Introduction
Language as a communicative system provides the transfer of information of various kinds. This includes information about objects, phenomena, states of affairs in external reality, and information about subjective acts of cognitive (cognitive) activity and personal experiences of the speaker, and information of a service nature regarding the methods used to construct coherent speech and the behavioral features of the language units used in it and their options. Thus, our speech is not a mechanical collection of words. But to be understandable, one must not only choose the right words, but also put them in the appropriate grammatical form, skillfully combine and arrange the forms of words in a sentence.
The meaning of a word is determined not only by its correspondence to the concept that is expressed with the help of this word (for example: movement, development, language, society, law, etc.); it depends on the properties of that part of speech, that grammatical category to which the word belongs, on the socially conscious and settled contexts of its use.
Therefore, the word is studied in different sections of linguistics, as it has sound design, meaning, grammatical characteristics, that is, it combines the features of different aspects of the language.
The word is a two-way unity: it combines form (a certain sound or letter complex) and meaning. A sound or letter sequence becomes a word only when it acquires a meaning. Distinguish between lexical and grammatical meaning.
They will be considered in this work.
Lexical meaning
The lexical commonality of words lies, as a rule, in the root morpheme - the carrier of the conceptual idea. The lexical meaning, therefore, is the semantic side of the word and is devoid of a standard (regular) expression. According to the classical definition of V.V. Vinogradov, the lexical meaning of a word is “a subject-material content, designed according to the laws of the grammar of a given language and being an element of the general semantic system of the dictionary of this language”
Nevertheless, the term "lexical" or, as they have recently begun to say, "the semantic meaning of a word" cannot be considered quite definite. The lexical meaning of a word is usually understood as its subject-material content, designed according to the laws of the grammar of a given language and being an element of the general semantic system of the dictionary of this language. The socially fixed content of a word can be homogeneous, unified, but it can represent an internally connected system of multidirectional reflections of different "pieces of reality", between which a semantic connection is established in the system of a given language. The differentiation and unification of these heterogeneous subject-semantic relations in the structure of the word is associated with very great difficulties. These difficulties make themselves felt in the incessant confusion of meanings and uses of the word, typical for explanatory dictionaries, in the vagueness of the boundaries between the meanings and shades of the meanings of the word, in constant disagreements or contradictions on the question of the number of meanings of the word and the correctness of their definition.
The lack of clarity in the definition of the term "lexical meaning of a word" has a very hard effect on the practice of vocabulary. In every explanatory dictionary, hundreds, if not thousands, of living meanings of words are omitted and many non-existent meanings are invented.
In the semantic structure of the word, as in other aspects of the language, there are elements of the new, elements of the living, developing, and elements of the old, elements of the dying, receding into the past.
Observations on the ways of combining different meanings in a word, as well as on the patterns of word usage, lead to the conclusion that not all meanings of words are homogeneous or of the same type, that there are qualitative differences in the structure of different types of lexical meanings. It is well known that a word refers to reality, reflects it and expresses its meanings not in isolation, not in isolation from the lexical-semantic system of a given particular language, but in inseparable connection with it, as its constituent element.
In the system of meanings expressed by the vocabulary of the language, it is easiest to single out direct, nominative meanings, as if directly aimed at "objects", phenomena, actions and qualities of reality (including the inner life of a person) and reflecting their public understanding. The nominative meaning of the word is the support and socially conscious foundation of all its other meanings and applications.
The basic nominative meanings of words, especially those that belong to the main vocabulary fund, are very stable. These meanings can be called free, although their freedom is conditioned socio-historically and subject-logically. The functioning of these meanings of words is usually not limited and not bound by the narrow framework of close phraseological combinations. Basically, the circle of use of the nominative meaning of the word, the circle of its connections corresponds to the connections and relations of the objects themselves, processes and phenomena of the real world, for example: drink water, kvass, wine, tea, cider, grape juice, etc.; stone house, basement, foundation, floor, barn, etc.; squint, squint one's eyes; syllabic verse, versification.
lexical grammatical word meaning
A word can have several free meanings, which directly reflect various objects and phenomena of reality (cf. hat - "headdress" and "headline in large print, common to several articles").
However, in relation to the main nominative meaning, all other meanings of this kind in the word are derivatives. This derivation of secondary nominative meanings must not be confused with metaphor and figurativeness. To the extent that these meanings are not separated from the main one, they are understood in relation to it and can be called nominative-derived meanings. Often they are narrower, closer, more specialized than the main nominative meaning of the word.
In the language system, the nominative-derived meaning of a word (as well as the terminological, scientific) cannot be separated from the basic free one. Therefore, the assertion that a word in its basic meaning can be included in the main vocabulary fund, and in a "portable or special" one can be outside it, is erroneous.
Two or more free nominative meanings can be combined in one word only if one or two of them are derived from the main one (at least they are understood as such in a given period of language development). If there is no such connection between the meanings, then we are already dealing with two homonyms. An analysis of the morphological structure of the word is also very helpful in resolving this issue.
In addition to the possibility of combining different nominative meanings in one word, it is also necessary to pay attention to the fact that free nominative meanings, with the exception of terminological, scientifically prepared meanings, can be the supporting or starting points of synonymic rows.
Many words that belong both to the main vocabulary fund and to the rest of the vocabulary of the language have stylistic synonyms in different layers or layers of vocabulary. A significant part of these synonyms is devoid of a direct, free nominative meaning. Such synonyms express their main meaning not directly, but through that semantically basic or supporting word, which is the base of the corresponding synonymic series and whose nominative meaning is directly directed to reality.
It goes without saying that on the basis of the expressive-synonymous meaning, other, but only phraseologically related meanings and uses of the word can develop. In the history of vocabulary, we can observe the very process of creating this kind of synonymous series.
However, the semantic structure and function of different types of synonyms are heterogeneous; the nature of the correlation of their meanings with the nominative meanings of the reference or initial words of the synonymic series is not the same. Depending on the degree of differentiation of its own meaning, on its subject-semantic and expressive-stylistic shades, an expressive synonym can also express a free nominative meaning that is not conveyed by other words of the same synonymic series, although it is correlative with them.
Thus, the peculiarities of the expressive-synonymous meanings of many words are determined by the nature and types of their relationships with the nominative meanings of the basic, original words of the corresponding synonymous series. Meanwhile, the phraseologically related meanings of words cannot serve as a basis at all, the basis of a synonymic series, although they allow synonymous "substitutes".
In the language of fiction, the correlative and homogeneous meanings of close synonyms can be individually opposed to one another, as designations for different objects, although belonging to the same species or genus, but qualitatively different.
Nevertheless, it is impossible to give a single now generally accepted definition of the lexical meaning of a word, since this issue has not yet been resolved due to its complexity and the huge variety of approaches to the problem. So, according to M.V. Nikitin, two parts are distinguished in the total content of the lexical meaning of a word: the content core of the lexical meaning (its intensive) and the periphery of the semantic features surrounding this core (the implication). In other definitions, lexical meaning appears as a combination of the conceptual core and additional shades. V.N. Telia considers the intension to be the conceptual essence of the word, thereby connecting it not with the subject-logical, but with the conceptual side of the meaning, referring the denotation to the area of the extension.
The lexical meaning does not include the entire set of features inherent in any object, phenomenon, action, etc., but only the most significant ones that help to distinguish one object from another. The lexical meaning reveals the signs by which common properties are determined for a number of objects, actions, phenomena, and also establishes differences that distinguish this object, action, phenomenon. For example, the lexical meaning of the word giraffe defined as follows: “African artiodactyl ruminant with a very long neck and long legs”, that is, those signs that distinguish the giraffe from other animals are listed.
Not all words of the Russian language have meaning. A word can have one lexical meaning ( unambiguous words): syntax, tangent, whatman, secret etc. Words that have two, three or more lexical meanings are called ambiguous: sleeve, warm. Polysemantic words are among all independent parts of speech, except for numerals. It is possible to determine the specific meaning of a polysemantic word only in the context: star - stars lit up in the sky; screen star; starfish.
The lexical meaning can be explained:
- descriptively, characterizing the distinctive features of an object, action, phenomenon;
- through a single-root word;
- selection of synonyms.
The lexical meaning of the word is given in explanatory dictionaries.
The term "lexical" or, as they have recently begun to say, "the meaning of the word" cannot be considered quite definite. The lexical meaning of a word is usually understood as its subject-material content, designed according to the laws of the grammar of a given language and being an element of the general semantic system of the dictionary of this language. The socially fixed content of a word can be homogeneous, unified, but it can be an internally connected system of multidirectional reflections of different “pieces of reality”, between which a semantic connection is established in the system of a given language.
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Lexical meaning of the word | Russian language grade 4 #12 | info lesson
The word is the basic unit of language. The lexical meaning of the word. Foxford Online Learning Center
The word and its lexical meaning. Synonyms, antonyms, homonyms | Russian language grade 3 #4 | info lesson
Subtitles
The figurative meaning of the word
Vinogradov V. V., "The main types of lexical meanings of the word", Selected Works. Lexicology and lexicography. - M., 1977. - S. 162-189
The French writer and journalist Alfred Capu owns the following aphorism:
"The word is like a bag: it takes the form of what is put into it."
These words will help us answer the question, what is the lexical meaning of a word?
The image of the bag, although quite mundane, reminds us that not every word has a single meaning, so the bag can be very heavy, because:
- words are both single-valued and polysemantic;
- they can be used either literally or figuratively, depending entirely on the context in which they are used.
And yet we simply may not know what the word means, and mistakenly ascribe to it a completely different meaning. Therefore, we need to look into explanatory dictionaries more often so that our oral and written speech is accurate, as clear as possible and not full of errors.
Word to science!
In the textbook of the Russian language we read:
The lexical meaning of a word is the correlation of the sound complex of a linguistic unit with one or another phenomenon of reality fixed in the minds of speakers.
Not very clear? Then we use the following definition:
Lexical meaning- this is the content of the word, which allows you to get an idea about various phenomena, processes, properties, objects, and so on.
What is the lexical meaning of the word?
The main part of the words performs the so-called nominative function, that is, names objects, as well as their various properties, actions performed, processes, phenomena. These words are characterized as meaningful and independent.
Performing a nominative function, each word can acquire either direct or figurative.
direct- implies a direct connection of the word with a very specific phenomenon of real life, which it denotes. For example, to build means to erect buildings (in the literal sense), but the same word would mean mental intention (to make plans) if used in a figurative sense.
Figurative meaning is considered secondary, since in the process of its appearance the name and properties of one phenomenon are transferred to another. The figurative meaning is based on associative links: common features, similarities, functions, and so on.
One more example.
Swamp
direct - hot place.
Portable - stagnant processes in society, stagnant time.
Lexical compatibility
Another important concept worth mentioning when it comes to lexical meaning is compatibility. Not every word can be attached to another. In addition, there are words that can be called "non-free", strongly associated with others and not used without these words.
Among the latter are syntactically or constructively and phraseologically related.
Syntactically conditional- a kind of figurative meaning that appears in a certain context. In this case, the word begins to perform functions that are not characteristic of it.
For example:
Oh, you stupid oak!
Already done? Well, you're a hammer!
Phraseological connection can be found only in stable expressions and phrases. For example, the adjective "brown", meaning "color", is combined exclusively with the word "hair", and bosom can only be friend.
Deprived words
However, there is a group of words that have no lexical meaning. This is
- interjections;
- particles;
- unions;
- prepositions.
Train!
In order to constantly replenish your vocabulary and know exactly what certain words mean, you can instill in yourself the habit of analyzing words according to the following algorithm:
1. Find out the lexical meaning of the word that it has in the context of the sentence and write it down.
2. Determine how many meanings this word has: many or one.
3. Establish what meaning: direct or figurative, - has the analyzed word.4. Choose synonyms.
5. Choose an antonym.
6. Determine the origin of the word.
7. Establish how widely it is used (common / limited in use, for example, professionalism).
8. Determine if the word is obsolete.
9. Find out if this word is included in set expressions and phraseological units.
Lexical meaning and spelling
In conclusion, we note that often only knowledge of the lexical meaning and the context in which it is used prevent errors from appearing.
Classic example:
It was comfortable to sit in the easy chair.
He started going gray early.
The same can be said about the spelling of roots -equal- and -even-, -poppy- and -mok-. In order to avoid mistakes when writing them, you need to know the meaning of the words in which they are written.
-equal- = same, equal // -even- = smooth, even
-mak- = to lower into liquid // -mok- = to pass moisture
Be careful with the word and fill each vocabulary bag with the right content!
Or just what the word means. The lexical meaning does not include the entire set of features inherent in any object, phenomenon, action, etc., but only the most significant ones that help to distinguish one object from another. The lexical meaning defines common properties for a number of objects, actions, phenomena, and also establishes differences that distinguish this object, action, phenomenon. For example, the lexical meaning of the word giraffe defined as follows: “African artiodactyl ruminant with a very long neck and long legs”, that is, those signs that distinguish the giraffe from other animals are listed.
Not all words of the Russian language have meaning. A word can have one lexical meaning ( unambiguous words): syntax, tangent, whatman, secret etc. Words that have two, three or more lexical meanings are called ambiguous: sleeve, warm. Polysemantic words are among all independent parts of speech, except for numerals. It is possible to determine the specific meaning of a polysemantic word only in the context: star - stars lit up in the sky; screen star; starfish.
The lexical meaning can be explained:
- descriptively, characterizing the distinctive features of an object, action, phenomenon;
- through a single-root word;
- selection of synonyms.
The lexical meaning of the word is given in explanatory dictionaries.
The term "lexical" or, as they have recently begun to say, "the meaning of the word" cannot be considered quite definite. The lexical meaning of a word is usually understood as its subject-material content, designed according to the laws of the grammar of a given language and being an element of the general semantic system of the dictionary of this language. The socially fixed content of a word can be homogeneous, unified, but it can be an internally connected system of multidirectional reflections of different “pieces of reality”, between which a semantic connection is established in the system of a given language.
The figurative meaning of the word
Derived from the main (main) lexical meaning of a word, relating to it metonymically, metaphorically or associatively, through spatial, temporal, logical and other dependencies. The figurative meaning can become the main one and vice versa. Such changes in the semantic structure of the word may be due to emotional-evaluative, associative and other factors of influence.
Notes
Literature
- Vinogradov V. V., "The main types of lexical meanings of the word", Selected Works. Lexicology and lexicography. - M., 1977. - S. 162-189
- Ozhegov S. I., Shvedova N. Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language
- Ogekyan I. N., Volchek N. M., Vysotskaya E. V. et al. “Big reference book: All Russian language. All Russian Literature ”- Mn .: Publishing House of the Modern Writer, 2003. - 992 p.
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See what "Lexical Meaning" is in other dictionaries:
lexical meaning- Subject-conceptual content of the word. It is not motivated and is not determined by the sound composition of the word. The connection between the sound image of a word and its meaning can be called an association by contiguity, fixed by the linguistic tradition. Lexical meaning ... ...
Lexical meaning is the correlation of the sound shell of a word with the corresponding objects or phenomena of objective reality. Lexical meaning does not include the entire set of features inherent in any object, phenomenon, ... ... Wikipedia
LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD- LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD. The meaning inherent in the word as a lexeme; the content of the word, reflecting in the mind and fixing in it the idea of an object, process, phenomenon. L. h. with. is generalized and generalizing in nature, is compared with ... ... A new dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)
Lexical meaning of the word- The lexical meaning of the word is the content of the word, reflecting in the mind and fixing in it the idea of an object, property, process, phenomenon, etc. L. z. with. a product of human mental activity, it is associated with the reduction of information ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary
The content of the word, i.e., the correlation established by our thinking between the sound complex and the object or phenomenon of reality, which are indicated by this complex of sounds. The carrier of lexical meaning is the basis of the word. ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography
lexical meaning of the word motivated- Secondary meaning, derivative in semantic and derivational terms. Motivated words have an internal form... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
lexical meaning of the word unmotivated- Primary meaning, which is genetically non-derivative for the modern language... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
lexical meaning of the word- Reflection in the word of one or another phenomenon of reality (object, event, quality, action, relationship) ... Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography
Books
- Lexical meaning. The principle of semiological description of vocabulary, A. A. Ufimtseva. This book is the first attempt at a semiological description of the characterizing (naming) vocabulary. The author systematically sets out the problems of the semiological approach to the study ...
LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD
| Parameter name | Meaning |
| Article subject: | LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD |
| Rubric (thematic category) | Lexicology |
WORD AND ITS LEXICAL MEANING. LEXICAL ERRORS
Vocabulary – the totality of all words of a given language.
Lexicology - a branch of the science of language that studies the vocabulary of a language.
In lexicology, words are studied from the point of view of: 1) their semantic meaning; 2) places in the general system of vocabulary; 3) origin; 4) usage; 5) areas of application in the process of communication; 6) their expressive-stylistic nature.
The concept of ʼʼlexicologyʼʼ includes the doctrine of stable phrases (phraseological units), the doctrine of dictionaries (lexicography).
Word - the main unit of the language, it is a sound or a complex of sounds that correlates with some phenomenon of reality: it names an object, a living being, a sign, an action, a property, etc.
The word as the basic unit of the language has different sides: phonetic (sound), lexical and grammatical.
Phonetic side of the word: milk[ml ko'].
From the semantic side, each word is characterized by a certain lexical meaning.
Lexical meaning – this is the content of the word, its correlation with the phenomenon of reality, that is, what a separate independent word means.
For example, there is an object ʼʼbridgeʼʼ and there is a word ʼʼ bridgeʼʼ denoting the subject.
The lexical meaning of the word ʼʼ bridgeʼʼ next; ʼʼconstruction for crossing, crossing a river, ravine, railway lineʼʼ.
Although the concept lies at the base of the lexical meaning of the word, it is impossible to put an equal sign between the meaning and the concept. The lexical meaning of the word is multifaceted. In addition to the concept, it may include emotionally expressive coloring. This is explained by the fact that language is not only a means of expressing and forming thoughts, but also a means of expressing feelings and moods. For example, words sun and sun express the affectionate, loving attitude of the speaker to the named object.
The words good and great, large and huge, beautiful and beautiful, be surprised and be amazed, frugality and avarice express one concept and differ only in the presence or absence of emotionally expressive coloring.
The lexical meaning of a word is closely related to the grammatical one. There is not a single word that has a lexical meaning and does not have a social grammatical design. To express grammatical meanings, there are special material indicators that give the word grammatical formality. So, for example, in the verb decide, used in various forms decided, decided), the lexical meaning is further complicated by the grammatical meanings of the past tense, singular, masculine and feminine, which is expressed with the help of the ending - a– for feminine, zero ending – for masculine and suffix - l- past tense.
LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD" 2017, 2018.
Plan. 1. Semasiology and onomasiology are two branches of lexical semantics. 2. Factors that determine the meaning of lexical units. 3. Types of lexical meaning. 4. Units and categories of the lexical system of the language. 5. The semantic structure of the word. 1. Semasiology and ... .
Lexical meaning - the correlation of the sound shell of the word with the corresponding objects or phenomena of objective reality. Lexical meaning does not include the entire set of features inherent in any object, phenomenon, action, etc., but ....
All objects and phenomena of reality have their own names in the language. Words point to real objects, to our attitude towards them, which arose in the process of knowing the world around us, to the concepts of these objects that arise in our minds. This connection... .
The main function of the word is to name things, actions, properties. For example, book, run, red - the names of the subject, action and attribute. This function of the word is called nominative (from Latin nomen "name"). The word can name specific objects, i.e. objects of the material world, ... .
The word is a complex, historically fixed unity of the sign with the signified, that is, the unity of linguistic and social factors. The most important are social - non-linguistic factors: 1) the relationship between the meaning of the word and the phenomena of reality; 2)communication...
