Oratory: lessons in rhetoric. Speech image of the speaker

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No other human ability

will not give him the opportunity with such speed

make a career and achieve recognition,

like the ability to speak well"

Introduction

Rationale for the choice of topic. The relevance of research: "Who owns the word - owns the world”, - this phrase made me think about the importance of the ability to speak well. This determined the choice of the theme of the project this academic year.

Unfortunately, not everyone likes to speak in public, many do not know how to speak beautifully and convincingly. However, in almost all areas of human activity, the ability to speak to the public is required. Success comes to those who can create and carry out a competent and bright performance. These skills need to be developed.

“Poets are born, they become orators,” said the famous Roman statesman, writer and orator Cicero.

It became interesting to me whether, having learned the basic secrets of public speaking, systematically working on my diction, facial expressions and gestures, I could overcome the fear of public speaking and improve the quality of my oral speech.

This work is partially exploratory in nature and does not pretend to be objective, since the conclusions are made on the basis of subjective assessments.

The purpose of this work- mastering the skills and abilities of public speaking, acquiring the skills of managing an audience. The acquisition of the ability to speak excitingly, the development of eloquence.

Object of study- oral speech of high school students, teachers, television announcers

Research methods: observation, comparison and analysis

In accordance with the goal, object and subject of the study, the following tasks:

To study the scientific literature, Internet resources and collect information on the topic of the project.
Develop and formulate the rules for preparing a public speech.
Select exercises, tasks for the development of the ability to speak in public (perform them systematically for several months)

4. Develop a program of extracurricular activities for grades 6-7 "Young speaker".

Prepare a booklet and presentation of the project.

Hypothesis: having learned the basic secrets of oratory, systematically working on their diction, facial expressions and gestures, I can overcome fear before public speaking and improve the quality of my oral speech.

Practical orientation and novelty of the project:

The novelty of this project lies in an attempt to develop recommendations for students to prepare and implement a successful public speaking, to present exercises and trainings for the development of oratorical gymnasium students, to arrange them in the form of a booklet, to develop a program for the "Young Orator" circle.

The practical output of the work is the possibility of using the developed recommendations for successful public speaking by the students of the Zhukovka Gymnasium, as well as teachers in extracurricular activities in order to improve the oratory skills of students.

Planned results:

Main part

Chapter 1. The history of the emergence of oratory.

Oratory- this is a high degree of skill in public speaking, a qualitative characteristic of oratory, skillful possession of a living word.

Oratory and the science of it originated in ancient Greece. The flowering of democracy in the Athenian polis (city-state) coincided with the flowering of rhetoric. Speeches in the national assembly required the ability to deliver persuasive speeches.

The origins of oratory, of course, should be sought in Ancient Greece, where speech, the word turned out to be a real and effective tool for acquiring fame and fortune.

oratorical speech- influencing, persuasive speech, which is addressed to a wide audience, the delivery of professional speeches aims to change the behavior of the audience, its views, beliefs, mood. Speaker(from the Latin ORARE - to speak) - a person who makes a public speech. The people to whom his words are addressed - audience(from the Latin AUDIRE - to hear). The speaker and the audience interact with each other in the process of oral public speaking, where oratory is possible only if both elements are present: the speaker and the listeners.
Of course, we can all speak, even small children. But not everyone can speak beautifully, logically, intelligibly, excitingly, and also confidently stand in front of an audience.

The art of oratory has always interested people, caused delight and admiration. They saw in the speaker the presence of a special power that can subjugate himself with the help of words, force him to do what the speaker proposes. The orator was supposed to have mysterious qualities that are not in an ordinary person. That is why orators became state leaders, great scientists and sages, heroes and rulers of thoughts.

So, in order to become a statesman, you must certainly act by the WORD, that is, to inspire their supporters, overthrow opponents and convince the whole people of the correctness of their ideas. Any professional career is associated with speech actions - and so you can list politicians, entrepreneurs (business people), judges, teachers, priests, military men, whose activities are certainly expressed in the ability to clearly, clearly, intelligibly and captivatingly express their thoughts.

Oratory is the ability to deliver public speeches convincingly and effectively. Each person finds himself in such situations when he needs to say something publicly, say a short congratulation, explain a phenomenon, in a word, build a detailed speech. In such situations, knowledge, education, internal energy, will, initiative, the ability to find the right words and express them in an attractive way are tested.
The power of the word in political life is equated with the power of iron in war. In the development and creation of the theory of eloquence, teaching it, the role of ancient Greek philosophers, politicians, writers, publicists is great: Lysias, Horace, Socrates, Aristotle.

The personality of Demosthenes became especially attractive to me. Since childhood, he dreamed of becoming an orator. In Athens, where Demosthenes was born and grew up, they were very demanding on the speeches of speakers. Not only the content of the speeches was evaluated, but also the artistry of their presentation. Demosthenes did not have the natural gifts to become an outstanding orator. He was tongue-tied, had a weak voice, short breathing, twitching shoulder; despite this, he set about self-cultivation. His exercises aimed at correcting his shortcomings are widely known. He learned to pronounce words clearly, filled his mouth with pebbles, making speeches on the seashore, with the sound of the surf, replacing him with the hubbub of people's meetings. He practiced in working out facial expressions, positions of hands, torso, standing in front of a mirror. A sword descending from the ceiling stabbed him whenever he habitually lifted his shoulder. Here is a real role model!

And I also tried the techniques of Demosthenes: working on diction, I uttered tongue twisters, typing sea pebbles in my mouth. It was quite difficult to do this.

Chapter 2. How to prepare a public speech.

The topic title should be clear, concise, and as short as possible. It should reflect the content of the speech and be sure to attract the attention of the audience.

Starting to prepare a speech (“It takes more than three weeks to prepare a good short impromptu speech” - Mark Twain), it is necessary to determine the purpose of the speech. The speaker must clearly understand why, for what purpose he is making a speech, what kind of reaction the listener is trying to achieve. The purpose of the speech is not only for yourself, but also for your listeners. A clear formulation of the target setting facilitates the perception of oratorical speech, in a certain way sets up the listeners. This is exactly what the great orators of different times did.

Structure in speech.

Speech composition

Speech breathing.

Ownership of the content of speech

Improvisation in speech.

Expressive means of speech

Working with the audience: management of listeners, inspiration for dialogue, psychology of communication with the audience. Public speaking. Moral setting for success. Ability to conduct discussions, negotiations and presentations. Effective methods of dealing with questions from the public. Workshop.

Chapter 3. The main mistakes of speakers.

The appendix to my work details the main mistakes that should be avoided in the preparation and during public speaking.

Poor diction, ridiculous gestures, a tribune that interferes with contact with the audience, excessive excitement, a trivial beginning of a speech, an inexpressive conclusion - all this can ruin the most interesting content.

public speaking mistakes

Mistake 1: Mismatch

When the content of the speaker's words is at odds with the tone of speech, posture and body language, the audience instantly notices it. The audience has an unmistakable sense of the speaker's mood and well-being. If you start saying “Hello, how glad I am to see you all ....” in a trembling, uncertain voice, nervously fingering the buttons on the suit - be sure that the audience will instantly appear distrustful of both what you said and the speaker himself. Therefore, instead of "I'm glad ..." - really rejoice! Do whatever it takes to really experience the joy of performing in front of an audience. Consciously convey your positive mood to your listeners. This is important - people in a good mood perceive information more easily, they want to continue contact. If you don't feel joy, don't lie. It's better to be honest: "Today is a great day, so I'm worried..." Then you will at least come across as an honest person saying the truth.

Mistake 2: Excuses

For the most part, the public doesn't care if you care or not, how long it took you to prepare your report, and how much public speaking experience you have. Therefore, there is no need to make excuses to her in the style of “I am a bad speaker, I rarely speak in front of the public, so I am very worried and can speak unsuccessfully ...” The public is selfish. Her focus is primarily on herself. Therefore, from the very beginning of the speech, put her, your beloved, in the first place: the thoughts, desires and feelings of your audience. Your goal is to inform, motivate or entertain the public. Therefore, it is not important how you speak, and what you feel at the same time. What matters is what kind of information the audience receives. You need to speak in such a way that most of the listeners feel: you understand their aspirations and desires, speak for them and address each of them personally. If you do it this way, then:

a) many more listeners than you think will simply not pay attention to your excitement or will treat it condescendingly, because they are interested, first of all, in themselves and their affairs.

b) your excitement disappears the sooner the more attention you pay to other people, and not to your own feelings.

Mistake 3. Apologies

This error is similar to the previous one. Novice speakers love to apologize, offering to absolve them of the blame for the poor quality of the report. "Please forgive me for... (my cold voice, my appearance, poor slide quality, too short speech, too long speech, etc., etc.)." The public is not a priest and will not forgive your sins. Apologize for only one thing - for your constant apologies. And it is better to avoid from the very beginning that for which you will need to ask for forgiveness. If there is indeed something you regret, just say "I'm sorry!". But best of all is the ability to turn a disadvantage into a virtue: “Today I have a cold voice, so I ask you to move and sit closer to me. In this way, by uniting even more, we will demonstrate that we are all one team working in close cooperation.”

Mistake 4: Eyes and eyebrows

Are you really sure that you control your facial expressions well? Most beginners only think that this is so. In fact, it is not easy for an unprepared person to control facial expressions. Facial muscles are difficult to control without training, and a mysteriously seductive look and eyes wide open with fear are separated by only a couple of millimeters, which radically change perception.

Psychological studies have shown that the audience pays 10-15 times more attention to the eye area of the speaker than to any other part of the face. Eyebrows are the main element of your facial expressions, they not only indicate emotions, but also control them. Raised eyebrows are a sign of insecurity and incompetence. Pay attention to your eyes and eyebrows. If they say what you say, the public will love you. Practice in front of a mirror, record your own performance on video and analyze it.

Mistake 5: Choice of words

We hear and understand individual words before we understand the entire sentence. Therefore, we react faster and less consciously to the meaning of individual words than to the meaning of sentences. In addition, negative particles are perceived later than other words, and often not perceived at all. Therefore, the constant use of such constructions as “... will not bring losses”, “... not bad”, “... we are not afraid to make an effort”, “... I don’t want to bore you with long statistical calculations” cause the listener effect opposite to the speaker's expectations.

Remember: words are pictures in your head! Not without reason, in ancient times, rhetoric teachers told their students: “Tell me so that I can see it!”. Words should create the picture you want in the minds of your listeners. Therefore, use only those words that reinforce the desired goal. Let only that which should reach the ears of the listeners reach. If you want to create a positive attitude, then instead of "it's not bad", say "it's good". Create a positive mood with positive words - after all, a lot depends on the mood of the public!

Mistake 6: Lack of humor

Better than an informative speech - only an interesting speech! Add a smile to your serious speech, dilute it with jokes, tell a funny story. People need to take breaks from time to time. A grateful audience will respond to you with favor and attention. You can also laugh at yourself if you made some kind of mistake - the listeners will take this as a sign of your self-confidence and self-esteem.

Mistake 7: Fussiness

Distracted from the fear of the public, a novice speaker can hurriedly walk from wall to wall back and forth, like a pendulum, do fussy manipulations with objects (open and close the lid of the pulpit, constantly turn the pencil in his hands, etc.) and make other unnecessary movements . As a result, the audience begins to follow his movements and ceases to follow the topic of the speech. By the way the speaker moves, it is easy to understand how confident he is. Find a suitable place and take a position, "take root". You can sit or stand - it depends on the duration of the public speech, the characteristics of the room, and so on. factors. The main thing is that from your seat you can make eye contact with the entire audience. Do not "dig in" in one place. A speaker who constantly hides behind the pulpit and comes out only at the end of a public speech is also not the best option. Move, but move consciously, in control of space.

Mistake 9: Monotony

Nothing is more tiring than a report on an interesting topic, read in a boring monotone voice. Such public performances are akin to Chinese dripping water torture: water drips monotonously on the crown of the tortured and gradually drives him to madness. All words merge into a monotonous stream and it is impossible to understand by the tone of speech where one sentence ends and another begins. On the contrary, a skilled orator masterfully owns his speech. To keep the audience "in good shape" he constantly varies the volume and strength of his voice, giving it liveliness. When he wants to arouse tension and interest, he calms down conspiratorially and pronounces the words a little more slowly. Speaking louder, he emphasizes the main thing in his public speech. When necessary, he adds to the voice of significance and drama.

Pay attention to the sound of your speech. Do you use your voice to highlight the key points of a public speech, quote, statement? Do you raise the pitch at the end of a question? Does the rate of speech change depending on its content? Express your feelings with your voice, and you will conquer the audience! You will appear confident, energetic and passionate about the topic.

Mistake 10: No pauses

Application No. 7

Chapter 4. Practical part.

1. At the beginning of the work, it was carried out poll among high school students in grades 6-8 "Are you a good speaker?" to understand if the guys have difficulty in speaking in front of an audience, and what problems they have

4 questions were asked:

Should a modern person have the ability to speak in public?
Do you experience any difficulties in speaking in front of an audience, if yes, what are they?
Is it possible to learn oratory or is it a talent bestowed only on individual outstanding personalities?
Would you like to develop your public speaking skills?

Based on the survey, I made findings:

All respondents believe that the ability to speak in front of an audience is necessary

modern man.

Most students experience difficulties in speaking in front of an audience: fear, uncertainty, embarrassment, excitement.
Most of the respondents believe that oratory is given to a person from birth and cannot be learned.
All students want to develop public speaking skills, as they will be useful to them in their studies, in their future work and in life.

After I processed the results of the survey and summarized the results, I made sure that the problem under study is relevant for the students and my project is important.

Since the survey was not anonymous, I am ready to share their personal results with everyone and give recommendations on how to prepare for a public speech.

Then I started collecting information and studying the scientific literature on the problem. I turned to Dale Carnegie's books How to Build Self-Confidence and Influence People by Speaking in Public and VV Shakhidzhanian Learning to Speak in Public. In parallel, there was a collection of material in Internet resources. I came across an amazing fact: a huge number of courses, trainings for the development of public speaking skills are offered to users. This means that knowledge about the secrets of successful speech is in demand, and the problem of lack of public speaking skills is acute.

The booklet, prepared as part of the work on the project, contains the addresses of courses where you can learn public speaking skills.

Of course, no performance can be without interesting content and high-quality literate speech. Therefore, most of my work consisted of creating texts and editing them.
I recited paragraphs of textbooks, answered questions, read aloud, studied poetry, systematically uttered tongue twisters.
I began to observe how and what different people say: classmates, TV announcers, teachers.

In the course of observations, I concluded: our teachers are the best speakers! Friendly and witty, each has his own tricks to attract the attention of students, and sometimes calm them down.

I decided to develop recommendations for the preparation and implementation of a successful public speaking, dividing them into 4 parts:
Speech preparation.
Performance.

a) How to start the presentation?

b) How to give a speech?

c) How to end the speech?

Speech technique
Common Mistakes

See Applications

There are a large number of different exercises for developing public speaking skills. I have selected the most interesting and useful for high school students. Some exercises are designed for group work, others can be performed individually.

See Appendices #1-5

Conclusion

The result of my work is:

1. Overcoming the fear of public speaking.

The emergence of interest in the creation of texts on various topics.

3. Meaningful preparation for the performance.

4. Objective analysis of the speaker's mistakes.

Findings:

The ability to speak to the public is necessary for a modern person.
Oratory can be learned. It is necessary not only the desire to speak beautifully in front of an audience, but also regular work on yourself and your speech.

I realized that not only language, but also psychological preparation is important. The project made me realize how important it is to be able to speak in public.

Words can cry and laugh

Order, pray and conjure

And, like a heart, bleed

And indifferently to breathe cold.

A call to become, and a review, and a call

Capable of a word, changing the way.

And they curse and swear by the word,

They admonish, and praise, and vilify.

Bibliography:
1. Golub I.B. — textbook "Russian language and culture of speech". - M., 2002
2. Carnegie D. How to win friends and influence people: Per. from English/gen. ed. Zinchenko V.P. and Zhukov Yu.M. - M.: Progress, 1989.

3. Kokhtev N.N. - "Fundamentals of oratory." M., 1992

4.Mikhalskaya A.K. - Fundamentals of rhetoric. Thought and word. - M., 1996.
5. Shakhidzhanyan V. V. Learning to speak publicly. - 4th ed. — M.: Binom., 2012

Internet resources: http://deil-karnegi.ru

http://orator.ru

http://technics-speech.ru

Applications

The program of the course "Young speaker"

Explanatory note

Our whole life is built on communication - this is how human society works. Therefore, the one who can speak well achieves the greatest success in his personal life, study, and work. Such a person is head and shoulders above the rest.
Of course, we can all speak, even young children. But not everyone can speak beautifully, logically, intelligibly, excitingly, and also confidently stand in front of an audience. Masters of communication are not born - they are made, but there is a category of people who from childhood have no difficulty speaking to the public, they feel confident in front of a group of people, they can boldly enter into a conversation with them, they do not feel embarrassed. This is a social gift. Socially gifted children always attract attention. It is difficult not to notice them among their peers: they are distinguished by activity, a pronounced interest in people, the need to communicate with children and adults. The result of social giftedness is the formation of social and communicative competence as a manifestation of social giftedness in activities: with the ability to clearly, confidently, interestingly, vividly and convincingly express their thoughts.

As we know, it is impossible to learn to swim standing on the shore. You need to get in the water and practice. The same applies to public speaking and communication skills.

The creative association "Young Orator" provides an opportunity to develop social talent, allows students to gain not only useful knowledge, but in practice to work out all the techniques that contribute to the development of competent, beautiful, bold speech, and the development of speaking skills in front of an audience.

Oratory - This
- the ability to clearly and clearly express their thoughts;
- constructive speech;
- dynamism of speech;
- speech presentation.

Objective: Creation of a system of teacher activity for the development of intellectual and creative abilities of students

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve following tasks:

creation of optimal conditions for the identification, support and development of gifted children
holding various extracurricular competitions, intellectual games that allow students to show their abilities;
providing an opportunity to improve abilities in joint activities with peers, a supervisor through independent work.

Purpose of the Program: mastering the skills and abilities of public speaking, acquiring strong audience management skills. As well as mastering the art of a brilliant storyteller, the ability to speak excitingly, the development of eloquence.

Forms and methods of work in the classroom, these are lectures (familiarization with oratory, features of public speech), conversations, meetings with interesting people and, of course, practice (debates in a group, public speaking in front of small groups of students, participation in school events). Most of the work with members of the circle is devoted to practical exercises, in percentage terms - about 60-70%.

This course consists of three levels. connected by a single idea with a gradual complication of the material. 1st step- Fundamentals of public speaking.

The guys in the classroom of this circle learn: to reduce excessive excitement; speak fluently on any topic; to keep the attention of the public; it is appropriate to use different levels of energy;

actively and competently use gestures, intonations, eye contact, etc.; own your speech voice; ability to speak in front of an audience

In the classroom, much attention is paid to the discussion of various situations, group discussions, role-playing, creative self-expression, self-examination and performance in front of an audience.

Planned results:

Mastering the techniques of constructing oral monologue speech;

The ability to control one's emotional and psychological state and the reaction of the audience;

Ability to appropriately use different energy levels, gestures, intonations, eye contact;

Ability to correctly conduct a dispute, discussion, debate;

Ability to resist verbal aggression;

Mastering the main resources of genre speech: persuasive, artistic, situational;

Knowledge and observance of the rules of speech etiquette in the process of public speaking and personal communication;

Ability to prepare for a presentation

Developing one's own style, a special manner of communicating with people, realizing one's individuality through communication.

The program of the 1st stage of training in the "Young Orator" circle is designed for the whole academic year, 1 hour per week.

Number of participants: a group of 10-12 students.

Educational and thematic work plan

mug "YOUNG SPEAKER"

(workshop of the art of speech)

Topic	Number of hours
	theory	practice	Total
Introductory lesson. Peculiarities oratory.
speaker's personality.
Speech preparation: choice of topic, purpose of the speech.
Structure in speech.
The composition of speech.

Speech breathing.
Public staging and contact with audience.
The energy of speech and the speaker's confidence.

Improvisation in speech.
Creativity and wit in speech.
Persuasiveness and influence on the audience.
Expressive means of speech.
Working with the audience (speech at public events).

Course content

At the first stage of training, students do not yet have certain public speaking skills. Therefore, the main task is to develop the communicative abilities of the children, to get acquainted with the elements of oratory, acting techniques and use this knowledge during their performance.

Features of oratory. The essence and main stages in the development of oratory, its place and significance in modern society. Features of oratory and methods of its knowledge. The use of the principles and skills of this science in enterprise management, their effectiveness.

Oratory is the art of constructing and delivering a public speech in order to have the desired impact on the audience. It is useful for the speaker to pay attention to the following features of his own speech: diction (pronunciation of sounds), speech rate (the speed of our speech, the normal rate of Russian speech: 120 words per minute), voice power: flight, voice timbre, vocabulary.

speaker's personality. Lecturer's abilities: developed voluntary attention, quick switching and clear distribution, high concentration; good figurative and logical memory, quick wit, flexibility, depth and breadth of thinking, etc. Special abilities of the speaker: observation, developed thinking, independence of mind, ability for strong emotional experiences (manifested in passion for the topic, expressiveness of presentation, which has a positive effect on listeners), speech abilities, the ability to convey their thoughts clearly, vividly, impressively.

Speech preparation: choice of topic, purpose of the speech. The topic title should be clear, concise, and as short as possible. It should reflect the content of the speech and be sure to attract the attention of the audience. When preparing a speech (“It takes more than three weeks to prepare a good short impromptu speech” - Mark Twain), it is necessary to determine the purpose of the speech. The speaker must clearly understand why, for what purpose he is making a speech, what kind of reaction the listener is trying to achieve. The purpose of the speech is not only for yourself, but also for your listeners. A clear formulation of the target setting facilitates the perception of oratorical speech, in a certain way sets up the listeners. This is exactly what the great orators of different times did.

Structure in speech. Clear speaking order. The study of the following points helps to make the speech structured: the logic of the speech, the placement of accents, the distribution of time, what to say and not to say at the beginning and conclusion of the speech.

Speech composition: the laws of speech dynamics, the structure, structure and harmony of speech, the integrity and consistency of the speech, the techniques of an elegant beginning and a bright ending.

Breathing exercises (finding and developing diaphragmatic breathing for further vocalization and overcoming technical speech difficulties (rapid speech rate, shortness of breath, lack of air, etc.). Voice training (development of voice data (finding and turning on resonators, increasing the range, developing strength , voice endurance, work on timbre). Diction (pronunciation, clarity and clarity of pronunciation, purity of each sound, words and phrases in general). Poor diction, swallowing individual sounds and even parts of words, carelessness of speech makes it difficult to understand the essence of the spoken text.

Speech breathing. Breathing is the basis of the sound of the voice. Proper breathing (development of correct inhalation and correct exhalation), silent, short breath, exhalation - long, lava.

Public performance and contact with the audience: techniques for engaging, capturing and holding the attention of the audience, creating respect, trust and location of the public. “There is no less eloquence in the sound of the voice, in the eyes and in the whole appearance of the speaker than in words.” (La Rochefoucauld): the appearance of the speaker, entering the stage, the speaker's stand, a pause in the speech.

The energy of speech and the confidence of the speaker: stress management, mastery of the psychological state, methods of eliminating fear, the secrets of the speaker's attractiveness, freedom of speech and self-expression in public.

Ownership of the content of speech: mastering the basic styles and genres of speech. Persuasive, informational speech, artistic story, anecdote, parable, solemn speech, spontaneous speech without preparation. Ability to think quickly in public, accurately express and clearly articulate content.

Improvisation in speech. Verbal improvisation is the ability to easily, spontaneously, without prior preparation, speak on any topic. Verbal improvisation helps: to remove pauses; do not memorize the text verbatim, but improvise based on only 20-30 keywords; perform at high energy; easy to answer questions; reduce fear of public speaking; cheer up the audience or give it a breather if necessary; easy to carry on small talk.

Creativity and wit in speech."Suspension" of the language, non-standard, originality, humor. Imagery of speech, richness of language, expansion of active vocabulary.

Persuasiveness and influence on the audience: mastery of persuasion, methods of effective argumentation, logical and emotional impact. Influencing the public with speech, the use of manipulation, sophistry and suggestion techniques.

Expressive means of speech: visibility, possession of a pause, intonational brightness, artistry. Artistic techniques, expressive means of language: tropes, figures, proverbs and sayings, phraseological units. Expressiveness of gestures, detailing, dramatization, role transformation and flexibility, acting techniques.

Educational work with circle members

Education of love and respect for Russian speech.
Education of hard work, patience, communication skills in a team.
Raising a culture of behavior in the family, at school and in public places.
Creative development of the personality of schoolchildren.
Development of public speaking skills (oratory).
Raising a culture of behavior on stage.
Participation in school events, holiday concerts.

Working with parents

To interest parents in the creative development of their children.

With the help of parents, organize interesting activities for children's leisure, holidays, creative performances of circle members.

Appendix 1

Test "Do you have the makings of a brilliant speaker"

Have you ever wondered what others think about when you speak? Are you unconsciously trying to put yourself in their place?
Do you enjoy helping others solve their problems?
Do you use "you" more often than "I"?
When you watch a discussion on TV, do you want to participate too?
When you watch the program “Brain Ring” or “Own Game” on TV, does it happen that you can answer the question of the presenter before the players?
Do you have a good memory?
Do you feel what others feel?
In the midst of a lively argument, do you sometimes find yourself defending a different point of view just because you enjoy arguing?
Can you end a muddled, pointless conversation by getting the point across and putting it in a way that everyone will understand and agree with you?
Do you feel that others speak too slowly?
Have you ever listened to your own voice just out of interest in how it sounds?
Have you ever filmed yourself just out of curiosity, how you carry yourself, how you move, how you look from the outside?
Have you ever been the first to applaud?
Do you like to tell others what you know yourself? Would you make a good teacher?
Are you able to think visually? Do you have imaginary pictures when you speak?
Are you able right now, looking out the window, to describe in detail what you saw?
Are you interested in doing the exercise suggested in the previous question?
Are you a good editor? Can you, having digested extensive material, present it in a simple, understandable language?
Do you like to feel like the master of the situation?
Are you able to control yourself when in a difficult situation? Can you calmly answer provocative questions?
Do you enjoy showing off your work and explaining how you did it?
Do you like to visually demonstrate what you are talking about? Do you feel like “acting out” what you are describing?
Are you an optimist?
Have you ever performed in school / student performances?
Do you look people in the eye when you talk to them?
Do you look people in the eye when they talk to you?
Do meeting participants turn in your direction when it's time to sum it up?

Each affirmative answer is 1 point.

How many points do you have?

Over 13? - Brilliant. You will feel better than others

Less than 13? - Fine. You will be more interested

Less than 8? - Super! Your results will be most visible

Annex 2

Test "Your communication style"

Situation 1. Speaking in front of a large audience

Imagine that you have been asked to speak in front of a large audience at a representative conference. The hall is large, and all the seats in it are occupied. From your position on the dais, you see a huge number of unfamiliar faces that look at you expectantly. Even if you have never experienced such difficulties, try to imagine how you would feel in such a situation.

While waiting to be introduced, you will:

a. Feel a little nervous, but feel confident in your ability to effectively convey your thoughts to the audience.

Clearly nervous, feeling nauseous and dry in the mouth, as well as unsure of their ability to articulate their ideas clearly.

with. Be very agitated and embarrassed, with abdominal cramps, sweaty palms and trembling hands; confidence that you will definitely put yourself in a stupid position and finally disgrace yourself?

And now the decisive moment has come. The chairman of the board of the company introduced you, the audience applauded politely, you stood up and began your speech. You will feel:

a. Relatively calm, attentive and less anxious than before you started talking.

b. Much more excited than a few seconds ago; waves of panic sweeping over you cause physical discomfort and mental confusion.

with. So frightened that you are almost unable to think about what you are saying; sure that everyone in the audience sees your nervousness; wishing to end this ordeal as soon as possible.

During your presentation, you:

a. Able to think about what you are saying and consider how you can deviate from the prepared text in order to more convincingly state key points.

Forced to focus only on the typed text, because you are too afraid to lose the thread of reasoning, stepping back from it.

with. So excited and embarrassed that you find it difficult to clearly pronounce the typed text; do you stutter and stutter, often lose the thread and repeat yourself?

The speech is over. When you sit down, you:

a. Satisfied with the effectiveness of their message.
b. Quite satisfied, but convinced that we could have performed better if we were less nervous.

with. Are you frustrated and disappointed by a poor presentation, and this means that you were not able to convey your ideas to the audience?

Add 1 point for each marked statement (a), 2 points for (b), and 3 points for (c).

Total score for situation 1 =

Situation 2. Speaking in front of colleagues

Imagine that you are trying to present your ideas to a group of colleagues. You have an informal meeting during which you intend to convince them to accept this or that course of action.

When you start a conversation, you:

a. We are sure that you will be able to convince them of the reasonableness and value of your proposals.

Hoping that you can convince them, but worried about the likely objections your proposals might run into.

with. Not sure if you can persuade them to accept your point of view, since practice shows that they rarely agree with your ideas?

When you get to the key points of your message, you:

a. You state them so convincingly that others fully recognize their significance.

You try your best to emphasize the importance of your proposals, but you are not completely sure that they are understood correctly.

with. Do you make any real attempt to point out their importance because the listeners don't seem to show any interest in your ideas?

Your colleagues begin to raise objections. You:
a. Listen carefully to objections and note their weaknesses in order to counter them effectively.

Lose patience, considering comments as baseless criticism, and refuse to take them seriously.

with. Feeling overwhelmed by the objections raised and unable to offer counterarguments before the discussion is over?

If criticism intensifies, you:

a. Respond calmly but firmly to objections.

b. Feel so annoyed that you end the discussion before a decision is made on your ideas.

with. You are so worried that you recognize your proposals as imperfect and unworthy of further discussion.

Total score for situation 2 =

Situation 3. Conversation with the boss

You are waiting at the reception to meet with your immediate supervisor or someone from senior management whose support is needed to implement your proposals.

In the last seconds before the conversation, you:

a. You repeat your arguments, making sure that the key points are clearly imprinted in your mind and that you fully understand the facts that support your idea.

b. You feel that it is difficult for you to focus on the content of your proposals, because you are too worried about the possible reaction to them.

with. Convinced that you will not be able to state your proposals clearly and convincingly enough to get the support of your boss?

The secretary asks you to go to the office. When you greet your boss, you:

a. Assess his mood and, if necessary, consider a way to change your argument to fit him.

b. Observe the mood of the boss, feeling relieved if it seems favorable to you, and excitement if the boss looks hostile.

with. Little or no notice of your boss's mood because you're too busy thinking about the upcoming conversation?

By submitting your ideas, you:

a. Make eye contact with your boss and watch his body language.

b. You can hardly stand the look of your boss, because this only intensifies your excitement.

with. Look anywhere but at your boss because you're too embarrassed?

As you summarize the arguments in support of your proposal, you feel:

a. That they effectively expressed their thoughts and most likely achieved the support of the boss.

b. Anxiety, doubting that were convincing enough.

with. That you can't tell if your boss supports your suggestions or not.

Remembering your conversation afterwards, you think:
a. That they expressed their thoughts in the best way and that could not have been expressed more clearly and convincingly

b. That there were one or two weak points in your argumentation, but on the whole the presentation was quite convincing;

with. That it was a waste of time because you were unable to effectively build your argument or convey your thoughts to the listener?

Add 1 point for each marked statement (a), 2 points for (b), and 3 points for (c).

Total score for situation 3 =

Situation 4. How do you express your thoughts

Read the statements below and, depending on how you behaved during your last important public speaking, calculate your total score as follows: rarely or never = 0; sometimes = 1; often = 2.

They mumbled under their breath.
Lost the thread of reasoning
Staring at the floor or ceiling
They spoke in a monotone.
Said words indistinctly
Played with a pencil or other objects.
Hesitated and/or used interjections such as "um" and "uh".
They walked back and forth.
They spoke without enthusiasm.

Calculate the total score for all four situations.

Total amount =

What does the total mean?

50 points or more. You have identified several barriers to effective communication. They must be eliminated before you can communicate effectively. However, after completing the training, you will find that it becomes easier for you to express your thoughts clearly and convincingly - regardless of the situation in which you find yourself.
35-49 points. You encounter certain difficulties when trying to convey your ideas to the interlocutor. By improving your skills, you will remove these obstacles and enhance the positive aspects of your communication style.

20-35 points. Despite certain barriers to effective communication, this score indicates a strong foundation of knowledge and skills that you can build on.

12-20 points. There are more positives than negatives in your communication style, and in any situation you have few problems in expressing your thoughts. Use skills to improve your already above-average skills.

Sum of points for each situation

A score of 6 or more for any of the four situations above indicates possible communication difficulties in that situation.

Situation 1 is devoted to assessing the excitement of public speaking, which quickly leads to failure.

Situation 2 considers the difficulties that arise when confronted with objections that come in response to your proposal.

Situation 3 is devoted to aspects of an individual conversation with a person who is higher in status or has more power than you.

Situation 4 explores some verbal and non-verbal barriers, partly due to excitement, partly due to lack of experience, and sometimes as a result of bad habits.

Annex 3

Tips for a beginner speaker

A good public speech should be, first of all, meaningful, purposeful.

A good public speech must be absolutely literate both in the field of pronunciation and in the field of grammatical expression of thought.

A good public speech is least of all like a recitation, its highest quality is a relaxed conversation (conversation) with the audience on an interesting burning topic.

A good public speech cannot be chaotic. It must be consistent and reasonable in all respects.

Mastering the art of speech, one must remember that one can learn not only the correct pronunciation, but also the correct, orderly thinking.

Perseverance, perseverance and patience - that's what a novice speaker needs first of all.

The topic of your speech must be interesting for you and for your listeners.

When preparing for a speech, read more than one article, but several, compare the points of view of various authors. Use, if necessary, dictionaries and reference books.

Make a clear and harmonious plan of your speech according to the scheme: introduction, main part, conclusion.

Do not try to show off your knowledge, avoid unnecessary details and evidence - take only the most essential for speech.

Avoid jumps and omissions, finish the thought to the end.

Take care of the outside of speech. Don't get carried away with gestures. Speak slowly.

Practice giving speeches on a variety of topics.

Be careful and careful in pronouncing the combinations AE, EE, OE, UE in personal forms of the verb.

Don't skip vowels.

Do not double or triple consonants.

Make sure that the consonants V and M, which are between vowels, are clearly audible; don't swallow them.

Pronounce the initial consonant clearly, especially when it is followed by another consonant.

Match the ends of words (do not swallow them), especially in adjectives ending in -GIY, -KIY, -KHIY, and in proper names with -KIY.

Don't compress words. Do not create meaningless and ridiculous combinations.

Listen carefully to the speech of the masters of the artistic word, actors of drama theaters and cinema, as well as to the speech of the announcers of the central radio and television.

Watch your pronunciation.

If possible, record your speech on a voice recorder. Listen to the recording several times, noting the flaws and errors in pronunciation.

Appendix 4

Exercises for training speech breathing

"Speech Belt" regulates the process of exhalation and creates the necessary support for the sound. Getting started training, first of all, check the activity of the diaphragm. To do this, in a prone position, place the palm of your left hand on the area between the chest and abdomen and, after exhaling, inhale, trying not to raise your chest. If the arm rises when you inhale, then the diaphragm has dropped and is working properly. Take a few breaths in and out and observe the movement of the hand (that is, the diaphragm). If the hand remains motionless during inhalation, then the diaphragm acts sluggishly, and then its activity should be developed with the help of training exercises.

Exercise 1 (e). "Candle » - training for slow exhalation when blowing on an imaginary or real candle flame. Focus on the stomach. Slowly blow on the "flame". It deviates, try to keep the flame in a deviated position during exhalation.

Instead of a candle, you can take a strip of paper 2-3 cm wide and 10 cm long. Place your left palm between your chest and stomach, take a strip of paper in your right hand, using it as a candle, and blow it calmly, slowly and evenly. The paper will deviate, if the exhalation is even, then it will be in the deflected position until the end of the exhalation. Pay attention to the movement of the diaphragm - the left palm, as it were, “slowly sinks” during exhalation. Repeat 2-3 times.

Exercise 2 (d). "Stubborn candle » - intense exhalation training. Imagine a large candle, you understand that it will be difficult for you to extinguish it, but you definitely need to do it. Take a breath, hold your breath for a second and blow on the "candle", the flame deviated, but did not go out. (The left palm lies between the chest and stomach.) Blow even harder, even harder! More! More!

Can you feel the movement of the diaphragm with your palm? Do you feel your lower abdomen tighten up? This exercise makes it possible to feel the active movements of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles. Repeat 2-3 times.

Exercise 3 (d). "Extinguish 3, 4, 5, 6... 10 candles." Extinguish 3 candles on one inhalation (without refilling), dividing your exhalation into three portions. Now imagine that you have 5 candles. And the volume of inhalation is still the same! Now - 7 candles. Do not try to inhale as much air as possible. Let the volume remain the same, just each portion of the air on exhalation will become smaller. And now there are 10 or 12 candles. The volume of air is still the same. Portions of exhaled air are more economical. Can you feel the movement of the diaphragm with your palm? They are rhythmic, intermittent and active. Repeat 2-3 times.

All breathing exercises in the following lessons will be given with subsequent numbering: 4 (d), etc.

Diction. Before you start training the correct pronunciation of vowels and consonants, their combinations in words and phrases, you need to train the speech apparatus.

The speech apparatus includes lips, tongue, jaws, teeth, hard and soft palate, small uvula, larynx, back wall of the pharynx (pharynx), vocal cords. Some of them are passively involved in speech, while others, like the tongue, lips, soft palate, small uvula and lower jaw, are actively involved, so they can be trained.

Before you start training diction, you need to develop and strengthen the muscles involved in the speech process, using the following exercises for the mouth, jaw, lips, tongue.

Exercise #1(a). Mouth opening . The first condition for a clear, clear speech is a freely and well-opening mouth. Starting position - the mouth is closed, the lips and jaws are relaxed, the tongue lies flat, freely touching the lower front teeth. Execution - say the sound [U] several times without effort and tension: uuuuu. Now pronounce the sound [A], open your mouth in a vertical direction, the lower jaw will drop by about two fingers (≈ 3 cm). Open your mouth to [A] with soft, slow movements. Do 5-6 times.

Exercise #2(a). Pulling up the upper or lower lip, respectively, to the upper and lower gums. Starting position - the mouth is closed, the teeth are clenched, the jaws are motionless. Execution - lift the upper lip "on a smile" to the gums of the upper teeth, then close the lips; pull the lower lip to the gums of the lower teeth, then close the lips. Repeat 5-6 times.

Note. Make sure that the starting position - the teeth are clenched, the jaws are motionless - must be maintained.

Exercise number 3 (a). Show teeth. Starting position - the mouth is closed, the jaws are compressed. Execution - simultaneously lift the upper and pull back the lower lip, exposing the upper and lower teeth. Do 5-6 times.

Exercise #4(a). Pulling lips - "proboscis". Starting position - the mouth is closed, the jaws are compressed, motionless, the lips are "in the proboscis" (sound [U]). Execution - turns the "proboscis" to the right, left, down, up (at the expense of 1, 2, 3, 4 slowly), then in a circle - to the right, to the left. Repeat 3-4 times.

Exercise #5(a) . "Slip #1". Starting position - the mouth is half open. Execution - pull the upper lip over the front teeth, then slowly, smoothly lift it “to smile”. Pull the lower lip over the lower teeth, then slowly, smoothly pull it down. Repeat 5-6 times.

Exercise #6(a)."Slip #2". Starting position - the mouth is half open. Execution - simultaneously pull the upper and lower lips on the teeth, then open the lips “on a smile” with a smooth, sliding motion. Repeat 5-6 times.

Exercise number 7 (a ). Language training. Starting position - the tongue is placed in a “tray” in the mouth, the tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, the mouth is open for two fingers (≈ 3 cm), the lower jaw is absolutely motionless. Execution - lift the tip of the tongue up - to the hard palate, then to the right, to the left - to the cheek and return to its original position again. Repeat 4 times.

At first, do all exercises with a mirror, movements should be slow and smooth. If some exercises do not work out, do not despair, repeat them again and again.

Exercises for practicing vowels and consonants

Exercise 1. Sounds I - S.

A) Silt, x, willow, game, Ira, pilgrim, July, chemistry, name, you, we, you, lived, in India, dinner, streets, cape, release, ramparts, circus, discharge, with interest.

B) Was - beat, howled - pitchfork, ardor - drank, skis - licks, sweet - washed, whined - Nile, rear - Til, lynx - rice, smoke - Dima, son - blue, basics - Zina.

C) To whom pies and donuts, to whom bruises and bumps. What is Martin, such is his altyn. They knew who they were beating, that's why they won. Here are needles and pins crawling out from under the bench.

Exercise 2. Sounds U - O.

A) Us, already, mind, beehive, bow, chair, spider, think, vinegar, chest, fist, southern, nimble, loach, cabin, hatch, salute, axis, whirlpool, groan, crowbar, thief, forest, silently, space, contract, cloth, maple, coat, rise, reception.

B) Buk - side, tuk - current, bough - juice, buy - save, goose - guest, fruit drink - Murzin, bow - forehead, tour - bargaining, boom - bom, grandson - at the feet, hatch - lay down, chandelier - Lesha .

C) Without science, as without hands. You won't be smart with someone else's mind. Friendship is friendship, and service is service. May is cold - you will not be hungry. The field is red with millet, and speech is with the mind.

Exercise 3. Sound A.

A) Ass, gasp, army, watermelon, bank, cash desk, lasso, lady, vein, lamp, rock, yak, apple tree, flaw, announce, trifle, slur.

B) Lying on the floor - so you can’t see a chunk. Do not open your mouth to someone else's loaf. The hut is not red in the corners, but red in the pies.

Exercise 4. Sound E.

A) Eh, this, therefore, six, tin, gesture, valuable, in a hut, floor, poet, muffler, these, price tag, poetics, business, summer, village, canopy, stump, day.

B) All children are equal, both boys and girls. He who sows and winnows will not grow poor. Ate - did not eat, but sat at the table.

Exercise 5. Sounds P - B.

A) Steam, dad, pop, drops, oak, dove, tank, bob, white, holster, watchdog.

B) Steam - bar, pass - bass, dust - true story, bolt - regiment, sang - white, drink - beat, ardor - drank, sleep - sleep, was - beat, board - wrapper, drill - bureau.

C) All beavers are kind to their beavers. In the Field-Polyushka field, a field-Polyushka will be poured. There will be no weeds in the field if the field of the Field is watered.

Exercise 6. Sounds F - V.

A) Fact, pound, headlights, snort, jacket, giraffe, forward, Valya, faithful, knock out, prominent, light.

B) Water - phase, Ivan - Selifan, Vika - ficus, fork - Filka, here - tears, you - elm, firm - snort, Fomka - Fyokla.

C) The water carrier was carrying water from the tap. Vavila was wet with a wet wind. Fofanov's sweatshirt Fefele fit. Pharaoh's favorite for sapphire was replaced by jade.

Exercise 7. Sounds T - D.

A) There, tank, here, ton, aunt, that one, leave, close, go, lady, day, smoke, disk, woodpecker, fords, two.

B) There - ladies, volume - house, current - dock, grass - firewood, yours - deuce, shadow - day, body - business, theme - diadem, cake - grater, there - pulls, gift - uncle, double - doupel.

C) From the clatter of hooves, dust flies across the field. Two people don't wait for dinner. Fedot, but not that one. The woodpecker lived in an empty hollow, the oak hollowed like a chisel.

Exercise 8. Sounds C - Z.

A) Bitch, son, strength, sit down, stack, bite, seedlings, cart, splinter, sound, winter, goat, appeal.

B) Himself - deputy, lard - hall, soup - tooth, weedy - dawns, braids - goats, bring in - below, blue - Zina, cheese - sir, session - sat down, ass - son-in-law.

C) He called himself a loader - climb into the body. The earth is ringing from the golden heat. In seven sledges, seven in a sleigh sat themselves. Senya will sleep in the hay.

Exercise 9

A) Ball, shawl, nimble, dried, cannon, shower, pity, tin, acorn, beetle, puddle, gun, thirst.

B) The ball is hot, yours is important, the joke is creepy, the breadth is fat, to live is to sew.

C) The ground beetle is buzzing, buzzing and spinning. Six mice walked, carrying sixteen pennies; two worse mice carried two pennies each. The reins made of leather fit into the collar.

Exercise 10. Sounds K - G, X.

A) How, where, by whom, pick, bush, mole, current, gas, grief, runner, weight, ghetto, worse, choir, withers, trachea, shepherd.

B) Swing - gazelles, stake - goal, bone - guest, code - year, whip - bend, club - stupid, Kesha - Gesha.

C) Goes with a goat oblique goat. The crab made a rake to the crab, gave the rake to the crab: rob the gravel with the rake, crab! Crested laughers laughed with laughter: Ha! Ha! Ha! The cuckoo cuckoo bought a hood, in the hood the cuckoo is ridiculous.

Exercise 11 .

A) Sorrel, thing, pike, happiness, squeaks, brush, raincoat.

B) Tongs and pincers - these are our things. Where cabbage soup - look for us here. Wolves prowl - looking for food.

Exercise 12

A) Hour, sensitive, frequent, bee, speech, patronymic, spell.

B) Wind - evening, closely - honestly, so - with what, aunt - a brush, sensitively - a fur coat.

C) Four black, grimy little imps drew a drawing in black ink extremely cleanly. Four turtles have four baby turtles.

Exercise 13

A) Heron, whole, king, circus, saucer, swim, flowers.

B) Heron - saber, tsok - juice, target - mudflow, color - light, circus - cheese, street - fox.

C) Well done against the sheep, and against the good fellow the sheep himself. The heron withered, the heron withered. The tit bird is not great, but clever.

Exercise 14. Sounds M, N, L, R, Y.

A) Poppy, mom, deceit, lamp, crumpled, cute, nose, our, dream, nanny, bottom, varnish, moon, watering can, Olya, pain, wound, rail, risk, talk, spruce, T-shirt, me, loach.

B) Mom - crumpled, small - crumpled, soap - cute, familiar - acquaintance, Nana - nanny, whining - thread, nose - carried, varnish - lay down, onion - hatch, ate - spruce, glad - row, moat - roar, marriage - break, fire - fire, cancer - varnish, hand - bow, ditch - catching, give - delete.

C) Mama used soap to wash Milu. Lena was looking for a pin, and the pin fell under the bench. Ulyana woke up neither late nor early: everyone was coming home from work, and she was right there. Thirty-three ships tacked, tacked, but did not catch. Hoarfrost lay on the branches of spruce, the needles turned white overnight.

Exercise 15 Say difficult combinations of sounds at first slowly, then faster:

Tlz, jr, vrzh, mkrtch, kpt, kft, ksht, kst, kshch, kzhda, kkzhde, kzhdo, kzhdu, kshta, kshte, kshtu, kshto.

Exercise 16 Say words with difficult consonant combinations slowly at first, then faster:

Stay awake, philosophize, postscript, invigorate, transplantation, supersonic, tousled, counter-break, explosion point, protestantism, stir up, over-alarmed, hit the barrel, department, hose, supersonic, ornate, philosophize, monster, snort a lot.

Exercise 17 Practice pronunciation of long consonants:

A) To Clara, to whom, to the throat, to the tour, to Galya, to Katya, to Kyiv, to the end, to the city, distant, get involved, give, kindle, vent, get rid of, without a fur coat, ruthless, immortality, restore, confirm, repel;

B) Top - up, leading - introduction, push - push, hold - support, drag - pull, water - introductory, litter - quarrel.

Exercise 18 . Work on the combination of sounds can be carried out in the form of a game, using onomatopoeia:

A) Hammer nails: Gbdu! Gbdo! Gbde! Gbdy! Gbda! Gbdi! Gbdi!

B) Imitate a horse's stomp: Ptku! Ptko! bird! Birds! Ptke! Birds!

C) Throw imaginary plates to your partner: Kchku! Wow! Kchke! Kchka! Kchky! Kchki!

D) Come up with 2-3 games of this type.

Exercise 19 Say phrases consisting of stressed syllables, first slowly, then quickly:

At that hour, a thrush sang here. That year there was a hail. The oak was old. Everyone loved Peter. Instantly the club is full. The moss hid the mushroom. Grandpa got old. Your guest took the cane. Waves splash - splash sparkle! Jump a hundred miles.

Exercise 20 . Say tongue twisters with difficult combinations or alternations of consonants:

Grass in the yard, firewood on the grass; do not cut wood in the middle of the yard.

Tell me about shopping. — What kind of purchases? - About purchases, about purchases, about my purchases.

To interpret plainly, but to no avail to interpret.

In the pond at Polycarp - three crucians, three carps.

The crab made a rake to the crab, gave the rake to the crab. “Rake the gravel, crab!”

Buy a pile of spades.

Three birds fly through three empty huts.

Our Polkan fell into a trap.

There is a shock with a podkopenkom, and under the shock there is a quail with a quail.

Standing, standing at the gate, the bull is stupid-mouthed and short.

A cap is sewn, a cap is knitted, but not in a cap style; a bell was poured, a bell was forged, but not in Kolokovo style; it is necessary to recap and recap the cap, it is necessary to re-bell and re-bell the bell.

Movement exercises

Scientists have long proven the relationship between the development of movements and the formation of speech skills. The combination of work on the technique of speech with rhythmic movements of the body gives a good effect and helps to relieve tension and stiffness. When working, you can use walking, movements of arms and legs, make gestures that help understand the content of speech.

- pronouncing tongue twisters or counting rhymes with conducting to the beat of speech (the index finger of the right hand moves up and down; movement is a word):

Papa is here, papa is there

Dad, dad here and there.

Mom is here, mom is there

Mom, mom here and there.

Dad is here, mom is there

Dad, mom here and there;

- pronunciation of a rhyme with movements:

We walked, walked, walked (walk in a circle, step-word);

We (broad gesture in a circle) found the cake (lean forward slightly, arms outstretched down).

We sat down, ate (sit on the floor and make a natural hand gesture) and then went on (get up, wave your hand forward).

There are a number of exercises based on the imitation of sounds and movements of various natural situations, for example:

a) with an imaginary pump, inflate the bicycle tire, making habitual movements with your hands and pronouncing С-С-С-С, С-С-С-С, С-С-С-С ...;

b) squeeze the “spray bulb” with short, fragmentary movements, accompanying the movements with the sounds Ф! F! F! F!...;

c) pretend that you are planing a board with a planer: F-F-F-F! J-J-J-J!...;

d) show how you mow the grass: S-S-S-S! S-S-S-S!...;

e) scrub the floor with a brush: Sh-sh-sh-sh! Sh-sh-sh-sh! Sh-sh-sh-sh!

Exercise 1. Choose movements for the following long sentence:

Went from Africa to Saratov

Seven desperate pirates.

see the inscription on the pillar;

Continue: both those de and those ne.

Went from Africa to Saratov...

Exercise 2. What movements can accompany A. Barto's poem?

Left, right

Left, right!

The squad is coming.

The drummer is very happy.

drumming,

Drumming

An hour and a half

The drum... is already full of holes!

Appendix 5

Tongue Twisters

With the help of tongue twisters, you can effectively train diction (clear pronunciation of words and sounds). Reading tongue twisters develops correct articulation (the work of the speech organs in the formation of speech sounds) and eliminates reservations.

Read the tongue twisters aloud, pronouncing each sound clearly, then gradually increase the pace. In this case, first of all, one should ensure a clear pronunciation and only secondly - accelerate the pace. If it is not possible to read a tongue twister without errors at the usual pace, then first realize its meaning so that a clear video sequence appears in your head and read slowly, syllable by syllable. Repeat the tongue twister until you read it without hesitation. Then gradually increase the pace.

Record exercises with tongue twisters on a voice recorder. This will allow you to hear yourself from the outside and effectively eliminate speech shortcomings.

Practicing sounds: b, p, c, f, g, k, d, t, x

Got the beans.
Vakul shod a woman, and Vakula a woman shod her.
From the clatter of hooves, dust flies across the field.
The bull is stupid, stupid bull, the bull's white lip was stupid.
A cap on a cap, a cap under the cap.

b. Tall Vavila merrily tossed his pitchfork.

Near the stake of the bell, near the gate there is a bell.
The jackal walked, the jackal galloped.
Buy a pile of peaks, buy a pile of peaks. Buy a pile of fluff, buy a pile of fluff.
Cook Peter, cook Pavel. Peter swam, Pavel swam.
The weaver weaves fabric for Tanya's scarves.
The water carrier was carrying water from under the water supply.
Our head over your head over your head, over your head.
Your sexton can't re-follow our sexton, can't re-follow; our sexton will re-sponsor your sexton, re-sponsor.
In one, Klim, prick a wedge.
There is a mop with a podprikopyonochkom.
In the field, Frosya is flying millet, Frosya is carrying out weeds.
The crab made the rake to the crab. The crab gave the rake to the crab: hay with a rake, crab, rob!
The tree has needles.
Cuckoo cuckoo bought a hood. Put on a cuckoo hood. How funny he is in the hood!
All beavers are kind to their beavers. Beavers take beans for their cubs. Beavers sometimes excite beavers by giving them beans.
Pankrat Kondratov forgot the jack, and without a jack Pankrat cannot lift a tractor on the highway. And the tractor is waiting on the tract for a jack.
There is a honey cake on the honey, but I have no time for the honey cake.
Prokop came, dill boiled, Prokop left, dill boiled; just as dill boiled under Prokop, so dill boiled without Prokop.
There were three priests, three Procopius-priests, three Prokopyevichs, talking about the priest, about Procopius-priest, about Prokopyevich.
Once, scaring a jackdaw, he saw a parrot in the bushes, and that parrot says: you scare the jackdaws, pop, scare, but the jackdaws, pop, scaring in the bushes, don’t you dare scare the parrot.
The sorcerer worked in a barn with the Magi.
The bombardier bombarded the young ladies with bonbonnieres.
Feofan Mitrofanch has three sons Feofanych.
Our guest took the cane.
Pharaonic favorite for sapphire was replaced by jade.
Rhododendrons from the arboretum were given by parents.
To the Habsburgs from Strasbourg.
A black grouse sat on a tree, and a black grouse with cubs on a branch.
Brit Klim brother, Brit Gleb brother, brother Ignat bearded.
I praise halva.
Crested laughers laughed with laughter.

r, l, m, n

You can’t re-speak all tongue twisters, you can’t re-speak all tongue twisters.
In our backyard, the weather got wet.
Two woodcutters, two woodcutters, two woodcutters were talking about the Stall, about Varka, about Marina's wife.
Klara-kralya crept to the chest.
The commander spoke about the colonel and about the colonel, about the lieutenant colonel and about the lieutenant colonel, about the lieutenant and about the lieutenant, about the second lieutenant and about the second lieutenant, about the ensign and about the ensign, about the lieutenant, but said nothing about the lieutenant.
There is grass in the yard, firewood on the grass - one firewood, two firewood, three firewood. Do not cut wood on the grass of the yard.
There is firewood in the yard, firewood behind the yard, firewood in the width of the yard, the firewood yard will not fit, the firewood must be expelled to the wood yard.
In the yard of the widow Varvara, two thieves were stealing firewood, the widow got angry and removed the firewood into the shed.
The Elector compromised the Landsknecht.
He reported but did not report, he reported but reported.
Snouted a white-faced pig, blunt-nosed; I dug up half the yard with a snout, dug, undermined.
The fellow ate thirty-three pies with a pie, and all with cottage cheese.
Thirty-three ships tacked, tacked and did not catch.
On the shallows we lazily caught burbot. On the shallows we lazily caught tench. Didn't you sweetly pray for love And beckoned me into the mists of the estuary?
Carl stole the corals from Clara, and Clara stole the clarinet from Carl.
Queen Clara severely punished Charles for stealing the coral.
Karl put the bow on the chest. Clara was stealing an onion from the chest.
Shot on quails and black grouse.
Mother Romasha gave whey from yogurt.
Tell me about shopping. About what about purchases? About shopping, about shopping, about your purchases.
A cap is sewn, but not in a cap style; a bell is poured, but not in a bell-like way. It is necessary to re-cap the cap, re-cap, it is necessary to re-bell the bell, re-bell.
The protocol about the protocol was recorded by the protocol.
Was at Frol's, Frol lied to Lavr. I'll go to the Lavra, to the Frol Lavra Navra.
Eagle King.
The courier overtakes the courier in the quarry.

bZ. Malanya chattered milk, blurted out, but did not blurt out.

The Ligurian traffic controller regulated in Liguria.
Have you watered the lily? Have you seen Lydia? They watered the lily, saw Lydia.
The galley messenger was burned.
Thaler plate stands.
Go to the army, so take the reed.
The interviewer interviewed the interviewer.
Libretto Rigoletto.
Our Polkan from Baikal lapped. Polkan lapped, but Baikal did not grow shallow.
We ate, ate ruffs at the spruce, we barely ate them.
Mom did not regret washing. Milu's mother washed soap with soap. Mila did not like soap, Mila dropped the soap.
In the darkness, crayfish make noise in a fight.
Tractors rumble on the road in the morning.
Eat in the rye, but do not rye in the rye.
An eagle on a mountain, a feather on an eagle, a mountain under an eagle, an eagle under a feather.
The city of Nerl on the Nerl River.
On Mount Ararat Varvara was picking grapes.
From under Kostroma, from under the Kostroma region, four men were walking. They talked about auctions, but about purchases, about cereals and about sub-grains.
A captain with a captain, a captain with a captain.
The Turk smokes a pipe, the trigger pecks at the grains. Do not smoke, Turk, pipe, do not peck, trigger, grits.
And I don't feel sick.

h, s, f, w, h, u, c

Senya and Sanya have catfish with a mustache in their nets.
The wasp does not have a mustache, not a mustache, but a mustache.
Senka is carrying Sanka and Sonya on a sled. Sledge lope, Senka from his feet, Sanka in the side, Sonya in the forehead, all in a snowdrift.
Osip is hoarse, and Arkhip is hoarse.
He doesn’t want to mow a scythe with a scythe, he says, a scythe is a scythe.
The net caught on a knot.
Seven of them sat in the sleigh themselves.
From body to body there was an overload of watermelons. In a thunderstorm, in the mud from a load of watermelons, the body collapsed.
The flute whistler whistles with a flute.
Two rivers: Vazuza with Gzhat, Vazuza with Gzhat.
The nervous constitutionalist was found assimilated in Constantinople.
Sasha walked along the highway and sucked dry.
The heron withered, the heron withered, the heron died.
Forty mice walked, found forty pennies, two worse mice found two pennies each.
Sixteen mice walked and six found pennies, and the mice, which are worse, noisily rummage around for pennies.
Scales at the pike, bristles at the pig.
A quarter of a quarter of a pea without a wormhole.
Intendant incident.
Challenger Precedent.
Konstantin stated.
The hedgehog has a hedgehog, the snake has a snake.
It's terrible for a beetle to live on a bitch.
Two puppies, cheek to cheek, pinch the brush in the corner.
The pike tries in vain to infringe on the bream.
The ground beetle buzzes, buzzes, but does not spin.
Jasper in suede is mossy.
Chitinka flows in Chita.

Appendix 6. Statements

It is said that there are three categories of speakers: some can be listened to, others cannot be listened to, and still others cannot be ignored. It is in your power to become the one whom it is impossible not to listen to

« Poets are born, speakers become. Cicero

« The word is the most powerful weapon." Aristotle

« Those who cannot speak will not make a career.” Napoleon Bonaparte

“The power that iron has in war in political life has the word.” Demetrius Felerky

« The speaker must exhaust the subject, not the patience of the listeners. Winston Churchill

In today's world, the key to success is mastering the art of public speaking. This is a special art in which each person will be able to rediscover himself. He will speak beautifully and correctly, feel confident in front of any audience, be interesting in communication. Of course, there are people who are born with this ability, but there are very few of them. Therefore, a person deprived of God's gift should not worry; if desired, oratory can be learned. At the same time, age does not play a special role, because it is never too late to acquire new knowledge and skills.

Of course, there are professions that simply oblige to thoroughly know the art of public speaking. These include politicians, judges, teachers, actors, announcers, etc. Even if you do not consider yourself to be in these categories, such skill in any case cannot harm you. Other than the benefits, nothing else is out of the question. In life, it can be useful, for example, when applying for a job, and when making new acquaintances. Thus, this art in a variety of situations can provide an invaluable service.

What is oratory?

This is the art of the living word. A person who owns it can easily convey thoughts to others. At the same time, his sentences line up beautiful and clear. He feels confident, because his speech is attractive and interesting. This is what the art of oratory teaches. The degree of ownership of it may be different, but you need to work on yourself in any case. Often in life we are faced with such situations when we have to think about how to say or give an answer to a question. To look convincing, you cannot do without important tricks of special skill.

Oratory and rhetoric participate in the formation of style and logical statements. They help to avoid unwanted pauses and develop memory. Ordinary speech turns into an attractive one and is filled with the necessary emotions. A real speaker is always more interesting for the public than one who does not know how to correctly formulate his thoughts. In addition, timely arguments and facts contribute to the successful resolution of controversial issues. And this is a kind of guarantee of the best way out of conflict situations. Unprepared people will only rarely be able to form their phrases clearly and correctly at the right time.

History of oratory

Chronicles of oratory are transferred to Ancient Greece. It was here that great attention was paid to great craftsmanship. From here come the roots of stylistic patterns and the development of speech, because before the advent of writing, thoughts were expressed orally.

Greek orators skillfully influenced the public, as they owned the laws of logic and the rules of oral speech. They were able to achieve eloquence served as their main weapon from a political point of view. Oratory, being the queen of the arts, could very effectively influence the decisions of state affairs.

It was in ancient Greece that the first school of oratory. Its outstanding masters were Demosthenes, Philocrates, Hyperides, Aeschines and other public figures. Among them, Demosthenes was able to achieve the highest achievements. Without his contribution, it is difficult to imagine the practice of oratory and the basics of the theory of rhetoric, where the word was given great importance. His speeches were studied not only in antiquity, the surviving theories are relevant today. They are included in the golden fund of rhetoric as a separate science.

Speaking in front of an audience

Visual perception and appearance

Speaking to the public, the speaker must prepare not only his speech, but also diligently work on appearance. It is no secret that the speaker is first of all greeted in appearance. It has long been proven that appearance plays an important role in first impressions. Based on statistics, 55% of the persuasive power comes from the appearance of the speaker and visual perception listeners, for tone of voice - 35% and only 10% for words.

Listeners are first and foremost spectators. They will consider the speaker very carefully. Especially the female half pays close attention to detail. Outfit, hairstyle and demeanor will not go unnoticed. A person who is insecure, ill-prepared, or indecisive quickly catches the eye. The public will not want to concentrate and delve into the essence of it speeches. And no matter how hard the speaker tries, it will be very difficult to win over the audience.

Attention retention

The art of public speaking it just includes the ability to convey a prepared report or a speech built on the go. A real master knows how to quickly navigate and build logical sentences. In addition, he knows how to entice his listeners and interest in his performance.

For keeping attention the speaker uses special techniques that allow not only to win over, but also to tune in to the same psychological wave. At the same time, gestures and facial expressions, voice and intonation play an important role. It is one thing to listen, but quite another to be heard. The well-known poetess M. Tsvetaeva also spoke about this. Under no circumstances should the public be given the slightest cause for irritation.

Contact with the audience

Most of the speaker's speech is a monologue. However, the speaker needs to be able to find contact with the audience. He should try to establish a connection, even an imaginary one. Only in this case he will be able to count on a response. A good speaker is able to capture the mood of the audience and correct his speech at the right time. He seems to read the thoughts of the listeners and does not allow them to be distracted from the information presented. This is similar to a mental dialogue in which the other side does not say out loud their wishes. In turn, this does not distract the speaker, but it does not exclude two-way communication either.

So art public speaking- This is an imitation of live communication. It is difficult for a beginner to achieve this, but it is quite possible when mastering the basic rhetorical techniques. Among them: direct appeal to the audience, filling the speech with emotions, adhering to colloquial syntax. Do not worry in advance, everything comes with experience, you just need to make efforts and patience.

Another important means of establishing two-way communication is eye contact with the speaker. If you read the prepared text and do not look up from the paper, the interest of the public will quickly disappear. In this case, the speaker independently builds a wall that protects him from the audience. It is not recommended to look at one corner or the ceiling. Only by shifting his gaze from one listener to another, the speaker can count on uniting the audience and achieving the effect of communication, even at a mental level.

You need to be able to read the reaction in the eyes. In this case, the speaker will be able to control the audience. As soon as he notices the first signs of overwork of the listeners, he will be able to use one of the proven methods to defuse the hall. For example, it can be a recollection of a funny incident, an insertion of an aphorism or a proverb. It is desirable that they be close to the topic of the speech. You can generally step aside from the report and tell a funny anecdote, endearing the audience to yourself. Emotional discharge during fatigue will best recreate a friendly atmosphere. All this will allow to continue the performance, the interest in which will only increase.

Oratory in other types of speech communication

The multifaceted art of oratory includes not only speaking in front of a large audience, but also conducting a dialogue with an interlocutor, debates, discussions, and other types of speech communication. At the same time, the speech of the speaker should always strike with iron logic, but at the same time be sincere and sensual. Only in this case, you can count on the interest of the listener and his location.

In any verbal communication, one can show oratory and leave an indelible imprint, a good opinion and earn respect by striking an interesting conversation. At the same time, great importance is given not only to the literacy and erudition of the speaker, but also to his emotionality, interest and ability to listen to the interlocutor. Of course, natural data also help in this, but the experience gained, the culture of speech and intelligence are not secondary.

Oratory training

Anyone can learn public speaking. The main thing is to have a desire and focus on results. One should not be afraid of the difficulties that may arise in the learning process. Only patience and diligence will bring the expected results. Even many famous people who were able to achieve good luck in public speaking initially encountered difficulties. For example, Margaret Thatcher managed to change her shrill voice, which was naturally such. Her hard work in studying acting has paid off. The politician of France, Mirabeau, learned to present memorized texts so much that they began to seem like a real improvisation.

Oratory training you can do it yourself, but in specialized schools and centers, classes will be more effective. The developed programs and psychological trainings are popular ways to get rid of the fear of speaking in front of the public, develop thinking and memory, replenish conversational stock and gain self-confidence. Here you can learn how to formulate thoughts correctly, quickly interest the listener, gain artistic skills and speak beautifully on any topic, including impromptu. Specialists will teach you how to choose the right intonation and skillfully use different speech techniques. They will talk about how to benefit from communication, introduce unproductive conversation patterns and reveal ways to avoid "uncomfortable" questions.

Who is a good speaker?

Master of Oratory is the person who easily owns the living word and can use it to influence the interlocutor or the whole audience. Speaking of such a professional, it is impossible not to mention the high level of speech culture. Good diction eliminates any fuzzy pronunciation of words and individual sounds. The speaker is pleasant and easy to listen to, because there are no tongue twisters and lisps. The power of the voice is manifested not only in loudness, but also in the mental impact on the consciousness and will of the listeners. In other words, the speech technique of a real speaker approaches perfection.

A successful speaker skillfully uses various techniques. For beautiful speech, the use of popular expressions, well-known proverbs and sayings is of great importance. When they are unexpected, but said to the point, the performance seems more interesting and better remembered. Speech culture of the speaker always judged by the richness of his vocabulary. The more words in the arsenal of a professional, the more interesting it is to communicate with him. And if, in addition to all this, the sentences are concise and well-constructed, observing the accuracy of word usage and language pronunciation norms, then such a speaker has no price.

Anyone can learn public speaking. At the same time, it is important to tune in to luck and in no case deviate from the goal.
You should never show your excitement to outsiders, and even more so talk about poor preparation.
Avoid monotonous speeches, pause properly and highlight the right words. Be mindful of intonation when raising and lowering your voice.
Spend more time training, it is advisable to rehearse a pre-prepared speech at least 3 times.
Try to keep your audience interested from the very beginning of your speech by coming up with an intriguing title.
When speaking in public, try to connect with your audience.
During the speech, change your position, use gestures.

The main advice is this: to master the art of the living word, you need to learn to think beautifully.

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Introduction

The purpose of this work is to consider the basics of oratory and polemical skills, as well as to master the art of arguing. To do this, you need to get acquainted with the basic rules that should be followed when developing the content of a speech, what you need to pay attention to when developing material, in what ways to improve oratory and, of course, with the lexical and syntactic features of constructing oratory.

The term rhetoric is of Greek origin, its synonyms are the ancient term oratory (Latin oratoria) and the Russian word eloquence. What do all these concepts mean? Oratory is primarily understood as a high degree of skill in public speaking, a qualitative characteristic of oratory, skillful possession of a living word.

Oratory is the art of constructing and delivering a public speech in order to have the desired impact on the audience.

A similar interpretation of oratory was adopted in ancient times. For example, Aristotle defined rhetoric as "the ability to find possible ways of persuading about any given subject." Blaise Pascal wrote: "eloquence is a picturesque image of a thought, if, having expressed a thought, the speaker adds some lines to it, he creates not a portrait, but a picture." This tradition was continued in Russian rhetorical science. So, Lomonosov in his "Short Guide to Eloquence" writes: "eloquence is the art of speaking eloquently about any given matter and thereby incline others to one's own opinion about it." M. Speransky in the "Rules of Higher Eloquence" notes that "eloquence is a gift to shock souls, pouring their passions into them, and to communicate to them the image of their concepts."

Oratory is also called the historically established science of eloquence and an academic discipline that sets out the basics of oratory. As a subject of systematic teaching, oratory developed before other philological disciplines. Grammar, poetics, lexicography, textual criticism, literary history, stylistics arose later than rhetoric and developed over time as auxiliary or preparatory subjects for the study of rhetoric. Is it good that disputes, discussions and polemics have become characteristic features of our way of life? Is the dispute good or bad? These questions are not as naive as they might seem at first glance.

Many popular expressions and statements can be cited as examples, in which the dispute is evaluated positively. "Controversy is the father of truth," the ancient Greeks thought so. With this aphorism, the well-known words echo: "Truth is born in a dispute." The list of sayings in which the extraordinary usefulness of the dispute is noted is easy to continue.

However, such expressions can also be cited in which disputes are evaluated negatively, for example, in proverbs and sayings: "Who argues is worthless"; "When disputes boil, the truth evaporates"; "Time is wasted in arguments."

L.N. spoke very disapprovingly of the disputes. Tolstoy: "Disputes always contribute more to obscuring than to clarifying the truth." A. Lincoln said: "No one who has decided to really succeed in life should waste time on personal disputes."

How to figure out who is right: those who approve of the disputes, or those who condemn them? It seems to be both. Argument is indeed capable of producing truth. But the argument often ruins it. It all depends on how the dispute is conducted, by what methods and means.

Imagine a picture painted by M.E. Saltykov - Shchedrin:

"Everyone was talking all of a sudden, they were talking loudly, trying to outshout each other ... Here someone jumps up and screams, chokes, gesticulates, and nearby, as if in competition, two others jump up and also begin to choke and gesticulate. Here are four arguing figures occupied in the middle of the room and at the same time they bake each other in the crossfire of exclamations, and in the corner a fifth man is hopelessly shouting out, who is besieged by three more speakers and, literally, does not allow him to say a word. then an unattainably high note... Is it possible to deal with people whose lips tremble and their hands twirl like the wings of a mill?. "Such a dispute can bring nothing but unpleasant memories. It seems that many were, if not participants, then at least witnesses to such disputes.

How do you learn to argue effectively? It is almost impossible to propose an algorithm suitable for all occasions. Argument is a subtle art, and in addition to logical aspects, it has many subtle psychological, moral and ethical facets. Only a long practice allows to identify and take them into account in a dispute.

At the same time, for the rational organization and successful conduct of dialogue, discussion, polemics, it is necessary to be guided by certain recommendations, guidelines and rules. Without mastering them, it is impossible to effectively discuss the complex problems of science, art, economics and political life. Knowledge of these rules and principles is necessary for every business person.

Knowing the rules of the dispute is necessary not only in order to conduct it yourself. Each of us, regardless of occupation, from time to time turns into a listener, reader or viewer. Thus, we unwittingly become participants in disputes that are conducted by other people. Knowledge of the psychological characteristics of the dispute will help to delve into the essence of the problems they discuss, to understand the arguments "for" and "against", to understand the intricacies of thought.

The solution of many business issues is possible only through an open and transparent exchange of views. The ability to competently and fruitfully discuss important issues, to prove and convince, arguing one's point of view and refuting the opponent's opinion, should become a mandatory quality of every business person. It is necessary to know how the dispute was born, what are its roots and history. It is necessary to define the concepts so that there is no confusion in their application or substitution of one concept. In addition, it is necessary to determine what polemical techniques exist and whether it is possible to master the art of arguing.

1. Fundamentals of oratory and polemical skill

Oratory is a kind of verbal creativity, like poetry or dramaturgy; high emotionality, transmitted from the speaker to the audience, the ability to influence both one and many listeners; the beauty of speech, performance, which acts like a work of art. Oratory is a complex intellectual and emotional creativity of public speech, a special kind of human activity. Speech communication with listeners is built according to the laws of psychology, all sensory principles: sight, hearing, smell, touch ...

A true orator is inconceivable without inspiration, imagination and fantasy. One of the principles of speech mastery - the principle of feedback - cannot do without attention and emotional and psychological impact on the audience. According to the laws of psychology, emotional ups and downs, the rhythmic and tempo structure of speech, and justified psychological pauses are built. Ethics is concerned primarily with the question of "how". How to behave in front of an audience? How to hold on How to apply and how to answer questions?

And the aesthetic principles must be embedded in feelings in order to inspire listeners; in clothes to look beautiful, in the melody and melodiousness of the word, in sounds and in speech in general, to excite souls. Artistic reading and public speech are built according to the laws of speech skill, including expressive means: epithets, exclamations, gestures, facial expressions, pantomime. And certainly according to the laws of speech technique: breathing, voice, diction ... Artistic reading and oratory complement each other. It is the readers who become the speakers. The reader has a “task”, the speaker has a single effective word and common ways of working on the logic of the text.

Eloquence is as much a living process as the art of theater. The spectator and listener become accomplices in the action performed by the actor and speaker. And the larger the hall, the better the return. Manifestations of natural oratorical ability are often found in everyday life. Imagine a situation: one person is walking along the road, not seeing the danger threatening him, and another, raising his voice, warns him about it.

Another example. One person fell into the water, and the other raises a cry for others to come to the rescue. Examples of natural eloquence can be found in villages where people communicate loudly and emotionally, almost shouting to each other (“across the street”) or in the market where everyone says something about their product. Such manifestations of eloquence do not require special training. The voice in such cases rises naturally, under the influence of feelings and relevant circumstances.

There are several basic qualities that distinguish oratory from other types of speech.

The speaker addresses the people with an oratory, not only to convey information to the listener, but also to receive a response in the form of interest (persuade) or some kind of action (induce). Such speech always has an agitational character. To do this, the speaker must be inspired by the subject of his speech and put into it what he considers necessary and useful for his listeners.

In order for the speech to touch and interest the audience, the authority of the speaker or his special psychological attitude is important. In order to induce listeners to take some action, the speaker first of all makes an effort himself, requiring a special effort of will. This effort is felt in the speech of the speaker and is transmitted to his listeners, prompting them to action.

An oratorical speech is called an influencing, persuasive speech that is addressed to a wide audience, is pronounced by a speech professional (orator) and aims to change the behavior of the audience, its views, beliefs, moods. The desire of the speaker to change the behavior of the listener can relate to various aspects of his life: to convince him to vote for the right deputy, to persuade him to make the right decision in the field of commercial activity, to encourage him to buy certain goods, products. There are countless such specific goals, but in any case, the influencing speech is directed to the outside of linguistic reality, to the sphere of vital interests, the needs of the listener. The ability to convince has always been valued by society. The role of a speech professional in the field of politics and social activities is especially great.

Every business person, no matter what kind of activity he is a specialist in, must be able to competently and fruitfully discuss vital problems, prove and convince, reasonably defend his point of view and refute the opponent’s opinions, master all genres of polemical skill. This is necessary for a lawyer during the defense of a client and a manager who leads a meeting or discussion, and a negotiator, and a politician who communicates with the press, with members of the public. In the process of professional communication, one has to defend one's point of view, listen to the opposite opinion. It happens that the "clarification of the relationship" is quite painful. This is due to the fact that not everyone knows the art of dispute, discussion. Disputes, discussions constantly accompany the life of people and groups. The solution of many business issues is possible only within the framework of an exchange of views, a dispute. Comparison of different points of view contributes to the development of thinking, the emergence of new ideas, allows you to overcome the stagnation that is inevitable in teams where pluralism of opinions, independence and initiative of employees are not welcome. It is widely believed that "truth is born in a dispute". A dispute can indeed lead to truth, but often it destroys it due to wrong methods and means. But it is practically impossible to offer an algorithm for conducting polemics that is suitable for all occasions.

2. Speech as a kind of oratory

Speech at a meeting, meeting, rally, in the media is a kind of oratorical prose. The task of the speaker is never reduced to the presentation of a certain amount of information. The speaker is forced, as a rule, to defend his point of view, to persuade others to accept it, to convince him that he is right. Speeches differ in subject matter, volume, the goals of the speakers are different, and the audiences to which they speak are different. However, there are stable, typical methods of speech development of the speech text. The combination of these techniques can be summarized as a set of the following recommendations:

You need to be prepared for the performance. You should not count on successful improvisation if there is even the slightest opportunity for preparation.

First of all, you should clearly formulate the topic of the speech by asking yourself: what do I want to say? It should not be presumptuous to assume that the speaker is always so clear. However, many speakers, only after they have begun to speak, come to the realization that they still do not clearly understand what they are trying to convey to the audience, who, as a rule, understand the speaker's unpreparedness before him.

Determine the purpose of the speech. What would you like to achieve? Post a new problem? Refute someone else's point of view? Persuade. audience? Change the course of the discussion? Make significant additions to the problem under discussion?

At the beginning of the speech, immediately formulate the main idea of the speech, the main thesis. Do not delay the introduction of the thesis. Until the listeners understand what you are going to talk about, their attention will be scattered, not focused. Remember that if you drag out the presentation of the essence of the matter, then the annoyance of the audience grows exponentially.

Determine the main idea, divide it into separate components. This division must be carried out sequentially on the basis of one principle. The components that make up the main idea should be commensurate in importance, interconnected into one whole. Each component of your main idea will represent a separate part of your speech, which can be named by the keyword of this part of the speech.

Start the presentation of the content with the most important, fundamental theses. At the end, leave secondary, additional components. If the attention of the audience weakens, dulls, then this will happen in the least important parts of your speech.

If necessary, select relevant information for each thesis: statistical data, information on the history of the issue, the results of sociological surveys.

The thought expressed will be more convincing if you support it with examples.

When giving arguments to support your opinion, arrange them in such a way that their probative power increases. Put the strongest arguments at the end. The final argument is fixed in memory better than the first one.

Evaluate the consistency of the entire text as a whole. Check how the sequence of presentation of the material corresponds to the goal, the nature of the audience, the specific speech situation that has developed by the time you start your speech.

The most typical speech errors are: significant deviations from the main content, inconsistency, disproportion of individual parts, unconvincing examples, repetitions. Each speech has its own specifics of preparation, but this does not mean that there are no general principles for working on the text of a speech.

When preparing the text of a speech, a separate, independent area of work is the work with citations. The purpose of the quote can be different. Some quotes are designed for emotion; others appeal to consciousness, convince by the given factual material, others rely on the authority of the source. If a quote is really needed in a speech, then regardless of the type of quote and its purpose, it is imperative, firstly, to check the quote. In this case, it is completely inappropriate to rely on one's own memory, but one should check the quotation used in the text with the original. Secondly, the meaning of the quoted passage in the text must match the meaning of the quoted passage in the source text. Thirdly, in terms of its volume, the quotation should be sufficient for its meaning to be relatively independent and stable. If a very small amount of speech material is quoted, then one should not spare time to explain to the audience the meaning of the quoted words. Citation truncation is one way of manipulating public opinion. It is necessary to conduct constant work on the selection of citations, their systematization and updating. The speaker needs to pay special attention to the illustrative material and the material that constitutes the information support of the speech. You should think in advance what numbers you will bring. The text should not contain a lot of digital material, since a large number of numbers tires the listeners and obscures the main thing. The figures should be understandable, based on the real background knowledge of the audience. In an audience made up of specialists, there may be more digital material. Background knowledge of a specialist allows him to assimilate this material more quickly and easily. It is necessary to interpret digital data as vividly and originally as possible. In some cases, the figures should be rounded, so they are better perceived and remembered (the population of N is almost 600 thousand people). But rounding is undesirable in a report on the number of victims, the amount of damage caused, here rounding can cause a feeling of distrust among listeners.

Constant contact with the audience is the key problem of public speaking. If there is no contact with the audience, then either the performance itself loses its meaning as a whole, or its effectiveness sharply decreases. The work to maintain contact is multifaceted and simultaneously carried out in several directions.

A monologue is an artificial speech construction; it has a very small age in comparison with dialogical speech. The assimilation and construction of monologue speech require special efforts, additional training. A monologue text is always perceived with greater difficulty than a dialogue. Since the oratory is a monologue speech, it is very important to introduce elements of dialogue into the speech for successful and constant contact with the audience.

Dialogue is the main communicative form of speech. It is dialogue that represents the original, primary form of the existence of language, which corresponds to the very nature of human thinking, which is dialogic in nature. Any spoken or supposed word is a reaction to someone else's word.

Contact with the audience should be remembered even when preparing the text of the speech. There are special speech actions, the purpose of which is to establish and maintain contact. These include: appeal, greeting, compliment, farewell. Variants of these speech actions are well developed and are given in speech etiquette manuals. You should choose for yourself several options for each of these actions and master them well in terms of intonation, in terms of style. You can start a speech without greeting and addressing only at a purely business meeting in a narrow circle of specialists, meetings with which take place quite often. Appeals can and should be used in the central part of the speech, they activate the attention of listeners. Metatext constructions play a very important role in maintaining contact. Metatext is those words and sentences of your speech in which you talk about how it is built, about what and in what sequence you are going to speak or write, i.e. metatext is text about text. The metatextual design of the speech can be likened to the marking of the carriageway and the placement of signs along the road indicating turns, slopes, difficult places. A good speaker always designates parts of his speech with metatextual constructions: at the beginning of my speech, I would like to draw your attention to ...; let's repeat, one more time...; now let's move on to the question of ...; First of all...; Secondly...; third...; In conclusion, I would like to say that...

Reasons for failure:

Excessive immersion in one's own experiences.

Underestimation of one's own abilities.

Perform more often.

Misjudgment of listeners (listeners-understanding partners)

Memories of failure - loss of the thread of the speech (do not get confused, repeat what has already been said), the speaker made a slip (not pay attention or apologize for the mistake), the audience does not pay attention (ask a question), remarks from the audience (ignore, do not stoop to insults ).

The communicative state of the speaker is understood as the totality of all the characteristics of the speaker that affect his ability to establish contact with the audience and maintain it. To form the necessary communicative state, which will allow you to successfully interact with the audience, means the following:

Forbid yourself to think about extraneous things.

Focus your attention on the listeners.

Pay close attention to their reactions.

Convince yourself that at the moment there is nothing more important and meaningful than your performance and the attention of the audience. To invest in speech action all physical and moral forces. Have an offensive strong-willed attitude, lead the audience behind you, and not be led by the audience.

Understand that public speaking is a professional act related to the implementation of your intention, which must achieve the goal.

All these components of the internal state of the speaker are reflected in facial expressions, facial expressions, the nature of the look, posture, posture, body movements. Such information is read by the audience at a subconscious level.

It follows from this that it is possible to fail your speech even before the first word is uttered. You can not go out to the audience and start talking, feeling relaxed, weak-willed, indifferent, lack of initiative. All this will immediately be felt by the audience (even if it does not realize at first), and its reaction will be unfavorable, passive.

Thus, preparing for a speech, we must take care of a convincing substantive development of the topic, its good information support. The speech design of the speech should ensure constant contact with the audience and contribute to the rapid and reliable assimilation of the content.

3. Types of speakers

For clarity, consider the types of speakers and their characteristic features in terms of belonging to the animal world. A comprehensive study of the analyzed issue made it possible to identify the following types of oratory beings:

They are called so because of the annoying habit of laughing at every occasion, especially at their own jokes. The hyenas are so engrossed in making and "laughing" laughs - mainly towards the end of the performance - that they hardly pay any attention to the audience. The composition of the audience is also indifferent to them, and they tell everyone the same jokes. The monthly luncheon of members of the St. Mary's Sewing and Sewing Courses is just as likely to be attacked by the Hyena as is the annual banquet of the rugby club. A hyena can start out with something slightly risky, quickly move on to something that is hardly acceptable, and end up with complete obscenity. There is even something touching about people who sincerely believe that their ability to tell jokes ensures their public speaking success.

Their catchphrase is: “By the way, have you heard about ...”, and the most common is “What am I talking about? ..” Hyenas almost never notice that: 1. Listeners are tired of anecdotes. 2. Annoyed by jokes. 3. The listeners dispersed.

Bluff masters know that there is no connection between the ability to tell jokes and the popularity of the speaker. Knowing well also that wit in speech is more effective than any joke, they write down all the good things they heard from others for future reference.

Elephants are known for their memory. In oratory, this type knows approximately a very narrow range of topics, but sets them out quite smartly, because over time he learns by heart. Unfortunately, topics in which they are more or less knowledgeable, such as: “How I came to the rescue of the godfather of the family ...”, “Famous stamps of Ethiopia 1902-1903”, “Funny stories that we exchanged with the Ayatollah Khomeini" - do not keep the audience in the hall for long. All speakers know that the speech should affect the interests of the audience, at least indirectly. The art is in presenting the material in such a way that irrelevant information will seem interesting. To do this, the composition of the audience, its needs and requests are determined in advance (or during the performance). After that, the speaker picks up the key to the heart of the listeners and dumps everything that he has accumulated on their heads.

Who likes a self-confident sass? And peacock speakers are just that. A detachment of lively talkers "do as I do!" operates under the slogan: “Just give us the opportunity, and we will tell you everything that you would never want to know about the world and about yourself!” Peacocks love to walk around the stage, showing off their sophistication and knowledge. They are ready to immediately speak on any topic, if only they were offered. No self-respecting speaker would want to be ranked among the ranks of peacocks. He will gently decline an offer to speak on even one of the few subjects he is more or less familiar with. He will insist that time is needed to prepare properly and do justice to the subject. After that, he will go to the local library to unearth a couple of interesting facts or to a local bar where peacocks gather to shake their tails. Here, for just a pint of beer, he will be offered as many attractive and unrelated facts as he likes. All that remains is to write down a couple of masterpieces for the upcoming performance, and you know where to screw them with maximum effect - at the beginning and at the end of the speech.

4. Camel

As everyone knows, a camel can absorb 20 gallons of liquid in 10 minutes. But not everyone knows that there is a small group of dedicated speakers with the same ability. They respond to an invitation to speak only on the condition that: 1. There is the prospect of a drunken orgy on a grand scale. 2. There is a place to stay after that for the night. The camel is absolutely indifferent to the occasion of the performance: a wedding banquet or the opening of a branch of the Association of revived kamikaze pilots. The main thing for them is to be able to clearly pronounce the speech to the end. Professionals have different points of view about drinking before, during, or after a performance. There are two widely accepted approaches to this issue: a) limit yourself to a glass of water before and during speech; b) cut before the performance, given that alcohol acts as an anesthetic and makes the performance relatively painless for the speaker. An additional advantage is that you will not be invited there again.

The reason why these cheerful animals dig in the ground so often is not at all related to the fact that they hide nuts there for the winter (a common misconception that can be easily refuted if desired). The fact is that these stupid little rodents completely forget where they left their food. But the inability to remember what happened more than two seconds ago, as well as the complete inability to take care of the future, is already a disease. A certain type of speaker has developed a range of skills in this "squirrel" behavior. Among the lessons learned from observing proteins are the following: 1. It is worth having a backup copy of the speech text in case you lose the main one. It would be nice if a friend or colleague who goes with you took it with him. Even better, send a copy to the host of the event you're speaking at, asking them to keep it "just in case." The organizer, impressed by your foresight, may take this feature into service when considering the menu of the banquet table. 2. Don't try to cut corners or appear too smart. Write down everything you want to say. The idea of making a shortened version of the cards may come in handy later if you remember to buy them. 3. Train your memory according to modern methods. Mastering them can be of great benefit when quoting long-forgotten Mesopotamian poets and using phrases like "I'll never forget the old That's-what-of-it-is-it." 4. Don't be a squirrel, don't look for buried nuts during a performance. The result will be the most deplorable and discouraging.

This is a shaky, timid speaker, who, nervously fiddling with the sheets, squeaks in front of the audience. Experienced speakers take on a mouse or two habits and use them to win the sympathy of the audience. With moderate use, and with a fair amount of skill, these techniques can be very useful: 1. Rubbing the nose. Combined with the twisting of a real or imaginary mustache, it is irresistible and completely confuses the listeners, so that they do not have time to notice that the speaker is reading stock reports. 2. Wearing tight pants raises a normal voice to a mouse squeak. The problem only arises when, having secured the sympathy of the audience, you want to return to normal. Dressing up in public can be very sad. There is a well-known case in Liverpool in the 30s of the last century, when an inexperienced lecturer was convicted three times during one speech of forcibly changing voice modulations. At the subsequent trial, a verdict of "guilty" was issued, given that the defendant confessed to twenty-seven other cases of such disorderly conduct. 3. Practice changing your voice to a squeak in an intimate setting. It is best to do this in front of a mirror so that you can clearly see what the public is about to see. If someone at home doubts your mental health, remind them that an adult can do whatever he pleases at home, while I watch myself. 4. Pay tribute to the founder of the banquet in connection with the quality of the 4th cheese table. Thus, you will show good breeding and demonstrate your knowledge. Phrases like "blue-veined," "mature, moldy," and "perfectly cooked" not only bring out the connoisseur in you, but can also be used for other occasions.

7. Anteater

This small African mammal is distinguished by two characteristic features, as are the speakers who take their cue from it. The first is armored scales, and the second is the habit of rummaging through anthills. Anyone who has ever stood in front of a hostile audience understands the value of scale armor, especially when fending off sensitive issues. Armor can also come in handy when you're overwhelmed with time and the presiding officer is trying to get your attention. If the only thought that you have outlined in your speech has not yet been revealed to the audience, simply ignore even the most impatient gestures from the chair. Continue like nothing happened. If, which is most likely, there was no thought from the very beginning, you can calmly thank the chairman and take your seat. Rummaging in anthills or digging in dirt is one of the most useful oratorical qualities; the second is counting the tidbits that can be licked from a given anthill. Indeed, it is worth digging through the dirt in order to get useful information and use it to your advantage. Here are a few questions to think about: 1. Will there be a fee? If so, then you need to find out in advance what it is, calculate the strategy and try to knock out more.

If the fee is low, this is a serious reason not to accept the invitation or to somehow mutter a speech in accordance with the size of the fee. If the speech is completely free of charge, advise instead of yourself some lecturer you know, whose speech on Serbo-Croatian literature of the fourteenth century is rumored to be simply breathtaking. 2. Is accommodation provided? The question is of particular interest to "camels" and those whose spouses evoke warm feelings. 3. How long should the speech be? On this depends, for example, whether it will be possible to read out fragments from books, newspapers, magazines and telephone directories to a peacefully sleeping or talking audience. 4.What equipment is provided? This will help you in choosing the style of speech. You should always remember Murphy's law: "If something bad can happen, it will definitely happen." The more equipment, the more likely there is to be some small mischief, and this can be factored into your performance plan by blaming any emergency on modern technology and using it for a planned getaway. If you're not going to run for your life, then check everything at least twice before the performance.

5. Who is sitting in the hall? It is very useful to know the composition of the audience. Then you can delve into the subject of speech and say only what no one will dispute. In addition, you automatically eliminate all possible questions, since the public agrees in advance with everything you say to them. Unfortunately, speech from this becomes extremely boring. Information is power. This is especially true in those cases where the speaker can use everything that he managed to accumulate for his own interests. Unceremonious people will say in no uncertain terms that this is blackmail. Bluff masters prefer to call this a tactic.

3. Definition of the concepts "dispute", "discussion", "controversy"

What is a dispute? What is its essence, what kinds of dispute do we have to deal with? The "Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language" says that a dispute is a verbal competition, a discussion of something between two or more persons, in which each side defends its opinion, its rightness; a selection of opinions (usually in the press) on various issues of science, literature, politics; controversy. Colloquial meanings: disagreements, quarrel, bickering; portable: contradiction, disagreement.

Common to all meanings of the word "dispute" is the presence of disagreements, lack of consensus, confrontation. In modern scientific literature, the word "dispute" is used to denote the process of exchanging opposing opinions. However, there is no single definition of this concept.

In our opinion, the most acceptable definition of a dispute is any clash of opinions, disagreement in the lobes of vision on any issue, subject, a struggle in which one of the parties defends his case.

In Russian, there are other words for this phenomenon; discussion, dispute, controversy, debate, debate. Quite often they are used as synonyms for the word "dispute". In scientific research, these words often serve as the names of individual varieties of the dispute.

For example, a discussion (from Latin discussio - research, consideration, analysis) is such a public dispute, the purpose of which is to clarify and compare different points of view, search, identify the true opinion, find the right solution to the controversial issue. The discussion is considered an effective way of persuasion, as its participants themselves come to a particular conclusion. The word dispute also came to us from the Latin language (dtsputar - reason, disputatio - debate) and originally meant the public defense of a scientific essay written for a degree. Today, the word "dispute" is not used in this sense. Controversy has a different character (from the ancient Greek polemikos - warlike, hostile). Controversy is not just a dispute, but one in which there is a confrontation, confrontation, confrontation of sides, ideas and speeches. Based on this, controversy can be defined as a struggle of fundamentally opposite opinions on a particular issue, a public dispute in order to defend, defend one's point of view and refute the opponent's opinion.

From this definition it follows that. controversy is distinguished by discussion and dispute precisely by its target orientation. A participant in discussions, comparing contradictory judgments, tries to come to a common opinion, find a common solution, establish the truth.

The purpose of the controversy is different: it is necessary to defeat the enemy, to defend and approve one's own position.

However, it should be borne in mind that a truly scientific debate is not conducted for the sake of victory as such. Controversy is the science of persuasion, it teaches to reinforce thoughts with convincing and undeniable arguments, scientific arguments.

The word "debate" of French origin (defeat - dispute, debate); "preme" is a Russian word recorded in the lexicon of the 17th century .. The explanatory dictionary defines these words as follows: debate - debate, exchange of views on any issues, disputes; debate - discussion of any issue, public dispute on any issues. Under these words; As a rule, they mean disputes that arise during the discussion of reports, messages, speeches at meetings, sessions, conferences.

Classification of disputes. As you can see, there are different types of disputes. In the scientific literature, attempts are made to systematize them. Various signs are taken as the basis. However, there is currently no unified classification of disputes.

The main factors influencing the nature of the dispute and its features include:

The purpose of the dispute;

The significance of the problem of the dispute;

Number of participants;

The form of the dispute.

Purpose of the dispute:

The search for truth;

Persuasion of the opponent;

Win a victory;

Argument for the sake of argument.

The dispute as a search for truth can serve as a means to search for truth, to test any thought, idea, to substantiate it in such a dispute, arguments are carefully selected and analyzed, the positions and views of the opposite side are carefully evaluated, in essence, a joint investigation of the truth is being conducted. Of course, such a dispute is possible only between competent people who know the problem and are interested in solving it. As Professor S.I. Povarnin, who at the beginning of XX. actively developed the theory of dispute, "... this is the highest form of dispute, the most noble and most beautiful."

Argument to convince the opponent. Two important points can be made here. Sometimes the disputant convinces the opponent of what he himself is deeply convinced of, but sometimes he assures also because it is "necessary" on duty, due to some circumstances. The dispute is for the content of the victory. The disputants achieve it for various reasons. Some believe that they are defending the public interest, others need a victory for self-affirmation, others need a more effective victory, and they are not shy in methods and means to achieve it. Argument for the sake of argument. This is a kind of "art", "sport". For such disputants, it makes no difference what to argue about, with whom to argue, why argue. It is important for them to shine with eloquence. In life, it is not always possible to clearly distinguish between the types of disputes by goals, they are conditional.

In disputes, national interests, the interests of certain social strata are affected, and it is often necessary to defend group interests. Family and personal interests are also protected in them. It is important to understand the social significance of the problem in order not to waste energy and energy on unimportant issues.

Number of participants

The specifics of the dispute is affected by the number of persons participating in the discussion of problematic issues. On this basis, it is important to distinguish three main groups:

dispute-monologue (a person argues with himself, this is the so-called "internal dispute");

dispute-dialogue (two persons argue);

dispute-polylogue (conducted by several or many persons).

Disputes can take place with or without listeners. The presence of listeners, even if they do not express their attitude to the dispute, affects the disputants.

4. Form of the dispute

Disputes can be oral and printed. The oral form involves direct communication with each other, the written (printed) form - indirect communication. Oral disputes, as a rule, are limited in time and closed in space. Written disputes are longer.

In an oral dispute, external and psychological features play an important role. Of great importance are the manner of confidently holding on, speed of reaction, liveliness of thinking, wit. A timid, shy person usually loses compared to an overconfident opponent. That is why a written dispute is more suitable for clarifying the truth than an oral one. However, it also has its drawbacks. It can go on for too long, sometimes for years, so its participants have time to forget individual moments, they are not able to restore them in memory.

Disputes are organized and unorganized. Organized disputes are planned, prepared, conducted under the guidance of specialists. The polemicists have the opportunity to get to know the subject of the dispute in advance, determine their position, select the necessary arguments, and think over the possible objections of the opponents. However, a dispute can also arise spontaneously in the educational process, at meetings and meetings, in everyday life.

The success of the dispute also depends on the composition of the polemicists. Their level of culture, erudition, competence, life experience, possession of polemical skills and abilities, knowledge of the rules of a public dispute are of great importance. In practice, very often the competence of the parties to the dispute is absent. F.M. Dostoevsky:

“If, for example, he met Liebig (the famous German chemist) even in a railway carriage, and if only a conversation about chemistry began and our master managed to cling to the conversation, then there is no doubt, he could withstand the most scientific dispute, knowing from chemistry there is only one word: chemistry. Of course, he would have surprised Liebig, but who knows - in the eyes of the audience he would have remained, perhaps, a winner. "

The proposed classification will allow you to more accurately determine what kind of dispute you are dealing with in a particular situation, and will help you choose the best tactics of behavior.

oratorical polemical speech dispute

Conclusion

In the last phase of the dispute, it is not always possible to come to an unambiguous opinion. Many disputes end with the fact that each participant is even more affirmed in his rightness. But it would be wrong to conclude from this that most disputes are ineffective. Although the positions of the arguing people have not changed, they have undoubtedly become clearer than before the start of the dispute. Far from every dispute ends with everyone converting to the "one faith", but almost every dispute helps the parties to clarify their positions, to find additional arguments to defend them. We can say that the dispute is intended, if not to resolve, then at least to clarify the problem under discussion. But it happens that discussion and controversy lead to the opposite result. Initially, fairly clear ideas about the course of the dispute are blurred, and by its end, little remains of the initial clarity and seemingly convincing arguments. The most common reason for this is the complexity of the subject under discussion.

The clash of different ideas about it reveals their incompleteness, and the clarifying function of the dispute is transformed into its opposite: what was relatively clear before the dispute becomes foggy and confusing after it. Arguing is not entirely harmless. It can also lead to undesirable consequences. Therefore, one should be able to minimize the possible damage caused by this phenomenon and extract the greatest possible benefit from it. The main result of the dispute is not in itself a victory over the opposing side, but the solution of some specific problem, best of all, its mutual solution. In this case, the victory of one of the arguing parties can only be spoken of in a figurative sense: when the truth is revealed as a result of a dispute, it becomes the property of both parties, and the “victory” of one of them has a purely psychological character.

Bibliography

Golovin B.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. M., 1988

Ivanova S.F. Specificity of public speech / S.F. Ivanova. - M.: Delo, 2001. - 124 p.

Chris Stewart, Michael Wilkson. Oratory. - St. Petersburg: Amphora/Eureka, 2001.

Lenin V. I. Poly. coll. cit., v. 25.

Lunacharsky A.V. Sobr. op. in 8 volumes, v. 7 // M.: 1967. - 685 p.

Nozhin E.A. Skill in oral presentation. M., 1989

Russian language and culture of speech. Ed. prof. IN AND. Maksimov. M.: Gardariki, 2000.

Soper P. Fundamentals of the art of speech. M., 1992

Frans H., Van Yeemeren, Rob Groostendorst. Argumentation, communication and errors. SPb., 1992

Chekhov A.P. Sobr. op. in 12 volumes, v. 6. M., 1962.

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Rule 1. The speaker must put the audience in the spotlight.

This is the rule of every master of oratory. When composing your speech, build the principle of "audience in the spotlight" into its DNA.

Focus on the expectations and interests of the audience. Watch her reaction to your words. If people are interested in something that you don’t pay enough attention to, expand this part. If attention begins to wander, mobilize it with stories, jokes, or questions from the audience.

If you are nervous, it will be difficult to switch from your feelings to the emotions of the audience. But as soon as you try, you will understand that this, on the contrary, is a way to overcome the fear of public speaking.

Rule 2. The speaker should focus on relationships.

If you put the audience in the spotlight, then you are already on the right track. However, that's not all. A successful performance is one that takes into account the following points:

The attitude of the speaker to the audience.

To form the right attitude, the speaker must involve the audience, arouse her interest in the speech. This will help the rules of effective communication.

For example, Vladimir Putin interested a young audience by showing the judo technique.

He did this while speaking at a sports school.

The attitude of the speaker to the content of speech.

You need to show your enthusiasm to the audience.

The attitude of the audience to the content of the speech.

The right attitude will be formed if you successfully make the audience understand why this presentation is so important to them.

For example, Steve Jobs always succeeded because he skillfully presented new Apple devices as something that would help solve listeners' problems.

The slide says: “Phones are not perfect. A challenge for an entire industry.”

Rule 3. The speaker must set the goals of the speech.

Too many speakers confuse the topic and purpose of a speech. The topic is what you are going to talk about. It is very important, but there is also a goal - what you want to achieve by giving people this information.

Rule 6. The speaker must be able to answer questions.

The Q&A block at the end of the speech is another chance to convince the audience. Especially if you did not have time to pay attention to something in the speech itself. But this part of the performance can be unpredictable. Therefore, the most important thing for a speaker is not to get lost.

For example, here is how Vladimir Putin answers unexpected and incomprehensible questions with humor:

Like any other business, oratory has its own basic rules, the main goal of which is to properly manage the elements of speech and apply a variety of speech techniques and principles depending on the situation. So the speech becomes more understandable, interesting and, as a result, is better perceived and has a greater impact on the mind of the listener. Let's briefly talk about the main principles of oratory.

Forget yourself and get busy

Only an insecure speaker is fixated on himself, he is disturbed by negative thoughts, fear of failure. Such excitement and attention to himself inevitably makes him constrained, insecure, he often gets confused in words and stumbles. What prevents you from behaving in front of the public in the same way as in the company of friends? What keeps us from being liberated? Only internal installations. If you are completely carried away by the performance, forget about yourself and discard extraneous thoughts, you simply will not be left to worry. That is why this rule is called the principle of certainty.

A good speaker is the master of the situation

When speaking, some speakers give the impression that they have done something shameful, that their conscience gnaws at them, they are frightened by every extraneous phrase or question uttered by the listener, they try to answer in detail every irrelevant question and seem to be waiting for instructions from their audience. It looks pathetic, so we must not forget that for the duration of the speech, the speaker should become the leader of the audience, lead it at his own discretion, and not look for advice in the hall. To do this, you do not need to be rude, to show a dictatorial style in communication. It is necessary to be attentive and understanding to the audience, but not to forget to conduct the conversation in the right way. You need to be in full control of the situation and strictly follow your plan, and the audience should get the impression that the speaker knows what he wants.

Excite the audience

If this is not done, then the listeners will take care of themselves. Some speakers act on listeners better than sleeping pills. They just mumble something incoherent under their breath. The audience needs to be captivated, otherwise you will simply tire the listeners and test their patience. If you have a boring scientific report, try to dilute it with interesting facts and keep the attention of the audience. Otherwise, you will be rewarded with a loud standing ovation for finishing your speech. Agree, few people like it.

The principle of the play.

Since the beginning of time, the public has demanded bread and circuses. It is the second that you must give them. People have always been ready to pay money for going to theaters, cinemas, circuses, performances. Subconsciously the audience wants to see some show. It is best to justify this desire of the listeners. To do this, you need to make your speech bright and rich, and not sluggishly read the text on a piece of paper. Try to turn your performance into some kind of entertaining performance.

Add variety

The roaring thunder replaces the established silence. Subconsciously, a person perceives not so much the sounds themselves, the colors of the world, the phenomena surrounding us, but the contrast. We are used to many things and already stop noticing. Accordingly, in order to make speech more attractive and varied, it is necessary to introduce as much variety as possible into it. Variety should be present in everything except diction, which should remain clear in any situation. Change the style of speech, tone of voice, pace, use different emotional shades, actively use gestures, move around if possible. Various pauses will not interfere with the speech. Such speech attracts attention better, makes listening with pleasure, is better perceived and remembered, and, as a result, the return from it becomes much greater. Not at all like a boring and monotonous story that makes you want to sleep or leave as soon as possible. Try to speak as varied as possible, diluting the boring text with jokes and interesting digressions.

If you want to be interesting - be interested

But really, in order for the speech not to be forgotten the next day, you need to interest the audience, not speak indifferently and monotonously. Good speech requires enthusiasm. Try to make your speech as interesting as possible, and it will surely interest the audience. Try to include as few boring facts and "dry" numbers as possible in your speech. It's tiring and has little to no effect.

Responsibility for misunderstanding lies entirely with you.

Whatever excuse the speaker would come up with, all the blame for the misunderstanding by the listeners lies solely with him. It cannot be justified by the clumsy brains of the listeners, the distracted audience. If a speaker throws phrases towards the audience with notes of bewilderment from the fact that they do not understand him, he is absolutely wrong from the very beginning. In such a bad way, he is trying to shift the responsibility to the public. You need to build your speech and speak in such a way that it is simply impossible not to understand you. All phrases should be simple and unambiguous.

Claims to listeners are inappropriate

Although in most cases the listeners are quite disciplined and perfectly understand how to behave in society, there are also those who are not aware of such rules. Listeners are often talkative, aggressive, arrogant, or simply drunk. Naturally, they will seriously interfere with the performance. Although sometimes a violent student can be removed from the classroom, this approach is usually best avoided. No matter how defiantly the listener behaves, no matter how he interferes, distracts, asks inappropriate questions, does not interrupt, you should not make a claim. Whatever the audience, you should always behave with it tactfully and perceive it as it is.

Exhaust the topic, not the audience's patience

Time is the main value in life, because it, in fact, is life. Our life is measured by the minutes we live and how we manage this time. If stealing money is considered a crime, then wasting time from a person is not condemned by society. Don't waste your time and that of your listeners, don't wait until they want to leave, finish speaking early, don't steal a piece of their life.

The principles of oratory are just vectors that set the general direction in words and actions. There should be a measure in everything, stick to the golden mean. These principles need to be applied in certain quantities and only when the situation requires it, because the audience and the situation can be different, and the rules are far from universal. We invite you to visit our training on oratory in Kharkov. This is a real concentrate of useful information, it has helped hundreds of people, now it's your turn!

Efremov Sergey "9 main principles of oratory"

Portal for the student. Self-training

Oratory: lessons in rhetoric. Speech image of the speaker

Practical orientation and novelty of the project:

Chapter 1. The history of the emergence of oratory.

What is oratory?

History of oratory

Speaking in front of an audience

Visual perception and appearance

Attention retention

Contact with the audience

Oratory in other types of speech communication

Oratory training

Who is a good speaker?

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar Documents

Rule 1. The speaker must put the audience in the spotlight.

Rule 2. The speaker should focus on relationships.

Rule 3. The speaker must set the goals of the speech.

Rule 6. The speaker must be able to answer questions.

Portal for the student. Self-training

Practical orientation and novelty of the project:

Chapter 1. The history of the emergence of oratory.

What is oratory?

History of oratory

Speaking in front of an audience

Visual perception and appearance

Attention retention

Contact with the audience

Oratory in other types of speech communication

Oratory training

Who is a good speaker?

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar Documents

Rule 1. The speaker must put the audience in the spotlight.

Rule 2. The speaker should focus on relationships.

Rule 3. The speaker must set the goals of the speech.

Rule 6. The speaker must be able to answer questions.

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