Pushkin village means of artistic expression. Analysis of the poem "Village

The poem "Village" aroused the anger and discontent of the government. After all, it is in it that the great Russian poet denounces the “wild nobility”, which turned the life of ordinary people into a “burdensome yoke”. But it is precisely their labors that build that beautiful picture that is described in the first part of the poem.

History of creation

The student can begin the analysis of Pushkin's "Village" with the history of the creation of the work. It was written in 1819. When the young poet, after graduating from the lyceum, received the post of collegiate secretary in St. Petersburg, he did not even suspect that after three years Alexander I himself would be happy to exile him to Siberia, and maybe even to the Solovetsky Islands. Only thanks to the petition of close friends of the poet - V. Zhukovsky, A. Karamzin, A. Turgenev - it was decided to replace the sentence with a reference to the south of Russia.

The king's displeasure

Why did the anger of the tsar, who defeated the Napoleonic army, and in whose honor the “Pillar of Alexandria” fanned with glory stood on Palace Square fall? The reason was the freedom-loving works of the poet. The tsar once even reproached the then head of the lyceum, E. A. Engelhardt, for the fact that his graduate "flooded Russia with his outrageous works." Pushkin was not a member of any secret society, of which there were many then. After all, for this he was too unpredictable and quick-tempered. However, it turned out that for just one poem, in which the great Russian poet freely expressed his thoughts, he was exiled to the south. After all, it was this work that was saturated with hopes that great reforms could await the country.

What did the poet say

At that time, the poet was working on the creation of the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila", which he began during his studies at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. But, finally finding himself at liberty after six years of study, the poet begins to write about the "freedom of the saint." And he called his first work, related to the genre of ode, “Liberty”. In it, he condemned tyrants who disregard the laws. And in the work "The Village", which was written after two years, the great Russian poet angrily condemns serfdom.

Continuing the analysis of Pushkin's "Village", we can point out that this work is a socio-political monologue. It touches on those social problems that deeply worried the author. According to his convictions, Pushkin was a supporter of a constitutional monarchy, while he denounced serfdom, pointing out that the liberation of people had to happen at the behest of the ruler. During the life of the poet, only the first part of the work was printed. The second was distributed only in lists. The entire poem was published by Herzen abroad in 1856, and in Russia in 1870.

Artistic media

Making a literary analysis of Pushkin's "Village", the student can also describe the artistic means used by the poet for a good grade. An important role in the poem is played by oppositions, antonymic images, for example, “wild nobility” - “a painful yoke”. The poet includes in the work exclamations that are characteristic of the ode genre, as well as rhetorical questions. Similar techniques are usually used in the journalistic style of the pamphlet. We see that in Pushkin's "Village" means of expression are used in a variety of ways. Also, a special sounding of the work is given by its size - iambic six-meter. In another way, it is called "Alexandrian verse" and is often used in odes.

Sublime and accusatory work

Pushkin's work is full of accusatory pathos, Old Slavonic terms, as well as ancient images (the influence of classicism affects here). There are also many solemn, pompous turns in it. After the first part of the work was published, Emperor Alexander I ordered to express gratitude to the poet, and after the second part was distributed, he exiled the great poet to the south of Russia. Analyzing Pushkin's "Village", we can also mention one of the most interesting features of the poem. This is his composition - the poet uses the technique of genre displacement. The first part is more like a sentimental pastoral, the second is closer to a political pamphlet.

idyllic place

At the beginning of Pushkin's Poem "The Village" the reader is immersed in an idyllic picture of the village. The first stanzas can undoubtedly be attributed to idyllic landscape lyrics. Here the paintings, which are drawn by the poet, breathe beauty and tranquility. He writes that in this area he lives with completely different moral values. And for the great Russian poet, it is especially important that in the countryside he has the opportunity to create. Most of the images mentioned in the first part of Pushkin's poem "The Village" are romanticized. This is a “dark garden”, “striped fields”.

The village for the poet is a place of silence and tranquility. Here he finally finds spiritual freedom. The epithets in Pushkin's "Village" create a picture of appeasement. This quiet corner is much more dear to the poet than the “vicious court of Circe”, or, for example, “luxurious feasts”. The lyrical hero is sure that he will find peace in creativity in this idyllic place, but his dreams did not come true. The intonation of the first part of the work is calm, friendly. The poet is carefully engaged in the selection of epithets, which he uses in large quantities. This helps him convey a picture of a rural landscape.

Lord's arbitrariness

Sometimes, as a homework task, the student is given the question of what and what is opposed in Pushkin's "Village". The poet's humanistic ideals are opposed to the picture of cruelty and slavery. This is where the antithesis is used. Reality destroyed all his thoughts about peace in the countryside. The second part of the work has a completely different color. It was not passed by the censors, and the poet had to put four lines of dots instead. In it, Alexander Sergeevich mercilessly denounces those who turned out to be the ruler of people to their death.

Antithesis

This compositional technique - the contrast between the first part of the work and the final one - is intended to have a great impact on the reader. And with its help, the poet manages to further strengthen the impression of the revealing image of tyranny, which does not allow people to live freely, to embody their life aspirations.

The pictures of this arbitrariness are horrifying in that any person could be in the place of serfs, who, in hard work, lose their human appearance. With the help of his poetic gift, Pushkin skillfully depicts the images of the “bar”, and does it indirectly - the reader sees what the life of a serf turns into because of this arbitrariness. The main definitions given by the poet in the second part are “wild nobility”, “skinny nobility”. With their help, the theme of Pushkin's "Village" becomes clear - the injustice of the serf yoke.

Citizen Poet

And the poet-dreamer thus turns into a worthy citizen - he now speaks not on behalf of a private individual, but on behalf of the entire advanced society, which seeks to provide freedom to the people from the serfdom. The great Russian poet understands that everything in the country is decided by the ruler. And he hopes that someday this slavery will be abolished due to the "mania of the tsar", and in the end, for the Russian state, a radically new era will finally come over the "fatherland of enlightened freedom", when the oppressed person will receive their rights, and there will be no more must give his life on the altar of the well-being of spoiled and cruel landlords.

We examined the history of the creation of Pushkin's "Village", the features of this work, which created so many difficulties for the poet, but served as a way for him to express his opinion about injustice. In the work, the poet does not give an answer on how exactly to fight injustice. The mood of the narrator cannot be called rebellious. His inner world is rich, but in it the reader can also see those concepts that are the most valuable for the lyrical hero - this is following the truth, peace, freedom, creativity.

The text of Pushkin's poem "The Village" is perceived ambiguously due to the contrast of its semantic parts. The work was created in 1819, when the poet visited his parental estate.

At first glance, everything is quite simple and clear. The poem is about home. The author admits his undeniable belonging to these places, which neither luxurious feasts nor palace amusements could replace. Only in the bosom of local nature does the poet feel that he is able to create for real. But Pushkin did not confine himself to a mere measured description of pastoral paintings that open up to the gaze of a city dweller. The first part of the poem could be considered an ode glorifying rural life and landscapes, if not for the sharp contrast and change of mood in the second. Here, a smooth story about a good time in the village is blocked by indignation at the grim realities of the existence of the common people. The poet openly condemns the slavish position of the peasants, and wonders if the king will change the current situation.

I greet you, desert corner,
A haven of peace, work and inspiration,
Where the invisible stream of my days flows
In the bosom of happiness and oblivion.
I am yours - I traded the vicious court for Circe,
Luxurious feasts, fun, delusions
To the peaceful noise of oak trees, to the silence of the fields,
To free idleness, a friend of thought.

I am yours - I love this dark garden
With its coolness and flowers,
This meadow, lined with fragrant stacks,
Where bright streams rustle in the bushes.
Everywhere in front of me moving pictures:
Here I see two lakes azure plains,
Where the fisherman's sail sometimes turns white,
Behind them are a row of hills and striped fields,
Scattered houses in the distance,
Herds roaming on wet shores,
Smoky barns and krylat mills;
Everywhere traces of contentment and labor ...

I am here, freed from vain shackles,
I am learning to find bliss in truth,
With a free soul to idolize the law,
Murmuring do not listen to the unenlightened crowd,
Participation to answer a shy plea
And do not envy fate
A villain or a fool - in greatness is wrong.

Oracles of the ages, here I ask you!
In majestic solitude
Hear your joyful voice.
He drives laziness a gloomy dream,
To works gives rise to heat in me,
And your creative thoughts
In the spiritual depths ripen.

But a terrible thought darkens the soul here:
Among flowering fields and mountains
A friend of mankind sadly remarks
Everywhere ignorance is a murderous shame.
Not seeing the tears, not heeding the groan,
Chosen by fate for the destruction of people,
Here the nobility is wild, without feeling, without law,
Appropriated by a violent vine
And labor, and property, and the time of the farmer.
Leaning on an alien plow, submitting to whips,
Here skinny slavery drags along the reins
Relentless owner.
Here, everyone drags a burdensome yoke to the grave,
Hopes and inclinations in the soul not daring to feed,
Here young maidens bloom
For the whim of an unfeeling villain.
Sweet support of aging fathers,
Young sons, comrades of labor,
From the native hut they go to multiply
Yard crowds of exhausted slaves.
Oh, if only my voice could disturb hearts!
Why in my chest a fruitless heat burns
And the fate of ornate has not given me a formidable gift?
I see, my friends! an unoppressed people
And slavery, fallen at the behest of the king,
And over the fatherland of enlightened freedom
Will the beautiful dawn finally rise?

The poem "Village" by A.S. Pushkin is one of his early works. It was written in Mikhailovsky, in July 1819.

After graduating from the Lyceum, the poet lived in St. Petersburg for two years, after which he went to the family estate. There he enjoyed peace and quiet, and at the same time was intolerant of arbitrariness in relation to the serf people. And in the "Village" his thoughts and feelings from what he saw were embodied, betraying in him an ardent opponent of corvée and the unfree position of the peasants.

The poem consists of two parts, it is written as a monologue, iambic six-foot, alternating with four-foot.

Interesting Facts

In the poem, Pushkin wanted to convey the disenfranchised existence of the peasants, about how they were oppressed by the landlords. And it inspired so many opponents of peasant law that rumors about it reached Alexander I. He asked Prince Vasilchikov to get these poems. Through Chaadaev, adjutant Vasilchikov, Pushkin gave Alexander I his "Village". Then the tsar encouraged innovative projects, and in what he read he did not find a pretext for punishment, and expressed gratitude to Pushkin for the quivering feelings that come from his work.

We bring to your attention the text of the verse by A.S. Pushkin "Village":

I greet you, desert corner,

A haven of peace, work and inspiration,

Where the invisible stream of my days flows

In the bosom of happiness and oblivion.

I am yours - I traded the vicious court for Circe,

Luxurious feasts, fun, delusions

To the peaceful noise of oak trees, to the silence of the fields,

To free idleness, a friend of thought.

I am yours - I love this dark garden

With its coolness and flowers,

This meadow, lined with fragrant stacks,

Where bright streams rustle in the bushes.

Everywhere in front of me moving pictures:

Here I see two lakes azure plains,

Where the fisherman's sail sometimes turns white,

Behind them are a row of hills and striped fields,

Scattered houses in the distance,

Herds roaming on wet shores,

Smoky barns and krylat mills;

Everywhere traces of contentment and labor ...

I am here, freed from vain shackles,

I am learning to find bliss in truth,

With a free soul to idolize the law,

Murmuring do not listen to the unenlightened crowd,

Participation to answer a shy plea

And do not envy fate

A villain or a fool - in greatness is wrong.

Oracles of the ages, here I ask you!

In majestic solitude

Hear your joyful voice.

He drives laziness a gloomy dream,

To works gives rise to heat in me,

And your creative thoughts

In the spiritual depths ripen.

But a terrible thought darkens the soul here:

Among flowering fields and mountains

A friend of mankind sadly remarks

Everywhere ignorance is a murderous shame.

Not seeing the tears, not heeding the groan,

Chosen by fate for the destruction of people,

Here the nobility is wild, without feeling, without law,

Appropriated by a violent vine

And labor, and property, and the time of the farmer.

Leaning on an alien plow, submitting to whips,

Here skinny slavery drags along the reins

Relentless owner.

Here, everyone drags a burdensome yoke to the grave,

Hopes and inclinations in the soul not daring to feed,

Here young maidens bloom

For the whim of an unfeeling villain.

Sweet support of aging fathers,

Young sons, comrades of labor,

From the native hut they go to multiply

Yard crowds of exhausted slaves.

Why in my chest a fruitless heat burns

And the fate of ornate has not given me a formidable gift?

I see, my friends! an unoppressed people

And slavery, fallen at the behest of the king,

And over the fatherland of enlightened freedom

Will the beautiful dawn finally rise?

You can also listen to the text of Pushkin's poem "The Village" performed by the famous Soviet actor V. Yakhontov:

Poem "Village".

Perception, interpretation, evaluation

In the summer of 1819 A.S. Pushkin traveled to Mikhailovskoye, the Novgorod estate of his mother. Under the impression of this trip, the poem "Village" was created. The first half of the poem, titled "Solitude", was published in a collection of 1826, but it was distributed in full in lists. Alexander I, having learned about these verses, demanded them to himself. The poet sent him a poem, and the tsar, who showed a certain liberality in those years, ordered "to thank Pushkin for the good feelings" that his work evokes. It was fully printed only in 1870, nine years after the abolition of serfdom.

We can attribute the poem to civil lyrics with landscape elements, its genre is elegy, but it also contains features of political satire.

The world of nature in this poem is opposed to the world of civilization. This antithesis is reflected in the composition of the work. The "village" consists of two parts. The first part is a harmonious, serene picture of rural nature and a description of the impressions of the lyrical hero. Its main idea is that nature and solitude make it possible to comprehend the truth and give rise to inspiration. The second part is the hero's thought about the "wild nobility", about the unjust social structure of the country. The second part contrasts with the first in its style and ideological content. The first part reminds us of a sentimental idyll, the second part an ode. The poet passionately desires to help his people, exclaiming: "Oh, if only my voice could disturb hearts!" He dreams of seeing his Motherland free:

I see, my friends! An unoppressed people And slavery, fallen at the behest of the king,

And over the fatherland of enlightened freedom Will the beautiful dawn rise at last?

The poem is written in free iambic, the poet uses various means of artistic expression: numerous epithets (“vicious court of the circus”, “luxurious feasts”, “scented stacks”, “bright streams”, “shy plea”, “terrible thought”, “deadly shame” , “wild nobility”, “skinny slavery”, “beautiful dawn”), metaphor (“an invisible stream pours my days”, “skinny slavery drags along the reins of the Relentless owner”), rhetorical appeals (to the village, to oracles, friends), anaphora (“Here skinny slavery drags along the reins of the Inexorable owner. Here everyone drags a burdensome yoke to the grave ... Here young virgins bloom ...”), archaisms (“ordeal is a formidable gift”, “fisherman’s sail”, “vicious courtyard of the circus”).

Thus, this work bears the stamp of classicism. This was also manifested in a solemn speech, in an upbeat, oratorical pathos, in an abundance of Slavonicisms, in the poet's use of ancient images.

Russian poets of the early 19th century wrote not only love, landscape, but also civil, political lyrics. It is clear that at the same time they sought not so much to “rhyme” their political views, but to express their heartfelt feelings at the sight of social trouble.

When Pushkin created one of his most famous poems, The Village, in 1819, he was influenced by the ideas of Nikolai Ivanovich Turgenev, a remarkable publicist and supporter of the liberation of the peasants. Traces of this influence in the "Village" are easy to notice; the views of the young Pushkin, extremely close to those of Turgenev, are expressed here directly and sharply:

I see, my friends! an unoppressed people
And slavery, fallen at the behest of the king,
And over the fatherland of enlightened freedom
Will the beautiful dawn finally rise?

That is, without any revolutions and riots, by the will of the sovereign (“at the behest of the tsar”) serfdom will be abolished and after that (not before!) “enlightened freedom” will be established in Russia, which was then understood as a constitutional monarchy. But does the artistic meaning of the poem come down to this - albeit very important for the author - political conclusion? Of course not. Let's try to read The Village the way one should read poetry, and not journalistic articles: let's pay attention not only and even not so much to what they say, but to how they say it. Because in fiction "how" is no less important than "what" - and it is simply impossible to break through to the content of the work, bypassing its form.

So, the "Village" is clearly stratified into two parts, each of which has its own special style, its own special poetic structure. The first part is sustained in the Genre tradition of idyll, pastoral.

I greet you, desert corner,
A haven of peace, work and inspiration,
Where the invisible stream of my days flows
In the bosom of happiness and oblivion!

Like the ancient Roman poet Virgil, who in his idylls contrasted happy rural solitude with urban noise, Pushkin describes the countryside as a realm of poetic peace. At the same time, he deliberately uses conditional, familiar poetic formulas: “desert corner”, “shelter of tranquility”, “peaceful noise of oak trees” ... Such poetic formulas are designed not so much to recreate a real rural landscape as to remind the reader of the ideal pastoral landscape, of the landscape - a dream that, with its conditional harmony, sets off the image of a “vicious” city.

Mandatory details of such a landscape: a whitening "fisherman's sail", hills, fields, "scattered huts in the distance", fat herds, mills. So, this is not a picture of some real village, and not even a generalized image of the poet's rural impressions. This is nothing but a set of conditional "signs" of an idyllic picture of the world, where "contentment" reigns and the peaceful labor of "village" and "village" reigns. The poet himself puts on the same literary mask of a happy idle man, not envious of the fate of the "Villain or Fool", which Virgil tried on 2000 years ago.

But Pushkin's poetic style changes dramatically. Even the rhythm of the poem, iambic, which up to this moment fluctuated smoothly (from six feet with a pause - caesura - in the middle to five and four feet), suddenly begins to sound different. Following the "long" line of iambic hexameter ("Oracles of the ages, here I ask you!"), there are six relatively "short" lines:

In majestic solitude
Hear your joyful voice.
He drives laziness a gloomy dream,
To work gives rise to heat in me ...

And now pay attention: this is exactly the case that we have already talked about. From the point of view of content - what the poet is talking about, the cited stanza smoothly continues the theme of the entire first part of the poem: the theme of rural solitude, peaceful labors, creativity (“And your creative thoughts ripen in the depths of your soul”). But if you listen closely to the sound of the poetic form, it becomes clear: the poet is ready to switch the register of his reflections to a different key. Otherwise, he would not have needed to “shorten” the lines, use words and expressions that were stylistically inappropriate in the “quiet”, emphatically calm first part: for the first time, solitude is called not “peaceful”, but “stately”; sleep of laziness - "gloomy", and not at all "happy".

And the very next stanza confirms our reader's expectation. The idyll is replaced by satire.

How gentle, smooth were the images of the first part, so hard, caustic, sometimes bilious are the images of the second part. There was "freedom idleness", here - "terrible thought". There was "the bosom of happiness and oblivion", here - "ignorance is a murderous shame." Ho - attention again! - in the second part of the "Village" poetic formulas change, and not the very principle of their use.

In other words, in the second part, with the help of equally familiar and ready-made poetic phrases, a satirical picture of the world is created. And it is just as conditional. This also applies to the image of the poet. In the first part of the poem, Pushkin used the mask of a happy sloth, an idle sage. In the second - the mask of an indignant satirist, scourging the vices. But his true face is hidden from us.

Playing with masks, changing styles and genres, Pushkin tells us (if we are attentive readers): the world around us is voluminous. One cannot look at him only through the eyes of a serene author of idylls, who notices everywhere only traces of "contentment and labor." It is impossible, because these "traces" hide the cruel injustice of the "wild nobility." But to the same extent and for the same reason, one cannot look at the world only with the eyes of a satirist inflamed with anger. It is impossible, because the injustice of the modern world cannot cancel, destroy its beautiful features: “I am yours - I love this dark garden / With its coolness and flowers ...”

That is why the poet relies on the good will of the monarch, and that is why he hurries the moment when "a beautiful dawn will rise over the fatherland of enlightened freedom ... at last." After all, it is then, in this happy future, that he will be able to “reconcile” in himself the poet who composes idylls and the satirist, to see the surroundings, “the haven of tranquility, work and inspiration”, in volume ... Such a hope for a happy future, for the coming transformation of society in the spirit of justice was inherent in another literary genre - utopia. This means that in the stylistic palette of the "Village" another genre paint is used - utopian.

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