An earthquake is an earth tremor and vibration of the earth's surface, resulting from displacement and ruptures in the earth's crust or the upper part of the Earth's mantle and transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic vibrations.
Earthquake The focus of an earthquake, that is, the point under the ground that is the source of an earthquake, is called the hypocenter. Directly above the hypocenter on the surface of the earth is the epicenter of the earthquake, around which is located the area experiencing the greatest ground vibrations.
A seismograph is a sensitive device that captures and registers tremors, notes their strength, direction and duration.
Depending on the intensity of ground vibrations on the surface, earthquakes are subdivided according to the international 12-point scale MSK-86 (Mercali scale). Maximum intensity Typical manifestations of an earthquake according to the Mercali, points 1 -2 3 4 -5 6 -7 7 -8 9 -10 11 -12 The population does not feel the earthquake Some people feel the earthquake; no damage Earthquakes are felt by most people; no damage to buildings Minor damage to buildings: cracks in walls and chimneys Moderate damage to buildings: penetrating cracks in weak walls Large damage: collapses of buildings of poor quality construction, cracks in strong buildings General and almost complete destruction
Consequences of earthquakes Dangerous geological phenomena. Tsunamis, floods. Fires. Panic. Injury and death of people. Damage and destruction of buildings. Emissions of radioactive, emergency chemically hazardous and other harmful substances. Transport accidents and disasters. Violation of the functioning of life support systems.
Signs of an approaching earthquake The smell of gas in areas where this has not been noted before. Flashes in the form of scattered light lightning. Sparking of closely spaced, but not touching, electrical wires. The bluish glow of the interior walls of houses. The unusual behavior of animals.
Earthquakes.
Option number 1
1. What is an earthquake? Specify the correct answer.
a) underground impacts and fluctuations of the Earth's surface;
b) the area of occurrence of an underground shock;
2. A sensitive device that captures and registers tremors, noting their strength, direction and duration:
a) tektograph;
b) seismograph;
c) richtograph.
3. According to the reasons for the origin of an earthquake, there are:
a) tectonic;
b) seaquakes;
c) induced;
d) surface;
e) volcanic;
e) collapse.
4. Choose from the listed places the most suitable for shelter in a building (room) during an earthquake:
b) places under firmly fixed tables;
c) places under the windowsill;
e) ventilation shafts and ducts;
e) openings in the main internal walls;
g) balconies and loggias;
h) places inside pantries and built-in wardrobes; i) doorways.
5. You are at school. There is a lesson. The sound of a siren is heard. The school attendant ran into the classroom and said that a message had been transmitted on the radio about an approaching earthquake. Determine your next steps and list them in a logical order:
a) turn off the electricity
b) to score windows;
c) try to quickly leave the school building and drive (go) home;
d) evacuate together with the class from the school building;
e) Take a seat away from buildings and power lines.
6. The place of the greatest manifestation of the earthquake:
a) the source of the earthquake;
b) the epicenter of the earthquake;
c) the language of an earthquake.
Option number 2
1. A sensitive device that captures and registers tremors, noting their strength, direction and duration:
a) seismograph;
b) tectograph;
c) richtograph.
2. What is an earthquake? Specify the correct answer.
a) the area of occurrence of an underground shock;
b) underground impacts and fluctuations of the Earth's surface;
c) the projection of the center of the earthquake focus on the earth's surface.
3. The main causes of earthquakes are:
a) wave vibrations in rocks;
b) construction of large reservoirs in the zones of tectonic faults;
c) a shift in the rocks of the earth's crust, a fault along which one rock mass rubs against another with great force;
d) volcanic manifestations in the earth's crust.
4. How will you leave a high-rise building after the earthquake tremors subside?
a) in an elevator
b) through a drainpipe;
c) on a rope ladder;
d) up the stairs.
5. Choose from the listed places the most suitable for shelter in a building (room) during an earthquake. Explain why these places are considered the safest:
a) places inside cabinets, chests of drawers, wardrobes;
b) places under the windowsill;
c) corners formed by internal partitions;
d) places under firmly fixed tables, next to beds;
e) places at the columns;
h) balconies and loggias;
l) doorways.
6. What would you do if an earthquake caused you to be buried under rubble?
b) you need to shout, call for help, try to attract attention to yourself;
c) you need to overcome fear in yourself, discard sad thoughts, believe that help will definitely come.
Option number 3
1. The area where earthquakes occur most often:
a) the central region;
b) seismically active area;
c) volcanic region.
2. The main causes of accidents during earthquakes are:
a) uncontrolled actions of people as a result of panic;
b) lack of protective structures (shelters);
c) flooding;
d) destruction and fall of building structures;
e) lack of personal respiratory protection;
f) falling heavy objects in the apartment;
g) lack of fire extinguishing equipment.
a) a sudden change in weather conditions;
b) bluish glow of the inner surface of houses;
c) self-ignition and spontaneous combustion of combustible substances and materials;
e) heavy precipitation in the form of rain or snow;
e) flashes in the form of scattered light lightning.
4. Choose from the listed places the most suitable for shelter in a building (room) during an earthquake. Explain why these places are considered the safest:
a) places inside cabinets, chests of drawers, wardrobes;
b) openings in the main internal walls;
c) places under the windowsill;
d) corners formed by internal partitions;
d) doorways.
f) ventilation shafts and ducts;
g) places under firmly fixed tables, next to beds;
h) balconies and loggias;
i) corners formed by main internal walls;
j) places inside pantries and built-in wardrobes;
5. You are at home. Suddenly felt jolts, rattling of glass, dishes. There is no time to run out of the house. Determine what you will do and in what order:
a) turn off electricity, gas, water;
b) take a safe place in the doorway;
c) call the emergency service;
d) take a seat by the window;
e) move away from windows and furniture that may fall.
6. The Richter scale matters:
a) from 1 to 9 points;
b) from 0 to 10 points;
c) from 1 to 12 points.
Option number 4
1. The place where the shift of rocks occurs:
a) the epicenter of the earthquake
b) earthquake source;
2. Choose from the listed places the most suitable for shelter in a building (room) during an earthquake. Explain why these places are considered the safest:
a) places inside cabinets, chests of drawers, wardrobes;
b) places under firmly fixed tables, next to beds;
c) places at the columns;
d) places under the windowsill;
e) corners formed by internal partitions;
f) ventilation shafts and ducts;
g) openings in the main internal walls;
h) balconies and loggias;
i) corners formed by main internal walls;
j) places inside pantries and built-in wardrobes;
l) doorways.
3. Signs of an approaching earthquake may be the following phenomena:
a) bluish glow of the inner surface of houses;
b) a sharp change in weather conditions;
c) sparking of closely spaced electrical wires;
d) the smell of gas in areas where this has not been noted before;
e) self-ignition and spontaneous combustion of combustible substances and materials;
e) flashes in the form of scattered light lightning.
g) heavy precipitation in the form of rain or snow;
4. What to do if earthquake shocks caught you in multi-storey buildings?
a) you should not wait in the apartment, but you need to get out into the street as soon as possible;
b) you should hurry to go outside, as repeated shocks of the earthquake are possible;
c) you should jump out of windows or from a balcony, or go down a drainpipe;
d) you should wait in the apartment, standing in the door or balcony opening, opening the doors.
5. An earthquake alert caught you outside. What are you going to do? Find the correct answer:
a) quickly take a place in the nearest ravine, ditch, pit;
b) run into the nearest building and take cover;
c) take a place away from buildings and power lines.
6. The magnitude of an earthquake is determined using complex calculations:
a) on the Richter scale;
b) according to the Mercal scale;
c) on the Beaufort scale.
Earthquake
What is an earthquake?
Underground shocks and fluctuations of the Earth's surface.
The area of occurrence of an underground shock.
The projection of the center of the earthquake source on the earth's surface.
Vibrations of the earth's crust.
tectograph; 2) seismograph; 3) richtograph; 4) hygrograph.
The focus of the earthquake. 2) The epicenter of the earthquake.
A sensitive device that captures and registers tremors, noting their strength, direction and duration, is called:
Indicate the location of the greatest manifestation of the earthquake.
3) The language of the earthquake. 4) The middle layers of the earth's surface.
wave vibrations in rocks;
construction of large reservoirs in the zones of tectonic faults;
a shift in the rocks of the earth's crust, a fault along which one rock mass rubs against another with great force;
volcanic manifestations in the earth's crust.
On the elevator. 2) Down the drainpipe.
The main causes of earthquakes are:
How will you leave a high-rise building after the earthquake tremors subside?
3) On a rope ladder. 4) Up the stairs.
What would you do if an earthquake caused you to be buried under rubble?
1) It is necessary to shout, call for help, try to attract attention to yourself.
2) It is necessary to overcome fear in oneself, discard sad thoughts, believe that help will definitely come;
3) If possible, determine the state of health and, using an improvised object, give a signal.
Central regions. 2) Seismically active areas.
Indicate areas where earthquakes occur most often.
3) Volcanic areas. 4) Mountainous regions of the country.
from 1 to 9 points; 2) from 1 to 12 points; 3) from 0 to 10 points;
The epicenter of the earthquake. 2) The source of the earthquake.
The Richter scale matters:
Indicate the place where the shift of rocks occurs.
3) The mouth of the volcano. 4) Earthquake zone.
You need to hide in the bathroom.
It is necessary to quickly get out into the street, as repeated tremors are possible.
Hide in a linen closet or under a table.
You should wait in the apartment, standing in the doorway or balcony opening, opening the doors.
What to do if earthquake shocks unexpectedly caught you in a multi-storey residential building?
TALLINN, 16 Dec - Sputnik. Residents of the Põhja-Tallinn and Haabersti districts of Tallinn are suffering from the smell of chemicals, which comes from several enterprises. In response to complaints to the environmental inspectorate, they were given an explanation that the devices are not able to fix what their sense of smell perceives, therefore, no measures can be taken yet.
The Haabersti Administration considers this explanation of the department to be anecdotal. According to district elder Marek Jürgenson, it would be logical to assume that due to the seriousness of the situation and the high number of complaints, steps to eliminate the problem would be taken immediately.
"But the department only noted that the human sense of smell is more sensitive than devices, so a person may be disturbed by an unpleasant smell, the presence of which the device does not detect. It sounds like a bad joke," Yurgenson's comment was quoted by the press service of the Council.
The head of the district is convinced that residents should be aware in detail about the causes of the unpleasant odor, whether it is harmful to health, whether it is possible to stop its spread or reduce its intensity.
"We don't live in the Stone Age where you have to wait for a carrier pigeon to get information," Jurgenson said.
"It is sad to realize that the interests of businessmen, and not ordinary residents, are put in the first place. I stand in solidarity with the residents of Haabersti and Põhja-Tallinn and demand that the environmental inspectorate take all possible measures based on the law within its competence to prevent the smell of chemicals in residential there were no more districts," the district elder added.
According to the Environmental Inspectorate, the smell of chemicals in the areas of Põhja-Tallinn and Haabersti is caused by the evaporation of fuel stored in tanks at several enterprises on the Paljassaare peninsula.
As Sputnik Estonia wrote, earlier residents of the largest district of the Estonian capital Lasnamäe addressed the authorities of Tallinn with complaints about unpleasant odors. Its source is a nearby asphalt plant. The people of Lasnamäe demanded that the enterprise be moved to another location or that the technology be changed in such a way as to exclude the spread of an unpleasant odor. The problem has already been tried to be solved by replacing shale oil with diesel, but the effect of changing the fuel turned out to be insignificant.
The environmental inspectorate has already issued its verdict: if experts cannot find some way to clean the air from the odors that cause suffering, then by spring the plant will have to move to a new location.
Estonia partially supported Brussels in the rejection of carbon emissions >>
LIFE TESTS (Grade 7)
1.6. SAFETY IN EMERGENCIES OF GEOLOGICAL CHARACTER.
1.6. OPTION No. 1.
1. What is an earthquake?
A) underground impacts and fluctuations of the Earth's surface; B) the area of occurrence of an underground shock; C) the projection of the center of the earthquake on the earth's surface; D) vibrations of the earth's crust.
2. A sensitive device that captures and registers tremors, noting their strength, direction and duration, is called:
A) textographer; B) seismograph; C) Rictograf: D) Hygrograph.
3. Specify the place of the greatest manifestation of the earthquake:
A) the focus of an earthquake B) the epicenter of the earthquake; B) the language of an earthquake; D) The middle layers of the earth's surface.
4) The main causes of earthquakes are:
A) wave vibrations in rocks; B) construction of large reservoirs in the zones of tectonic faults; C) a shift in the rocks of the crust, a fault along which one rock mass rubs against another with great force; D) volcanic manifestations in the earth's crust.
5) How will you leave the high-rise building after the earthquake tremors subside?
A) in an elevator B) through a drainpipe; B) rope ladder D) up the stairs.
LIFE TESTS (Grade 7)
1.6. OPTION No. 2.
1. What will you do if you are buried under the rubble as a result of an earthquake?
A) you need to shout, call for help, try to attract attention to yourself; B) you need to overcome fear in yourself, discard sad thoughts, believe that help will definitely come; C) if possible, determine the state of health and, using an improvised object, give a signal; D) one must come to terms with fate and read a prayer.
2. Indicate the areas where earthquakes occur most often.
A) central regions; B) seismically active areas; B) volcanic areas; D) mountainous regions of the country.
3. The Richter scale matters
A) 1 to 9 points B) 1 to 12 points C) 0 to 10 points D) 0 to 8 points
4. Indicate the place where the shift of rocks occurs.
A) earthquake epicenter B) earthquake focus C) volcano vent D) earthquake zone
5. What to do if earthquake shocks unexpectedly caught you in a multi-storey residential building?
A) you need to hide in the bathroom; B) you need to quickly go outside, as repeated tremors are possible; C) hide in a linen closet or under a table; D) you should wait in the apartment, standing in the doorway, opening the doors.
LIFE TESTS (Grade 7)
1.6. OPTION No. 3.
1. A geological formation that occurs above channels and cracks in the earth's crust, through which ash, lava, hot vapors and rock fragments erupt onto the earth's surface, is called:
A) an earthquake B) a volcano; B) a break D) a geyser.
2. What is the name of a hot liquid or viscous mass that poured out onto the surface of the earth during a volcanic eruption?
A) magma B) lava; B) a vent; D) an alloy of non-ferrous metals.
3) The main way to save people during volcanic eruptions is:
A) evacuation B) shelter in specially equipped shelters; C) the use of personal protective equipment for respiratory organs and skin; D) shelter in basements, cellars.
4) What should be done in case of a volcanic eruption, being in close proximity to it?
A) run away in a perpendicular direction from moving lava flows; B) hide under a large stone; c) tightly close windows and doors; D) hide in the basement of a residential building.
5) Indicate the first rule of safe behavior in the event of a volcanic eruption.
a) protect sensitive devices; B) lie down on the ground and cover your head with your hands; C) close the water tank; D) go to cover.
LIFE TESTS (Grade 7)
1.6. OPTION No. 4.
1. What is the main cause of landslides?
A) volcanic activity; B) water seeping through cracks and pores deep into the rocks and doing destructive work there; C) shift of rocks; D) precipitation in the form of rain or snow.
2. Separation and catastrophic fall of large masses of rocks, their overturning, crushing and rolling on steep and steep slopes are:
A) rockfall B) landslide; B) collapse D) village.
3. The fast, striking movement of snow and/or ice down steep mountain slopes is called:
A) a snow storm b) collapse; B) mudflow; D) an avalanche.
4) The main damaging factors of landslides, mudflows, landslides and snow avalanches are (are):
A) flooding or flooding with moving masses of rocks of a certain space; B) wave vibrations in rocks; C) hot lava flows; D) blast wave.
5) Continuous and very strong wind, the speed of which exceeds 20 m/s, is:
A) a blizzard; B) storm B) a storm D) tornado.
LIFE TESTS (Grade 7)
1.6. OPTION No. 5.
1. While passing through an avalanche-prone area in the mountains, you and a group of tourists saw a sudden avalanche. The danger of falling into an avalanche is great. What will you do first?
A) quickly start an organized exit from the avalanche area; B) take cover behind a reliable rock or its ledge; C) divide into several groups, each of which will begin to descend into the valley on its own; D) lie down and press yourself to the ground, covering your head with your hands.
2. The main cause of major collapses is (are):
A) melting glaciers B) hurricanes; B) earthquakes D) floods.
3. What is a landslide?
A) a temporary stream suddenly formed in the beds of mountain rivers with a high content of solid materials - stones, mud, etc. and a sharp rise in the water level; B) rapid, sudden movement of snow and (or) ice down the steep slopes of mountains, posing a threat to human life and health, causing damage to economic facilities and the natural environment; C) detachment and rapid fall of large masses of rocks on steep and steep slopes; D) sliding displacements of rock masses along the slope under the influence of their own weight and additional load due to slope erosion, waterlogging, seismic shocks and other processes.
4. It is known that the strength of the wind is measured by its speed. What is the name of the scientist who created the scale that measures the strength of the wind?
A) Richter B) Beaufort; B) Lomonosov; D) Mendeleev.
5. The area of low pressure in the atmosphere is:
A) tornado; B) cyclone; B) a storm D) typhoon.
ANSWERS.
1.6.
