The defeat of Kuchum made a huge impression on the local population, which hastened to voluntarily accept Russian citizenship. However, calm on the South Siberian borders has not been established. Throughout the 17th century, the descendants of Kuchum continued to disturb Russian villages and Tatar uluses with raids.

From the end of the 16th century, Western Mongolian tribes (Oirots or Black Kalmyks) began to penetrate into the Irtysh region, who began to demand tribute from the Baraba Tatars. From the 20s of the 17th century, they began to oust the Tatars from the river. Omi to the north, destroying their uluses. “In the Kalmyk steppes,” G. N. Potanin wrote, “there were many slaves from the Baraba, who, at the request of the Russian border authorities, were returned by the Kalmyk authorities to their homeland, to Siberia, by the hundreds.” In the border volosts, a detachment of service people from Tara was constantly “on guard”.

In 1601, the boyar son V. Tyrkov was sent to the Tomsk Tatars, who established relations with the local nobility. In 1603, Prince Tayan arrived in Moscow and asked for a Russian prison to be built in the Tomsk land. In 1604, the head of the detachment, Pisemsky, reported to Moscow that the Tomsk prison had been built. Tomsk became the military-administrative center of the Tomsk district. His garrison provided protection for the city and the population of the county. It became known to the Russian authorities that weapons were supplied to the nomads by the Shors “Kuznetsk Tatars”, who fell into vassal dependence on the Oirot feudal lords. By order of Moscow, at the end of 1617, a consolidated detachment under the command of O. Kharlamov moved from Tomsk to the mouth of the river. Condoms. By May 1618, the Kuznetsk fortress was built. The creation of Kuznetsk marked the beginning of the accession to Russia of a vast territory in the south of Western Siberia from the upper reaches of the Irtysh in the west to the upper reaches of the Tom in the east. However, at that moment, the Russians did not have sufficient forces to decisively repulse the hordes of nomads, and the government instructed the local authorities to avoid conflicts in every possible way.

Further advance of the Russians to the south turned out to be impossible. in the 30s of the 17th century, the Western Mongols created a strong state of Dzungaria. The supreme ruler of Dzungaria, the kontaisha, sought to create a vast empire that included Mongolia, Altai, Kazakhstan and Central Asia. The cautious policy pursued by the Moscow government caused discontent among the local population, who were forced to pay tribute to both the Russians and the Mongols. Due to the constant military danger, the territory of the current Novosibirsk region remained outside the main zone of Russian settlement. Only at the end of the 17th century, agricultural colonization approached the border of the Novosibirsk section of the Ob. One of the first who decided to do this was the boyar son Alexei Kruglik, who in 1695 founded arable land above the Urtam prison on the river. Ixe. This year can be considered the date of founding the village of Kruglikova in the Bolotninsky district of the NSO. Almost simultaneously, the plows of the Russians on the river turned black. Oyash, Inya, and the villages of Pashkova, Krasulina, Gutovo appeared.

However, due to the threat of nomadic raids, the owners of arable land preferred to permanently live near the prisons. To ensure the safety of Russian settlers at the mouth of the river. Umrevy in 1703 was erected the Umrevensky prison. Shortly after the construction of Umrevinsky Ostroy, the first Russian settlement appeared on the territory of the future Novosibirsk, the village of Krivoshchekovskaya. The village got its name from the nickname of the service man Fyodor Krivoshchek. Around the same time, the first permanent settlement appeared on the river. Berd village Morozovo. In 1709, the Russians built the Bikatun fortress at the mouth of the Biya and Katun rivers, which became a thorn in the eye of the rulers of Dzungaria. During one of the raids, the Oirots burned it. Realizing that only the construction of a complex of fortified points could protect the civilian population, the Tomsk commandant Trakhiniotov in 1713 ordered the nobleman Lavrentiev to find a place for the construction of a prison at the mouth of the river. Chaus. Lavrentyev found it expedient to build a prison in the newly settled Anisimova village. 30 Cossacks were transferred to the Chaussky jail to serve. Ostrog became an important transport point on the Moscow-Siberian highway. By 1720, the villages of Bolshaya and Malaya Oyashinsky, Ust-Inskaya, Yarskaya, in total, 11 villages existed in the district of the Chaussky prison. mostly consisted of fugitive peasants, coachmen and raznochintsy. In the 20s of the 18th century, many residents of the city of Tara settled in the district, who refused to swear allegiance to Catherine I after her coronation by Peter I in 1722 and, fleeing from the search, were forced to flee. The Cossacks of the Chaussky garrison were white-located Cossacks, i.e. they did not receive a salary, but served “from the ground and from the grass”, i.e. they were given allotments of land. They were charged with various duties of guard duty, maintenance of winter huts, and repair of ships.

The security of the more southern regions of the Novosibirsk Ob region was ensured by the Berdsky prison, built in 1710 (opinion of N.A. Minenko). Beloyarsk and new Bikatun fortresses were built in 1718. As a result, by 1718 the interfluve of the Ob and Tom was firmly assigned to Russia. At the same time, the Omsk (1716), Zhelezninskaya (1717), Semipalatinsk (1718), Ust-Kamenogorsk (1720) fortresses grew on the Irtysh, which contributed to the stabilization of the situation in the south of Western Siberia, although the external danger remained and the Russian administration put up with the double-giving of the Barabans. In 1722, three more Russian fortifications were built in Baraba: Ust - Tartas, at the confluence of the river. Tartas in Om, Kainskoye at the confluence of the river. Kainki in Om and Ubinskoe to the south-west of Lake Ubinskoe. Cossacks lived in the fortresses, protecting the uluses of the Baraba Tatars. In 1729, the Cossacks sent to the Uba outpost submitted a request to the Tomsk governor to transfer them to Kargat, where living conditions were better - this is how the new Kargat outpost appeared.

Near the outposts, villages and winter quarters arose, where peasants lived, who kept horses for government patrols.

The main occupation was agriculture. They plowed with a wooden plow with iron tips. Sowed mainly rye, less oats, barley, wheat. Various vegetables were grown in the gardens: onions, garlic, carrots, cabbage, turnips, cucumbers. The shifting system of farming was widely used, in which, after several years of use, they were abandoned for a long time for “rest”. Fertilizers were not applied, because virgin lands gave relatively high yields. Wealthy peasants sold a large part of their grain to Siberian cities and fortresses located in the north: Tomsk, Narym, Surgut, Berezov, where prices for it were high. By the end of the 17th century, the Tomsk district already made do with its own bread. In the Kuznetsk district, their own bread was not enough during this period. In general, by the end of the 17th century, Siberia began to make do with its own grain, refusing to import it from European Russia. In 1685, the duty to supply bread to Siberia was removed from the Pomeranian cities. Now the task was to redistribute grain within Siberia from the producing areas to the consuming ones. The local population in isolated cases tried to farm according to the Russian model. It was not involved in forced labor on the sovereign and monastic plows. By the hands of a Russian man, then Siberia turned into a grain-growing region.

The most important branch of the economy was livestock breeding with hay for the winter. They kept horses, cattle, sheep, goats. This gave the peasants draft power for cultivating fields, transporting goods, and provided them with meat, milk, leather, and wool. Wealthy peasants had large herds of cattle on their farms.

Hunting and fishing played a supporting role. The peasant economy had a natural character: almost all household items were produced in it. The land that watered and fed the peasant did not belong to him. She was state. For the use of it, the peasant performed certain duties. Initially, these were quitrents in kind and money, which were imposed on every household, and since 1724, a per capita cash tax from every male soul. In favor of the state, farmers also performed other duties: they transported government goods, built roads.

The annexation of Western Siberia to Russia was not only a political act. A more significant role in the process of incorporating Siberia into Russia was played by the economic development of the territory by the Russian people. Since the 90s of the 16th century, a massive influx of immigrants from the European part of the country to Siberia unfolded. The vast majority of the West Siberian population was made up of free settlers who fled from feudal oppression. The government's efforts to translate and refer to arable land have not yielded significant results. Despite the enormous difficulties for the new settlers, the settlement and economic development of Western Siberia in the late 16th century - early 18th century developed successfully. The economic activity of the Russians had a charitable impact on the improvement of the aboriginal economy.

Scheme of state administration of Siberia in 1720-1760s.

The Siberian Khanate occupied the territory inhabited by peoples who were at various stages of development - Khanty, Mansi, Trans-Ural Bashkirs, etc.

It also included Turkic-speaking tribes: Kipchaks, Argyns, Karluks, Kangly, Naimans, etc., known according to some sources under the collective name of the Siberian Tatars.

19. What two dynasties competed for the throne in the Siberian Khanate? What was their fundamental difference from each other?

Dynasties of Taibugins and Sheibanids. After a long struggle between representatives of the White Horde, the Sheibanids, and representatives of the local nobility, the Taibugins - the descendants of the legendary Taibuga Khan, the Sheibanid - Ibak seized power. For formal reasons, the Taibugins could not have the status of a khan in any of the Mongol uluses - according to Genghis Khan's Yasa, only Genghisides could become a khan. In the documents, the Sheibanids are called "kings" ("khans"), and the Taibugins - "princes".

20. What was the emblem of the Siberian Khanate?

Description: in the ermine shield there are two black sables, standing on their hind legs and supporting with their front legs, one - a golden five-pronged crown, the other - a blackened lying bow and two arrows placed crosswise, with the points down.

Finally, the Siberian Khanate was annexed in 1598 after the defeat of Khan Kuchum. The image of sables symbolize the fur wealth of Siberia. Its basis was the emblem of the city of Tobolsk. The coat of arms is crowned with an altabas (brocade) cap of the third outfit of Tsar Ivan Alekseevich, decorated with gold studs.

21. What was the name in the 16-17 centuries. The territory of Transbaikalia and the western Amur region?

Dauria (Daurian land).

22. Some of what peoples of Siberia were already part of the Moscow principality by the beginning of the 16th century?

Ostyaks (Khanty and Mansi); Siberian Tatars.

23. What is the reason for the dispersed settlement of the local peoples of Siberia?

The majority of peoples that do not have their own national-state and national-territorial formations are distinguished by a high dispersal of the population. The small peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East, who do not have their own autonomies, are settled in fairly compact ethnic arrays. Such dispersion is due to the long-term development of this territory by the Russians; traditional focal settlement of the peoples of Siberia.

24. What is the difference between approaches in posing the question of the development of Siberia and the Far East from the statement about the beginning of the colonization of this region by the Russian state since the 16th century?

In the first case, the main role in the process of joining the Siberian lands to the Russian kingdom is assigned to the people's forces - industrialists, merchants, fugitive peasants, service people. Representatives of these classes, Russians by nationality, settled Siberian territories even before the “official” government movement to the east in the 16th century, merging with the local population and establishing economic ties.

In the second case, the state is considered the main "engine" for the seizure of the eastern territories, i.e. government of the Russian kingdom. It equips expeditions, provides funds for reconnaissance campaigns, and so on. Thus, according to this approach, the colonization of Siberia occurs "from above".

Siberia is a region in the northern part of Asia, bounded from the west by the Ural Mountains, from the east and north by the oceans (the Pacific and the Arctic, respectively). It is subdivided into Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia. Sometimes Southern Siberia is also distinguished. The origin of the word "Siberia" is not fully established. According to Z. Ya. Boyarshinova, this term comes from the name of the ethnic group "sipyr", whose linguistic affiliation is controversial. Later, it began to refer to the Turkic-speaking group that lived along the river. Irtysh in the area of ​​modern Tobolsk.

One of the glorious deeds that every Russian, and even more so you and me, should be proud of is the development of Siberia in the feudal period. In order to better imagine the life of Russians at that time in a vast region, one must know what kind of houses they had, how they dressed, what they ate. The analysis of the material culture of the Russian peasants of Western Siberia in the feudal period is important in connection with the discussion of the result of the annexation of Siberia to Russia in the conditions of the development of new territories. In this paper, the features of the development of the material culture of the West Siberian peasants over a century and a half are considered on the example of residential, economic and cultural buildings, clothes, utensils of all categories of the Russian peasantry in different natural and climatic zones of the region, taking into account the influence of socio-economic processes, migrations, government policies, contacts with the native population of the region.

1. Colonization and land development

Ermak's campaign and the defeat of Kuchum led the Siberian Khanate to collapse. The struggle against Kuchum continued until the end of the 1590s. The Russian administration built strongholds (Tyumen - 1586; Tobolsk - 1587; Pelym - 1593; Berezov - 1593; Surgut - 1594, etc.). The entry of Siberia into the Russian state took place over decades as it was mastered by Russian settlers. The state power, establishing strongholds in Siberia - stockades, which later became cities with a trade and craft population, attracted new settlers with various benefits. Such strongholds were overgrown with villages, and then settlements, which in turn became centers that united the rural population. Such agricultural areas gradually merged and formed larger areas of Russian settlement. The first of these regions in Western Siberia was Verkhotursko-Tobolsk, which developed in the 1630s in Western Siberia in the basin of the Tura River and its southern tributaries. Self-sufficiency of Siberia with bread as a result of the economic activity of settlers became possible from the 1680s. By the end of the 17th century, four West Siberian counties - Tobolsk, Verkhotursky, Tyumen and Turin - became the main breadbasket of Siberia. The more eastern area of ​​agricultural development by Russian settlers in Western Siberia was the territory between Tomsk and Kuznetsk, founded respectively in 1604 and 1618.

The main cities, prisons and winter quarters of Siberia in the 17th century

The penetration of Russian fishermen into Eastern Siberia began in the 17th century. With the development of the Yenisei basin, on its middle reaches up to the mouth of the Angara, the second most important grain-producing region began to be created, which extended to Krasnoyarsk, founded in 1628. To the south, until the end of the 17th century, the Mongol state of Altyn-khans, the Kirghiz and Oirat rulers prevented agricultural land development. Further commercial development of the East of Siberia began to cover Yakutia and the Baikal region. A grain-producing region was created in the upper reaches of the Lena and along the Ilim. On the largest rivers - the Indigirka, Kolyma, Yana, Olenyok, and especially at the mouth of the Lena, part of the industrialists began to settle for permanent residence, and local groups of a permanent old-timer Russian population formed there.

Traditionally, the colonization of Siberia is classified in two directions: government and free people. The purpose of the government's resettlement policy was to provide the serving population with bread allowances through the use of the natural resources of the annexed territories. In the XVIII century, it was planned to create an agricultural region in Siberia, which not only provided for the needs of the region, but also covered the growing needs of the center in bread. Realizing the prospects of the development of Siberia, the state could not and did not intend to reduce control over the course of economic development. The government resettled the arable peasants to Siberia “according to the device” and “by order”. Those wishing to move to Siberia "on the sovereign's arable land" were given benefits for two, three years or more, assistance and loans of various sizes. The device of the peasants was carried out by the region in the form of a duty. "In total, regardless of the sources of formation of the peasant class, the main groups of farmers in Siberia in the 17th century were plowed and quitrent peasants." They performed feudal duties in favor of the owner of the land - the state.

For the cultivation of the sovereign's arable land, peasant hands and peasant farming were needed - draft power, agricultural implements. “By decree”, the “transferees” selected by the local administration in the Chernososhnye counties were sent with their families, horses, other livestock, agricultural implements, food and seeds for their own sowing to a new place of residence. At first, the peasants sent to Siberia were given assistance in their old place. For example, in 1590 it was ordered in Solvychegodsk and in the county to take 30 families of arable peasants to Siberia and that each person had three good geldings, three cows, two goats, three pigs, five sheep, two geese, five hens, two ducks, bread for a year, a plow for arable land, a sleigh, a cart and "all kinds of worldly junk." The government made sure that the peasants moved to Siberia with a full economy.

Such a measure of the government for the settlement and agricultural development of Siberia, as the establishment of large agricultural settlements there - settlements, which concentrated the bulk of the peasant population, formed from the former inhabitants of the European part of the country, mainly Pomeranians, also turned out to be effective. The construction of settlements has become more widespread in Siberia than in Pomorye and other regions of the country. The initiative in their creation at first belonged to the state, and then passed to enterprising natives of the people - Slobodchik. Slobodchiki sometimes met with resistance from the governor. This happened in 1639 during the organization of the Murzinskaya Sloboda. Slobodchik Andrei Buzheninov, who received permission in Tobolsk to organize a settlement, met with sharp opposition from the Verkhoturye governor V. Korsakov when recruiting those wishing to move to a new village on the rights of quitrent peasants with a six-year benefit. The governor forbade recruiting on the territory of the county and informed Moscow that the villager was violating the established recruitment rules, calling not only children from their fathers, but the whole family.

Already in 1674, 3,903 peasant households were concentrated in the most populated Verkhotursk-Tobolsk district, of which 2,959 were arable peasant households and 944 were grain-growing households. By the end of the XVII century. the number of peasant households there reached 6765. On the banks of the river. Parabels in the Narym district by the beginning of the 18th century. 13 families of arable peasants lived. A small center of agriculture remained on the river. Keti with 17 yards of arable peasants. Within the limits of the Tomsk district in 1703, 399 peasant families associated with the processing of tithe arable land, and 88 grain-growing households were settled. 96 families of arable peasants lived in the Kuznetsk district.

Within Western Siberia at the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries. 7378 families of plowed and grain-growing peasants lived. On the territory of Eastern Siberia, they lived in 5 counties: in Yenisei - 917 families, Krasnoyarsk - 102, Bratsk - 128, Irkutsk - 338, Ilimsk - 225.

The formation of a contingent of arable and quitrent peasants proceeded on the initiative and under the control of the governors of Siberian cities, who systematically reported to the Siberian order on the state and expansion of state arable land, the volume and consumption of the crop.

The achievements of Russian settlers in Siberia are explained by the specifics of this process. The development of Siberia took place with the participation of peasants who moved to Siberia and cultivated the lands of the new region with their labor. From the very beginning, a broad wave of peasant colonization went to Siberia. By the end of the XVII century. the peasant population of Siberia accounted for 44% of the total Russian population. In addition, the majority of servicemen and townspeople, by the nature of their occupations, were farmers. For some part of the service people, agriculture was a source of livelihood, others, receiving a grain salary, nevertheless, were engaged in agriculture and had a more or less significant plowing, and still others, as a supplement to their monetary and salt salaries, plowed the land. The state peasants for the received land allotment served corvee on "tithe arable land". Initially, each peasant was obliged to plow 1 dess. state arable land. This was due to the desire to quickly increase the sovereign's plowing, but it led to the fact that the peasants could not plow the arable land for several years. The first Yenisei peasants, even in the fifth year after their settlement, could not plow sob arable land, since they were completely occupied in processing the sovereign's arable land. Gradually, the size of the arable land changed depending on the economic capabilities of the peasant from 0.25 to 1.5 acres per field. The basis of the peasant economy was the "sobin" plot of land. The use of this site was formalized by "this charter". The sobin area included arable and fallow land, as well as hay meadows. The size of the peasant "sob arable land" was in a certain proportion with the state arable land. For example, in the Yenisei district, the usual ratio between peasant and sovereign arable land was considered to be 4.5:1, i.e., for 4.5 acres of his plowing land, a peasant was obliged to plow 1 acres of sovereign arable land. In Tomsk Uyezd, on average, one peasant household accounted for 1.8 acres in the field of arable land. Labor rent was the dominant form of service throughout the 17th century. The appearance of cash and food rent was of great importance, but in the 17th century. they have not yet become dominant.

Thus, the colonization of Siberia in the XVII - early XVIII centuries. is predominantly agricultural. Moreover, its successes are inextricably linked with the development of agriculture. The Russian people, having vast agricultural experience, were able to adapt it in Siberia and create a new agriculture, higher in its level.

During the 17th century, two trends were determined in Siberia: the first - in the Western and Central Siberian regions - gravitated towards the establishment of a three-field system, the second - in the eastern region - towards a two-field one. The introduction of fallow and fallow systems with the beginnings of a three-field system into agriculture meant a qualitative leap in the development of the productive forces of Siberian tillage. With the arrival of the Russians in Siberia, agricultural crops typical of the central and northern part of the Russian state were established. These are, first of all, rye and oats. These crops were the only ones cultivated on the sovereign's tithe arable land. The composition of crops on sob plowing was wider. Here, along with rye and oats, wheat, barley, spelt, egg, peas, millet and buckwheat are found. But rye, oats and barley remained the dominant crops on sob arable lands as well.

In the 17th century crops of industrial crops begin to take root. In 1668, by order of P.I. Godunov, in Siberia, hemp planting was introduced for the sovereign. In addition to the "sobin" plowing, the peasants allotted space for vegetable gardens.

The allotment of vegetable gardens was carried out simultaneously with the entire land management of the peasant, for example, in 1701 on April 16, “it was given to him on the Tushamskaya district for a yard and a garden from empty places of land against the brothers of the farmers”. There are three equivalent names of the garden - "gardens", "gardens", "vegetable" gardens. All gardens had a consumer purpose. There is absolutely no information about the harvesting and sale of vegetables, and prices for them. The state did not tax the peasants with any vegetable supplies. Cabbage was mainly cultivated in the gardens. Other vegetables were less common. This can be established on the basis of injury claims. “Garden vegetables, both in the city of Ilimsk and in the county, are a relative: cabbage, retka, beets, carrots, turnips, onions, garlic, cucumbers, pumpkins, beans, peas. And there are no more vegetables.”

For the entire period from the end of the XVI to the beginning of the XVIII centuries. cultivated fields appeared in 17 out of 20 Siberian counties. By the end of the XVII - beginning of the XVIII centuries. centers of agriculture existed almost all the way from Verkhoturye to Yakutsk. The size and importance of these regions decreased as they moved away from the European part of the country - the farther the region was, the less the agricultural population and, accordingly, the cultivated land. However, over time, there was an increase in the peasant population and cultivated land with a gradual movement to the south in more favorable soil and climatic conditions. The Verkhotursko-Tobolsk region was the first in its significance, the Yenisei region was the second. The Tomsk, Kuznetsk and Lensk districts were regions with weak development of arable farming.

Thus, the development of Siberian agriculture in the XVII - early XVIII centuries. characterized by a clear territorial unevenness. Some counties did not know agriculture, others took the first steps towards its development. Verkhotursko-Tobolsk and Yenisei regions in the 17th century. became the granaries of Siberia and supplied other regions with surplus grain.

The uneven development of agriculture led to the formation of regions with marketable grain and regions that did not have it. This, in turn, led to the formation of districts in need of grain subsidies and, accordingly, high grain prices, and districts that more or less provided themselves with bread. The considerable distance between the districts made it difficult to supply bread within Siberia. Therefore, in Siberia, the buying up of grain by dealers with further resale to small-grain and grain-free regions developed.

By the 18th century grain production in the grain regions reached such a level that the population of all Siberia, mastered by the Russian population, was satisfactorily supplied with bread, and supplies from European Russia were practically not required.

2. Clothing and material culture

In Western Siberia, the rational basis of the Russian folk costume has been preserved. The clothes of the peasants were represented by 74 (66.0%) elements that are traditional for rural residents of Russia. The sundress complex with the corresponding women's headdresses, the composition and method of wearing of which was similar to those established in the European part of the country, played a leading role in the wardrobe of West Siberian peasant women. Men's costume, its main elements - a shirt and ports, outer fabric (zipun, armyak, shabur) and fur clothing (fur coat, short fur coat, sheepskin coat) were the same as in the entire territory inhabited by Russians. The Old Believers used the most ancient types of clothing by origin - epanechka, kuntysh, single-row, ponyok, high men's hat, ubrus, pistons, which were out of use in other regions of the country.

In the material culture of the Russian population of Western Siberia in the feudal period, some specific traditions of the places where the settlers came out were also preserved. At the end of the XVII century. in the areas of the initial development of the region, in the inventories of the property of the peasants, the most ancient by origin, known in the Russian North, boxes, boxes for storing things were recorded. The names and arrangement demonstrate the genetic connection of "fixed" furniture (shops, garden beds, stamik) in the dwellings of the population of Western Siberia and the Russian North. The diversity in the designation of items with the same functions (a washcloth - northern, a towel - Tver, a handkerchief - Novgorod, Ryazan dialects) in the districts of the forest-steppe zone also indicates the preservation of the traditions of the places of migrants' exit. In the old-timers' villages in the Altai, "huts" belonging to the former inhabitants of South Russia, stood out, the walls of which were covered with clay and whitewashed from the outside and inside. Altai Old Believers painted, painted walls, ceilings and furniture out of habit in bright colors.

The wardrobe of West Siberian peasant women included 12 costume elements that had a local existence in European Russia. The northern Russian complex includes oak, top, top, shamshur, cap; to the Western Russian - an andarak skirt, a basting, a bodice; to the South Russian - zapon, half-patterns. The breastplate was a characteristic detail of the attire of the Ryazan migrants. The types of men's outerwear that spread in Western Siberia: aziam, chekmen, chapan - existed respectively in the northeast, in the eastern and southeastern provinces of Russia. The identified local forms of clothing confirm the preservation of the traditions of the places where the settlers came out in the new conditions. This was due both to the functional conformity of the previously used clothing, and to the desire to fix the memory of the homeland in some iconic elements of the women's costume. In general, the maintenance of Russian traditions in the material culture of the peasants living in Western Siberia was facilitated by the creation of an agricultural economy on this, as well as on the original, territory, the influx of immigrants from Russia, the development of trade relations and crafts, and the peculiarities of the people's consciousness.

An essential factor determining the development of the material culture of the West Siberian peasantry was urban influence. Its origins are connected with the processes of initial settlement and development of the region. In the 17th century agriculture was the primary and necessary element of the socio-economic structure of the Siberian city. Citizens-farmers (service people, townspeople, peasants) became the founders and residents of the surrounding villages.

3. Construction

3.1 Houses

Such observations testify to the commonality of the development of culture in the territories inhabited at different times by Russians. In the 17th century in Siberia, the methods of wooden architecture, characteristic of most of the state, were used: the construction of the foundations of houses “on chairs”, piles, racks, stones; the technique of fastening logs into quadrangular log cabins in the "corners", "in the oblo"; gable, male and truss roof structures3. All types and variants of the horizontal and vertical layout of the dwelling, known in the European part of the country at the time of the resettlement of peasants beyond the Urals, depending on the natural and climatic conditions, migration processes, were embodied in the West Siberian region.

In the early years, in the forest-steppe and steppe zones, where there was a shortage of building materials, the new settlers built only huts. Over time, the proportion of buildings of the two-part type reached 48%. Three-part houses in the steppe and forest-steppe regions accounted for 19 - 65%.

Ascribed peasants preferred the option "hut - canopy - cage". The local administration contributed to its preservation. There were very few multi-chamber buildings, which included several living quarters and a canopy, in all regions of Western Siberia - up to 3%. They were owned by families with a complex structural and generational composition, trading peasants, rural priests and philistines.

The planning structures corresponded to the peasant's yard Trenka Fedotov with the property qualification of the peasantry: the poor had single-chamber and two-part dwellings, the rich had multi-part dwellings and depended on the population of the rural yard: families of 10 people. and more had houses of the three-part type with the option “two huts, canopy”.

3.2 Churches and cathedrals

Sophia Cathedral in Tobolsk (1621–1677)

The Tobolsk Cathedral of Sophia the Wisdom, built in 1686, is known as the first stone church building in Siberia. It also had its own "wooden prehistory" spanning more than fifty years - from 1621, the time of the construction of the first wooden cathedral, to 1677, when the temple was destroyed in a fire that engulfed the city. The period of the existence of the St. Sophia Cathedral, built in stone, is considered in detail by the researchers, and the wooden version of the structure, despite the published description, was left aside, excluding a few comments in the works of architectural historians. However, it was at the beginning of the XVII century. Tobolsk acquires the importance of a major military-administrative, commercial, cultural, church center, becoming the actual capital of Siberia. In the 20s. 17th century Metropolitan Cyprian was sent to the Tobolsk diocese, whose name is associated with the construction of the first building of the St. Sophia Cathedral. The construction of the temple was given a special meaning.

As follows from the materials of the census and copy books of 1620–1636. Tobolsk Bishop's House, the wooden Cathedral of St. Sophia was built in 1621-1622. according to the royal decree to the Siberian governors in 1620. For the construction of the church, log houses purchased from Tobolsk residents were used. It was impossible to prepare wood specially for the construction, or rather, there was no one to hire for this, since in those years Tobolsk was depopulated due to hunger. However, the acquisition of ready-made log cabins for the construction of a building was quite a common practice. Among the buildings bought was a half-built log cabin of the church, which in 1620 the priest Ivan, with the blessing of the Vologda Archbishop Macarius, laid ten sazhens from the Trinity Church and which was conceived as a five-domed church in the name of Sophia the Wisdom. Cyprian completed this church as a cathedral church, leaving behind it the name Sofiyskaya (consecrated on October 21, 1622), although a charter from Moscow ordered to name the Church of the Ascension.

A detailed description of the erected temple allows us to reconstruct its appearance. The height of the church from ground level to the apple was 13.5–14 sazhens (more than 28 m), the floor was at the level of 14 crowns, which, with a log diameter of 25–28 cm, was 3.5–3.9 m. ”, which was a groined barrel covering, there were 26 crowns (about 7 m). Thus, the frame structure rose to a height of 10–11 m, which was about a third of the height of the entire building. The term "zakomary" is more familiar to specialists from stone structures, but, apparently, they used it for the forms of a building made of wood, which can indirectly confirm the relationship between the interpretations of the forms of these two types of structures. On the base of the groin barrels, three on each of the four sides of the log house, a spectacular drum was installed, made up of smaller centrally located barrels. The cathedral had three altars and a porch that covered the log house from three sides. A covered staircase with three porch platforms led to the porch, the upper of which had a roof with a barrel covered with a plowshare, the two middle ones had barrels covered with bent boards. The cathedral had five domes, with the central dome placed on a barrel drum, and four smaller domes on corner baptismal barrels.

Church of the Life-Giving Trinity in Tomsk.

The Trinity Church is the first significant religious building in Tomsk, built shortly after the founding of the city. It is known that it was rebuilt in the middle of the 17th century. in connection with the construction of a new Tomsk fortress. The Trinity Church existed in a tree until 1811. Descriptions of the church and its images on panoramas and city plans remained. According to them, V.I. Kochedamov reconstructed it as a squat four-sided single-apse temple with an extensive refectory and a three-sided gallery, which has a tented top, replaced in the 18th century. curvilinear coating in the Ukrainian baroque style.

However, a careful study of the documents and a different reading of them forces us to propose a different reconstruction of this outstanding monument of wooden architecture. First of all, it is clear from them that the Trinity Church, built in 1654, was hipped. The length of the actual church (ship) was 3.5 sazhens (7.5 m), the length of the refectory was 3 sazhens (6.5 m), the height of the log cabins to the tent was 13 sazhens (27.9 m), the height of the tent to the neck was 7 sazhen (15.1 m). Under the church there was a high, no less than 1.5 sazhens (3.15), basement, and stairs leading from the ground led to the porch-gallery enclosing the building on three sides.

The height of the church attracts attention: without the dome, it is 20 sazhens - about 43 m (this calculation was made by A. N. Kopylov). This immediately allows the Trinity Church in Tomsk

to include the Trinity Church of 1654 in a number of the most significant hipped churches known in Russian architecture. Using the proportions of the tent and the dome crowning it, known from other monuments, we get the total height of the building up to the apple under the cross 48–51 m, which coincides with the height of the Vladimirskaya Church in the village. Belaya Sluda and Resurrection in the village. Piyala, which are considered the highest hipped churches.

The Church of the Trinity had a complex functional purpose of a cult, residential and industrial (“grand granary”) character. It is impossible to underestimate the town-planning significance of the Trinity Church. Rising 50 m above the city mountain, it acted as a materialized axis of the city, was its main vertical dominant. The river facade of the city was extremely expressive, since the height of the church was equal to the height of the mountain itself above the water's edge. With the loss of such buildings within the city, the idea of ​​the monumentality of ancient wooden structures was also lost. Meanwhile, such a building as the Trinity Church would not be "lost" among modern buildings (with an average height of a residential building of about 30 m). You can be sure that the impression it made on contemporaries, against the backdrop of a dense one-and-a-half-story building, was enormous.

CONCLUSION

Despite the fact that interest in the ethnic culture of Russians in Siberia has not weakened for several centuries, this topic remains one of the poorly studied. The main part of the publications on this topic was devoted to individual groups of the Russian ethnos, which, due to their isolation of life, have retained many features of traditional culture. The majority of the Russian population does not belong to any ethnographic groups, although, due to various circumstances, it has some local features. Continuing research will solve the problem of the ethnocultural development of Russians in Siberia, may contribute to the development of programs for the preservation and revival of the traditions of Russian culture, and in the future - writing a generalizing work on the ethnic history of Russian Siberians

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

Lyubavsky M.K. Review of the history of Russian colonization from ancient times to the twentieth century. - M., 1996.

Butsinsky P.N. The settlement of Siberia and the life of its first inhabitants. - Kharkov, 1889.

Ethnography of the Russian peasantry of Siberia: XVII - the middle of the XIX century. - M., 1981.

http://www.ic.omskreg.ru/

http://skmuseum.ru/

http://www.rusarch.ru/

According to researchers from different areas, the indigenous peoples of Siberia settled in this territory in the Late Paleolithic. It was this time that is characterized by the greatest development of hunting as a craft.

Today, most of the tribes and nationalities of this region are small and their culture is on the verge of extinction. Next, we will try to get acquainted with such an area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe geography of our Motherland as the peoples of Siberia. Photos of representatives, features of the language and housekeeping will be given in the article.

Understanding these aspects of life, we are trying to show the versatility of peoples and, perhaps, arouse in readers an interest in travel and unusual experiences.

Ethnogenesis

Almost throughout Siberia, the Mongoloid type of man is represented. It is considered its homeland. After the beginning of the retreat of the glacier, people with such facial features populated the region. In that era, cattle breeding was not yet developed to a significant extent, so hunting became the main occupation of the population.

If we study the map of Siberia, we will see that they are most represented by the Altai and Ural families. Tungus, Mongolian and Turkic languages ​​on the one hand - and Ugrian-Samoyed on the other.

Socio-economic features

The peoples of Siberia and the Far East, before the development of this region by Russians, basically had a similar way of life. First, tribal relations were widespread. Traditions were kept within individual settlements, marriages were tried not to spread outside the tribe.

Classes were divided depending on the place of residence. If there was a large water artery nearby, then settlements of settled fishermen were often found, in which agriculture was born. The main population was engaged exclusively in cattle breeding, for example, reindeer breeding was very common.

It is convenient to breed these animals not only because of their meat, unpretentiousness in food, but also because of their skins. They are very thin and warm, which allowed such peoples as, for example, the Evenks, to be good riders and warriors in comfortable clothes.

After the arrival of firearms in these territories, the way of life has changed significantly.

Spiritual sphere of life

The ancient peoples of Siberia still remain adherents of shamanism. Although it has undergone various changes over the centuries, it has not lost its strength. The Buryats, for example, first added some rituals, and then completely switched to Buddhism.

Most of the remaining tribes were formally christened after the eighteenth century. But this is all official data. If we drive through the villages and settlements where the small peoples of Siberia live, we will see a completely different picture. Most adhere to the centuries-old traditions of their ancestors without innovation, the rest combine their beliefs with one of the main religions.

Especially these facets of life are manifested on national holidays, when attributes of different beliefs meet. They intertwine and create a unique pattern of the authentic culture of a particular tribe.

Aleuts

They call themselves Unangans, and their neighbors (Eskimos) - Alakshak. The total number barely reaches twenty thousand people, most of whom live in the northern United States and Canada.

Researchers believe that the Aleuts formed about five thousand years ago. True, there are two points of view on their origin. Some consider them an independent ethnic formation, others - that they stood out from the environment of the Eskimos.

Before this people became acquainted with Orthodoxy, of which they are adherents today, the Aleuts professed a mixture of shamanism and animism. The main shaman costume was in the form of a bird, and wooden masks depicted the spirits of various elements and phenomena.

Today, they worship a single god, which in their language is called Agugum and is in full compliance with all the canons of Christianity.

On the territory of the Russian Federation, as we will see below, many small peoples of Siberia are represented, but these live in only one settlement - the village of Nikolsky.

Itelmens

The self-name comes from the word "itenmen", which means "a person who lives here", local, in other words.

You can meet them in the west and in the Magadan region. The total number is a little over three thousand people, according to the 2002 census.

In appearance, they are closer to the Pacific type, but still have clear features of the northern Mongoloids.

The original religion - animism and fetishism, Raven was considered the ancestor. It is customary to bury the dead among the Itelmens according to the rite of "air burial". The deceased is hung up to decay in a domino on a tree or placed on a special platform. Not only the peoples of Eastern Siberia can boast of this tradition; in ancient times it was common even in the Caucasus and North America.

The most common trade is fishing and hunting for coastal mammals such as seals. In addition, collecting is widespread.

Kamchadals

Not all peoples of Siberia and the Far East are aborigines, an example of this can be the Kamchadals. Actually, this is not an independent nation, but a mixture of Russian settlers with local tribes.

Their language is Russian with admixtures of local dialects. They are distributed mainly in Eastern Siberia. These include Kamchatka, Chukotka, Magadan region, the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

Judging by the census, their total number fluctuates within two and a half thousand people.

Actually, as such Kamchadals appeared only in the middle of the eighteenth century. At this time, Russian settlers and merchants intensively established contacts with the locals, some of them entered into marriages with Itelmen women and representatives of the Koryaks and Chuvans.

Thus, the descendants of these intertribal unions today bear the name of Kamchadals.

Koryaks

If you start listing the peoples of Siberia, the Koryaks will not take the last place on the list. They have been known to Russian researchers since the eighteenth century.

In fact, this is not a single people, but several tribes. They call themselves Namylan or Chavchuven. Judging by the census, today their number is about nine thousand people.

Kamchatka, Chukotka and the Magadan region are the territories of residence of representatives of these tribes.

If we make a classification based on the way of life, they are divided into coastal and tundra.

The first are nymylans. They speak the Alyutor language and are engaged in sea crafts - fishing and seal hunting. The Kereks are close to them in terms of culture and way of life. This people is characterized by a sedentary life.

The second are the Chavchyv nomads (reindeer herders). Their language is Koryak. They live in the Penzhina Bay, Taigonos and adjacent territories.

A characteristic feature that distinguishes the Koryaks, like some other peoples of Siberia, are the yarangas. These are mobile cone-shaped dwellings made of skins.

Mansi

If we talk about the indigenous peoples of Western Siberia, it is impossible not to mention the Ural-Yukagir. The most prominent representatives of this group are the Mansi.

The self-name of this people is "Mendsy" or "Voguls". "Mansi" means "man" in their language.

This group was formed as a result of the assimilation of the Ural and Ugric tribes in the Neolithic era. The former were sedentary hunters, the latter were nomadic pastoralists. This duality of culture and economic management persists to this day.

The very first contacts with the western neighbors were in the eleventh century. At this time, the Mansi get acquainted with the Komi and Novgorodians. After joining Russia, the colonization policy intensifies. By the end of the seventeenth century they were pushed back to the northeast, and in the eighteenth they formally adopted Christianity.

Today there are two phratries in this nation. The first is called Por, he considers the Bear his ancestor, and the Urals form its basis. The second is called Mos, its founder is a woman Kaltashch, and the majority in this phratry belongs to the Ugrians.
A characteristic feature is that only cross-marriages between phratries are recognized. Only some indigenous peoples of Western Siberia have such a tradition.

Nanais

In ancient times, they were known as golds, and one of the most famous representatives of this people was Dersu Uzala.

Judging by the census, there are a little over twenty thousand of them. They live along the Amur in the Russian Federation and China. The language is Nanai. On the territory of Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is used, in China - the language is unwritten.

These peoples of Siberia became known thanks to Khabarov, who explored this region in the seventeenth century. Some scientists consider them to be the ancestors of the settled farmers of the Duchers. But most are inclined to believe that the Nanais simply came to these lands.

In 1860, thanks to the redistribution of borders along the Amur River, many representatives of this people found themselves overnight citizens of two states.

Nenets

Listing the peoples, it is impossible not to dwell on the Nenets. This word, like many names of the tribes of these territories, means "man". Judging by the data of the All-Russian population census, more than forty thousand people live from Taimyr to them. Thus, it turns out that the Nenets are the largest of the indigenous peoples of Siberia.

They are divided into two groups. The first is the tundra, whose representatives are the majority, the second is the forest (there are few of them left). The dialects of these tribes are so different that one cannot understand the other.

Like all the peoples of Western Siberia, the Nenets bear the features of both Mongoloids and Caucasoids. Moreover, the closer to the east, the less European signs remain.

The basis of the economy of this people is reindeer herding and, to a small extent, fishing. Corned beef is the main dish, but the cuisine is replete with raw meat from cows and deer. Thanks to the vitamins contained in the blood, the Nenets do not get scurvy, but such exoticism is rarely to the taste of guests and tourists.

Chukchi

If we think about what peoples lived in Siberia, and approach this issue from the point of view of anthropology, we will see several ways of settlement. Some tribes came from Central Asia, others from the northern islands and Alaska. Only a small fraction are local residents.

The Chukchi, or luoravetlan, as they call themselves, are similar in appearance to the Itelmens and Eskimos and have facial features like those of theirs. This suggests reflections on their origin.

They met the Russians in the seventeenth century and fought a bloody war for more than a hundred years. As a result, they were pushed back beyond the Kolyma.

The Anyui fortress became an important trading point, where the garrison moved after the fall of the Anadyr prison. The fair in this stronghold had a turnover of hundreds of thousands of rubles.

A richer group of Chukchi - chauchus (reindeer herders) - brought skins here for sale. The second part of the population was called ankalyn (dog breeders), they wandered in the north of Chukotka and led a simpler economy.

Eskimos

The self-name of this people is the Inuit, and the word "Eskimo" means "one who eats raw fish." So they were called by the neighbors of their tribes - the American Indians.

Researchers identify this people as a special "Arctic" race. They are very adapted to life in this territory and inhabit the entire coast of the Arctic Ocean from Greenland to Chukotka.

Judging by the 2002 census, their number in the Russian Federation is only about two thousand people. Most of them live in Canada and Alaska.

The religion of the Inuit is animism, and tambourines are a sacred relic in every family.

For lovers of the exotic, it will be interesting to learn about the igunaka. This is a special dish that is deadly for anyone who has not eaten it since childhood. In fact, this is the rotting meat of a dead deer or walrus (seal), which was kept under a gravel press for several months.

Thus, in this article we have studied some of the peoples of Siberia. We got acquainted with their real names, peculiarities of beliefs, housekeeping and culture.

Yazykova Irina Leonidovna
Position: history teacher
Educational institution: MBOU secondary school No. 179
Locality: city ​​Novosibirsk
Material name: presentation
Subject: The peoples of Siberia and our region in the XVII - XVIII centuries.
Publication date: 01.11.2016
Chapter: secondary education

Peoples of Siberia

and our region
Yazykova Irina Leonidovna, teacher of history of the highest qualification category, MBOU secondary school No. 179, Novosibirsk

Plan for studying new material:
1. Ethnoses of Siberia, the territory of their settlement. Ethnonyms. 2. What can the geographical names of our region tell about. 3. Features of the material culture of the peoples of Western Siberia and its close relationship with natural and climatic conditions. 4. Spiritual culture: beliefs, shamans, fairy tales. 5. The peoples of our region: Baraba Tatars, chats, Teleuts, southern Khanty. Their economic activities, social relations and religious beliefs. 6. Archaeological monuments of the culture of peoples on the territory of our region.

Ethnos
(from the Greek word ethnos - people) - a historically established community of people with a common culture, language and identity.
Ethno

nims
(from Greek έθνος - tribe, people and όνυμα - name, name) - the names of nations, peoples, nationalities, tribes, tribal unions.

Peoples of Siberia

ethnic groups of Siberia,

territory of their settlement
In the vast expanses from the Yenisei to the Pacific Ocean lived
Evenki (Tungus),
engaged in hunting and fishing.
Chukchi, Koryaks and Itelmens (Kamchadals)
inhabited the northeastern regions of Siberia with the Kamchatka Peninsula. These tribes then lived in a tribal system; they did not yet know the use of iron.
The peoples of Siberia of the 17th century did not constitute more or less cohesive societies there, but on the contrary, they were scattered across the forests and tundra in small groups, consisting of one or more clans and having almost no dependence on each other. In each clan there was an elder, or as the Russians who came called them, princes, who managed all the little affairs of their people.

Population history

in Siberia
The main way of survival of the first settlers of the Siberian region was hunting, reindeer herding and fur extraction, which was the currency of that time. By the end of the 17th century, the most developed peoples of Siberia were the Buryats and Yakuts. The Tatars were the only people who, before the arrival of the Russians, managed to organize state power. The largest peoples before Russian colonization include the following peoples: Itelmens (indigenous inhabitants of Kamchatka), Yukaghirs (inhabited the main territory of the tundra), Nivkhs (inhabitants of Sakhalin), Tuvans (the indigenous population of the Republic of Tuva), Siberian Tatars (located on the territory of Southern Siberia from Ural to the Yenisei) and the Selkups (inhabitants of Western Siberia).

Fill the table

People

Habitat

Lessons

The Samoyed tribes are considered to be the first indigenous inhabitants of Siberia. They inhabited the northern part. Reindeer herding and fishing can be attributed to their main occupation. The Samoyed tribes are considered to be the first indigenous inhabitants of Siberia. They inhabited the northern part. Reindeer herding and fishing can be attributed to their main occupation. To the south, the Mansi tribes lived, who lived by hunting. Their main trade was the extraction of furs, with which they paid for their future wives and bought goods necessary for life. To the south lived the Mansi tribes, who lived by hunting. Their main trade was the extraction of furs, with which they paid for their future wives and bought goods necessary for life. The upper reaches of the Ob were inhabited by Turkic tribes. Their main occupation was nomadic cattle breeding and blacksmithing. The upper reaches of the Ob were inhabited by Turkic tribes. Their main occupation was nomadic cattle breeding and blacksmithing. To the west of Lake Baikal lived the Buryats, who became famous for their ironworking craft. To the west of Lake Baikal lived the Buryats, who became famous for their ironworking craft. The largest territory from the Yenisei to the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bOkhotsk was inhabited by Tungus tribes. Among them were many hunters, fishermen, reindeer herders, some were engaged in crafts. The largest territory from the Yenisei to the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bOkhotsk was inhabited by Tungus tribes. Among them were many hunters, fishermen, reindeer herders, some were engaged in crafts. Along the coast of the Chukchi Sea, the Eskimos (about 4 thousand people) settled down. Compared to other peoples of that time, the Eskimos had the slowest social development. The tool was made of stone or wood. The main economic activities include gathering and hunting. Along the coast of the Chukchi Sea, the Eskimos (about 4 thousand people) settled down. Compared to other peoples of that time, the Eskimos had the slowest social development. The tool was made of stone or wood. The main economic activities include gathering and hunting.
Samadians

Samadians

Mansi

Mansi

Turkish

tribes

Turkish

tribes

Buryats

Buryats

eskimos

eskimos

Tungus

tribes

Tungus

tribes
PEOPLES OF SIBERIA PEOPLES OF SIBERIA

Nganasany - Samoyed
people
in
Siberia
inhabiting the eastern part

For many centuries the peoples of Siberia lived in small settlements. Each individual village had its own clan. The inhabitants of Siberia were friends with each other, ran a joint household, were often relatives to each other and led an active lifestyle. But due to the vast territory of the Siberian region, these villages were far from each other. So, for example, the inhabitants of one village were already leading their own way of life and spoke an incomprehensible language for their neighbors. Over time, some settlements disappeared, and some became larger and actively developed.
Severe climatic conditions did not contribute to the rapid socio-economic development of these peoples. Most of them lived in a primitive tribal society, mainly engaged in hunting, fishing, and semi-nomadic cattle breeding.

What can geographical

names of our region

BARNAULKA
- left tributary Ob. From the Ket words: "boruan" - a wolf, "ul" - a river, i.e. wolf river. The final "ka" appeared on Russian soil
YIN
- Right tributary Ob. A common etymology is the explanation of this toponym through the Tatar "ina" - mother, but this cannot satisfy either from a grammatical or from a semantic point of view. The toponyms "Inn" found in Europe - a tributary of the Danube and Ina - a lake and a tributary of the Pripyat River - scientists explain through Celtic and Indo-European words with the meaning "water". For Western Siberia, the etymology of A.P. Dulzon, explaining "in" from the Imbat dialect of the Ket language, where "yen" means "long".

OB
- the most acceptable is the etymology of V. Steinitz and A. P. Dulion, who connect this name with the Komi-Zyryan word "obva" - "snow water". The Russians recognized the Ob in its lower reaches, and got its name from the Komi guides.
BAGAN
- a river in the Novosibirsk region. There is no reliable etymology. So far, two explanations are possible: from the Turkic "bagan" - a pillar and from the Indo-European "bagno" - a low swampy place. Bagan really flows through the swamps, partly interrupted by them

KARASUCK
- a river in the Novosibirsk region. From the Turkic "kara" - black, transparent and "bough" - water, river
KOLPASHEVO
is a city in the Tomsk region. The foundation dates back to the 17th century. The likely founder could be the Cossack Pervusha Kolpashnik, who proposed moving the Narymsky and Ketsky prisons to the Ob, to the Ketsky mouth. At the beginning of the 17th century, in the Harym district, there were courts of Yakov Kolpashnkva, Andrei Kolpashnikov, possibly descendants of Pervusha Kolpashnik. Later, the village of Kolpashnikova became the village of Kolpashev and the city of Kolpashev.

CHULY

M
(Turk. "running snow") - a river in Siberia, the right tributary of the Ob.
KI

I
- a river in Siberia, a left tributary of the Chulym. It originates in the Kemerovo region, flows in the upper reaches mainly to the north-west within the eastern slopes of the Kuznetsk Alatau, the lower reaches in the Tomsk region. Food snow and rain. Freezes in November, opens in April. In the 50-80s of the XX century, several oxbow lakes were formed around Kiya: Tyryshkina, Novaya, Eldashkina and others, with a total length of more than 30 km. One of the interpretations of the hydronym raises it to the Selkup word "ky", which means "river". According to another version, the word "kiya" is of Turkic origin and means "rocky slope, cliff".

KARASUCK
- a river in the Novosibirsk region. From Turkic
Kara
- "black, transparent" and
boughs
- water, river.
CHINA
- a lion. pr. Yaya. There are two etymologies: from Ket
ki
- "new" P. Dulzon), from Selkup
ky
- "river" (E.G. Becker). It seems that the hypothesis about the Ket origin of the toponym is more likely, where both parts are revealed from the Ket language:
ki
- "new" and
tat
- "river".

Features of the material culture of peoples

Western Siberia and its close connection with the natural

climatic conditions

Spiritual culture: beliefs,

shamans, fairy tales
Musical instruments of the peoples of Siberia

The peoples of our region: Baraba Tatars, chats,

Teleuts, southern Khanty. Their business activities

social relations and religious beliefs
The Baraba Tatars and Teleuts, after being included in Russia, were taxed in kind, which was brought in by furs. They were in the most difficult position. Chats basically entered the category of service Tatars - a privileged group of the indigenous population, who helped the tsarist administration to protect the borders, repel the onslaught of external enemies and keep the exploited mass of the population in obedience.
Ethnic position and ratio of the population of Western Siberia for the period of the 16th - 17th centuries. from the Urals to the Khatanga River - Nenets, Enets, Nganasans (the common name for Samoyeds. About 8 thousand people). To the south of them, in the taiga taiga, lived Voguls and Ostyaks (Finno-Ugric tribes of the Khanty and Mansi. The number of 15-18 thousand people). Ostyaks were also called the southern Samoyeds-Selkups (about 3 thousand people), who lived on the middle Ob River and its tributaries, and the Ket-speaking tribes of the Arins, Kotts, and Yasty people on the middle Yenisei. In the south of Western Siberia - Turkic tribes roamed in the forest-steppe and steppe; on the middle Irtysh and its tributaries Ishim and Tobol - Siberian Tatars, numbering 15-20 thousand people; in the upper reaches of the Yenisei - the Yenisei Kirghiz; in Altai and in the upper reaches of the Ob and Yenisei - Tan, Chulym and Kuznetsk Tatars. Almost throughout Eastern Siberia, from the Yenisei to the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bOkhotsk and from the tundra to Mongolia and the Amur, the Tungus tribes settled (about 30 thousand people). In Transbaikalia, along the Onomu and Selenga rivers, and in the Baikal region, along the Angara River and in the upper reaches of the Lena, nomadic Mongol-speaking tribes lived, which later formed the ethnic basis of the Buryats: Ekhirits, Bulagats, Ikinats, Horitumats, Tabunuts, Khongodors (25 thousand people). ). Sedentary tribes of Mongol-speaking Daurs and Tungus-speaking Dgochers lived on the upper and middle Amur, in the lower reaches of the Amur and Primorye - Tatki, Gilyaks (Nivkhs) and ancestors of the Nanai, Ulchi, Udege, and along the Lena, Vilyuy, Yana rivers - Turkic-speaking Yakuts (30-40 thousand . pers.). The north-east of Siberia from the lower reaches of the Lena to the Anadyr was occupied by kagirs. In the north of Kamchatka and the adjacent coasts of the Bering and Okhotsk seas, the Koryaks live, on the Chukchi Peninsula and in the lower reaches of the Kolyma - the Chukchi (during the conquest of Siberia, this ethnic group offered the most severe resistance to the Russians). The Chukchi, who settled on the sea coast, entered as a special ethnic group - the Eskimos, it also included the Itelmens and the Amur shliks. These peoples belonged to the Pole-Asians, the most ancient inhabitants of North Asia. They were the remnants of the tribes that once inhabited all of Siberia and were pushed "to the ends of the world" by newcomers from the south - the Turks, Mongols, Tungus, Samoyeds. The only people of Siberia who had a state system were the Tatars. Their state, the Siberian Khanate, arose as a result of the collapse of the empire of Genghis Khan. Until the end of the XV century. it was ruled by the Sheibannds (descendants of Genghis), and then the Taibuginns (the Bok Mamet Taibul dynasty).

The Siberian expanses from the most ancient times were the habitat of various tribes and peoples. This is not surprising: vast expanses, abundant rivers and forests created ideal conditions for the life of nomads or tribes looking for their new homeland. Due to these factors, many interesting archaeological sites are located on the territory of the modern Novosibirsk region.  Chertovo gorodishche  Umrevinsky Ostrog  Complex of monuments near Bystrovka village  Sopka-2  Mammoth skeleton  Paleolithic site "Wolf's Mane"  Burial in Black Cape  Chichaburg

Archaeological monuments of culture

peoples in our region

Devil's settlement
This archaeological site is located on Sadovaya Gorka in Novosibirsk (Oktyabrsky district). Garden Hill is the highest point in the central part of the city. And "Devil's Settlement" is an archaeological park dedicated to the history of the Siberian Tatars. The place acquired such an unusual name back in the Soviet years. The reason was the yurt settlement of the Chat tribes, which, unfortunately, disappeared with the arrival of bridge builders on the territory of modern Novosibirsk.

mammoth skeleton
In the small village of Vakhrushevo, 50 kilometers from Novosibirsk, the story of Matilda began. Do not be surprised, Matilda is the name of a mammoth (more precisely, its skeleton) found in these places. This exhibit is truly unique - it is the only complete skeleton of an ancient animal. Such a find was discovered back in the 40s.

Complex of monuments near the village of Bystrovka
One of the villages of the Iskitimsky district of the Novosibirsk region, namely Bystrovka, has long attracted archaeologists and tourists. It is here that one of the complexes of archaeological monuments is located, telling and even showing the modern man the life of his ancestors. On the right bank of the Atamanikha there is a kind of open-air museum, where various household items of the Bronze Age are collected. These are jewelry, various ceramic objects, and bronze knives, as well as other tools and objects made of bone and stone. All these items belong to the Irmen culture, named after the Irmen River flowing here and living on the territory of modern Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Tomsk regions and Altai Territory. The Irmen culture left behind a rich heritage - archaeologists discovered stone settlements in which people settled. Found dugouts, earthen and wooden fortifications can tell a lot about the life of those peoples. Here, in the archaeological site in Bystrovka, remains of the Iron Age were also found. Among these finds, first of all, the found cult burials are noteworthy. The priestesses and priests buried here in the appropriate clothes and with all the accompanying paraphernalia.

Chichaburg
This is an archaeological monument located on the shore of Lake Bolshaya Chicha, twelve kilometers from the village of Zdvinsk. On geophysical images from space of this area, obtained by scientists in 1999, the outlines of streets and houses appeared quite clearly. During the excavations, not only a large number of household items were found, but also works of art. Scientists suggest that the inhabitants left their homes in a hurry, and the most likely reason for this is the attack of enemies. This hypothesis is confirmed by a large number of arrowheads, armor and other items found, indicating that the inhabitants lived in constant expectation of raids. The area of ​​Chichaburg is more than 240 thousand square meters, and the number of the population was supposedly from four hundred to two thousand inhabitants.

Paleolithic site "Wolf's Mane"
The facility is located in the upper reaches of the Bagan River, 62 kilometers south of Kargat, and is a hill eight kilometers long and ten to eleven meters high. Fossil remains of ancient animals (mainly mammoths, bison and horses) were first found on Wolf's Mane in 1957. And a few years later, in 1969, scientists discovered that this was not at all a natural cemetery of mammoths, but a unique phenomenon - a site of Stone Age people who never used stone, since these lands simply do not have stone suitable for household use. And instead of stone, people used bone. Dwellings were built from tusks and femurs, skins were used for roofing, sharp and durable spears were made from mammoth ribs. Nothing like this has ever been seen before, not only in this region, but also in other regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most of the fossil collection can be found at the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences in Akademgorodok. "Wolf's Mane" was declared a natural monument of regional significance in 2007.

The peoples of Siberia in the 17th century
1.
At what level of development were, basically, the peoples of Siberia before

joining the Russian state:
a) primeval; b) feudal; c) capitalist. 2.
Which of the Russian explorers discovered the strait separating Asia
for America: a) Poyarkov; b) Dezhnev; c) Khabarov. 3.
What was the name of the tax paid by the peoples of Siberia in the tsarist

treasury:
a) yasak; b) quitrent; c) duty. 4.
Consequences of the development of Siberia:
a) the territory of Siberia expanded; b) geographical discoveries were made; c) Russia gained access to the Pacific Ocean; d) all answers are correct.
How did Siberian cities arise? explain
Homework:
1. Notes in a notebook 2. Preparation for the test work p. 10 - 14