Examples of texts of colloquial style of speech. The concept and signs of colloquial speech

The colloquial style, as one of the varieties of the literary language, serves the sphere of easy communication of people in everyday life, in the family, as well as the sphere of informal relations at work, in institutions, etc.

The main form of implementation of the colloquial style is oral speech, although it can also be manifested in writing (informal friendly letters, notes on everyday topics, diary entries, replicas of characters in plays, in certain genres of fiction and journalistic literature). In such cases, the features of the oral form of speech are fixed.

The main extra-linguistic features that determine the formation of a conversational style are: ease (which is possible only with informal relations between speakers and in the absence of an attitude towards a message that has an official character), immediacy and unpreparedness of communication. Both the sender of speech and its recipient are directly involved in the conversation, often changing roles, the relationship between them is established in the act of speech itself. Such speech cannot be preliminarily considered, the direct participation of the addresser and the addressee determines its predominantly dialogic character, although a monologue is also possible.

A conversational monologue is a form of a casual story about some events, about something seen, read or heard, and is addressed to a specific listener (listeners) with whom the speaker must establish contact. The listener naturally reacts to the story by expressing agreement, disagreement, surprise, indignation, and so on. or asking the speaker about something. Therefore, the monologue in colloquial speech is not as clearly opposed to the dialogue as in writing.

A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is emotionality, expressiveness, evaluative reaction. Yes, to the question Wrote! instead of No, they didn't write usually followed by emotionally expressive responses such as Where did they write it? or Straight¾ wrote!; Where did they write it!; So they wrote!; It's easy to say¾ wrote! etc.

An important role in colloquial speech is played by the atmosphere of speech communication, the situation, as well as non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions, the nature of the relationship of the interlocutors, etc.).

The extralinguistic features of the conversational style are associated with its most common linguistic features, such as standardization, stereotypical use of language means, their incomplete structure at the syntactic, phonetic and morphological levels, discontinuity and inconsistency of speech from a logical point of view, weakening of syntactic links between parts of the statement or their lack of formality. , sentence breaks with various insertions, repetitions of words and sentences, the widespread use of linguistic means with a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring, the activity of language units of a specific meaning and the passivity of units with an abstract generalized meaning.

Conversational speech has its own norms, which in many cases do not coincide with the norms of book speech, fixed in dictionaries, reference books, grammars (codified). The norms of colloquial speech, in contrast to the book ones, are established by usage (custom) and are not consciously supported by anyone. However, native speakers feel them and any unmotivated deviation from them is perceived as a mistake. This allowed researchers (O.B. Sirotinina, A.N. Vasilyeva, N.Yu. Shvedova, O.A. Lapteva and others) to assert that modern Russian colloquial speech is normalized, although the norms in it are rather peculiar. In colloquial speech, to express similar content in typical and repetitive situations, ready-made constructions, stable turns, various kinds of speech clichés are created (formulas of greeting, farewell, appeal, apology, gratitude, etc.). These ready-made, standardized speech means are automatically reproduced and contribute to the strengthening of the normative nature of colloquial speech, which is the hallmark of its norm. However, the spontaneity of verbal communication, the lack of preliminary reflection, the use of non-verbal means of communication and the specificity of the speech situation lead to a weakening of the norms.

Thus, in a colloquial style, stable speech standards coexist, reproduced in typical and repetitive situations, and general literary speech phenomena that can be subject to various shifts. These two circumstances determine the specifics of the norms of conversational style: due to the use of standard speech means and techniques, the norms of conversational style, on the one hand, are characterized by a higher degree of obligation compared to the norms of other styles, where synonymy is not excluded, free maneuvering with a set of acceptable speech means. . And on the other hand, the general literary speech phenomena characteristic of the colloquial style can, to a greater extent than in other styles, be subject to various displacements.

In colloquial style, in comparison with scientific and official-business, the share of neutral vocabulary is much higher. A number of stylistically neutral words are used in figurative meanings specific to this particular style. For example, the stylistically neutral verb cut off(‘to separate something, part of something’) in a colloquial style is used in the sense of ‘reply sharply, wanting to end the conversation’ (Said¾ cut off and did not repeat), fly(‘move, move through the air with the help of wings’) ¾ in the meaning of ‘break, deteriorate’ (Flew the internal combustion engine). See also: dump(‘shift the blame, responsibility onto someone’), toss up(‘give, deliver’), put(‘to appoint to some position’), take off(‘dismiss’), etc.

Common vocabulary is widely used: to be greedy, to stir up, instantly, tiny, unaware, rightly so, on the sly, electric train, potato, cup, salt shaker, panicle, brush, plate etc.

The use of words with a specific meaning is common in the style under consideration and is limited with an abstract one; the use of terms, foreign words that have not yet become commonly used is uncharacteristic. Author's neologisms (occasionalisms) are active, polysemy and synonymy are developed, and situational synonymy is widespread. A characteristic feature of the lexical system of conversational style is the richness of emotionally expressive vocabulary and phraseology. (a hard worker, a parasite, an old man, a fool; a fool, a swirling one, cast a shadow on the wattle fence, take by the throat, climb into a bottle, starve).

Phraseologisms in colloquial speech are often rethought, change their form, the processes of contamination and comic update of the phraseme are active. A word with a phraseologically determined meaning can be used as an independent one, while maintaining the meaning of the whole phraseological unit: don't poke your head¾ meddle¾ poke your nose into other people's business¾ get off the tongue. This is the expression of the law of economy of speech means and the principle of incomplete structure. A special kind of colloquial phraseology is made up of standard expressions, the usual formulas of speech etiquette such as How are you?; Good morning!; Be kind!; Thank you for attention; I beg your pardon etc.

The use of non-literary vocabulary (jargon, vulgarism, rude and swear words, etc.) is not a normative phenomenon of colloquial style, but rather a violation of norms, just like the abuse of book vocabulary, which gives an artificial character to colloquial speech.

Expressiveness and evaluativeness are also manifested in the field of word formation. Formations with suffixes of subjective assessment with the meaning of flattery, diminutiveness, neglect, (dis)approval, irony, etc. are very productive. (daughter, daughter, daughter, hands, furious, huge). Formations of words with the help of affixes are active, giving a colloquial or colloquial connotation. This includes nouns with suffixes -ak (-yak): weakling, good-natured; -k-a: stove, wall; -sh-a: cashier, secretary; -an(-yan); old man, troublemaker; -un: braggart, talker; -ysh: strong man, baby; -l-a: imagined, bigwig; otn-I: running around, pushing; adjectives with suffixes usch (-yushch): huge, thin; with prefix pre-: kind, unpleasant; preffixal-suffixal verbs: walk around, walk around, sentence, whisper; verbs in - to be fashionable, to grimace, to wander, to carpentry; on the (-a) -nut: push, scold, scare, grumble, gasp. Colloquial speech, to a greater extent than book speech, is characterized by the use of multi-prefixed verb formations. (re-elect, hold back, reflect, throw away). Attachment-reflexive verbs are used with bright emotional-evaluative and figurative expression (to run, to work out, to agree, to think out), complicated attachment-return formations (to dress up, to invent, to talk).

To enhance expression, word doubling is used, sometimes with prefixation. (big-big, white-white, fast-fast, small-very small, tall-high). There is a tendency to reduce names, replacing non-single-word names with one-word ones (grade book ¾ credit card, ten-year school ¾ decade, nautical school ¾ sailor, surgical department ¾ surgery, eye specialist ¾ oculist, schizophrenic patient ¾ schizophrenic). Widely used metonymic names (Today there will be a meeting of the trade union bureau¾ Today the trade union bureau; Dictionary of the Russian language, compiled by S.I. Ozhegov¾ Ozhegov).

In the field of morphology, one can note, firstly, grammatical forms that function mainly in a colloquial style, and secondly, the use of stylistically unmarked grammatical categories, their relationship here is different compared to other functional styles. This style is characterized by forms on -a in the nominative plural, where in book styles the normative form is on -s (bunker, cruiser, searchlight, instructor), forms on -y in the genitive and prepositional cases (a kilogram of sugar, a glass of tea, a bunch of grapes, in the workshop, on vacation); zero inflection in the genitive plural (five grams, ten kilograms, a kilogram of tomato, compare book: grams, kilograms, tomatoes).

The quantitative distribution of case forms of nouns is specific: the nominative case is in the first place in terms of usage, the genitive case is rarely used with the meaning of comparison, a qualitative characteristic; the instrumental with the meaning of the subject of the action is not common.

Possessive adjectives are used, synonymous with oblique cases of nouns: Pushkin's poems (Pushkin's poems), Brigadier's sister (brigadier's sister), Katya's brother (Katya's brother). In the predicative function, it is usually not the short form of the adjective that is used, but the full one: The woman was of few words; The conclusions are indisputable(compare the book: True wisdom is laconic; The conclusions are indisputable). Short forms of adjectives are active only in amplifying constructions, where they are characterized by a pronounced expressive coloring: Well, cunning!; Painfully, she is simple; Your deeds are bad!

One of the characteristic features of colloquial speech is the widespread use of pronouns, not only replacing nouns and adjectives, but also used without relying on context. For example, the pronoun such can denote a positive quality or serve as an enhancer (She's such a woman!¾ beautiful, magnificent, smart; Such beauty all around! A pronoun in combination with an infinitive can replace the name of an object, i.e. exclude the noun. For example: Give me something to write; Bring something to read; Do you have something to write about?; Take something to eat. Due to the use of pronouns in colloquial speech, the frequency of the use of nouns and adjectives is reduced. The insignificant frequency of the latter in colloquial speech is also due to the fact that objects and their signs are visible or known to the interlocutors.

In colloquial style, verbs predominate over nouns. The activity of personal forms of the verb increases due to the passivity of verbal nouns, as well as participles and gerunds, which are almost never used in colloquial speech. Of the forms of participles, only the short form of the passive past participle of the past neuter gender singular is active (written, smoked, plowed, done, said). Significant number of adjectivized participles (a knowledgeable specialist, a hard-working person, a wounded soldier, a tattered boot, fried potatoes). A striking sign of colloquial speech is the use of verbs of multiple and single action. (read, sat, walked, spun, whipped, fucked), as well as verbs with the meaning of ultra-instant action (knock, break, jump, lope, fuck, shash).

The immediacy and unpreparedness of the utterance, the situation of verbal communication and other characteristic features of the colloquial style especially affect its syntactic structure. At the syntactic level, more actively than at other levels of the language system, the incomplete structure of the expression of meaning by language means is manifested. The incompleteness of structures, ellipticity ¾ is one of the means of speech economy and one of the most striking differences between colloquial speech and other varieties of the literary language. Since the conversational style is usually implemented in conditions of direct communication, everything that is given by the situation or follows from what was known to the interlocutors even earlier is omitted from speech. A.M. Peshkovsky, describing colloquial speech, wrote: “We always do not finish our thoughts, omitting from speech everything that is given by the situation or the previous experience of the speakers. So, at the table we ask: “Do you have coffee or tea?”; having met a friend, we ask: “Where are you going?”; having heard the annoying music, we say: “Again!”; offering water, let’s say: “Boiled, don’t worry!”, Seeing that the interlocutor’s pen does not write, let’s say: “And you with a pencil!” etc."

In colloquial syntax, simple sentences predominate, and they often lack a verb-predicate, which makes the statement dynamic. In some cases, statements are understandable outside the situation and context, which indicates their linguistic consistency. (I'm at the cinema; He's at the hostel; I would like a ticket; Tomorrow at the theater), in other ¾, the missing verb-predicate is suggested by the situation: (at the post office) ¾ Please, a stamped envelope(give). Sentence words are used (affirmative, negative, incentive): ¾ Will you buy a ticket?¾ Mandatory; Can you bring a book?¾ Of course;¾ Did you read the note?¾ Not yet;¾ Get ready! March! Only colloquial speech is characterized by the use of special words and corresponding sentences expressing agreement or disagreement. (Yes; No; Of course; Of course) often they are repeated (¾ Shall we go to the forest?¾ Yes Yes!;¾ Are you buying this book?¾ No no).

Of the complex sentences in this style, compound and non-union sentences are more active. The latter often have a pronounced colloquial coloring, and therefore are not commonly used in book speech. (Will you come¾ call; There are people¾ do not feel sorry for themselves). The unpreparedness of the statement, the lack of the ability to pre-think the phrase prevent the use of complex syntactic constructions in a colloquial style. Emotionality and expressiveness of colloquial speech due to the widespread use of interrogative and exclamatory sentences (Didn't you see this film? Do you want to see it? Let's go to the "October" now, Why are you sitting at home! In such weather!). Interjection phrases are active (No matter how!; Yes, well!; Well, yes?; Of course!; Oh, is it?; Wow!); connecting structures are used (The plant is well equipped. With the latest technology; He is a good person. Besides, he is cheerful).

The main indicator of syntactic relations in colloquial speech is intonation and word order, while morphological means of communication ¾ transmission of syntactic meanings using word forms ¾ are weakened. Intonation, closely related to the tempo of speech, tone, melody, voice timbre, pauses, logical stresses, etc., in a colloquial style carries a huge semantic, modal and emotionally expressive load, giving speech naturalness, ease, liveliness, expressiveness. It makes up for what is left unsaid, contributes to an increase in emotionality, and is the main means of expressing the actual articulation. The topic of the utterance is highlighted with the help of logical stress, so the element acting as a rheme can be located anywhere. For example, the purpose of the trip can be clarified using the questions: Are you going to Moscow on a business trip? ¾ Are you going to Moscow on a business trip?¾ Are you going to Moscow on a business trip? ¾ Are you going on a business trip to Moscow? circumstance (in business trip) can occupy a different position in the statement, since it is highlighted by logical stress. Highlighting the rheme with the help of intonation allows you to use interrogative words where, when, why, why etc. not only at the beginning of the utterance, but also in any other position (When will you go to Moscow? - When will you go to Moscow?¾ When will you go to Moscow? A typical feature of colloquial syntax is the intonational division of the topic and rheme and their formation into independent phrases (- How to get to the circus?¾ To the circus? Right; How mach is this book?¾ This? Fifty thousand).

The order of words in colloquial speech, not being the main means of expressing the actual articulation, has a high variability. It is looser than in book styles, but still plays a certain role in expressing the actual articulation: the most important, essential element, which has the main meaning in the message, is usually placed at the beginning of the statement: The snow was heavy in the morning; He is strange; The Christmas tree was fluffy; You have to run faster. Often a noun in the nominative case is put forward in the first place, since it serves as a means of actualization: Train station, where to get off?; Shopping mall how to get there?; The book was lying here, didn't you see it?; The bag is red, show me, please!

For the purpose of expressive emphasis, often a complex sentence begins with a subordinate clause in cases where in other styles its postposition is the norm. For example: What to do¾ Don't know; What was not afraid¾ well done; Who is brave¾ come out.

The simultaneity of thinking and speaking in direct communication leads to frequent restructuring of the phrase on the go. At the same time, the sentences either break off, then additions to them follow, then their syntactic structure changes: But I don't see any particular reason to worry so much... although, by the way...; They recently bought a cat. so cute etc.

Table of Differential Features of Functional Styles

Conversational style 1, as one of the varieties of the literary language, serves the sphere of easy communication of people in everyday life, in the family, as well as the sphere of informal relations at work, in institutions, etc.

A conversational monologue is a form of a casual story about some events, about something seen, read or heard, and is addressed to a specific listener (listeners) with whom the speaker must establish contact. The listener naturally reacts to the story by expressing agreement, disagreement, surprise, indignation, etc., or by asking the speaker about something. Therefore, the monologue in colloquial speech is not as clearly opposed to the dialogue as in writing.

A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is emotionality, expressiveness, evaluative reaction. So, the question was written! Instead of No, they didn't, emotionally expressive responses like Where did they write there usually follow! or Directly - they wrote !; Where did they write it!; So they wrote!; It's easy to say - they wrote it! etc.

An important role in colloquial speech is played by the environment of speech communication, the situation, as well as non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions, the nature of the relationship of interlocutors, etc.).

Conversational speech has its own norms, which in many cases do not coincide with the norms of book speech, fixed in dictionaries, reference books, grammars (codified). The norms of colloquial speech, in contrast to the book ones, are established by usage (custom) and are not consciously supported by anyone. However, native speakers feel them and any unmotivated deviation from them is perceived as a mistake. This allowed researchers (O. B. Sirotinina, A. N. Vasilyeva, N. Yu. Shvedova, O. A. Lapteva and others) to assert that modern Russian colloquial speech is normalized, although the norms in it are rather peculiar. In colloquial speech, to express similar content in typical and repetitive situations, ready-made constructions, stable turns, and various kinds of speech clichés are created (formulas of greeting, farewell, appeal, apology, gratitude, etc.). These ready-made, standardized speech means are automatically reproduced and contribute to the strengthening of the normative nature of colloquial speech, which is the hallmark of its norm. However, the spontaneity of verbal communication, the lack of preliminary reflection, the use of non-verbal means of communication and the specificity of the speech situation lead to a weakening of the norms.

Thus, in a colloquial style, stable speech standards coexist, reproduced in typical and repetitive situations, and general literary speech phenomena that can be subject to various shifts. These two circumstances determine the specifics of the norms of conversational style: due to the use of standard speech means and techniques, the norms of conversational style, on the one hand, are characterized by a higher degree of obligation compared to the norms of other styles, where synonymy is not excluded, free maneuvering with a set of acceptable speech means. . On the other hand, the general literary speech phenomena characteristic of the colloquial style can be subjected to various displacements to a greater extent than in other styles.

In colloquial style, in comparison with scientific and official-business, the share of neutral vocabulary is much higher. A number of stylistically neutral words are used in figurative meanings specific to this particular style. For example, the stylistically neutral verb cut off ('to separate something, part of something') in colloquial style is used in the sense of 'to answer sharply, wanting to end the conversation' (I said - I cut it off and did not repeat it again), fly ('to move, move around air with the help of wings ') - in the meaning of 'break, deteriorate' (The internal combustion engine flew). See also: dump (‘shift the blame, responsibility onto someone’), throw up (‘give, deliver’), put (‘appoint to any position’), remove (‘dismiss from office’), etc.

The vocabulary of everyday content is widely used: greedy, slow down, instantly, tiny, unaware, rightly so, on the sly, electric train, potato, cup, salt shaker, whisk, brush, plate, etc.

The use of words with a specific meaning is common in the style under consideration and is limited with an abstract one; the use of terms, foreign words that have not yet become commonly used is uncharacteristic. Author's neologisms (occasionalisms) are active, polysemy and synonymy are developed, and situational synonymy is widespread. A characteristic feature of the lexical system of the colloquial style is the richness of emotionally expressive vocabulary and phraseology (hard worker, parasite, old man, silly; fool, swirling, cast a shadow on the wattle fence, take by the throat, climb into the bottle, starve).

Phraseologisms in colloquial speech are often rethought, change their form, the processes of contamination and comic update of the phraseme are active. A word with a phraseologically conditioned meaning can be used as an independent one, while maintaining the meaning of the whole phraseological unit: do not poke your head - poke your nose - poke your nose into other people's business, broke off - break off the tongue. This is the expression of the law of economy of speech means and the principle of incomplete structure. A special kind of colloquial phraseology is made up of standard expressions, familiar formulas of speech etiquette such as How are you?; Good morning!; Be kind!; Thank you for attention; I beg your pardon, etc.

The use of non-literary vocabulary (slang, vulgarism, rude and swear words, etc.) is not a normative phenomenon of colloquial style, but rather a violation of norms, just like the abuse of book vocabulary, which gives an artificial character to colloquial speech.

Expressiveness and evaluativeness are also manifested in the field of word formation. Very productive formations with suffixes of subjective assessment with the meaning of endearment, diminutiveness, neglect, (dis)approval, irony, etc. (daughter, daughter, daughter, hands, furious, huge). Formations of words with the help of affixes are active, giving a colloquial or colloquial connotation. These include nouns with suffixes -ak(-yak): weakling, good-natured; - to-a: stove, wall; -sh-a: cashier, secretary; -an(-yan); old man, troublemaker; -un: braggart, talker; -ysh: strong man, baby; -l-a: imagined, bigwig; otn-I: running around, pushing; adjectives with suffixes usch(‑yush): big, thin; with the prefix pre-: kind, unpleasant; verbs of preffixal-suffixal formation: walk, walk, sentence, whisper; verbs in -nichat: to be fashionable, to grimace, to wander, to carpentry; to (‑a)‑nout: push, scold, scare, grumble, gasp. Colloquial speech, to a greater extent than book speech, is characterized by the use of multi-prefixed verb formations (re-elect, hold back, reflect, throw away). Attachment-reflexive verbs are used with bright emotional-evaluative and figurative expression (to run, to work out, to agree, to think), complicated attachment-reflexive formations (to dress up, to invent, to talk).

To enhance expression, word doubling is used, sometimes with prefixation (big-big, white-white, fast-fast, small-very small, high-high). There is a tendency to reduce names, replacing ambiguous names with one-word ones (a record book - a record book, a ten-year school - a ten-year school, a nautical school - a sailor, a surgical department - surgery, an eye disease specialist - an eye specialist, a patient with schizophrenia - a schizophrenic). Metonymic names are widely used (Today there will be a meeting of the trade union bureau - Today the trade union bureau; Dictionary of the Russian language compiled by S. I. Ozhegov - Ozhegov).

Notes:

1. For this variety in linguistics there is no single terminological designation: colloquial, colloquial-everyday, colloquial-everyday style. As synonymous with them, the term "colloquial speech" is also used.

2. Conversational style should not be identified with the oral form of speech. Oral speech, as O. B. Sirotinina rightly notes, “is divided into colloquial and non-verbal. Non-verbal speech and, in turn, can be divided according to the principle of style into scientific (scientific discussion, to some extent it can be attributed to the teacher's speech when explaining new material and the student's speech during a detailed answer on any topic), journalistic (public lecture, speech at a meeting), business (speech in a lawsuit, business negotiations between a dispatcher and a pilot, driver, etc.), artistic (oral stories, anecdotes) ”(Russian colloquial speech. M, 1983. P. 16 ). Unspoken oral speech is characterized by features of book styles with individual deviations from the norms of the latter due to the oral form.

T.P. Pleshchenko, N.V. Fedotova, R.G. Chechet. Stylistics and culture of speech - Mn., 2001.

Conversational speech, its features

To communicative features colloquial speech include:

ease of communication;

Informal communication environment;

Unprepared speech.

Style features colloquial speech are:

Tendency towards the free production of language units and an inclination towards the automatism of speech;

Widespread use of speech stereotypes;

Consituency (reliance on the situation as an integral part of the communicative act);

Phonetic features colloquial speech:

Great variation in pronunciation;

Territorial variants of pronunciation;

Reduction of pronunciation, loss of sounds (incomplete style).

Lexical Features colloquial speech:

Stylistically neutral vocabulary is widely represented, words from the common language (common vocabulary) are used;

Free formation of new words (occasionalisms - “words on occasion”);

The use of words with different stylistic coloring (interlacing of book, colloquial, colloquial words);

Expansion of the meaning of the words of the national language.

Of the numerous morphological features language for colloquial speech is characterized by:

Lack of declension in complex and compound numbers;

The absence of a simple superlative form of adjectives (like the most interesting) and a complex comparative degree (like a more interesting one), little use of short forms of the adjective (like interesting, significant);

Widespread use of verbs in the form of past tense and present narrative when talking about past events (such as: I was walking yesterday and suddenly I see ...);

Widespread use of particles, interjections.

Syntactic features colloquial speech:

Ellipticity (omission of sentence members that are easily recovered from the situation);

Repeating words (to express an increase in action, a sign: do-do; go-go; far, far);

Unfinished offers;

Wide use of insert structures, introductory words and sentences, clarifications, explanations;

Special colloquial constructions: appeals, evaluative constructions such as: Still!, Still how!, Well, well!; associations of type verbs took and came.

Vernacular as a form of oral speech, its features

Communication qualities vernacular is represented by the following features:

Speech "non-distinguishing" of the communicative spheres of official and unconstrained communication;

The absence of specific forms of etiquette (polite and emphatically polite treatment) or their mixture;

Mixing functional and stylistic forms of speech behavior;

Free inclusion of units of other forms (colloquial speech, codified language, professional jargons) depending on the topic and situation (the desire for intuitive-thematic differentiation of language means);

The presence of "official" and relaxed forms;

Coexistence of a special written form (announcements, statements, letters);

A significant degree of individual variability in the speech of speakers;

Greater severity of trends common to colloquial speech with colloquial speech (tendencies towards saving speech costs and simplification);

Communicative inconsistency of the statement with the sphere of the addressee and impaired feedback from the interlocutors;

Great reliance on the personal speech experience of the speaker.

[, . Decree. work., p. 208-209].

Style features vernaculars are:

Appeals to "you" to strangers;

Mixing "you" and "you" within communication with one communicant;

Non-distinguishing between expressively colored and emphatic (reinforced) forms, their inclusion in speech along with neutral ones;

A wide range of forms of address, communicative activity of vocative forms to create the tone of relations in the act of communication;

An abundance of diminutive forms;

Disturbed use in speech of stylistically marked models of the codified literary language (usually units of official business style);

A significant degree of reduction and compression of sounds, greater than in RR; even less clarity of pronunciation of sounds, often beyond the threshold of their distinguishability;

Omissions, omissions, structural and semantic impairment of the statement, inconsistency of mutual replicas of the dialogue.

Topics for abstracts

1. Theory of the origin of language.

2. Stages and forms of writing development.

4. Non-literary forms of the existence of the Russian language (a detailed description of one of the forms).

5. The main trends in the development of the Russian language at the beginning of the 21st century.

TOPIC 3. STYLES OF MODERN RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE

Lecture 3

Plan

1. Colloquial speech in the system of functional varieties of the Russian literary language.

2. Conditions for the functioning of colloquial speech, the role of extralinguistic factors.

3. Conversational style, main features, scope of use.

4. Language features of conversational style.

2. Culture of Russian speech: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. -dina and prof. . - M., 2001.

3., Chechet stylistics and culture of speech: Proc. allowance ed. prof. . – Minsk, 1999.

4. Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. . - M., 2003.

1. Colloquial speech in the system of functional varieties of the Russian literary language.

The language also implements its main function in the conversational style - the function of communication, and the purpose of the conversational style is the direct transmission of information, mainly orally (exceptions are private letters, notes, diary entries).

2. Conditions for the functioning of colloquial speech, the role of extralinguistic factors.

The linguistic features of the conversational style determine the special conditions for its functioning: informality, ease of speech communication, lack of preliminary selection of language means, automatism of speech, everyday content and dialogic form. In addition, the situation has a great influence on the conversational style - the real, objective situation. The everyday situation often allows you to reduce statements to the limit, which, however, does not prevent you from correctly perceiving colloquial phrases, for example: Please, with poppy, two etc. This is due to the fact that in an ordinary situation a person seeks to save speech resources.

3. Conversational style, main features, scope of use.

Conversational style is a special kind of language that is used by a person in everyday, everyday communication. The main difference between the colloquial style and the book styles of the Russian language lies in the different manner of presenting information. So, in book styles, this manner is subject to the rules of the language recorded in dictionaries. Conversational style obeys its own norms, and what is not justified in bookish speech is quite appropriate in natural communication.

Norm in conversational style. The spontaneity of conversational style gives the effect of some disorder in speech, because of it, much is perceived as speech carelessness or simply as a mistake. This impression is created because colloquial speech is evaluated from the standpoint of codified prescriptions. In fact, the conversational style has its own canons, which cannot and should not be assessed as non-normative. Conversational features regularly, consistently manifest themselves in the speech of all native speakers, including those who are fluent in codified norms and all codified functional varieties of the language. Therefore, the colloquial style is one of the full-fledged literary varieties of the language, and not some kind of language formation that stands on the sidelines of the literary language or even beyond it.

The norm in colloquial speech is that which is constantly used in the speech of native speakers of the literary language and is not perceived as a mistake - “does not hurt the ear”. For example, in colloquial speech, pronunciations such as stock(instead of codified so many) and that's okay; or we have a big pack of sugar(instead of the codified version We have a big pack of sugar).

4. Language features of conversational style.

intonation features. In the conversational style, for which the oral form is the original, the sound side plays the most important role. By sound, one can easily distinguish the full (academic) style of pronunciation inherent in a lecturer, speaker, professional announcer (all of them are far from colloquial style, their texts are other book styles in oral speech), from incomplete, characteristic of colloquial speech. It notes a less distinct pronunciation of sounds, their reduction (reduction). Instead of Alexander Alexandrovich - San Sanych etc. Less tension of the organs of speech leads to changes in the quality of sounds and even sometimes to their complete disappearance ("hello" instead of hello).

Lexical features. The colloquial style is characterized by lexical heterogeneity. There are the most diverse groups of words in thematic and stylistic terms: commonly used words (day,year, work) colloquial words (reading room, perch), vernacular (wobble, instead) jargon (wheelbarrow, normal) and dialectisms (lid). That is, the use of various extra-literary elements that reduce style is quite normal for colloquial speech. The activity of expressive-emotional vocabulary (familiar, affectionate, disapproving, ironic) is indicative, for example, talker, rogue,lapusya.

According to the law of economy of speech means, in a colloquial style, instead of names consisting of two or more words, one is used: utility room - utility room. The range of book words, abstract vocabulary, terms and little-known borrowings is very narrow.

Word-building features style characterizes the parts of words with which words with colloquial coloring are formed. So, for example, for nouns with colloquial coloring, suffixes are productive: -to-(locker room), - ik - (mobile phone), - un - (fighter), - yatin- (yummy). You can also indicate the most active cases of word formation of adjectives of evaluative meaning gpaz-asty, thin, biting, healthy etc., as well as verbs - prefix-suffix: shal-ivat, on-games-vat; suffixes: der-anut, speculative-nut; prefixed: is-lose weight, with-ku-drink and etc.

In the field of morphology the colloquial style is notable for the fact that verbs predominate over nouns in it. The frequent use of personal and demonstrative pronouns ( I, he, this) possessive forms (Serezhin, Tanin), truncated verbs (grab, jump) vocative forms of address (mom, dad).

Colloquial syntax very peculiar, due to its oral form and vivid expression. Simple sentences dominate here, often incomplete, of the most diverse structure. The situation fills in gaps in the speech, and the phrases are quite clear to the speakers: me from the heart(in a pharmacy), etc.

Topics for abstracts

1. The influence of the situation on the linguistic features of the conversational style.

2. The problem of the norm in a colloquial style.

3. Book and colloquial vocabulary: experience of comparative analysis.

Lecture 4. Scientific style of speech

Plan

1. Scientific style. main function.

2. The specifics of the use of elements of different language levels in scientific speech.

3. Forms of implementation of the scientific style.

1., Vinogradov's abstract, report, graduation
qualifying work. - M., 2000.

2. Demidov in Russian: Scientific style. Written scientific text. Formulation of scientific work. - M., 1991.

3. Culture of oral and written speech of a business person: a Handbook. Workshop. - M., 2001.

1. Scientific style. main function.

Today, science is the most important factor in human life: one way or another, every person daily encounters the results of its research, uses what science gives. Products of scientific activity, its research is subject to a special form of presentation, which is called the scientific style.

In Russia, the scientific style began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, when scientific terminology began to be created; the scientific works of the owl and his students accelerated the formation of a scientific style, and it finally took shape in the second half of the 19th century. - during the period of scientific activity of the largest scientists of that time.

The scientific style has a number of common features that manifest themselves regardless of the nature of the sciences themselves (mathematics, physics, philology), which allows us to talk about the specifics of the style as a whole. The main purpose of all scientific works is the presentation of the data obtained through research, the acquaintance of the reader with scientific information. Hence the manifestation of the main features of the scientific style: the monologic nature of speech, logicality, abstraction, generalization of presentation, the author's desire for accuracy, conciseness of expression while maintaining the richness of the content (therefore, the scientific style is often called "dry", unemotional).

The abstractness and generalization of speech is manifested primarily in vocabulary: almost every word in a scientific text denotes not a specific, but a general concept or an abstract phenomenon. For example: Oak grows in a variety ofsoil conditions. Oak has a high thermal capacity. As you can see, in an excerpt from a scientific text, we are not talking about a specific tree, but about oak in general, about oak as a tree species.

2. The specifics of the use of elements of different language levels in scientific speech.

Lexical features. The vocabulary of the scientific style consists of three main layers: common words (knowledge, work, study, etc.), general scientific (element, factor, analyze, remote, experimentmental) and terms (syntax, molecule etc.). Terms serve as a designation of logically formulated concepts, often form a terminological system of a particular science. For example, linguistic terms synonym, antonym, homonym, paronym combines a greek root "Oputa" denoting name, denomination, and medical terms are combined due to the same suffixes, for example, the suffix - it inherent in terms denoting inflammatory processes (bronchitis, anpendicitis, sinusitis, etc.). It should be noted that most of the terms are internationalisms, i.e. words that occur in a number of languages and have phonetic, grammatical and semantic similarities to one degree or another (design -construction, analogue -analog, system -system).

Morphological features. In scientific texts, nouns predominate over verbs. This is explained by the nominative orientation of the scientific style, for which the main thing is to designate, describe the phenomenon. The most common nouns of the middle gender, denoting abstract concepts: time, movement, condition, property, influence, quantitystvo etc.

In scientific speech, denominative prepositions are actively used (in flow,in relation to, in relation to) verbal nouns (drilling, acceleration, visual fatigue).

The use of verbs and personal pronouns has its own characteristics: the circle of personal forms of the verb is narrowed - the forms of the 2nd person and pronouns are not used at all you you; the percentage of forms of the 1st person singular is negligible. In the overwhelming majority of cases, the most abstract forms of the 3rd person and pronouns are used. he she it. Very often in scientific speech, verbs are used in an indefinitely personal meaning, close to a generalized personal one. In this case, anyone, anyone, everyone can be thought of as a doer, or the doer is completely non-specific and unknown, and cannot even be assumed at all: For such active centers accepted atoms. Bromine receive like chlorine.

syntactic features. The scientific style is dominated by logical bookish syntax. A scientific phrase is characterized by structural completeness, a pronounced allied connection, a variety of subordinating connections, and a high informative saturation. Scientific speech is characterized by the predominance of complex sentences in which conjunctions clearly reflect causal relationships (if... then, so, due tothe fact that etc.).

The impersonal nature of the presentation activates the use of vaguely personal sentences (The powder is placed in a test tube...).

Simple sentences often appear in a complicated form, for example: Information obtained by ancillary experience requires confirmation(the sentence is complicated by participial turnover), etc.

For the scientific style, the correct, clear selection of paragraphs, which helps to emphasize the logical side of speech, is of particular importance. The sequence in the development of thought reflects introductory words and phrases (firstly, secondly, finally, so, thus). At the same time, inserted sentences, connecting constructions that deprive the statement of integrity are alien to the syntax of scientific speech.

3. Forms of implementation of the scientific style.

Genre- a form of organization of speech material within a particular style of speech. In terms of genre, scientific speech is one of the richest varieties of Russian speech. The genre diversity of the scientific style is primarily due to the presence of many types of texts in it. Scientists-philologists, experts in the culture of speech distinguish a different number of sub-styles within the scientific style and give them inconsistent definitions-names. For example, he argued that the scientific style has its own varieties (sub-styles) (Rosenthal stylistics of the Russian language. - M .: Higher school, 1987. P. 33):

Popular Science,

Scientific and business,

Scientific and technical (industrial and technical),

Scientific and journalistic,

Educational and scientific.

In the textbook for universities "Culture of Russian Speech" (M.: NORMA, 2001, p. 195), the functional and stylistic classification of the scientific style of speech is represented by such varieties as:

actually scientific,

Scientific and informative,

Scientific reference,

Educational and scientific,

Popular science.

Based on this classification, we offer a description of scientific texts of various genres corresponding to the selected varieties of scientific style.

Scientific style of speech

	Functional-style classification	Genre classification
	Proper scientific style	Monograph, article, report, term paper, thesis, dissertation
	Scientific and informative	Abstract, annotation, synopsis, theses, patent description
	Educational and scientific	Textbook, dictionary, teaching aid, lecture, synopsis, abstract, oral answer, explanation
	Scientific reference	Dictionary, reference book, catalog
	Popular science	Essay, book, lecture, article

Scientific and informative substyle of speech

The main genres of the scientific and informative style of speech are:

Abstract,

Annotation,

Abstract,

These genres of scientific texts are united by common properties: they are secondary genres of speech (they are compiled on the basis of existing basic tests, most often original, primary ones, although the theses can also be an original scientific work) and in a certain way correlate with the educational and scientific variety of the scientific style of speech.

abstract

Referencing- an intellectual creative process, including the comprehension of the text, the transformation of information in an analytic-synthetic way and the creation of a new (secondary) text. An abstract is an adequate presentation of the content of the primary text. The abstract reflects the main information contained in the original source, new information, essential data. Preparing abstracts is one of the most difficult types of independent work, abstracting teaches a person to work thoughtfully with literature, navigate it, choosing the necessary information. The abstract should be informative, differ in completeness of presentation, objectively convey the content of the primary text, correctly evaluate the material contained in the primary source. The abstract can be reproductive, reproducing the content of the primary text, and productive, containing a critical or creative understanding of the refereed source.

The abstract must demonstrate the skills of a logically coherent presentation of scientific problems, knowledge of sources, the ability to operate with terms and concepts from the field of science for which the topic is chosen.

In the process of work, the author must show his individual abilities for creativity, show the ability to understand the issues raised, systematize the theoretical material on the chosen topic, draw independent conclusions.

An abstract of up to 10-15 pages of typed text (computer version at one and a half intervals) should have a table of contents, an introduction, a presentation of the topic, a conclusion, and a list of references. The text of the work is structured according to the plan.

The introduction substantiates the motives for choosing this topic, outlines its relevance and meaning. The approximate volume of the introduction is 2-3 pages.

The main part of the abstract should be a statement of the problem stated in the title, analysis and generalization of the literature that the author managed to study, disclosure of points of view on the problem of different researchers and the position of the author himself.

The list of references is given at the end of the work. It must be in alphabetical order and include at least three sources. The list includes only those sources that were used when writing the work; the year and place of publication must be indicated; if an article is used, it is necessary to designate the pages of its beginning and end.

annotation- a concise, brief description of the book (article or collection), its content and purpose. The annotation lists the main issues, problems of the primary text, sometimes characterizes its structure, composition. As a rule, the annotation consists of simple sentences. The abstract has two mandatory parts:

The destination of the annotated text.

In addition to the named parts, optional parts may be present:

Composition, structure of the primary text.

Illustrative material given in the original source.

note-taking–process mental processing and written fixation of the main provisions of the text being read or perceived by ear. When taking notes, the primary text is collapsed and compressed. The result of the note-taking is a note in the form of an abstract.

Abstract- a special type of secondary text, which is based on the analytical and synthetic processing of information contained in the original text. The summary reveals, systematizes and summarizes the most valuable information, it allows you to restore, expand the original information. When taking notes, it is necessary to select new and important material, connect it with the old, already known, and build the material in accordance with the logic of presentation; the abstract should have a meaningful, semantic and structural integrity. In terms of volume (degree of compression), an outline can be short, detailed, or mixed; according to the degree of correspondence to the original source - integral or selective. By the number of sources processed, the abstract can be monographic or summary (review), from the point of view of presenting information, the abstract is compiled on the basis of reading or listening. Depending on the form of presentation of information in the abstract and on the degree of curtailment in In the abstract of the primary text, the following types of abstracts are distinguished:

- outline plan,

- outline diagram,

- text summary.

Thesis- one of the types of extracting the main information of the source text with its subsequent translation into a specific language form. The reduction in thesis is made taking into account the problems of the texts, that is, the author's assessment of the information and gives a presentation divided into separate provisions-theses.

Abstracts- briefly formulated main provisions of the report, scientific article. According to the material and content presented in them, the theses can be either a primary, original scientific work, or a secondary text, like an annotation, abstract, synopsis. The original theses are a concise reflection of the author's own report, article. Secondary abstracts are created on the basis of primary texts belonging to another author. The abstract presents the topic in a logical and concise manner. Each thesis, which usually makes up a separate paragraph, covers a separate micro-topic. If the plan only names the issues under consideration, then the abstract should disclose the solution of these issues.

Abstracts have a strictly normative content-compositional structure, in which the following are distinguished:

Preamble.

Main thesis statement.

Final thesis.

Let's give an example of a thesis.

Any text is a linguistic expression of the author's intention.

The reading algorithm determines the sequence of mental activity in the perception of the main fragments of the text.

A psychological attitude is a person's readiness for a certain activity, for participation in a certain process, for a reaction to a familiar stimulus or a well-known situation.

When using the integral reading algorithm, a reading skill is formed that provides for a certain sequence of rational actions in accordance with the blocks of the algorithm.

Psychologists call understanding the establishment of a logical connection between objects by using existing knowledge.

Topics for abstracts

1. The history of the scientific style.

2. Compositional principles of scientific texts.

3. Methods of logical organization of scientific information.

Lecture 5

Plan

1. The main features of the newspaper-journalistic style of speech.

2. Selection of language means in a journalistic style of speech.

3. Genre differentiation of journalistic style.

1., Pavlovian rhetoric: Proc. allowance for universities. - Rostov n / a, 2001.

2., Kashaeva language and culture of speech: Proc. allowance for universities. - Rostov n / a, 2001.

3. Culture of Russian speech. Textbook for universities. / Ed. prof. OK. Graudina and prof. . - M., 1999.

4., Nikolina language for non-philologist students: Proc. allowance. - M., 2000.

1. The main features of the newspaper-journalistic style of speech.

The sphere of use of the journalistic style of speech is social, economic, political, cultural relations. Genres of journalism - an article in a newspaper, magazine, essay, reportage, interview, feuilleton, oratorical speech, judicial speech, speech on radio, television, at a meeting, report. All these texts perform two functions: communicative and voluntarily. The main property of modern journalistic texts is to combine the opposite, seemingly incompatible: standard and figurativeness, logic and emotionality, evaluativeness and evidence, intelligibility and conciseness, informative richness and economy of language means.

2. Selection of language means in a journalistic style of speech.

This property is most pronounced in vocabulary journalistic style. Against the background of neutral words and expressions, the combination of clichés and metaphors, comparisons, epithets, characteristic of journalistic texts, is noticeable; high book and colloquial vocabulary. A distinctive feature of the journalistic style is the use of newspaperisms (the vocabulary of newspapers and magazines), the appearance of a large number of foreign words, neologisms is especially noticeable. Professional journalistic vocabulary is widely represented.

The combination of "high" and "low" is also manifested in derivational level. On the one hand, in the texts of the journalistic style there are many words with suffixes - awn, - stv-, estv-, - ni-, - izm - (personality, cooperation, extremism), on the other hand, words are formed with the help of suffixes - to-, -shin-, - nich - (disassembly, hazing, bullying). Common in a journalistic style are words with prefixes not-, in-, inter-, over-, suffixes - mu-, - him-, - and-, -ski - (steady, inflexible person, in a businesslike way, in a new way), as well as forms of passive past participles (educated, commemorated, organized) and words formed by adding (liberal-democratic, socio-political).

Journalistic texts have morphological peculiarities. Unlike scientific and official styles, which are characterized by a certain detachment of the author, they always contain the author's "I", since speech is often in the first person, and verbs are used in the first person. The present tense of the verb is used in a special way: it is used to describe events that happened in the past. The emotionality and expressiveness of journalistic style texts is evidenced by the frequent use of superlative adjectives.

Syntax journalistic style texts have their own characteristics: the predominant use of simple sentences; the use of incomplete and nominative sentences, especially in headings; gradations are characteristic - homogeneous members of the sentence, arranged in ascending or descending order (word - deed - result), rhetorical questions, appeals, interrogative, exclamatory sentences, introductory constructions; there is antithesis, inversion, anaphora, parallelism in the structure of sentences (the law must be respected– inversion); parceling occurs - the division of a sentence, in which the content is realized in several segments, separated from each other by punctuation marks and pauses (Invited to come. Tomorrow. Or the day after tomorrow).

On the textual level, heterogeneity, inconsistency of the journalistic style is also manifested. Reasoning, narration, description are found not only within the framework of style in general, but often within the same text. The journalistic text, as a rule, has a free composition (essay, article); in some genres (note, informational message) texts of a stereotypical structure predominate. The texts of journalistic style are characterized by factual information, thematic and syntactic means of communication. The means of influencing the addressee in journalism are predominantly emotional and, to a lesser extent, logical. The type of reaction to the addressee to the journalistic text is perception and evaluation. The texts of the journalistic style are formally monologue, but, in fact, it is always a dialogue with the reader, viewer, listener. The size of the text varies considerably (cf.: notes and memoirs); graphic and sound means of its design are possible.

3. Genre differentiation of journalistic style.

Genres are understood as stable types of publications, united by similar content-formal features.

There are three groups of genres:

If book styles (scientific, official-business, newspaper-journalistic, artistic) are used primarily in an official setting and in writing, require indispensable care about the form of expression, then colloquial style used in informal settings. The degree of preparedness of speech may be different. In everyday conversation, she is usually completely unprepared (spontaneous). And when writing a friendly letter, drafts written in advance can also be used. But this readiness never reaches the degree that is characteristic of book styles.

All this leads to the fact that the dominant of the conversational style, especially colloquial speech that exists in the oral form of informal personal communication, is to minimize the concern for the form of expression of thoughts. And this, in turn, gives rise to a number of linguistic features of conversational style.

On the one hand, the colloquial style of speech is characterized by a high degree of standardization of the language. Typified, standard constructions are convenient for spontaneous (unprepared) speech. Each typical situation has its own stereotypes.

For example, etiquette stereotypes include phrases: Good afternoon!; Hey!; What's new?; Till! Stereotypes are used in urban transport: Are you leaving on the next one?; in the shop - Weigh three hundred grams of oil etc.

On the other hand, in a relaxed environment, the speaker is not limited by the strict requirements of official communication and can use untyped, individual means.

It should be remembered that colloquial speech serves not only the purposes of the message, but also the purposes of influence. Therefore, the colloquial style is characterized by expressiveness, visualization and figurativeness.

Among the characteristic features of the conversational style are the following:

Language tools	Examples
Language level: Phonetics
Incomplete type of pronunciation.	Grit instead of He speaks; hello instead of hello.
Intonation as one of the main means of expressiveness and organization of speech: a quick change of intonations, timbre, tempo, overflows of intonational colors, etc.	The organizing role of intonation in non-union sentences, in sentences with free connection of parts, etc. ( We were walking / it was raining; Subway / here?) Accelerated pace when pronouncing the formulas of greeting, farewell, names and patronymics ( Tan, hello!); when expressing motivation, especially when combined with the emotion of irritation. ( Shut up!) Slow pace with lengthening of vowels when emphasizing conviction - lack of conviction ( Yeah. Mind-e-tsya); to express surprise - He's already arrived. - Come-e-hal?) and etc.
Language level: Vocabulary and phraseology
A large percentage of neutral specific common vocabulary.	Sofa, bed, sleep, dress, faucet.
Neutral colloquial vocabulary.	Doctor, usher, knife, understand.
Some socio-political and general scientific terms, nomenclature names.	Revolution, administration, governor, analysis, radiation, bulldozer, excavator.
Emotionally evaluative colloquial vocabulary.	Hard worker, headless, poor fellow, parasite.
Standardized figurative means.	Metaphors: get stuck in the city; well, you're a beetle!; phraseological units: bend your back; stuff a pocket; hyperbole and litote: awful fun; terribly funny; you can go crazy from this computer science; I would eat a bull now and etc.
Interspersed with professionalism, jargon, colloquial words, etc.	We have four today couples. Yes with a window. Crazy not to move out in the evening!
Language level: Morphology
The frequency of the nominative case compared to other cases.	There is a store like this / Products / / and the entrance is on the left / under the stairs / /
Frequency of personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns and adverbs, particles.	Granny// Played cards with me/ fool// We were left... we were left alone/ me/ and her// And John's dog, so// We fed this John/ and then sat down... I ran to her for cigarettes/ and we sat down to play/ the fool// Well, ten games a day// Here//
Absence of gerunds, rare use of participles (only passive past tenses).	You gave me a broken chair! Is it sewn or ready made?
Free handling of temporary forms (change of times, use of the form of time is not in its meaning).	And there we met. "Kolya, hello" ... And we are sitting, or rather, standing, chatting there, we will sit on the bench for literally three hours. How will we begin to remember how our bus sat down, how we were pulled out.
The use of verbal interjections.	Jump, lope, shast, bang, fuck.
Language Level: Syntax
Short simple sentences, as if strung on top of each other.	We lived in a country house. We lived in the country house. They always left early. We also had a doctor.
Incomplete sentences, especially with the omission of the main members.	- Tea? - Half a cup for me.
Restructuring of the phrase on the go, broken structure with interruptions in intonation. Activity of connecting structures, with introductory words and particles.	My husband was in the soldiers. He served in the artillery. Five years. And so. They told him: “Here is a bride for you. Grows. Very good".
Activity of interjection phrases.	Oh is it? Well, strength!
Freer word order (words are arranged in the order of thought formation). In this case, everything important moves to the beginning of the sentence.	Well, we, of course, lost money there. Because they were ordinary workers. I was a turner there. She gave a wicker basket. He was in Moscow then.

It should be remembered that, on the one hand, almost all norms of colloquial style are optional (optional), and on the other hand, the features of colloquial speech and colloquial style in general should not be transferred to official oral, especially written speech. The use of elements inherent in the colloquial style in other styles (publicistic, artistic) should be stylistically justified!

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Togliatti State Academy of Service

Department of "Russian and foreign languages"

Subject: "Russian language and culture of speech".

On the topic: "Features of conversational style."

Done: student

Groups T - 301

Averyanova E. V.

Checked by: Konovalova E.Yu.

Togliatti 2005

1. Features of conversational style…………………………………………… 3

2. Colloquial vocabulary………………………………………………………… 6

3. Morphology of conversational style ………………………………………….. 8

4. Syntax of conversational style……………………………………………… 10

List of used literature…………………………………………… 14

1. Features of conversational style.

Conversational style is a style that caters to the realm of oral communication or verbal communication.

Conversational style (colloquial speech) is used in a wide range of personal, i.e. informal, off-duty relationships. This style is often called colloquial-everyday, but it would be more accurate to call it colloquial-everyday, since it is not limited only to the everyday side, but is used as a means of communication in almost all areas of life - family, industrial, socio-political, educational, scientific , cultural, sports.

The function of conversational style is the function of communication in its "original" form. Speech is generated by the needs of direct communication between two or more interlocutors and acts as a means of such communication; it is created in the process of speaking and depends on the interlocutor's response - speech, facial expressions, etc.

A huge role in sounding speech is played by intonation, logical stress, tempo, pauses. In conditions of easy communication, a person, to a much greater extent than in the presence of official relations, has the opportunity to show his personal qualities - temperament, emotionality, sympathy, which saturates his speech with emotional and stylistically colored (mostly stylistically reduced) words, expressions, morphological forms and syntactic constructions.

In colloquial speech, the function of communication can be supplemented by the function of the message or the function of influence. However, both the message and the impact are manifested in direct communication, and therefore occupy a subordinate position.

The most common factors in the colloquial style are the personal, informal nature of the relationship between the participants in communication; their direct participation in communication; continuation of speech in the process of communication without prior preparation.

Although these factors are closely related to each other, their role in the formation of the linguistic features of the conversational style is far from homogeneous: the last two factors - direct participation in communication and unpreparedness of communication - are closely related to the oral form of speech and are generated by it, while the first factor is the personal, informal nature of the relationship also applies to written communication, for example, in personal correspondence. On the contrary, in oral communication, the relationship between its participants can be official, service, "impersonal".

Language means used during personal, everyday, informal relationships between speakers are characterized by additional shades - ease, a sharper evaluative moment, more emotionality compared to neutral or bookish equivalents, i.e. these language means are colloquial.

Such linguistic means are also widely used outside of colloquial speech - in artistic and journalistic, as well as scientific texts.

The norms of colloquial-everyday style in oral form differ significantly from the norms of other functional styles, for which the written form is defining (although not the only one). The norms of colloquial-everyday style are not established and are not officially regulated, i.e., they are not subject to codification, which gives rise to the illusion, which is very common among non-specialists, that colloquial speech does not have a norm at all: whatever you say, it's okay. However, the very fact of automatic reproduction in speech of ready-made structures. Phraseological turns, various kinds of stamps, i.e. standardized language means corresponding to certain standard speech situations, indicates an imaginary or, in any case, limited "freedom" of the speaker. Conversational speech is subject to strict laws, has its own rules and norms, as evidenced by the fact that the factors of book and written speech in general are perceived in colloquial speech as alien. Strict (albeit unconsciously following ready-made standards) is the norm of unprepared oral speech.

On the other hand, the unpreparedness of the speech act, its attachment to the situation, along with the lack of a clear idea of the norm, determine a very wide freedom in choosing options. The boundaries of the norm become unsteady, vague, the normativity itself sharply weakens. Casual everyday dialogic speech consisting of short remarks allows significant deviations from generally accepted norms due to its impulsive nature.

2. Colloquial vocabulary.

Colloquial style vocabulary is divided into two large groups: 1) commonly used colloquial words; 2) colloquial words, socially or dialectally limited.

Common vocabulary, in turn, is divided into colloquial-literary (related to the norms of literary use) and colloquial-everyday (not bound by strict norms of use), colloquial speech adjoins the latter.

Colloquial vocabulary is also heterogeneous: 1) colloquial speech, which is on the verge of literary use, is not rude in its essence, somewhat familiar, everyday, for example: potatoes instead of potato, savvy instead of quick wits, become instead of happen, fail instead of to be guilty; 2) non-literary vernacular, rude, for example: drive up instead of to strive, to push instead of fall, fall instead of talk absurdly, drag around, wander around instead of walk without de la; this includes the actual vulgarisms and swear words: thorns (eyes), sting, die; faggot, slut etc. Such words are used for certain stylistic purposes - it is common when depicting the negative phenomena of life.

Colloquial vocabulary, socially or dialectally limited, includes in themselves such lexical groups as colloquial professionalisms (for example, the names of brown bear varieties: vulture, oatmeal, anteater etc.), dialectisms (talking - talk, veksha - squirrel, stubble - stubble), jargon (plaisir - pleasure, fun; plein air - nature), argotic (split - betray; lettuce, lettuce - young, inexperienced; crusts - boots). Many jargonisms arose even before the revolution in the speech of the ruling classes, some argotisms were preserved from the speech usage of the declassed elements. Slang vocabulary can also be associated with the age commonality of generations (for example, in the language of youth: cheat sheet, pair (deuce). All these categories of vocabulary have a narrow scope; in terms of expression, they are characterized by extreme reduction. The main lexical layer of the colloquial style is made up of commonly used words, both actually colloquial and colloquial. Both of these categories of words are close to each other, the line between them is unsteady and movable, and sometimes difficult to grasp; it is not for nothing that many words in different dictionaries are provided with different labels (for example, the words swear, really in the "Explanatory Dictionary" ed. D. N. Ushakov are classified as colloquial, and in the four-volume "Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language" - as colloquial; the words get rich, carminative, sour in the "Explanatory Dictionary" ed. D. N. Ushakov are rated as colloquial, but in the "Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language" they do not have marks, that is, they are classified as interstyle - stylistically neutral). In the Dictionary of the Russian Language, ed. S. I. Ozhegov expanded the boundaries of colloquial vocabulary: many words marked in other dictionaries as vernacular are classified as colloquial. Some colloquial words in dictionaries have a double mark - colloquial and regional, as many common dialectisms become colloquial words. The colloquial style is characterized by the predominance of words with an emotionally expressive coloring, with the mark "affectionate", "joking", "abusive", "ironic", "diminutive", "contemptuous", etc.

In colloquial style, words with a specific meaning are usually used. (storage room, locker room) names of persons (Chatterbox, sluggard) and much less often - words with an abstract meaning (superficiality, boasting, nonsense). In addition to specific colloquial words (crokhobor, ogoro sew), there are words that are colloquial in only one of the figurative meanings, and 8 others are perceived as stylistically neutral (for example, the verb unwind e meaning "to lose the ability to restrain"). Colloquial words, as a rule, are synonymous with neutral ones and relatively rarely with book words. Sometimes there is a complete correspondence of stylistic opposites (for example: eyes - eyes - peepers).

3. Morphology of conversational style.

The distinctive features of the morphology of the colloquial-everyday style are associated with the peculiarities of the functioning of the parts of speech in it. The relative activity of morphological categories of words and individual word forms in the colloquial-everyday style is different than in other functional styles. Such forms of the verb as participle and participle are practically not used in colloquial speech. The absence of gerunds can be compensated to some extent by the second predicate, expressing the "accompanying" feature: "And I'm sitting writing"; "They have
punished, but I regret not punishing”; "I see: it is staggering."
A well-known analogy (but, of course, not an identity) with turns of the type
"Please take out the pliers that are on the shelf"(or
"lying on a shelf" constructs: "Get it, please
pliers... over there on the shelf"(or: "over there on the shelf").

In colloquial speech, the forms in -a (-ya), (-v) shi (s),
reminiscent of adverbs: “I don’t get up all Monday
lay”, “go on without turning to the store.” Such forms
are considered adverbs of the adverbial form. Forms of the same type:
“Is he a knowledgeable specialist?” - of course, are adjectives.

Different than in other styles is the ratio of full and short adjectives in colloquial-everyday style. Short forms of most quality adjectives are not used, preference is given to short adjectives like grateful, faithful, satisfied, needed, for which full forms are not typical, as well as adjectives that have the meaning of inconsistency of the measure with the quality of the type "Dress is short for you."

In colloquial-everyday style, non-significant words (pronouns, particles) became more common; significant words are used less frequently. With situational attachment of colloquial speech, pronouns with their generalized semantics are used instead of nouns and adjectives: “Be kind, get me that ... well ... that on the top shelf ... on the left” (book), “What is he like? - Yes, such ... you know ... "," Hello ... it's you ... and where is he? etc. In almost 25% of cases, insignificant words are used not so much to express some shades of meaning, but to fill pauses forced in colloquial speech: "Well... since you've come... well... be, well... consider yourself guest"; "Well... I don't know... do as you like"; “But Pavel is right… but he still ... now ... found, so ... he solved the problem here.

According to E.A. Stolyarova, there are an average of 142 nouns per 1000 words in colloquial speech, while in artistic speech - 290, in oral speech - 295, in written scientific speech - 386; adjectives, there are respectively 39-82-114-152 per 1000 words.

Among the case word forms of a noun, the nominative case is the most active, which is explained by the peculiarities of colloquial syntax, i.e. the prevalence of constructions with "nominative themes" (“buy there ... well, kefir, cheese... yes... here's another... sausage... don't forget it"; And the Palace of Congresses... did you get there?") as well as the commonness of nouns in the nominative case with various kinds of additives, clarifications (“And you go straight, straight ... there is such a house ... so you pass by”; “Well, you can’t remember everyone ... Sveta ... I know her”).

In colloquial speech, a certain group of material nouns is used in a countable form in the meaning of "portion of this substance": two milk(two bags or bottles), two sour cream two borscht etc.

The feminine form is also activated when designating a profession, position: cashier(instead of the official "cashier"), librarian(instead of "librarian"), doctor(instead of "doctor").

4. Syntax of colloquial style.

The most peculiar feature of the colloquial style is its syntax. And this is not surprising: the unpreparedness of colloquial speech is especially strongly reflected in its syntax.

The direct contact of the participants in the speech act, the instantaneous consideration of the interlocutor's extralinguistic reaction (facial expressions, gestures, etc.), communication in the form of a dialogue, attachment to the situation cause various kinds of incompleteness, reticence of the message.

In colloquial speech, in particular, are widespread
structures capable of performing the functions of the missing part
statements, - for example, the so-called main independent and subordinate independent. So, at the end of a conversation that touches on complex, conflicting issues, the solution of which turned out to be problematic, or even after a considerable time after such a conversation, a person says: "Oh, I don't know, I don't know." Due to the special intonation, this structure performs the function
not only the main, but also the unsubstituted subordinate clause: "... what will happen next (... what will come of it)". There is even more reason to talk about the main independent when the pronoun is used in the sentence such or adverb So, i.e. demonstrative words, after which, however, in this case there are no subordinate clauses: "Your clothes are not so dirty hands ... "," I'm so good at sewing ... "

Sentences are used as "subordinate clauses" only in those cases when the content of the unsubstituted main included in them finds expression in intonation and union or union word or is suggested by the very structure of the sentence: what is she, what is not(instead of "It doesn't matter if she exists, that she is not").

The colloquial-everyday style is distinguished by a variety of types of incomplete constructions or "unreplaced syntactic positions". They are studied in particular detail in the monograph "Russian Colloquial Speech".

For example, the unreplaced syntactic position of the verb-predicate in constructions like he is home. The fact that such an utterance will be correctly understood outside the situation of the context proves its systemic linguistic nature. A wide variety of categories of verbs can be unsubstituted - verbs of motion: “ Where are you going?" - "Only to the store"; verbs of speech: Not very interesting - you are shorter »; « Well, I'm in praise of you »;

verbs with meaning close to meaning "address": “We are already with this in the district committee and in the newspaper”; “do, study”: “She does gymnastics every morning. Regularly"; with a value close to the value "read, study" “Well, with my knowledge of German, I’ll probably get this book in a week”; with a value close to the value “beat”: “And they are great for him”, “It seems to me that this is his stick” etc. A verb in an indefinite form can also be unsubstituted: “We should go to the theater tomorrow”, “I couldn’t talk about it.”

It is known that colloquial speech is characterized by increased emotionality, which is achieved in various ways. Word order and intonation play an important role. So, in order to focus on that part of the message that is expressed by the adjective as a predicate, it is made the beginning of a sentence; it pulls the logical stress on itself and is separated from the unstressed noun by a bunch be: there was a small river; were excellent mushrooms. As O.A. Laptev, of particular interest are constructions in which the only purpose of the adverbial word is to fill in the empty stressed link in order to preserve the expression of speech: “I like her so much!”, “Here, try to take her, so she starts to bite!”. The use of stressed pronouns such as, some, none allows you to maintain the appearance of a constant emotional intensity of speech: “it was such a heat, terrible”; "there was such a noise"; “And we bought such flowers.”

Expressive constructions are used in colloquial speech, in which the informative center of the utterance strives for maximum formal independence from the rest of the utterance, for example, the so-called nominative theme. True, the “nominative theme” is also used in other functional styles, both in written and oral form, representing a stylistic device, the purpose of which is to attract
attention of the reader or listener to the most important, from the point of view
the speaker's point of view, part of the utterance. A.M. Peshkovsky suggested that the use of the nominative theme in
lecturer's speech "arises from the desire to single out a given idea and thereby facilitate the upcoming connection of this idea -
with another. The idea is presented in two steps:
first, an isolated object is put on display, and the listeners only know that there will be something about this object
it is also said that for the time being this object must be observed; Next
moment the thought itself is expressed.

In colloquial speech, this process of dividing the utterance into parts occurs automatically. What is done in lecture speech to facilitate the listener, in colloquial speech can be done by the speaker to facilitate himself, for example: sky / it everything is in clouds; Lecture / where will it be?; Nikolai Stepanovich / Nikolay Stepanovich will not be here today; Sausage / chop, please; She is I liked the picture very much. ABOUT. Sirotina singles out "nominative themes" in "qualitative situations", which are widespread not only in oral (literary and dialect), but also in written speech. These constructions are characterized by a pronounced value of the qualitative characteristics of the subject: Grandma - she will talk to everyone(i.e. chatty).

Characteristic for colloquial speech and appendix construction (And your daughter, is she a historian?); interrogative constructions with an additional phrase boundary (It's you on purpose, right? raw log (dragged); non-union subordinating constructions (Want \ pie - did your grandmother bake?); overlay designs (This body center, and - tower, she asked); bipredicative constructions with who (Come in - who's on the procedure!).

In colloquial speech, there is no strictly fixed arrangement of the components of the phrase, therefore the main means of actual articulation is not word order, but intonation and logical stress. This does not mean at all that in colloquial speech word order does not play a role at all in the expression of actual articulation. There are certain trends here: the informatively important part of the statement is located as close as possible to the beginning of the sentence; there is a desire to preposition that part of the syntactic association that is more strongly accented (while bookish-literary speech is characterized by the opposite principle, corresponding to the rhythmic-intonational structure of bookish-literary speech - the postposition of the member that is more accentuated). For example: I like it very much this theater(in neutral written speech, this would probably sound like this: I like this theater very much) In Sochi... no... I will not go to Sochi; It was a difficult year, difficult; Oddly enough, but a hundred meters he gets tired more than two hundred meters. Active means of actual articulation of colloquial speech are special highlighting words and repetitions: What about the teachers' council? Today will not?; For how many years he has been resting in Gelendzhik every year ... in Gelendzhik.

Bibliography

1. Barlas L.G. Russian language. Stylistics. M.: Enlightenment, 1978. - 256 p.

2. Valgina N.S., Rosenthal D.E., Fomina M.I. Modern Russian language. M.: Logos, 2001. - 528 p.

3. Goikhman O.Ya., Goncharova L.M. etc. Russian language and culture of speech. - M.: INFRA - M, 2002. -192 p.

4. Grekov V.F., Kryuchkov S.E. A manual for classes in the Russian language. - M.: Enlightenment, 1984. - 255 p.

5. Pustovalov P.S., Senkevich M.P. A guide to the development of speech. – M.: Enlightenment, 1987. – 288 p.

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