-teachings, calling for them to tightly block access to science.

(5) Others are more careful: one should not knowingly, without initiating a special “examination”, declare one thing to be a lie and the other to be true. (6) Moreover, to prohibit any topics just because someone considers them parascience.

(7) Of course, it is pointless to decree the boundaries of what is permitted. (8) Occultism just grows up near strange phenomena, far from clear to science, interpreted as mystical and therefore anti-scientific. (9) The ban on experiment, on observation, on search only warms up the situation, breeds rumors and speculation. (10) It is on the basis of new results that we are trying to “control” physics so as not to introduce any mystical elements. (11) Let the hypotheses of, say, telepathic communication, traveling "space saucers", skin vision not be confirmed, their study will help not only to remove the hype, but also to explain other phenomena, and therefore deepen our ideas about the world. (12) Therefore, it would be reckless to shy away from the mysterious, fencing it off with concrete prohibitions. (13) Everything mysterious must be studied. (14) However, under one condition ...

(15) It is known that many major naturalists brought tribute to occult affairs at different times. (16) For centuries, astrology, for example, was intensively cultivated as a completely decent occupation, and therefore many scientists joined it. (17) From the depths of history comes a passion for alchemy, which for a long time remained the guardian of chemical knowledge. (18) The idea of ​​telepathic communication was in the field of attention of a number of our outstanding compatriots, intriguing V. Bekhterev and K. Tsiolkovsky. (19) And the famous chemist A. Butlerov, in collaboration with the writer S. Aksakov, even published the Rebus magazine, in which telepaths and spiritualists found shelter. (20) So great scientists were captured by great occult passions. (21) But will the tongue turn to call them false scientists?

(22) None of them deceived or fabricated facts, none suffered from scientific fanaticism that could lead to pseudoscientific claims. (23) "Demarcation" runs along the edge of moral and ethical assessments. (24) Honest researcher, just decent: a person,
who preserves decency in the affairs of science, cannot, no matter what he does, turn out to be in the ranks of pseudoscientists. (25) He lacks well-known qualities for this, but there are plenty of those that protect against the temptation of cheap fame.

(According to A. Sukhotin)