Human society is developing, traditions, attitudes, turns of speech, and the language itself are changing, finally. As obsolete phrases “I have the honor” and “salute” go out of use even in the army. Even the original meaning of these wonderful phrases is distorted.
What does it mean to honor
There was no talk of any salutation of one's own honor initially. It was said about the recognition of the merits of a person who comes forward, about respect for him. At all times, the youngest was the first to greet both by age and by rank or rank, recognizing high merits. You can salute both a person or a group of people, and something sacred - a banner or a monument to fallen heroes.
A gesture, whatever it may be, has always been a sign of recognition of honor in the opposite. At all times and among all peoples, there were various forms of greetings and expressions of respect: one could bow to the ground, kneel or both, prostrate, click heels and nod with an uncovered head.
In the dictionaries of V. I. Dahl and S. I. Ozhegov, “to salute” means to greet. And if the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov describes this greeting only as putting a hand on a headdress, then V.I. Dal gives a whole list of actions. You can salute with a bow, bowing a sword or banner, making a weapon on guard, breaking through a drum roll.
The legend of the origin of the military salute
The emergence of a greeting with a gesture of the right hand raised to the eyes is attributed to the famous British pirate who was honored to welcome the English Queen Elizabeth I on board his ship. The legendary pirate did not have an officer rank and became a knight after a trip around the world. Fulfilling Her Majesty's secret mission, Drake not only robbed Spanish ships, he discovered many sea routes and made several geographical discoveries.
The legend says that the captain of the pirates stood against the sun when the queen climbed the ladder, and covered his eyes, putting the palm of his right hand to them with a visor. The team lined up behind him repeated this gesture in unison. The gallant corsair complimented the ugly Elizabeth by comparing her to the blinding sun, which won Her Majesty over. Evil tongues claimed that it was for gallantry that Drake was knighted, and the gesture went around
Historical versions of the military salute
One of the historical versions of the origin of saluting refers to knightly traditions. A knight on a horse with reins and a shield in his left hand, having met the same knight, raised the visor of his helmet with his right hand. This gesture spoke of peaceful intentions.
The documented version says that it was in Great Britain in the 18th century, since the hats in the elite units became very cumbersome, that the rule appeared not to take them off, but to greet the officers, pressing his hand to his hat and bowing. Then they even stopped touching the hat, since the hands of the soldiers were always stained with soot, because they had to set fire to the oppression of muskets. And with what hand the guardsmen of Her Majesty salute, the charters did not specify. Most likely, it goes without saying that the right one.
Mounted and foot officers saluted by raising edged weapons, bringing the handle closer to their lips and then moving it to the right and down. The question of which hand the officers salute with did not arise.
Military salute in different countries
In a military greeting of any army, they do not bow their heads and do not lower their eyes, which also speaks of mutual honor, regardless of ranks and ranks, and there is no question of which hand is saluted in the army - only with the right.
But the rotation of the palm may be somewhat different. Since the 19th century, the hand raised to the right eyebrow is turned with the palm outward. In the British Navy, since the days of sailing ships, when the hands of sailors were stained with tar and tar, and it was unworthy to show dirty palms, the palm was turned down in greeting. The same greeting is accepted in France. In the US Army, during the greeting, the palm is turned down, and the hand, extended slightly forward, as if covering the eyes from the sun. In the Italian army, the palm is carried over the front of the visor.
In Tsarist Russia until 1856 and today's Poland, the military salute was performed with the index and middle fingers. Since 1856, after the Crimean War, in the Soviet Army and today's Russian army, honor is given with the entire palm that is turned down. At the same time, the middle finger looks at the temple, touching the visor of the uniform cap. Hence the synonyms of the expression "salute" - to salute, salute.
The way in which Russian servicemen salute is enshrined in the Charter of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
Rules of etiquette
There is military etiquette that all military men must follow. Its rules are determined not only by traditions and rituals, the principles of morality and ethics, but also by regulations and charters.
But there is also an etiquette common to all, according to which, for example, a man as a support and protector in the past, also with a weapon on his side, should go to the left of his companion. But exceptions to the general rules depend on which hand they salute in Russia and not only. Soldiers in uniform always go to the right of the woman, so as not to hit her with their elbow during a military salute. However, there are exceptions to this rule as well. If a soldier in uniform walks arm in arm with a companion, then he should be to her right so that the hand for the military salute remains free.
Differences in performing a military salute
Military salute in all countries is given with the right hand. The question of which country salutes with the left hand arises when high government officials, through negligence or inexperience, violate the rules for saluting military honor, which are either enshrined in charters or are an unshakable tradition.
It would seem that if the gesture of the right hand arose during the simplification of the procedure for removing the headgear, then a uniform cap or cap is mandatory in such a ritual. But no. Army traditions in the United States began to take shape after the victory of the army of northerners in the Civil War of the North and South in the second half of the 19th century. The victorious army was formed from volunteers without combat skills and dressed in ordinary clothes, often without hats. Honor was given simply by placing a hand on her head. Since then, in the US Army, honor is given regardless of the presence of a uniform cap or cap on the head.
The salutation of military honor, or, in the modern interpretation of the Russian military regulations, the military salute is a ritual overshadowed by the centuries-old traditions of the armies of all countries of the world.
According to one version, this has been going on since the Middle Ages: a military greeting is a knightly tradition. Meeting with each other, the knights lifted the visor of the helmet with a movement of the hand to show that the face of a friend was hidden behind the armor. Or they raised their visor to show their peaceful intentions.
According to another version, the tradition of the modern military salute originates on the island of Great Britain. In many armies of the world, junior ranks greeted seniors by removing their hats, as was the case in the British army, but by the 18th and 19th centuries, soldiers' headdresses had become so cumbersome that this greeting was reduced to a simple touch of the visor. The greeting known to us took shape in 1745 in the Coldstream Regiment - the elite guards unit of the personal guard of the Queen of England.
In the regimental charter of the guards, it was written: "Personnel are ordered not to raise their hats when they pass by an officer or turn to him, but only to press their hands to their hats and bow." In 1762, the charter of the Scots Guards clarifies: “Since nothing disfigures the headgear and does not pollute the laces, like removing the hat, the personnel for the future are ordered only to raise their palm to the hat with a short gesture when passing by an officer.” Such an innovation caused a certain resistance, but, as we see, it nevertheless took root.
At the same time, great importance is attached to the fact that during a military greeting they do not bow their heads and do not lower their eyes, which means that servicemen of different ranks are free people serving one state. By the middle of the 19th century, the military salute in Great Britain had undergone new changes: the hand raised to the headdress (more precisely, to the right eyebrow) turned the palm outward. This tradition exists to this day.
In the USA, the hand is carried forward a little, as if closing the eyes from the sun, and the palm looks at the ground. The American gesture was influenced by the traditions of the British Navy: even in the days of sailing ships, sailors used pitch and tar to seal cracks in the wooden parts of the ship so that they would not let sea water through. At the same time, the hands were protected with white gloves, but it was unworthy to show a dirty palm, so in the navy the greeting hand turned 90 degrees down. The soldiers in France are also saluting.
In tsarist Russia, the military saluted with two fingers (this tradition still remains in Poland), and in the Soviet and modern Russian army, honor is already saluted with the whole palm facing down, with the middle finger looking at the temple.
By the way, let's emphasize a detail worth paying attention to: if earlier the ritual was called "saluting military honor", today the Russian military charter seems to return us to the requirements of noble knights: "soul - to God, life - to the fatherland, heart - to the lady, honor - no one!" (as the author of this statement, L.G. Kornilov, says?). Now this ritual is called "military salute"
According to the charter of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, all servicemen, when meeting or overtaking, are obliged to greet each other, while at the same time they must strictly observe the rules of giving military salute I established by the combat charter of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
Military salute it is the embodiment of respect, solidarity, camaraderie, manifestation of culture.
There are those who believe that the custom of saluting military honor in the armies of the world is associated with the name of the famous Pirate Francis Drake.(about the history of piracy and in particular about DRAKE).
This is of course more of a joke version, but still :-)
"I AM BLIND!"
Having made in 1577-1580. circumnavigating the globe, Drake sent a letter to Queen Elizabeth describing his exploits. Interested in the personality of the pirate, and even more in the treasures he had stolen, the queen visited Drake's ship. When she boarded, Drake, pretending to be blinded by her beauty (according to contemporaries, Elizabeth was extremely ugly), shielded his eyes with his palm.
Since then, in the English fleet, this gesture has allegedly been used to salute ...
LEFT OR RIGHT?
Maybe it is so, but most likely it is just a beautiful legend, although it has many supporters. However, let's see if the need to salute does not entail inconvenience.
According to etiquette, a man should walk to the left of a woman, since the place on the right is considered honorable. If a woman takes a soldier by the arm, he should be on her right in order to have an opportunity for a military salute. 200-300 years ago, men did not leave the house without weapons. Each had a saber, rapier or dagger hanging on his left side. On the left - in order to quickly and more conveniently grab the weapon from the scabbard with the right hand. So that when walking, the weapon does not hit the companion on the legs, the gentleman tried to walk to the left of his lady.
In general, it’s right for a man to walk on the left, because we often disperse to the right, and it’s better for the oncoming one to inadvertently hit you with his shoulder, and not your companion. Only the military, when they are in uniform, do not obey this rule. In order to give a military greeting and not touch the companion with the elbow, the right hand of a soldier or officer must be free. Therefore, it is more convenient for them to go on the right, and not on the left.
DON'T PUT A HAND TO THE EMPTY HEAD?
In the Russian army, honor is saluted only in a headdress, but in the American one ... In America, honor is saluted not “to an empty head”, but in any case. It's all about history. It should be borne in mind that in the United States, the traditions of the army of the Northerners (as winners) have been preserved, which was created from volunteers, often dressed, at first, in ordinary clothes and did not have military habits. Hence the salute without a military uniform and a headdress, which sometimes simply did not exist. Accordingly, when the form appeared, honor was given by putting a hand to the head, regardless of the presence of a headdress.
Times have changed, habits have changed
Officers or soldiers who carried a sword or saber, whether mounted or on foot, saluted by raising their weapons, bringing the handle closer to their lips, then moving the weapon to the right and down. This form of greeting originates in the Middle Ages and is associated with religion, when a knight kissed the hilt of a sword, which symbolized the Christian cross. Then it became a tradition when taking an oath.
Raising one's hand in greeting instead of taking off one's hat had practical implications. As the soldiers set fire to the fuses of their muskets, their hands got sooty. And with dirty hands to remove a headdress meant to render it unusable. Therefore, by the end of the 18th century, honor began to be given by a simple show of hands.
In the imperial period, saluting included not only raising a hand to a headdress, but also various bows, curtsies and other elements, depending on the rank of the person met and on the meeting place.
Let's remember something else or, for example, recently collected . And here is an interesting The original article is on the website InfoGlaz.rf Link to the article from which this copy is made -MILITARY ETIQUET: I have the honor!
To salute means to show respect to a person of higher rank. It is established that at different times this was done in different ways. And there are many versions of the origin of this ritual.
Many believe that the tradition of the modern military salute, or salute, originates on the island of Great Britain. In many armies of the world, junior ranks greeted seniors by taking off their hats, as, in fact, it was in the British army, but by the 18th-19th centuries, soldiers' headdresses had become so bulky and "complicated" that this greeting was reduced to a simple touch of the visor.
WHERE THE CUSTOM COME FROM
The greeting known to us is believed to have taken shape in 1745 in the Coldstream Regiment, the elite guards unit of the personal guard of the Queen of England. In the regimental charter of the guards, they wrote: "Personnel are ordered not to raise their hats when they pass by an officer or turn to him, but only to press their hands to their hats and bow." In 1762, the charter of the Scots Guards clarifies: "Since nothing disfigures the headgear and does not pollute the laces, like removing the hat, the personnel are ordered for the future only to raise their palm to the hat with a short gesture when passing by an officer." Such an innovation caused a certain resistance, but, as we see, it still took root. At the same time, great importance is attached to the fact that during a military greeting they do not bow their heads and do not lower their eyes, which means: military personnel of different ranks are free people serving one state. By the middle of the 19th century, the military salute in Great Britain underwent new changes: the hand raised to the headdress (more precisely, to the right eyebrow) turned the palm outward.
In the USA, the hand is carried forward a little, as if closing the eyes from the sun, and the palm looks at the ground. The American gesture was influenced by the traditions of the British Navy: even in the days of sailing ships, sailors used pitch and tar to seal cracks in the wooden parts of the ship so that they would not let sea water through. At the same time, the hands were protected with white gloves, but it was unworthy to show a dirty palm, so in the navy the greeting hand turned 90 degrees down. The soldiers in France are also saluting. In Tsarist Russia, the military saluted with two fingers (this tradition still remains in Poland), and in the Soviet and modern Russian army, honor is already saluted with the whole palm facing down, with the middle finger looking at the temple.
HONOUR?! NOBODY!
But there are other opinions as well. By the way, let's emphasize a detail that is worth paying attention to: if earlier the ritual was called "saluting military honor", today the military charter, as it were, returns us to the requirements of noble knights: "soul - to God, life - to the fatherland, heart - to the lady, honor - to no one !" It sounds very pompous, and to put it mildly, it is difficult to apply this to an army with "hazing" and other charms. Nevertheless, the ritual of saluting military honor still exists. And it arose in the XIII century among the knights. If, when meeting in an "open field", they did not intend to engage in battle, then they raised the visor of their metal helmets. And although later they were replaced by helmets, cocked hats, hats and the like, the custom of raising a hand to the head as a sign of friendliness has been preserved. Meeting with each other, the knights lifted the visor of the helmet with the movement of their right hand to show that the face of a friend was hidden behind the armor. Raising their hand to their headgear, modern military personnel repeat this gesture, paying the traditional duty of courtesy to their senior (and that junior) colleague in military uniform.
And again - the role of a beautiful lady.
There are those who believe that the custom of saluting military honor in the armies of the world is associated with the name of the famous pirate Francis Drake.
"I AM BLIND!"
Having made in 1577-1580. circumnavigating the globe, Drake sent a letter to Queen Elizabeth describing his exploits. Interested in the personality of the pirate, and even more in the treasures he had stolen, the queen visited Drake's ship. When she boarded, Drake, pretending to be blinded by her beauty (according to contemporaries, Elizabeth was extremely ugly), shielded his eyes with his palm.
Since then, in the English fleet, this gesture has allegedly been used to salute ...
LEFT OR RIGHT?
Maybe it is so, but most likely it is just a beautiful legend, although it has many supporters. However, let's see if the need to salute does not entail inconvenience.
According to etiquette, a man should walk to the left of a woman, since the place on the right is considered honorable. If a woman takes a soldier by the arm, he should be on her right in order to have an opportunity for a military salute. 200-300 years ago, men did not leave the house without weapons. Each had a saber, rapier or dagger hanging on his left side. On the left - in order to quickly and more conveniently grab the weapon from the scabbard with the right hand. So that when walking, the weapon does not hit the companion on the legs, the gentleman tried to walk to the left of his lady.
In general, it’s right for a man to walk on the left, because we often disperse to the right, and it’s better for the oncoming one to inadvertently hit you with his shoulder, and not your companion. Only the military, when they are in uniform, do not obey this rule. In order to give a military greeting and not touch the companion with the elbow, the right hand of a soldier or officer must be free. Therefore, it is more convenient for them to go on the right, and not on the left.
DON'T PUT A HAND TO THE EMPTY HEAD?
In the Russian army, honor is saluted only in a headdress, but in the American one ... In America, honor is saluted not "to an empty head", but in any case. It's all about history. It should be borne in mind that in the United States, the traditions of the army of the Northerners (as winners) have been preserved, which was created from volunteers, often dressed, at first, in ordinary clothes and did not have military habits. Hence the salute without a military uniform and a headdress, which sometimes simply did not exist. Accordingly, when the form appeared, honor was given by putting a hand to the head, regardless of the presence of a headdress.
Times have changed, habits have changed.
Officers or soldiers who carried a sword or saber, whether mounted or on foot, saluted by raising their weapons, bringing the handle closer to their lips, then moving the weapon to the right and down. This form of greeting originates in the Middle Ages and is associated with religion, when a knight kissed the hilt of a sword, which symbolized the Christian cross. Then it became a tradition when taking an oath.
Raising one's hand in greeting instead of taking off one's hat had practical implications. As the soldiers set fire to the fuses of their muskets, their hands got sooty. And with dirty hands to remove a headdress meant to render it unusable. Therefore, by the end of the 18th century, honor began to be given by a simple show of hands.
In the imperial period, saluting included not only raising a hand to a headdress, but also various bows, curtsies and other elements, depending on the rank of the person met and on the meeting place.
Performing a military salute on the spot and on the move. The procedure for performing a military salute out of formation
Performing a military salute on the spot. The procedure for performing a military salute out of formation
Performing a military salute on the spot out of formation without a headgear
To perform a military salute in place outside the ranks without a headgear, three to four steps before the chief (senior) turn in his direction, take a drill
stand and look him in the face, turning his head after him.
When the chief (senior) passes the person performing the military greeting, put his head straight.
Learning a military salute on the spot out of formation without a headdress in divisions into two counts
To perform a military salute on the spot without a headgear, a command is given in divisions into two counts, for example: “To perform a military salute in place without a headdress, the head from the front (right, left, rear), by divisions: “do - ONCE , do - TWO.
When the chief approaches, for three or four steps on the “do - ONCE” account, take the position of the combatant, if necessary - turn in his direction, while putting your foot down, vigorously turn your head with a raised chin towards the chief, look in the face of the chief, turning after him head.
Performing a military salute on the spot out of formation in a headdress
Performing a military salute on the spot out of formation in a headdress
To perform a military salute in place out of formation in a headdress, three to four steps before the chief (senior) turn in his direction, take a combat stance, attach the right hand to the headdress in the shortest possible way so that the fingers are together, the palm is straight, the middle finger touched the lower edge of the headdress (near the visor), and the elbow was at the line and height of the shoulder and looked into his face, turning his head after him. When turning the head towards the chief (senior), the position of the hand at the headdress remains unchanged.
When the chief (senior) passes the person performing the military greeting, put his head straight and at the same time lower his hand.
Learning a military greeting on the spot out of formation in a headdress by division into two counts
To perform a military salute on the spot out of formation in a headdress for divisions into two counts, a command is given, for example: “To perform a military salute on the spot in a headdress, the head from the front (right, left, back), by divisions: “do - ONCE , do - TWO.
When the chief approaches, in three or four steps according to the “do - ONCE” account, take the position of the combatant, if necessary, turn in his direction, attach the right hand to the headdress in the shortest possible way so that the fingers are together, the palm is straight, the middle finger touches the bottom the edges of the headdress (near the visor), and the elbow was at the line and height of the shoulder and look into his face, turning his head after him. When turning the head towards the chief (senior), the position of the hand at the headdress remains unchanged.
According to the account “do - TWO”, they put the head straight and take the position “at ease”.
Typical mistakes when performing a military greeting on the spot in a headdress and without it
The military salute is completed in less than three or four steps. The hand to the headgear is attached incorrectly:
The serviceman did not turn his head towards the chief and did not look him in the face.
Performing a military salute on the move. The procedure for performing a military salute out of formation
Performing a military salute while out of formation without a headgear
To perform a military salute in motion out of formation without a headgear, three or four steps before the chief (senior), simultaneously with setting the foot, stop moving with your hands, turn your head in his direction and, continuing to move, look at his face. Having passed the chief (senior), put your head straight and continue to move with your hands.
Performing a military salute without headgear while out of formation
With the second step, put your head straight.
Learning a military salute while moving out of formation without a headdress in divisions into three (four) counts
To perform a military salute in place out of formation without a headgear, according to divisions into three (four) counts, the command is given: “Military salute in motion, chief on the right (left), according to divisions: do - ONE, two, three (four) ".
According to the “do - ONCE” count, take a step with your left foot, at the same time as placing it on the ground, stop moving with your hands and turn your head towards the boss.
According to the account “two, three (four)”, continue the movement with clasped hands and turned head.
According to the next count “do - ONCE” under the left leg and at the same time as placing the left foot on the ground, put the head straight and continue to move with the hands.
On the account "two, three (four)" having made two (three) free steps.
According to the next “do - ONCE” account, repeat the exercise in the same order with a pace of movement of 60-70 steps per minute.
Performing a military salute in motion out of formation in a headdress
When wearing a headgear, simultaneously with placing your foot on the ground, turn your head and put your right hand on the headgear, keep your left hand motionless at the hip; having passed the chief (senior), simultaneously with placing the left foot on the ground, put the head straight and lower the right hand.
When overtaking a chief (senior), perform a military salute with the first step of overtaking.
With the second step, put your head straight and lower your right hand.
Learning the military salute while out of formation in a headdress in divisions into six counts
To perform a military salute in motion out of formation in a headdress, according to divisions into six counts, the command is given: “Military salute in motion, chief on the right (left), according to divisions: do - ONE, two, three, four, five, six.
According to the “do - ONCE” count, take a step with your left foot and, with your foot on the ground, turn your head towards the boss, at the same time put your hand on the headgear; lower your left hand down to your thigh.
According to the account “two, three, four”, take steps with the right (left) foot; passing the chief one or two steps.
On the count of “five”, simultaneously with placing the left foot on the ground, put the head straight, lower the right hand from the headgear down.
On the account "six" the right leg, attach to the left, and lower the right hand to the thigh.
Performing a military salute when overtaking a chief without a headdress
When overtaking a chief, a military greeting without a headgear is given as follows: at the first step of overtaking with feet on the ground, stop moving with your hands, vigorously lower them along the body, at the same time turn your head with a raised chin towards the chief. On the second step, put your head straight and continue moving your hands to the beat of the step.
Performing a military salute when overtaking a chief in a headdress
Performing a military salute when overtaking a chief in a headdress
When overtaking a chief, a military greeting in a headdress is given as follows: at the first step of overtaking with feet on the ground, stop moving with your hands, energetically lower them along the body, turn your head with a raised chin towards the chief. Simultaneously with the turn of the head, attach the right hand to the headdress, keep the left hand along the body. On the second step, put your head straight, lower your right hand and continue moving your hands to the beat of the step.
Typical mistakes when performing a military salute in motion in a headdress and without it:
The military salute is completed in less than three or four steps;
The hand to the headgear is attached incorrectly:
The fingers of the right hand are not together, the palm is bent, the middle finger does not touch the lower edge of the headdress (near the visor);
Changed the position of the hand when turning the head towards the boss;
The hand is applied to the headdress not in the shortest way, but through the side;
The serviceman did not turn his head towards the chief and does not look him in the face;
Together with the turn of the head, the body is turned;
First, turn the head, and then put (lower) the hand.
Radiation, Chemical and Biological Protection Troops (RCBZ) are special troops designed to carry out a complex of the most complex measures aimed at reducing the losses of formations and formations of the Ground Forces and ensuring the fulfillment of their combat missions when operating in conditions of radioactive, chemical and biological contamination, and also to increase their survivability and protection against high-precision and other types of weapons. The basis of the RKhBZ troops is made up of multifunctional separate brigades of the RKhBZ, which include units capable of performing the entire range of measures of the RKhB protection.
The main tasks of the RKhBZ troops include:
Identification and assessment of the radiation, chemical and biological situation, the scale and consequences of the destruction of radiation, chemically and biologically hazardous objects;
ensuring the protection of compounds and parts from the damaging factors of weapons of mass destruction and radiation, chemical, biological contamination;
reduced visibility of troops and facilities;
liquidation of the consequences of accidents (destruction) at radiation, chemically and biologically hazardous facilities;
inflicting losses on the enemy using flamethrower and incendiary means.
NBC protection is organized and carried out in full both in the conduct of hostilities with and without the use of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and includes:
Detection of nuclear explosions;
radiation, chemical, biological reconnaissance and control;
collection, processing of data and information on radiation, chemical, biological conditions;
alerting troops about RCB contamination;
carrying out special processing (decontamination, degassing and disinfection) of weapons, military and special equipment, structures and other objects, as well as sanitizing personnel;
aerosol countermeasures against enemy reconnaissance and targeting means.
The RKhBZ troops are developing as dual-purpose troops capable of solving tasks both in wartime and in peacetime in the aftermath of accidents and disasters at radiation, chemically and biologically hazardous industrial enterprises. Further enhancement of their capabilities is carried out by creating a modern system for detecting and evaluating the scale and consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction, integrated with automated command and control systems for troops and weapons and functioning stably in the conditions of the use of WMD and strong electronic countermeasures. Along with this, it is planned to equip formations, units and subdivisions of the RCBZ with new, highly effective means of RCB reconnaissance, individual and collective protection, technical means for reducing visibility and camouflage, flamethrower and incendiary weapons, as well as the introduction of more advanced substances, formulations, methods and technical means of special processing .
A gas mask is a device designed to protect human life and health during work where respiratory and vision protection is necessary, as well as emergency, emergency situations, or in military conflicts with the use of chemical warfare agents to protect the respiratory system, eyes and face of a person from toxic, radioactive substances, bacterial agents and other harmful impurities in the air in the form of vapors, gases or aerosols.
Like many other things that are used in everyday life, the gas mask was originally invented for military needs.
Any gas mask has an insulating front part (mask) - panoramic or with a spectacle assembly.
Gas masks according to the principle of action are divided into:
filtering gas masks (civilian filtering gas masks and children's filtering gas masks) - with a filter-absorbing box (gas mask filter) of various brands, the principle of operation is the absorption of harmful or toxic substances, aerosols, etc. by a catalyst (charge) and an anti-aerosol filter.
insulating gas masks are divided into:
Hose gas masks (according to GOST 12.4.252-2009, the correct name is a hose breathing apparatus) - the principle of operation is the supply of clean air through a hose. It is used if work is carried out in rooms, containers, wells from which from 10 to 40 meters to clean air.
Compressed air masks with compressed air cylinders - principle of operation - air supply from the cylinder through a pressure limiter - reducer.
According to their purpose, gas masks are divided into:
Civilian gas masks are products intended for use in the event of military conflicts, as well as peacetime emergencies by the civilian population. (The accumulation of stocks of civilian gas masks is carried out by employers, regardless of the form of ownership for their own, and for the non-working population - by the authorities)
Industrial gas masks - designed to protect in the process of performing work that requires protection of the respiratory and vision organs from harmful substances, or in hazardous industries in case of emergencies or emergencies.
Military gas masks - put on the military and employees of other law enforcement agencies.
Firefighters' gas masks are used to extinguish fires.
Filtering civilian gas masks:
GP-5 - production was discontinued more than 30 years ago, the shelf life in stocks has expired, but a huge amount is stored, because no funds for disposal. Practical application is only for sandblasting - since only dust protection is needed and the mask completely covers the head.
GP-7 is the most common gas mask. Developed by order of the USSR Ministry of Defense, it was tested on chemical warfare agents, and not on test substances. The quality is guaranteed by the Military Acceptance of the representative of the customer of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (VP MO RF). Complete with an additional DPG-3 cartridge, it has one of the best protective properties.
Insulating gas masks: 
Provide the greatest universal protection of respiratory organs of the person; they are used in conditions of lack of oxygen in the atmosphere or its extremely high gas content, as well as with an unknown composition of air pollutants.
Insulating gas masks with regenerative cartridges on chemically bound oxygen are produced by Tambovmash JSC - IP-4M with RP-4-01 cartridge, IP-4MK with RP-7 or RP-7B cartridge, IP-6 with RP-6 cartridge.
The combined arms protective kit (OZK) was adopted by the Soviet Army in 1958.
Purpose
OZK is a personal protective equipment designed to protect a person from toxic substances, biological agents and radioactive dust. OZK is used in conjunction with a respirator or gas mask.
Important! The suit is not sealed.
Equipment
OZK consists of raincoat OP-1m, protective stockings, protective gloves.
Cloak OP-1m
The raincoat is made of rubberized heat-resistant fabric, available in two colors: gray and light green. Since the inner parts are painted white, in winter the OZK can be used as a camouflage suit. In this case, the cloak is turned inside out, and all fasteners (pegs) are rearranged 180 degrees.
The raincoat has two floors, sides, two sleeves with cuffs in the form of an elastic band for tightening, a hood, a drawstring strap, pegs, ribbons, bartacks.
All this allows you to use it as a cape with sleeves or as a jumpsuit, as well as adjust the hood and other elements to the individual characteristics of a person. The sleeves are additionally held in a stable position by loops worn over the thumbs over protective gloves.
Protective stockings
Stockings are worn over ordinary shoes or over boots. They are made of rubberized fabric, and the sole is reinforced with an additional layer of rubber. The stockings are fastened with three straps and a holder that is attached to the waist belt.
Protective gloves
Gloves are made of rubber and come in two types: winter and summer. Winter gloves (B3-1M) are three-fingered and contain insulated liners; summer gloves (BL-1M) - five-fingered.
Additionally, some OZKs are equipped with caps and headphones.
All elements of the protective kit are folded into a common case or into separate cases. The cover facilitates convenient transportation of the kit in the form of a shoulder backpack.
Usage
The kit is used by military personnel on the territory of Russia and the post-Soviet space. Most often they are used in the troops of radiation, chemical and biological protection, but soldiers and officers of all branches of the armed forces and types of armed forces must be able to put on and conduct combat operations in the OZK.
OZK is selected individually for each serviceman, therefore, during the entire service, the set is assigned to one person. To avoid confusion, OZKs are signed, and to determine the military rank, epaulettes or numbers (for privates) are drawn on the shoulders with a pen.
Since the timely putting on of the kit can save a life, there are standards for putting on the OZK (for an “excellent” rating):
In the form of a cape - 35 sec.
In the form of a raincoat - 3 minutes;
In the form of overalls - 4 min 35 sec.
In the form of a cape, a cloak is put on after the command "Gas, raincoats" or at the signal "Chemical alarm", as well as without a command with implicit signs of contamination of the area. After putting on a gas mask, the cloak is thrown over the shoulders, the floors are fastened, the hood is tightened. In this form, in a sitting position, it is possible to hide the rest of the clothes, weapons, and other things and wait out the main threat.
In the form of a raincoat, the OZK is put on after the command “Cloak in sleeves, stockings, put on gloves. Gases!
Command “Protective suit to put on. Gases! signals the need to use OZK as a jumpsuit.
In the last two cases, the protective kit is put on well in advance of the gas attack in the shelter.
Putting on order:
1 - Put on stockings over shoes. Fasten to the belt, tighten with straps on the lower leg.
2 - Put on a raincoat in the sleeves. Button up.
3 - Put on a gas mask in accordance with the rules for donning gas masks.
4 - Put on a headgear and a protective helmet. Put on the hood of the raincoat over the helmet and fix it with a drawstring in a comfortable position.
5 - Put on gloves, hide the cuffs of the gloves under the sleeves and put on the loops on the thumbs.
To remove the cape, you need to stand facing the wind, unbutton the cloak and throw it on the ground behind your back with the infected side.
Important! The raincoat is removed in the wind so that the harmful substances on it do not get on other clothes and open areas of the body.
Non-disinfected raincoats worn in sleeves and in the form of overalls are removed only if it is impossible to process them on personnel. The OZK is removed after the commands “Remove the protective kit” and “Remove the protective suit”.
When removing a kit, the following procedure applies:
1 - the cloak is removed;
2 - stockings are removed;
3 - gloves are removed;
4 - the gas mask is removed.
