In 1910 he joined the RSDLP(b). In 1911 - an employee of the newspaper Zvezda, in 1912 he became the first secretary of the newspaper Pravda. He was arrested and sentenced to administrative exile. In early 1913 he was released under an amnesty.
In 1914 he was drafted into the Navy. He campaigned among the sailors, wrote proclamations, participated in the legal Petrograd publishing house Volna. In 1914-1917 he studied at the Separate cadet classes in Petrograd.
After the February Revolution of 1917, the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party sent Raskolnikov to Kronstadt to the editorial office of the Bolshevik newspaper Golos Pravdy. He was a comrade (deputy) chairman of the Kronstadt Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, chairman of the city committee of the RSDLP (b), one of the leaders of the political life of Kronstadt.
He led a column of sailors at an anti-government demonstration during the July events of 1917, was arrested, and released in October.
From October 1917, Raskolnikov was a member of the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet. After the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks, he participated in the battles near Pulkovo against the troops of General Pyotr Krasnov, then, at the head of a detachment of sailors, went to support the revolution in Moscow.
In November 1917, he was appointed commissar at the Naval General Staff, by a resolution of the All-Russian Congress of Naval Sailors "for devotion to the people and the revolution," he was promoted from midshipman to lieutenant.
Since January 1918, he served as deputy people's commissar for maritime affairs and a member of the collegium of the Maritime Commissariat.
One of the leaders of the "Ice" campaign of the ships of the Baltic Fleet from Revel to Helsingfors and Kronstadt (February-May 1918). Raskolnikov became one of the organizers of the sinking of the ships of the Black Sea Fleet in Novorossiysk in order to prevent their capture by the Germans (June 1918).
Since July - a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Eastern Front, formed in connection with the performance of the Czechoslovak Corps, since August - the commander of the Volga military flotilla. Participated in the capture of Kazan, the liberation of Kama. In October-December - a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic.
In December 1918, he led the reconnaissance campaign of the destroyer Spartak near Revel, where the ship crashed and was captured by the British. After almost five months in a London prison, Raskolnikov was exchanged for 19 captured British officers.
In June-July 1919 - commander of the Astrakhan-Caspian flotilla. Participated in the battles near Tsaritsyn, Cherny Yar, in the defense of Astrakhan. After the capture of Baku and the proclamation of Soviet power in Azerbaijan, he was appointed commander of the naval forces of the Caspian Sea, and then commander of the Azerbaijani fleet. He led operations to capture the fort of Alexandrovsky and the Persian port of Anzeli, where the White Guards' navy was based.
From June 1920 to January 1921 he was commander of the Baltic Fleet.
In 1921-1923 he served as the plenipotentiary of the RSFSR in Afghanistan.
Since 1924, Raskolnikov worked in the Executive Committee of the Comintern under the name Petrov.
In 1924-1926 he was the editor of the magazine "Young Guard", in 1927-1930 - "Krasnaya Nov". He was the editor-in-chief of the publishing house "Moskovsky Rabochiy".
In 1928-1930 he was the chairman of the censorship body for control over the repertoire of theaters and variety arts of the Glavrepertkom, head of the Glaviskusstvo, a member of the Collegium of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR.
Fedor Raskolnikov knew several foreign languages, was the author of a number of articles, books, the play "Robespierre", a dramatization of Leo Tolstoy's novel "Sunday". Since 1934 he was a member of the Writers' Union of the USSR.
In 1930-1933, Raskolnikov was the plenipotentiary of the USSR in Estonia, in 1933-1934 he was the plenipotentiary of the USSR in Denmark. From September 1934 to April 1938 - Plenipotentiary of the USSR in Bulgaria. The NKVD authorities established surveillance of Raskolnikov "on the basis of information that Raskolnikov, being the plenipotentiary representative of the USSR in Bulgaria, kept Trotsky's documents."
In April 1938, on a call from the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR, he left Sofia, but never returned to the USSR. Lived in Paris.
In July 1939, he was outlawed by the Supreme Court of the USSR and deprived of Soviet citizenship. On July 26, 1939, he published a protest letter in the Parisian Russian émigré newspaper Latest News "How I was made an" enemy of the people ", in which he demanded a public review of his case.
Raskolnikov died in Nice on September 12, 1939, presumably from pneumonia. According to another version, he was killed by NKVD agents.
After Raskolnikov's death, the widely known "Open Letter to Stalin" (written in August 1939) was published in France, which became Stalin's most blunt accusation of mass repressions.
In 1963 he was posthumously rehabilitated.
Fedor Raskolnikov was married twice. The first wife is a publicist, poetess, playwright Larisa Reisner (1895-1926). The second is Muza Kanivez (1913-2006), author of the memoirs "The Shadow of a Fleeting Life". Raskolnikov had a son, Fedor (1937-1939) and a daughter, Muza (1940-1986), who became a historian.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources
The revolutionary conflagration brightly illuminated the figures still known to everyone: Lenin, Trotsky, Kerensky and several other heroes "promoted" by historians. Behind them, those who really moved the levers of the events of 1917 are safely hidden.
One of them is a man with a "Dostoevsky" party nickname, for whom the revolution has become both a crime and a punishment.
Midshipman, forward!
Born in 1892, Fyodor Ilyin began life with a sharp sense of resentment. He could fit into the capital's elite: his father was a popular clergyman in St. Petersburg, his mother was a general's daughter. But due to conventions, they could not marry, so Fedor and his younger brother Alexander lived with the stigma of illegitimate.
Fearing dismissal, Protodeacon Fyodor Petrov visited his family in secret, his unmarried wife Antonina had to work all day in the shop, and give the children to an orphanage. When Fedor Jr. was finishing school, his father, accused of raping a maid, killed himself; By the way, the grandfather and uncle of the future hero of the revolution also committed suicide because of women. From the "lead abominations of life," the teenager hid in books, identifying himself with their heroes - victims of injustice, taking revenge on fate and their offenders.
At the age of 17, he entered the Polytechnic Institute, where the student Scriabin (the future politician V.M. Molotov) involved him in the Bolshevik cell. After articles in the party press, Fyodor was arrested and sentenced to exile, but his mother, having raised "general" connections, managed to leave him in the capital for treatment. Brother Alexander, also a Bolshevik, was expelled from the gymnasium and went to study in Switzerland, for which he received the pseudonym Ilyin-Zhenevsky. Fedor, in new articles in Pravda, also took a pseudonym in honor of one of his favorite heroes - Rodion Raskolnikov.
From the First World War, the young man, according to the party line, evaded by enrolling in the school of midshipmen. On a training ship he went to Japan, spent a year and a half on the voyage. The February events caught the half-educated midshipman by surprise, as did the tsarist government, which was sure to the last that the people were devoted to it.
For Fyodor, who was bored in the cold cadet classes, the revolution became a holiday.
Kronstadt, "Crosses", Trotsky
Later in the book "Kronstadt and Peter in 1917" he wrote: "With a joyful feeling I left the musty barracks to join the insurgent people." On February 28, Raskolnikov went to the Taurida Palace, where the Provisional Committee of the Duma and the Petrograd Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies met simultaneously. A joyful disorder reigned there, and no one reacted to rumors that large forces of monarchist-minded troops were approaching the city.
Raskolnikov decided that only the Bolsheviks could defend the revolution, and went to Kronverksky Prospekt, where the few party members who survived the arrests met. But there he saw the same chaos: the "right" supported the Duma, the "left" led by Podvoisky demanded the continuation of the revolution. On March 2, the day of the tsar's abdication, at the first meeting of the Petrograd Committee (Pek, as they said then), Fedor strongly supported the left.
On March 17, the Bolsheviks sent Raskolnikov to Kronstadt to edit the party newspaper "Voice of Truth" - the comrades remembered his literary abilities. Knowing firsthand the marine life, Fedor quickly became his own for the sailors, and at the same time became friends with the leader of the local Bolsheviks, Semyon (Sima) Roshal. Yes, so hard that they were sometimes considered one person by the name of Raskolnikov-Roshal - until the death of 23-year-old Semyon at the hands of whites. Having actually become the masters of Kronstadt, Roshal and Raskolnikov, not without success, tried to win over the sailors of Helsingfors and Revel, the main bases of the Baltic Fleet, to their side.
And the opportunity to measure strength with the authorities came in July, when the anarchist sailors were expelled from the mansion they had captured. The Bolsheviks decided to stand up for the "offended" and staged a crowded demonstration in the center of Kronstadt, where Raskolnikov brought 10,000 sailors with weapons. But there were more supporters of the government: after indiscriminate shooting, the demonstrators dispersed, and the next day arrests began.
Fyodor, together with Roshal, was put in the "Crosses", where Trotsky also ended up. Raskolnikov became his ardent admirer, which later cost him his career and, ultimately, his life.
Volleys on the Cossacks
After the Kornilov rebellion, the Provisional Government tried to make peace with the Bolsheviks and released them from prison. On October 11, the liberated Raskolnikov went from Kresty to the party committee, which was then in Smolny. There he learned that the Bolsheviks had created a Military Revolutionary Committee - formally to protect against the already arrested Kornilov, but in fact to seize power. On paper, he was led by the Left Socialist-Revolutionary Lazimir, in reality, by the hard Leninists Podvoisky, Antonov-Ovseenko, and Trotsky's "adjutant" Lashevich.
They sent Raskolnikov to the west - to Novgorod and Luga, in order to attract local garrisons to their side. While giving a speech in the Luga circus, Fedor caught a cold and went to bed. And on October 26 he was awakened by the news: at night the workers and Kronstadt sailors - without him! - they took the Winter Palace and arrested the Provisional Government.
Forgetting about the disease, Fedor rushed on the afternoon of October 26 to the agitated Smolny. By this point, Kerensky, who had left the city, convinced the commander of the Cossack division, Krasnov, to move on Petrograd. The Cossacks occupied Gatchina and Tsarskoye Selo without a fight. It was Raskolnikov who saved the newborn Bolshevik regime at this critical moment - at his request, ships from Helsingfors and Kronstadt approached St. Petersburg, and the guns removed from them were installed on the Pulkovo Heights.
A couple of shots were enough for the Cossacks, who were not burning with the desire to fight, to sue for peace. Krasnov was pardoned and left for the Don to continue the fight. And the Bolsheviks appointed Raskolnikov, who had distinguished himself, as Deputy People's Commissar of Naval Forces and gave a new important assignment. The Constituent Assembly that opened in the Tauride Palace threatened to remove the Bolsheviks from power. In the meeting room, Raskolnikov announced the departure of the Bolshevik delegation, and then ordered Zheleznyakov to clear the hall.
Thus, the "question of power" in Russia was resolved for the next seven decades.
Lenin's emissary
The name of Raskolnikov has long gone into the shadow of his famous associates. But in the years when the fate of the new government was being decided, he was at the forefront of the main events. It was he who, in the summer of 1918, was sent by Lenin to Novorossiysk with instructions to flood the Black Sea Fleet so that it would not be captured by the Germans or the forces of the Entente. Having completed this mission, the midshipman immediately went to the Volga - there was a threat of a breakthrough by the rebellious Czechoslovaks. Raskolnikov led the water flotilla, and she helped the Red Army liberate Kazan. And then he took part in the suppression of the uprising of the Izhevsk workers, followed by two destroyers went to establish Soviet power in Tallinn ...
True, along the way, Raskolnikov was captured by the British along with the ships; he spent half a year as a prisoner of war in a London prison, but was exchanged by order of Lenin for British officers captured by the Bolsheviks ...
The rapid career growth of the midshipman, by the historical irony of fate, was interrupted in the same Kronstadt. Raskolnikov was appointed to command the Baltic Fleet, brought to a miserable state: without a material base, without experienced commanders and sailors who perished in the war. Their place was taken by the recent peasants, dissatisfied with the Bolshevik surplus appraisal. The result was an uprising in Kronstadt, in which many of Raskolnikov's old acquaintances also took part.
The commander of the fleet personally went on the attack on the fortress with a rifle in his hands - but still "thundered" from his post. He, a combat sailor, was humiliatingly transferred to diplomatic work, and besides, to wild Afghanistan. His wife went with him - the St. Petersburg poetess Larisa Reisner, who also managed to fight on the Civil. But she quickly escaped from the Afghan wilderness, went to the prominent Bolshevik Radek. Raskolnikov consoled himself with a new marriage to a girl with an exotic name Muza...
"Open letter to Stalin"
He headed the magazine "Young Guard" and the publishing house "Moskovsky Rabochiy", wrote plays and memoirs about the revolution. Then he was again thrown into diplomatic work - ambassador to Estonia, Denmark, Bulgaria. His comrades in the revolution disappeared one by one, his idol Trotsky had long ago become an "enemy of the people."
On the way to Moscow, he read in the newspaper that he was also declared an "enemy" - and on the same day he fled, covering his tracks.
In September 1939, Fedor Raskolnikov died in a clinic in Nice: according to his wife, from pneumonia, according to many, at the hands of Soviet agents. After his death, his “Open Letter to Stalin” appeared in the emigre press, which was published in the USSR only during the years of perestroika.
Forgotten heroes of two revolutions
Nikolai Ilyich PODVOISKY (1880 - 1948)
He comes from a family of Ukrainian priests, a veteran of the Bolshevik Party. In February 1917, he captured the Kshesinskaya Palace and made it the party headquarters, in October he was deputy chairman of the Military Revolutionary Committee, one of the organizers of the storming of the Winter Palace. He became the first people's commissar for military affairs, soon losing this post to Trotsky. Invented the emblem of the Red Army - a five-pointed star. During the Civil War, he did not prove himself and was pushed back to secondary positions. Invisibility and addiction to alcohol helped him avoid repression.
Mikhail Mikhailovich LASHEVICH (1884 - 1928)
The son of an Odessa merchant, a Bolshevik, a participant in the revolutions of 1905 and 1917. In May 1917 he became secretary of the Petrograd Soviet and leader of its Bolshevik faction. As a member of the Military Revolutionary Committee, on the night of October 25, he commanded the capture of mail, telegraph, and bridges. During the Civil War - commander of several armies, later - deputy commissar for military and naval affairs. For proximity to Trotsky, he was removed from all posts and sent on a diplomatic mission to Harbin, where he died under mysterious circumstances.
Georgy Ivanovich BLAGONRAVOV (1894 - 1938)
A nobleman, ensign of the rear, who became a Bolshevik in March 1917, and in October - the commissar of the Peter and Paul Fortress. He fired guns at the Winter Palace, after the victory of the uprising he was the commissar for the protection of Petrograd. Since 1918 he worked in the Cheka, organized the work of railways. Shot during the Great Terror.
Yuri Vladimirovich LOMONOSOV (1876 - 1952)
Railway engineer from the nobility, a distant relative of M.V. Lomonosov. He was a member of the leadership of the Ministry of Railways. Being a staunch opponent of the monarchy, he took part in the preparation of the February Revolution. Together with Duma commissar Bublikov, he put the railroads under the control of the new government. In the summer of 1917 he left for the United States to purchase steam locomotives, under the Bolsheviks he returned to Russia, where, with the consent of Lenin, he undertook a number of adventurous economic projects. After their failure, he fled to England.
Alexander Yakovlevich AROSEV (1890 - 1938)
The son of a tailor, a Bolshevik, a talented writer. In October 1917, he commanded detachments of the Red Guards during the Moscow uprising, ordered to shoot the Kremlin from guns. Later he worked in the Cheka, was the Soviet plenipotentiary in a number of European countries. He died during the Great Terror. Father of actresses Elena and Olga Arosev.
Anatoly Grigorievich ZHELEZNYAKOV (1895 - 1919)
An anarchist sailor, during the First World War he deserted from the fleet, in the fall of 1917, at the head of a detachment of the Baltics, he participated in uprisings in Petrograd, Moscow, Kharkov. Its fighters, who had the fame of murderers and robbers, dispersed the Constituent Assembly in January 1918. Soon the detachment was disarmed for banditry, and Zheleznyakov was sent to the front, where he, commanding an armored train, was mortally wounded in a battle with whites. "Sailor-partisan Zheleznyak" became a folklore character, the hero of a famous song.
In 1910 he joined the RSDLP(b). In 1911 - an employee of the newspaper Zvezda, in 1912 he became the first secretary of the newspaper Pravda. He was arrested and sentenced to administrative exile. In early 1913 he was released under an amnesty.
In 1914 he was drafted into the Navy. He campaigned among the sailors, wrote proclamations, participated in the legal Petrograd publishing house Volna. In 1914-1917 he studied at the Separate cadet classes in Petrograd.
After the February Revolution of 1917, the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party sent Raskolnikov to Kronstadt to the editorial office of the Bolshevik newspaper Golos Pravdy. He was a comrade (deputy) chairman of the Kronstadt Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, chairman of the city committee of the RSDLP (b), one of the leaders of the political life of Kronstadt.
He led a column of sailors at an anti-government demonstration during the July events of 1917, was arrested, and released in October.
From October 1917, Raskolnikov was a member of the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet. After the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks, he participated in the battles near Pulkovo against the troops of General Pyotr Krasnov, then, at the head of a detachment of sailors, went to support the revolution in Moscow.
In November 1917, he was appointed commissar at the Naval General Staff, by a resolution of the All-Russian Congress of Naval Sailors "for devotion to the people and the revolution," he was promoted from midshipman to lieutenant.
Since January 1918, he served as deputy people's commissar for maritime affairs and a member of the collegium of the Maritime Commissariat.
One of the leaders of the "Ice" campaign of the ships of the Baltic Fleet from Revel to Helsingfors and Kronstadt (February-May 1918). Raskolnikov became one of the organizers of the sinking of the ships of the Black Sea Fleet in Novorossiysk in order to prevent their capture by the Germans (June 1918).
Since July - a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Eastern Front, formed in connection with the performance of the Czechoslovak Corps, since August - the commander of the Volga military flotilla. Participated in the capture of Kazan, the liberation of Kama. In October-December - a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic.
In December 1918, he led the reconnaissance campaign of the destroyer Spartak near Revel, where the ship crashed and was captured by the British. After almost five months in a London prison, Raskolnikov was exchanged for 19 captured British officers.
In June-July 1919 - commander of the Astrakhan-Caspian flotilla. Participated in the battles near Tsaritsyn, Cherny Yar, in the defense of Astrakhan. After the capture of Baku and the proclamation of Soviet power in Azerbaijan, he was appointed commander of the naval forces of the Caspian Sea, and then commander of the Azerbaijani fleet. He led operations to capture the fort of Alexandrovsky and the Persian port of Anzeli, where the White Guards' navy was based.
From June 1920 to January 1921 he was commander of the Baltic Fleet.
In 1921-1923 he served as the plenipotentiary of the RSFSR in Afghanistan.
Since 1924, Raskolnikov worked in the Executive Committee of the Comintern under the name Petrov.
In 1924-1926 he was the editor of the magazine "Young Guard", in 1927-1930 - "Krasnaya Nov". He was the editor-in-chief of the publishing house "Moskovsky Rabochiy".
In 1928-1930 he was the chairman of the censorship body for control over the repertoire of theaters and variety arts of the Glavrepertkom, head of the Glaviskusstvo, a member of the Collegium of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR.
Fedor Raskolnikov knew several foreign languages, was the author of a number of articles, books, the play "Robespierre", a dramatization of Leo Tolstoy's novel "Sunday". Since 1934 he was a member of the Writers' Union of the USSR.
In 1930-1933, Raskolnikov was the plenipotentiary of the USSR in Estonia, in 1933-1934 he was the plenipotentiary of the USSR in Denmark. From September 1934 to April 1938 - Plenipotentiary of the USSR in Bulgaria. The NKVD authorities established surveillance of Raskolnikov "on the basis of information that Raskolnikov, being the plenipotentiary representative of the USSR in Bulgaria, kept Trotsky's documents."
In April 1938, on a call from the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR, he left Sofia, but never returned to the USSR. Lived in Paris.
In July 1939, he was outlawed by the Supreme Court of the USSR and deprived of Soviet citizenship. On July 26, 1939, he published a protest letter in the Parisian Russian émigré newspaper Latest News "How I was made an" enemy of the people ", in which he demanded a public review of his case.
Raskolnikov died in Nice on September 12, 1939, presumably from pneumonia. According to another version, he was killed by NKVD agents.
After Raskolnikov's death, the widely known "Open Letter to Stalin" (written in August 1939) was published in France, which became Stalin's most blunt accusation of mass repressions.
In 1963 he was posthumously rehabilitated.
Fedor Raskolnikov was married twice. The first wife is a publicist, poetess, playwright Larisa Reisner (1895-1926). The second is Muza Kanivez (1913-2006), author of the memoirs "The Shadow of a Fleeting Life". Raskolnikov had a son, Fedor (1937-1939) and a daughter, Muza (1940-1986), who became a historian.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources
Fedor Fedorovich Raskolnikov (real name - Ilyin), (1892-1939), was born in St. Petersburg, in the family of a priest. Nationality Russian. Education - higher: graduated from the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute. In 1910 joined the Bolshevik Party - on the recommendation of V.M. Molotov, who for a long time contributed to his career in the future. In 1914 entered the naval academy. He did not take an active part in political activity before the revolution. He chose his pseudonym in honor of the hero of F.M. Dostoevsky: he repeatedly said that he wanted to check what “absolute evil” is. He claimed that he would not stop before the “tear of a child”. He severed ties with his family. The school even raised the question of checking his mental state: Fedor Fedorovich periodically behaved inappropriately.
After the overthrow of the monarchy in February 1917. F. Raskolnikov became deputy chairman of the Kronstadt Soviet: organizer and active participant in the murders of officers of the Baltic Fleet; in total, several hundred people were killed, including the commander of the fleet, Admiral Nepenin. Raskolnikov ordered the officers to be drowned in the sea and hung on yardarms.
In July 1917 Raskolnikov participated in the Bolsheviks' attempt to seize power: detachments of sailors under his command occupied key positions in the city. Raskolnikov repeatedly ordered to open fire on residential buildings, ordered to detain and shoot supporters of the Provisional Government. After the putsch failed, he was arrested and released on the eve of the Bolshevik coup.
During the October coup, Raskolnikov participated in the suppression of the campaign of P.N. Krasnov's troops against St. Petersburg and in street battles in Moscow.
F. Rakskolnikov was elected to the Constituent Assembly, at a meeting of which on January 5, 1918. announced the withdrawal of the Bolshevik faction from it. F. Raskolnikov supervised the execution of a workers' demonstration in support of the Constituent Assembly: the Baltic sailors repeatedly opened machine-gun fire on his orders. According to various sources, there were up to 2,500 killed and wounded.
He became close with L.D. Trotsky, who appointed him Commissar of the Naval General Staff, and then his deputy for maritime affairs. Raskolnikov practically did not know naval affairs, and in these positions all his work was reduced to searching for "traitors" among naval officers. The execution of the commander of the Baltic Fleet, Admiral Shchastny, is his "merit". A similar fate befell many other naval officers.
January-March 1918 F. Raskolnikov is an active participant in the Reds' attempt to seize power in Finland: together with P. E. Dybenko, he participated in the organization of the Red Terror in Helsinki. It was he who came up with a sleigh ride over the bodies of the condemned - this was his favorite "entertainment" with Dybenko.
In June 1918 on behalf of Lenin and Trotsky, Raskolnikov supervised the flooding of the Black Sea Fleet as part of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. It must be said that most of the sailors were against such a measure, especially since there were other options for solving the problem - for example, relocating the fleet to neutral ports. Raskolnikov preferred violence to any means of persuasion: he declared those who disagreed with the flooding of the fleet "enemies of the revolution" with all the ensuing consequences.
From July 1918 - a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Eastern Front, commanded the Volga Flotilla, where he was so actively looking for "enemies" that the flotilla almost went over to the side of the Whites, and Lenin had to remove him from there. September-October 1918. - an active participant in the Red Terror in Kazan and the bloody suppression of the Izhevsk-Votkinsk uprising of workers against hunger and repression. Raskolnikov had nothing to do with the organs of the Cheka or the revolutionary tribunals, which did not prevent him from giving arbitrary orders for executions, including large groups of people. For this, Trotsky made him a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the RSFSR and awarded him the Order of the Red Banner.
In December 1918 F. Raskolnikov participated in the attempt of the Reds to take Tallinn by amphibious assault forces. The attempt failed: the British fleet guarded the Estonian coast, F. Raskolnikov was captured by the British and accused of unprovoked shelling of civilian port facilities and urban areas of Tallinn. For some time he was in custody. We do not know anything about his behavior there, but the protocols of interrogations of Raskolnikov by the British have not been declassified to this day.
In the summer of 1919 he was released and returned to Russia, where he was appointed commander of the Volga-Caspian military flotilla, and participated in an attempt to export "socialism" to Iran, where an amphibious assault was landed under his command in the port of Anzali. The landing ended unsuccessfully: the inhabitants of Anzali did not support the self-styled "liberators", but Trotsky awarded Raskolnikov the second Order of the Red Banner.
June 1920-March 1921 F.F. Raskolnikov - Commander of the Baltic Fleet. Together with P.E. Dybenko participated in the brutal suppression of the Kronstadt uprising, he personally executed several dozen death sentences handed down by Dybenko. Eyewitnesses say: Fedor Fedorovich drank heavily at that time, and now and then quoted Dostoevsky. Dybenko wrote a report on his recall, and Trotsky had to listen to this report: Raskolnikov's condition began to inspire fear in himself.
Since 1921 Fedor Raskolnikov - in diplomatic work. First - the plenipotentiary in Afghanistan, then - in Estonia, Denmark, Bulgaria. Fedor Fedorovich kept aloof from the inner-party struggle in the CPSU (b), but he retained sympathy for Trotsky, and in 1938. this sympathy - on the basis of dissatisfaction with the elimination of the “old revolutionaries” by Stalin, broke through: Raskolnikov refused to return to the USSR, and published an open letter to Stalin, in which he accused him of organizing mass repressions
101 biographies of Russian celebrities who never existed Belov Nikolay Vladimirovich
Rodion Raskolnikov
Rodion Raskolnikov
Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov, the protagonist of F. M. Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment, was born from the writer's pen in 1865-1866. These were not the best years in the life of the great writer, who at that time was constantly in material need. The brother of the classic and his first wife died, the magazine Epoch was closed, in the publication of which the Dostoevsky brothers took an active part. In addition, several thousand debts hung on the writer, and he was forced to rent housing in the poor quarters of St. Petersburg.
Poverty had an unfavorable effect on the mind of the writer, resulting in the emergence of the novel "Crime and Punishment" and its main character, a poor, practically impoverished law student Rodion Raskolnikov, who, in a schizophrenic ardor, dared to kill the old pawnbroker and servant Lizaveta. What exactly is the conflict in the work?
A native of a heterogeneous family in a difficult financial situation, Rodion Raskolnikov is unable to endure the discomfort of his position in a beggarly closet in St. Petersburg. Constant poverty and the inability to get out of it give rise in his inflamed mind to Napoleonic ideas of changing the situation through violence against those who, at the very least, can survive in the difficult economic situation of Russia in the middle of the 19th century. For the sick Raskolnikov, the unfortunate old pawnbroker who lends money at interest becomes such an object. It is to her that Raskolnikov comes to bail the ring given to him by his sister Dunyasha. The most tender feelings are connected with Rodion's mother and sister.
In other words, Raskolnikov is a loser, as the writer himself feels during this period of life, who, like his hero, needs to rehabilitate his spiritual essence through the internal resolution of the moral and ethical conflict. Still, in addition to everything, he, the hero of Dostoevsky, is also an educated person who cannot just go crazy or go to the senseless, which is essentially a novel crime. He, this hero, needs a philosophical and ethical base in order to explain everything in his soul. This is what Dostoevsky's hero Raskolnikov is busy with almost throughout the entire novel.
Raskolnikov meets the family of the impoverished and degrading former employee Marmeladov, who lures a penny out of taverns. Marmeladov's daughter Sonechka, a kind creature, is forced to go to the bar to save her family from starvation. And this physically fallen, but not spiritually fallen girl becomes the closest girlfriend of Rodion Raskolnikov, who killed a man for nothing. Sonechka, like Raskolnikov, is deprived of adequate living conditions for her upbringing, but she suffers less from this, finding a foothold in the idea of \u200b\u200buniversal love for humanity, which she is trying to instill in Rodion.
Rodion's pangs of conscience must stop if, as Sonechka advises him, he kneels before humanity and asks for forgiveness from him for his extravagant idea to test himself "whether he is a trembling creature or has a right." The question arises: what is the right? Yes, to a worthy morally and physically, and therefore economically, life, which most of the inhabitants of Russia at that time were deprived of. In principle, Raskolnikov's rebellion is a rebellion of a person who does not want to put up with the dirt and poverty in which he and the people around him are forced to stay. Just a rebellion that resulted in a perverted form in the murder of an old pawnbroker who accidentally became the personification of evil in the sick mind of the hero. Indeed, it is easier to raise a hand against someone who will not retaliate than to try to revive Russia economically.
“The way people live in Petersburg of the 19th century, a person cannot live!” - as if shouting through the description of the external life of his hero Dostoevsky. But Christian upbringing and belonging to an educated class, which in principle is called upon to serve the existing government, do not allow the writer to openly oppose the policy of the Russian government, and Fyodor Dostoevsky, together with his hero Raskolnikov, arranges an internal drama of the hero's confrontation with himself and the eternal idea of good and evil. There is more than enough of the latter in the country, and in the souls, first of all, of the educated people of Russia, a revolutionary situation is already ripening, the writer Dostoevsky, who once ascended the scaffold along with the Petrashevites, understands this himself. And this little rebellion of his turns into the creative embodiment of the drama of Rodion Raskolnikov, which is entirely involved in internal throwing, searching for an answer to the question of how to live and why to live. Knowing about the ideal state of society and not seeing it around, Raskolnikov in some way falls into insanity, killing an old woman who is not guilty of anything before him and the cook Lizaveta who accidentally fell into his arms.
Dostoevsky, who sees that the existing government is not going to change anything voluntarily, foresees that changes will come through bloodshed. And they will lead to this bloodshed the same as Raskolnikov, who dared to step over the Christian principle “Thou shalt not kill” within themselves. But Raskolnikov just did not step over. He was drawn into the Christian element of worldview, in fact, by the harlot Sonechka Marmeladova.
But the writer, despite the idyllic ending, when Raskolnikov, who, under the influence of Sophia, went and confessed to his crime, feels life again in hard labor, nevertheless understood the falsity of the hero's position. In Dostoevsky's later novel The Possessed, people like Raskolnikov would already kill for the supposed idea of "saving mankind."
It is known that Fyodor Dostoevsky took prototypes for his novels from newspaper crime chronicles and criminal cases. Additional access to these cases was opened to him by friendship and communication with the lawyer Koni. The real prototype of Raskolnikov was the clerk Gerasim Chistov, who killed two old women (a cook and a laundress) with an ax in Moscow in January 1865 in order to rob their mistress, the bourgeois Dubrovina. Chistov at that time was 27 years old. This was reported by the newspaper "Voice" for September 7-13, 1865. Another prototype was a relative of Dostoevsky's aunt A.F. Kumanina, Moscow professor of world history A.T. Neofitov. This man was involved in the 5% home loan ticket forgers case. From him, Dostoevsky took for his hero the desire to get rich quickly and immediately. The ideological basis of the murder of Raskolnikov was developed under the influence of the ideas of the Frenchman Pierre François Lacener, a summary of the trial of which was published in the 1830s on the pages of the second issue of Dostoevsky's magazine Vremya (1861). Lacener claimed that for him to kill a person is like "drinking a glass of milk". This man in his memoirs also proved that "he is a victim of society", an avenger and a fighter against social injustice in the name of a revolutionary idea.
The name and surname of Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov are seen as symbolic indications of the homeland, the religious and internal split in it, and the Romanov dynasty. The policy of one of the royal dynasty of Peter the Great led Russia to a religious schism and the artificial imposition of a European lifestyle, as many Slavophiles believed, which distorted the natural course of development of Russia, which, perhaps, could have had a more spiritual and not so heavily tied to money lifestyle. The symbol of the spiritual degeneration of Russia was for the writer, also not alien to Slavophile ideas, the artificial imperial city of Petersburg created by Peter the Great, where he placed his unfortunate criminal Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov. In the mythology of St. Petersburg, built almost on the bones of the peasants who died during its construction, whose bodies were not even adequately buried, there is a belief that the hungry souls of those who died in the swamps of the Neva still fly around the former imperial city, instilling bad states in the souls of the living. One of the victims of these hungry souls could be called Raskolnikov, if in reality it was so.
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