Great Dictionary of Russian language

Ed. S. A. Kuznetsova

Full type dictionaries

The principles underlying the dictionary description of vocabulary in the lexicographic manual under review (hereinafter - BTS) are fully consistent with both the principles of academic dictionaries and the traditions of academic lexicography in general. BTS includes both words and meanings already codified by dictionaries (including dictionaries of new words and meanings), and those that for some reason were not included in previous lexicographic editions. At the same time, the conciseness of the one-volume edition prompted its creators to look for original ways of detailed lexicographic description.

The purpose of the dictionary is to show the lexical-semantic system of the Russian language in its live functioning. Therefore, one of the advantageous aspects of BTS can be considered an orientation towards a fairly broad description of the scope of the use of words and their meanings, the disclosure of syntagmatic connections of words in their typical compatibility. Information about the word is here not only universal, but also much more capacious than in many other publications. It involves spelling and orthoepic commentary, extended grammatical qualification about the word, labels that are functional in nature, aspectual correspondences of verbs given for each meaning of the word, morphological and syntactic restrictions, etc., a multifaceted stylistic characteristic, etymological reference and encyclopedic commentary.

Focused on the widest range of readers, BTS gives a complete picture of the word, and does this due to the non-traditional characteristics of the word: cultural (which includes an encyclopedic reference about a particular reality or its name), a zone of derivational derivatives, which contains derivative words, information about lexicalized forms and compound lexical units of the language (compound adverbs, introductory words, conjunctions, prepositions, etc.).

Dictionary of pronunciation and stress difficulties in modern Russian

K. S. Gorbachevich

Dictionaries of difficulties (correctness)

The need for a dictionary that solves normalization problems on a large lexical material is obvious. "Dictionary of pronunciation difficulties and stress in modern Russian" is in the full sense of the word a response to the needs of the time and the interested reader. Therefore, completely different linguistic spheres fall into the range of phenomena considered in the peer-reviewed publication: the area of ​​lexical neoplasms that have never previously received a normative description in Russian dictionaries; “avalanche-like” borrowings, the process of adaptation of which (and all the related processes of the formation of stress and the spelling of the word) in the Russian language during the period described is significantly accelerated; change in the stylistic stratification of the language; and, finally, the results of the process of changes in the prosodic sphere of speech, which occur much more slowly than the other listed processes and because of this are often not taken into account by dictionaries at all.

The dictionary of K. S. Gorbachevich covers an impressive lexical material (12,000 vocables), including the most diverse layers of vocabulary (from rare words traditionally considered the object of normative dictionaries, scientific terms to colloquial and vernacular units; from words that have returned to our everyday life with periphery of the lexical system, to the latest borrowings). Such a volume of material makes the dictionary both a reference book necessary for any native speaker and an important source of linguistic research. The involvement of this dictionary in the preparation of academic dictionaries of the Russian language of the full type is absolutely necessary.

Difficulties in word usage and variants of the norms of the Russian literary language

Ed. K. S. Gorbachevich

Dictionaries of difficulties (correctness)

The main task of the lexicographic publication under consideration is the assessment of word variants and word forms that coexist within the norms of the Russian literary language. Therefore, the object of normative assessments of the dictionary are, firstly, the categories of words of various grammatical categories, which are subject to the action of not one, but two or more rules of formation, stress or pronunciation. Secondly, from the point of view of compliance with the norm, those words are also evaluated that show deviations from system-regular grammatical rules. The dictionary includes some categories of words, the analysis of the use of which reveals stylistic errors of various types.

The dictionary notes typical violations of the norms that occur within the literary language at the boundaries of its functional styles, i.e. the use of appropriate recommendations can prevent the use of functionally fixed words in contexts that are unusual for them, indicate some common facts of norm violations occurring at the borders of the literary language and irregular speech. The dictionary includes words of slang origin with prohibitive characteristics, which are widely used in colloquial speech.

The most typical (fashionable) words and expressions for the time when the dictionary was created, which have become undesirable, erased clichés from excessive use, are noted in the publication and provided with appropriate comments.

The dictionary takes into account and analyzes some types of semantic errors. Mostly this is a mixture in the use of paronyms, leading to a distortion of the meaning of the statement or to a stylistic error.

A special section has also been introduced into the dictionary - the Appendix, which contains a detailed description of those difficulties of the modern literary language that apply to entire categories of words. At the same time, the Appendix gives not only their general normative characteristics, but also indicates the development trends of the phenomena under discussion. At the same time, as the analysis of dictionaries and reference books published at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century shows, the difficulties indicated in the dictionary edited by K. S. Gorbachevich continue to be noted in the language to this day.

Grammatical correctness of Russian speech. Stylistic dictionary of options

L. K. Graudina, V. A. Itskovich, L. P. Katlinskaya

Dictionaries of difficulties (correctness)

This reference publication in its genre belongs to the number of dictionaries and reference books of a normative and stylistic nature, devoted to the problems of codification and normalization of the literary language. Based on the literary norm, on the correct, exemplary speech, reference publications of this type answer the question of how it is better, how to say correctly, which option to prefer in a particular language situation.

The reference dictionary under consideration is devoted to only one side of the Russian literary language - its grammar, and only in that part of it where it becomes possible to express the same meaning with the help of variant, competing forms or constructions, as well as to those cases when formations close in form are used to express different meanings or different shades of meaning.

It is significant that the range of the most commonly used grammatical variants for presentation on the pages of the dictionary under consideration was established by the authors not arbitrarily, but on the basis of a preliminary serious statistical survey.

The sources of the dictionary were quantitatively extensive card files, records from the record library of modern colloquial speech of the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, data from dictionaries and grammars.

Despite the fact that data from special studies are widely used in the comments, the compilers limit themselves to only the most important provisions, which makes the book accessible in terms of the form of presentation for a wide range of readers.

A special section of the dictionary is an alphabetical index of variants, which is given over 110 pages - almost a fifth of the volume of the entire book. Here are collected all the word forms mentioned in the dictionary entries. The index does not contain any explicit recommendations, it only indicates the pages of the dictionary, which contain a detailed commentary. However, since the commonly used literary variant is listed first in the index, even this can be used by the reader to quickly obtain information about the variant recommended for use.

A Brief Dictionary of the Difficulties of the Russian Language: Grammatical Forms, Stress

N. A. Eskova

Dictionaries of difficulties (correctness)

The dictionary of N. A. Eskova is a small but very capacious reference manual, which is designed to show how the forms of each word included in it are formed in the Russian literary language, a significant part of which contains some kind of objective difficulty for the speaker and writer . The dictionary under review is normative. At the same time, it provides information not only about the correct ways of forming any forms, but also about typical deviations from these rules. It is especially important that, in addition to variants of the literary norm, the dictionary notes variants that characterize special areas of the functioning of the language (for example, the language of fiction or professional speech). A distinctive feature of the book under review is a rich illustrative material, designed to demonstrate conclusively one or another linguistic feature. In some cases, this is a brief explanation, a definition belonging to the author of the dictionary, in other cases, examples-citations are widely presented, designed to serve as an illustration of the use of specific grammatical forms in the general paradigm of the word.

Dictionary of grammatical difficulties of the Russian language

T. F. Efremova, V. G. Kostomarov

Dictionaries of difficulties (correctness)

The dictionary is normative and is a linguistic description for didactic purposes of complex phenomena of Russian grammar. It is intended for those who teach and study the Russian language: compilers of programs and manuals, authors of textbooks and educational dictionaries, teachers of the Russian language, high school students, students of higher and secondary educational institutions of a philological and non-philological profile. The difficulties that are described in the dictionary under consideration have repeatedly acted as the object of analysis by lexicographers before, but were almost always considered without taking into account the requirements of the school, especially the non-Russian school. At the same time, each of the difficulties was most often analyzed and described separately, a kind of “atomization” of the difficulty took place. For this reason, information about the difficulties contained in one word turned out to be scattered among various reference books, the complete set of which was by no means always available to teachers, and even more so to students. Thus, we can conclude that the reviewed dictionary differs from the previous ones in the following features. Firstly, taking into account the expansion of the addressee, the list of universal difficulties arising from the Russian language system has been expanded, while the description of these difficulties has been systematized and simplified. Secondly, the identified difficulties are considered in a complex, as a result of which each word is described from the point of view of all the morphological complexities lurking in it. Thirdly, the dictionary completely lacks negative material, and issues related to variability are resolved in accordance with the facts presented in modern lexicographic publications that specifically develop this aspect.

Grammatical dictionary of the Russian language. inflection

A. A. Zaliznyak

Grammar dictionaries

The main purpose of the "Grammar Dictionary of the Russian Language" is to reflect modern Russian inflection, that is, for each word included in the Dictionary, give information about whether it is inflected and, if so, how exactly it is declined or conjugated. In other words, the dictionary makes it possible to construct a paradigm of a word, i.e., the totality of all its forms.

The Grammatical Dictionary of the Russian Language is a fundamental work on morphology, where for the first time a systematic approach to the description of grammatical paradigms was proposed, including not only a change in the literal composition of words, but also stress.

The dictionary was first published in 1977, since then it has been repeatedly reprinted. An appendix containing information on the inflection of more than 8,000 proper names was placed in the fourth edition, and a dictionary (due to the rapid invasion of hundreds of new words into Russian speech at the end of the 20th century) underwent some modernization.

When the computer era began in Russia, the Dictionary found wide application in various works related to the automatic processing of Russian text. The electronic version of this publication formed the basis of most modern computer programs that work with Russian morphology: spelling and machine translation systems, automatic referencing, etc.

Dictionary of Russian pronunciation difficulties

M. L. Kalenchuk, R. F. Kasatkina

Dictionaries of difficulties (correctness)

The dictionary contains about 15 thousand words of the Russian language, the pronunciation of which cannot be unambiguously determined by their graphic spelling, since different pronunciations can correspond to the same spelling of certain combinations of letters. The dictionary fixes the variety of pronunciation variants coexisting in oral speech, which are qualified according to a certain scale of normativity. The dictionary contains cases of recommended pronunciation that are difficult for the speaker. According to the authors, it is "intended for those who care about the correctness and beauty of Russian sounding speech", who want to check their pronunciation with normative standards. The dictionary is addressed to a wide range of readers.

Consistently distinguishing phonetic and orthoepic rules, the authors opt for the latter. The dictionary reflects the pronunciation literary norm of the late twentieth century in its real diversity.

The dictionary includes 15 thousand words. The glossary is preceded by the article "Basic information about Russian literary pronunciation", where the basics of Russian phonetics and orthoepy are presented in a compressed form. Of particular value in this section is a summary table of the rules for pronunciation of consonants of all categories in position before a soft consonant. It is known that orthoepic information, usually presented in dictionaries, has a different degree of sharpness. The sharpest and even socially significant information is characterized by marks associated with the place of word stress. At the same time, the accentuation system of the Russian language has a high degree of mobility, therefore, in a number of cases, dictionary fixation of a change in the place of stress seems to be the most in demand.

The glossary contains the most common words of the Russian language, in which there are phenomena that allow for variability in pronunciation.

Since the dictionary is not explanatory, in most cases the meaning of the words is not disclosed. Interpretations are given only for some words, mostly borrowed ones, included in the dictionary due to possible pronunciation variability.

The dictionary adopted a complex system of labels, representing variants of the pronunciation norm, which make up the so-called "normative scale". In addition to the main pronunciation option, which is given first in the litter row, an equal option can be given (using the union and), the less preferred option “and is allowed.” (and admissible), or one of the "diachronic" options: "admissible. outdated." (admissibly obsolete) or “admiss. new". The last mark, reflecting the orthoepic phenomena of the so-called "junior norm", is used in the dictionary under review for the first time.

“Commentary to the Federal Law “On the State Language of the Russian Federation”. Part 2: Norms of the Modern Russian Literary Language as the State Language (Comprehensive Normative Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language)"

Ed. G. N. Sklyarevskaya, E. Yu. Vaulina

General type dictionaries

Lexicographic work “Commentary to the Federal Law “On the State Language of the Russian Federation”. Part 2: Norms of the Modern Russian Literary Language as the State Language (Comprehensive Normative Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language) (hereinafter referred to as the Comprehensive Dictionary) is, in essence, the first experience of a systematic and fairly complete development of the concept and phenomenon of the “state language”. A striking feature of the publication under review was the inclusion of the cognitive component of the linguistic sign into the scope of analysis and vocabulary fixation. The latter comes in two varieties: terminological, which reflects knowledge about a specific subject area of ​​reality, and encyclopedic, which allows you to structure special (terminological) knowledge, establishing and explaining the relationship between them and thereby fulfilling the role of thesaurus links.

The Glossary of the Complex Dictionary (25 thousand units) was formed on the basis of text materials of the electronic Fund of the Modern Russian Language and the National Corpus of the Russian Language by selecting words and expressions, the use of which causes semantic, orthoepic, grammatical, etc. difficulties for native speakers and needs in the fastest codification. These units include, first of all, borrowings of the last decade, including those not described in existing dictionaries, units of terminological systems that are emerging or actively developing today, religious vocabulary that has returned to actual use, abbreviations that are widely used in modern texts, etc. Criteria word selection is associated with three characteristics: "new", "actual", "difficult".

This publication compares favorably with other explanatory and orthological dictionaries of the Russian language most of all in that it describes the dispositive norms of the modern Russian language in a user-friendly lexicographic form using the most relevant lexicographic material. At the same time, a comprehensive presentation of linguistic information about the described words fixes the place of a lexical unit in the individual vocabulary of a native speaker, and the combination of linguistic and encyclopedic information allows the user to better navigate the modern picture of the world. It is also important that the dictionary and dictionary entry remain potentially open for replenishment.

Explanatory dictionary of foreign words

L. P. Krysin

General type dictionaries

The dictionary contains about 25 thousand words and phrases that entered the Russian language mainly in the 18th-20th centuries. (some - at an earlier time), as well as those formed in Russian from foreign language foundations. It is the first philological dictionary of foreign words, i.e. one that describes the properties of the word, and not the thing it denotes: its origin, meaning in modern Russian, as well as pronunciation, stress, grammatical characteristics, semantic connections with other foreign words , stylistic features, typical examples of use in speech, the ability to form related words.

The dictionary contains commonly used foreign vocabulary, including the latest, borrowed in the 80–90s. XX century, as well as special terms and terminological combinations.

The first edition of L.P. Krysin’s Explanatory Dictionary of Foreign Words was published in 1998, and then, until 2005, the dictionary went through several stereotypical editions, and its 6th edition, published in 2007, was corrected and significantly supplemented. In this supplemented form, with a volume of about 160 publishing sheets, the dictionary continues to be published (the latest edition is M., EKSMO, 2011).

Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms

Ed. R. I. Avanesova

Orthoepic dictionaries

The main advantages of the work under review include the scientific development and practical implementation of the principles for compiling dictionaries of this type. The authors form the pronunciation norms for words that have orthoepic variants, i.e., in fact, develop a single orthoepic standard for the Russian literary language, solving the problem of the most adequate (not too archaic or innovative) interpretation of a particular lexical material and the dynamic characteristics of orthoepic variability, and base his choice both on careful observation of living speech, and on his own interpretation of the processes taking place in modern Russian. In addition to variants of pronunciation and stress, the dictionary also includes variants of grammatical forms.

Difficulties of the Russian language: Dictionary-reference book

Ed. L. I. Rakhmanova

Dictionaries of difficulties (correctness)

The task of this reference dictionary, declared by its authors in the preface to the publication, is “firstly, to help the writer choose from the various ways of expression already existing in the language that is more correct, more preferable or most appropriate for a given genre-speech situation, and secondly, offering one or another linguistic commentary, an objective criterion for evaluating new means of expression appearing in the press, to help writers improve their linguistic instinct, in a deeper understanding of the laws of language development "- successfully solved due to the fact that recommendations related to modern trends in word usage are convincingly are illustrated by modern texts: as an illustrative material, this edition uses quotations from the texts of newspapers, socio-political and popular science magazines, radio and television programs for the period from 1963 to 1992. Due to this approach, relatively new word usages are also considered in the publication, often found in the language of the media, but not reflected in modern explanatory dictionaries.

Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language

Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.

Dictionaries of difficulties (correctness)

This dictionary includes the most common language difficulties that arise, in particular, in connection with the spelling of certain words, their pronunciation and stress, word usage (more precisely, both with the scope of the word and with its stylistic coloring), grammatical characteristics of the word , inflection (for example, choosing the correct form of the case and number), form formation (for example, the formation of short forms of adjectives, personal forms of the verb), lexical and grammatical compatibility of words. This is a single dictionary that includes information that the reader could get by referring to the dictionaries of various types: sensible, orthoepic, spelling, and grammar. The undoubted advantage of the dictionary is its compactness, combined with high information content - the dictionary includes more than 30 thousand words, as well as the fact that it not only lists difficult cases, but also gives recommendations of a normative nature.

Russian grammar

Ch. ed. N. Yu. Shvedova

grammars

The two-volume academic "Russian Grammar" (hereinafter - RG-80) contains a scientific description of the grammatical structure of the Russian literary language of the second half of the 20th century. - its morphemics, word formation, morphology and syntax, as well as information on Russian phonetics, phonology, stress and intonation, necessary in grammatical sections. The language material studied in RG-80 - the modern Russian literary language - in the spirit of the established tradition is considered in a wide range both in the chronological aspect (from Pushkin to the present day) and in the functional aspect (the book reflects and describes a lot of phenomena of colloquial and special speech, and sometimes vernacular - only regional dialects and jargons are left outside the literary language). The scientific description is accompanied by normative recommendations, i.e. information about which word-formation possibilities, word forms, their accent characteristics, syntactic constructions are correct for the described state of the Russian literary language, and which ones are allowed to be used along with others, equivalent or close to them by value. The book is built on materials extracted from written sources of various genres, as well as on materials from oral Russian literary and everyday speech. Language is a multi-level system characterized by a diverse interaction of its elements. And such interaction is constantly revealed in WG-80: for example, in the section "Word formation" this is reflected in the morphological characteristics of word-formation types (part of speech of motivated words; gender, animation and type of declension for nouns; aspect, transitivity and type of conjugation for verbs, etc. d.), partly in syntactic characteristics (the difference between the compatibility of motivated prefix verbs from the corresponding motivating ones); in the section "Morphology" - in the syntactic characteristics of morphological forms and categories, in considering the word-formation restrictions of the paradigms of declension and conjugation, etc. In terms of its scientific orientation and method, the new grammar continues the Russian grammatical tradition and at the same time, the scientific concept implemented in it reflects the latest achievements of domestic and foreign linguistic thought, including the experience of creating the “Grammar of the modern Russian literary language”, which was published in 1970. RG-80 is descriptive-analytical, that is, based on real-life linguistic facts, their properties, relationships and functioning and interpreting them from a synchronic point of view.

Russian spelling dictionary

Ed. V. V. Lopatina

Spelling dictionaries

Approved and recommended for publication by the Spelling Commission of the OIFN RAS, the Russian Spelling Dictionary is a normative spelling guide for the widest range of native speakers of the Russian language. The dictionary was created on the basis of fundamental linguistic file cabinets, the latest dictionaries and computer databases and reflects the vocabulary of the Russian language at the turn of the 20th–21st centuries. Its volume (about 200 thousand words) significantly exceeds all previous editions of spelling dictionaries. Along with active commonly used vocabulary, this lexicographic manual includes vernacular, dialect (regional), slang, obsolete words, historicisms - to the extent that these categories of words are reflected in fiction, in the language of mass media, including electronic ones, in colloquial speech. A significant place in the dictionary is occupied by special terminology of various areas of scientific knowledge and practice. The "Russian Spelling Dictionary", which belongs to the category of fundamental academic dictionaries of the Russian language, implements the normative concept of a uniform transmission of the written form of the words of the Russian language throughout the space of its distribution. The solution of the spelling problems of the vocabulary in the RUS is carried out taking into account the action of the systemic factors of Russian writing, the requirements emanating from the usage, the influence of the spelling precedent. The "Russian Spelling Dictionary" in its prescriptions proceeds from the current "Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation" (1956), with the exception of outdated recommendations that diverge from modern writing practice (this primarily applies to the use of capital letters).

Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language at the Beginning of the 21st Century: Current Vocabulary

Ed. G. N. Sklyarevskoy

Dictionaries of new words

The publication contains about 8,500 words and set phrases, many of which are presented in lexicography for the first time. At the same time, all materials of the dictionary are strictly documented: the presence of a particular word in the modern Russian language, its semantic content, the peculiarities of its use, characteristic grammatical and stylistic properties, etc. - everything is confirmed by extensive citation material from sources from 1997–2005 ., which included fiction, popular science books and brochures of various fields of knowledge, central and peripheral newspapers, as well as recordings of live speech.

The dictionary is formed on the basis of the concepts of socially significant spheres (politics, finance, computer science, jurisprudence, ecology, etc.) actively used in modern speech, and also includes a significant layer of the vocabulary that returned at the end of the 20th century. in the active use of the vocabulary of Orthodoxy.

The set of zones of the dictionary entry provides extensive and multidirectional information about each word. All units of description are provided with a detailed semantic elaboration, an indication of usage patterns, characteristic grammatical features, stylistic properties, spelling and orthoepic data, and information about origin.

It is important to note that the Dictionary XXI uses a multifaceted system of stylistic and functional marks and comments that characterize stylistic, functional, evaluative and other features of use and accompany the word, the meaning of the word, as well as a stable phrase, which helps the user of the dictionary to determine which area of ​​activity or communication serves the word and what is its stylistic status. In a detailed stylistic development, in the differentiation of vocabulary by stylistic parameter, an indirect but quite definite indication of the appropriateness / inappropriateness, the possibility / impossibility of using certain words and entire lexical categories in the Russian language in the function of the state language is found.

Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language

Ed. S. A. Kuznetsova

Full type dictionaries

The Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language (STS) is a classic representative of one-volume dictionaries - a reference book for a wide range of readers on the most important aspects of the speech use of Russian vocabulary. The total volume of the dictionary is about 90 thousand words. According to this indicator, the STS occupies an intermediate position between the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova and the "Big Dictionary of the Russian Language" ch. ed. S. A. Kuznetsov.

The “Preface” to the dictionary states that “the project of the Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, including its main lexicographic principles and vocabulary, was developed on the basis of and taking into account the characteristic features of the “Large Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language””.

In the STS vocabulary, unlike other explanatory dictionaries, words with a reduced socio-functional and genre-stylistic characteristic (from colloquial to reduced and jargon) were not introduced. But new lexical meanings were introduced into the dictionary, characterized by such properties. The very fact of describing such meanings in a one-volume dictionary speaks volumes. In particular, that modern Russian society has changed: the language of people who have gained access to the public platform (through literature, journalism, popular science texts, etc.) is significantly different from the language of 10–15 years ago. Such socio-political processes as the destruction of the intelligentsia layer, the formation of the middle class, the deep erosion of social and ethical stereotypes, etc. created the conditions for the penetration of words with a specifically negative connotation into the literary language. Changes in word usage led to a shift in the balance of the lexical composition of the dictionary towards reduced and even obscene vocabulary, and this drift is an actual process of today.

Morphemic and derivational dictionary of the Russian language

T. V. Popova, E. S. Zaikova

Derivational dictionaries

FOR SCHOOLCHILDREN

Glossary of a peer-reviewed dictionary of about 600 words. The compilation of the dictionary is based on the principle of a continuous selection of words offered for morphemic and word-formation analysis in the exercises of textbooks of the federal list. The authors of the dictionary have developed a logical and convenient structure for the work of students and teachers, reflecting a new approach to the lexicographic description of the topics "Morfemics" and "Word formation". The article is clearly divided into several zones. Each word receives a complete word-formation and morphemic characteristic within one dictionary entry. As linguistic marks in the dictionary, a system of conventional signs and font selections is used. Graphical ways of representing morphemic and word-forming phenomena look "transparent" and demonstrative for schoolchildren.

School orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language

T. A. Gridina, N. I. Konovalova

Orthoepic dictionaries

FOR SCHOOLCHILDREN

The glossary of the reviewed dictionary includes more than 4000 words, which is quite enough for an educational dictionary. Criteria underlying the compilation of the vocabulary: frequency commonly used vocabulary; special vocabulary; words that expand the cultural field of the student). At the same time, the authors in the preface to the dictionary do not formulate the most important thing - what orthoepic phenomena are reflected in the work. The dictionary entry in the dictionary has a traditional character for such dictionaries. There are several zones in the dictionary entry: heading word; orthoepic commenting zone; zone of accentological commenting. The dictionary uses a modern branched system of labels, which makes it possible to hierarchically correlate different accentological and purely orthoepic phenomena. The marks are both permissive (“and”, “optional”, “additional”, “possible”, “small-up”, “advantages”), and prohibitive (“not recommended”, “wrong.” , “grossly wrong.”). A distinctive feature of this dictionary is the system of illustrations adopted in it. This material is especially well presented for poetic texts, in which rhythm and rhyme help to “restore” one or another accentological variant.

School dictionary of foreign words

L. A. Subbotina

General type dictionaries

FOR SCHOOLCHILDREN

The dictionary contains about 4000 words, the most common in the speech practice of students in high schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, colleges. The volume of the vocabulary is optimal, but it does not contain such terms commonly used in the practice of schooling as "algebra", "geometry", "mathematics", "sine", "cosine", "chromosome", etc., information about the origin of which and the volume meanings in modern Russian would be useful and interesting to the student. The dictionary entry is quite simple in structure and easy to understand by the user, contains the basic information necessary to understand the meaning of a foreign word, its origin, word-formation possibilities. The dictionary contains a minimum number of mainly grammatical marks, but it lacks stylistic marks, which are often necessary for figurative and at the same time evaluative meanings of a word. Examples of the use of words in speech are given, but they are not delimited from the main body of the dictionary entry, which makes it difficult to search for such examples and their perception.

Dictionary of stress: How to pronounce words correctly?

T. A. Baikova

Orthoepic dictionaries

FOR SCHOOLCHILDREN

The dictionary reflects the peculiarities of setting stress in more than 700 words, and only those cases are selected that present a real difficulty for elementary school students. All selected words are relevant for the modern student. The dictionary entry of the dictionary under review for younger students is well structured and rich in linguistic information. Various graphic signs and font selections act as linguistic marks in the dictionary. Of the linguistic marks accepted in ordinary accentological dictionaries, only the mark “and” is used, connecting equal pronunciation options. We can agree that this is enough for this age group. The author of the dictionary does not avoid variant accentological forms, does not pretend that the norm always appears in one variant. At the same time, attention is not fixed in the dictionary on obsolete variants or professional variants, since it is important for the student to know the neutral type of pronunciation of words in its modern popular version. The dictionary uses a whole system of mnemonic techniques that make it easier for the younger student to memorize the rules for placing stress in specific words. For this, lines from favorite children's poems are used as illustrations, where the rhythm or rhyme “suggests” the place of stress in the word.

Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language

N. V. Basko, V. I. Zimin

Phraseological dictionaries

FOR SCHOOLCHILDREN

The volume of the vocabulary of the dictionary is 1000 phraseological turns of various types. The dictionary includes both idioms proper and collocations with a weak degree of idiomaticity. The vocabulary of the dictionary is formed by such phraseological units that belong to the phraseological minimum required for schoolchildren. The dictionary includes not only general literary forms, but also colloquial phrases widely used both in modern colloquial speech and in modern Russian journalism. Thus, the vocabulary of the dictionary is relevant for modern schoolchildren. A dictionary entry consists of several zones, including a variety of linguistic information. A maximum of 9 zones can be in a dictionary entry. Linguistic marks allow you to give the necessary information about the grammatical features of the use of a phraseological unit, as well as its stylistic characteristics. The system of linguistic labels is consistent and makes it possible to obtain essential information about the phraseological units presented in the dictionary. Illustrative examples are selected from the works of Russian classical literature, which are included in the compulsory school curriculum, as well as from Soviet literature of the 60–80s. 20th century and modern Russian literature of the late XX century. - the beginning of the XXI century. Modern journalism is represented by such media as Izvestia, Kommersant, Moskovsky Komsomolets, Segodnya. Dictionary examples of the dictionary well illustrate the meanings of phraseological units. The examples are not complicated, which makes them easier for students to understand.

Etymological dictionary of the Russian language

E. L. Berezovich, N. V. Galinova

Etymological dictionaries

FOR SCHOOLCHILDREN

The dictionary contains 1600 words. The dictionary includes the most commonly used, including in the speech practice of a schoolchild, the words of the Russian language, about which information of a historical and etymological nature is given. A typical dictionary entry has a fairly simple and transparent structure, which allows the user to relatively easily extract from the dictionary the necessary information about the origin of a particular word or group of words. The marking system includes abbreviations for the names of languages, information about which is found in dictionary entries, as well as grammatical and some stylistic marks necessary in any linguistic dictionary. Language illustrations are focused on revealing the history and origin of words, on their etymological and derivational relationships with each other.

Big Law Dictionary

Ed. A. Ya. Sukhareva

Industry directories

This reference book is one of the most popular in the category of special dictionaries for jurisprudence. This, in particular, is evidenced by its regular reissues over the course of 12 years: at least four editions have officially been released (including the stereotypical 4th edition in 2009). The dictionary is the fruit of many years of work to identify, systematize and interpret special legal vocabulary, carried out by a team of famous scientists led by a prominent Soviet and Russian lawyer Alexander Yakovlevich Sukharev. In addition to the editor-in-chief, the Dictionary's team of authors includes nine specialists in various fields of jurisprudence: M. E. Volosov, V. N. Dodonov, N. I. Kapinus, O. S. Kapinus, V. E. Krutskikh, E. A. Mishustin, V. P. Panov, L. R. Syukiyainen, S. P. Shcherba. All of them can be described as high-class professionals with experience in compiling reference literature, and, for example, L.R. Syukiyainen - as the largest researcher in the field of Muslim law in Russia.

The Dictionary contains more than 7000 dictionary entries that explain the meaning of approximately the same number of terms and special expressions from the field of legal science and legislative practice. This circumstance brings the Dictionary to a leading position among similar legal publications. Although for comparison it should be noted that the authoritative American Black's Law Dictionary, published since 1890, includes more than 25,000 dictionary entries in one volume.

The thematic completeness of the Dictionary is due to the fact that its articles cover all the main branches of Russian, foreign and international law, as well as theoretical and applied sections of legal knowledge - such as the history of the domestic and foreign state and law, criminology and forensic science, forensic medicine.

The dictionary was published in the INFRA-M Dictionary Library series, which is an additional guarantee of the publishing house's qualified work in preparing the manuscript for publication.

Unlike specialized encyclopedias containing a relatively detailed description of a narrow range of legal phenomena and concepts, the book under review is conceived as a comprehensive terminological dictionary. On the one hand, it is intended to serve as a reference book for a wide range of non-lawyer readers interested in legal issues, and on the other hand, it represents the most complete and accurate dictionary for professional lawyers who are faced with the problem of correct selection and interpretation of terms related to various departments. jurisprudence. The target audience of the Dictionary is, first of all, students of law and economic universities (including foreigners), entrepreneurs, deputies of all levels, civil servants and employees of the so-called law enforcement agencies.

The functional structure of the Dictionary is understandable to the reader, it is characterized by the consistency and predictability of information selection, which facilitates the search for the necessary information.

The order of the dictionary entries is alphabetical; comparison references were not found, however, there are two types of cross-references: simple - with highlighting in the text in light italics of the concept to which the reader is referring, and complementary, when at the end of the dictionary entry there is an indication "See. also"). A special kind of references are references, where necessary, to normative legal acts. They play a special role in the reference book on jurisprudence, since a feature of the legal lexicon is the presence of legal definitions, when the meaning of the term is determined not by the agreement of scientists or tradition, but by the norm-definition of one or another specialized legal act.

The order of arrangement of articles explaining concepts that consist of two or more terms, as a rule, corresponds to that used in the legal literature. Inversions are allowed in those cases when it is advisable to put the main word in the first place or the title of the article contains a proper name.

In general, the composition of the dictionary can be considered relevant, since the terms widely used in the mass media, journalism, legal popular science, educational and scientific literature are given and interpreted in the reference book.

The dictionary is written in an accessible language, the presentation is distinguished by scientific objectivity and ideological neutrality.

On the whole, the entries of the Dictionary are a good basis for selecting legal terms for the standard dictionary of the Russian language, since it contains the main core of classical legal terminology, which is interpreted at a high scientific level. However, there is no doubt that the catalog of legal terms should be expanded due to constantly appearing novels in legal regulation.

The initial rejection of the encyclopedic principle led to the fact that the content of the dictionary entries of the Dictionary, as a rule, is limited to a brief definition of the exact meaning of a legal concept/expression, an indication of the source/origin and scope. Borrowed and foreign terms are accompanied by an indication of their origin and the meaning with which the given word is borrowed from the source language.

As in most specialized subject dictionaries, the reference book under review contains only fragments of the lexicographic characteristics of the word, does not contain information about the features of pronunciation, about the part-of-speech characteristics of the word, the rules of inflection and the order of its use in the context.

Despite this, information about the meaning of each terminological unit can be recognized as sufficient and reliable. Information about defined words is usually properly organized, and units of the same class are described in a similar way, complex and compound terms are interpreted through simple concepts that are usually described separately.

Biology. Big encyclopedic dictionary

Ed. M. S. Gilyarov

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The dictionary is the first attempt to create a universal encyclopedic biological dictionary in Russian. The subject index of the dictionary contains approximately 7200 dictionary lexical units (more than 7000 are the systematic names of organisms).

The publication is intended not only for biologists, but also for a wide range of representatives of related specialties. The dictionary is built in compliance with the basic rules adopted in domestic encyclopedic publications - the alphabetical arrangement of articles, the system of references, the principles of abbreviations, etc. The order of articles consisting of two or more words, as a rule, corresponds to that used in biological literature. Inversions are allowed in those cases when it is advisable to put the main word in the first place or the title of the article contains a proper name. A brief etymological reference is given to most foreign language terms, and a Latin or Greek equivalent is given to the main anatomical and morphological terms. A number of articles are accompanied by bibliographic references. At the end of the dictionary there are nominal and subject indexes, as well as an index of Latin names of organisms.

The fact that the authors of the dictionary are more than 500 leading experts in the relevant fields of biology testifies to the breadth of the selection of terms for the dictionary, as well as the reliability of the definitions. A large group of specialists from the literary-control editorial office of the Sovetskaya Encyclopedia publishing house also took part in the preparation of the dictionary, so the reviewed dictionary meets modern requirements for dictionaries and reference books containing the norms of the modern Russian language when it is used as a state language.

Military Encyclopedia

I. N. Rodionov, P. S. Grachev, S. B. Ivanov and others.

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"Military Encyclopedia", published by "Military Publishing House" in 1994-2004, is one of the best industry encyclopedias. It inherits the traditions of the Russian and Soviet military encyclopedic school, which has a history of about 160 years.

"Military Encyclopedia" is a scientific reference publication intended for military personnel, as well as for a wider range of readers interested in the military history of Russia and the difficult period of the formation of the Russian army.

The handbook contains about 25,000 entries providing a systematic and uniform interpretation of military terms. The encyclopedia contains articles covering the heroic past of the Russian army, navy and air fleet, the Soviet period of development, the most important concepts of military science, military art, equipment and weapons, etc.

Articles are arranged in alphabetical order. The title of each article is printed in bold capital letters. Each word in the title has an accent mark. The Dictionary consistently uses the graphic designation of the letter ё both in the headings and in the texts of dictionary entries.

If the headword has several terminological meanings, then each of them is given under its own number. The title of an article often includes two or more words. In the Dictionary, the natural order of their arrangement is adopted. This means a single concept, consisting of a definitive phrase in which the adjective determines the noun, is located in the alphabetical place of the adjective. Phrases are reduced, as a rule, to the singular, but sometimes, in accordance with accepted scientific terminology, they are preserved in plural forms.

Terms borrowed from other languages ​​have a brief etymological reference.

The Directory uses the system of abbreviations adopted in domestic encyclopedias. In addition to the generally accepted abbreviations, the abbreviations adopted in this edition also apply, they are given at the end of each of the eight volumes.

The Encyclopedia respects hierarchical relationships between the concepts being interpreted and the integral concept used in the interpretation. We can note the consistency in indicating the conceptual links between the definitions characterizing the same type and semantically close terms. The encyclopedia maintains a good correspondence between the definition of a term and the meanings in which these terms are used in other dictionary entries of this multivolume edition. The encyclopedia does not contain factual errors - in this, it seems, a significant merit belongs to the team of professionals in the scientific editorial board and the editorial board of the Military Encyclopedia.

Geographic encyclopedic dictionary

Ed. V. M. Kotlyakova

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The Encyclopedic Dictionary is the most complete for 2012 experience in creating a universal Dictionary of General Geography in Russian. The subject index of the dictionary contains approximately 16,000 dictionary lexical units.

The articles of the "Geographical Encyclopedic Dictionary" are arranged in alphabetical order. In cases where a word has several meanings, they are combined in one article, but each meaning is highlighted by a number.

For heading words that are foreign geographical names, their original (foreign) spelling is given in brackets (for languages ​​using the Latin or Cyrillic alphabet).

The publication is intended not only for geographers, but also for the widest range of readers, entrepreneurs and officials.

The glossary of the dictionary is distinguished by the breadth of the selection of terms and the reliability of definitions. There are practically no inaccuracies in the definition of terms. The dictionary introduces us to the circle of general geography, as it has been understood since ancient times.

Geography: Concepts and terms: a five-language academic dictionary

V. M. Kotlyakov, A. I. Komarova

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This dictionary of geographical terms covers five languages: Russian, English, French, Spanish and German. The terms of 14 geographical disciplines are included: general geography, physical geography and landscape science, paleogeography, geomorphology, soil geography, biogeography, meteorology and climatology, land hydrology, glaciology, permafrost science, oceanology, cartography and geoinformatics, geoecology, social (socio-economic) geography. There are about 7000 terms with brief definitions in Russian and English, more than 1000 main synonyms, as well as a list of local names of geographical objects and phenomena, thematic and alphabetic-nested indexes of Russian-language terms, as well as four alphabetical indexes of terms in English, French, Spanish and German languages.

The vocabulary of the dictionary includes words directly related to geography, which made it possible to distinguish geographical terms from the words of the “common language” and from the terms of related sciences. For each term placed in the dictionary, a brief definition is given, the purpose of which is not a detailed explanation of the term in question, but concise information about what exactly this or that term stands for and exact equivalent terms in five languages. The definitions provided in the handbook are presented in a simple and understandable language, and are aimed at giving a clear interpretation, showing a consistent understanding of the term. Many terms and concepts are accompanied by drawings and photographs (more than 500).

Medical Encyclopedic Dictionary

Ed. V. I. Borodulina

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The glossary of this dictionary quite fully reflects the set of basic terms of many branches of medicine. The terminology of balneology and physiotherapy is presented in great detail. With regard to the characteristics of the resorts, the authors did not stint on the number of geographical places characterized and the number of lines assigned to each of them. The subject index of the dictionary contains more than 7000 entries.

The dictionary is built in compliance with most of the rules adopted in domestic encyclopedic publications - the alphabetical arrangement of articles, the system of references, the principles of abbreviations, etc. The arrangement of articles consisting of two or more words, as a rule, corresponds to that used in medical literature. Inversions are allowed in those cases when it is advisable to put the main word in the first place or the title of the article contains a proper name. The overwhelming majority of foreign language terms are given etymological information, which greatly simplifies the understanding of terms for non-professionals.

The structure of dictionary entries and lexicographic, as well as semantic and conceptual characteristics of words are at a high or quite satisfactory level for a specialized non-philological dictionary. The advantage of the dictionary is a rich and original selection of illustrations, many rare photographs. There could be more compositional references within the dictionary to related concepts, there are not many of them, and this does not make it easier to use the dictionary.

New Philosophical Encyclopedia

Ed. V. S. Stepina

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The New Philosophical Encyclopedia in 4 volumes is a fundamental work prepared by the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the National Social Science Foundation; For the development of a scientific concept and the creation of the "New Philosophical Encyclopedia" by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 9, 2004 No. 11554, members of the scientific and editorial board V. S. Stepin, A. A. Guseynov, G. Yu. Semigin, A. P. Ogurtsov were awarded the State Prize and awarded the title of laureates of the State Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology for 2003. The publication includes more than 5000 articles, in the preparation of which the world experience of encyclopedic publications in the field of philosophy is used, among which is the "Universal Philosophical Encyclopedia" (Encyclopédie philosophique universelle) in 6 volumes, published French university press in Paris in 1991-1999, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. 1-10. Cambr. (Mass.), 1998) and others.

The Philosophical Encyclopedia is positioned as "new" in comparison with the previous Philosophical Encyclopedia in 5 volumes, published in our country in 1960–1970. This novelty is connected, first of all, with the liberation of philosophical thinking from the obligatory Marxist-Leninist doctrine in those years, including its philosophical component. However, this remarkable circumstance is also connected with the problem that the creators of the encyclopedia managed to solve by no means in full. This problem can be described as the problem of the target audience of the publication.

The fact that the authors of the encyclopedia are about 400 major experts in various fields of Russian philosophical knowledge testifies to the credibility of the publication, although it cannot in itself testify to the completeness of the selection of terms for the encyclopedia, as well as the reliability of definitions associated with generally valid lexical norms.

Identity as a category of political science: a glossary of terms and concepts

Ed. I. S. Semenenko

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The peculiarity of the dictionary is that it is not aimed at the linguistic analysis of words, but at the development and integration of the existing categorical apparatus on the subject of identity in related fields of knowledge based on the political science method of observation and terminological interpretation within the framework of the categorical apparatus of political science, which gives it the character of a thesaurus dictionary .

The publication includes about 50 basic for modern social science conceptual dimensions of the phenomenon of social identity, including their diverse semantic and lexical modifications, terminologically integrated on the basis of scientific political science discourse. The glossary includes terms from areas of study adjacent to political science - sociology, ethnology, social psychology, cultural studies, historical anthropology, etc., adapted lexically and semantically to the conceptual tools of modern political science. Such an original rich content of the publication became possible due to the participation in its preparation of more than 20 authoritative professionals in the field of theory and methodology of the study of the social process.

The conceptual basis of the created dictionary is the combination in one edition of a larger number of terms from various branches of social science knowledge on the problem of scientific description of the phenomenon of social identity, which should significantly help the researcher in his work in this interdisciplinary field. Such a terminological dictionary is intended both for political scientists of various profiles, and for a wide range of representatives of related disciplines, primarily sociologists, psychologists, ethnologists, and culturologists. The constantly growing volume of scientific information in social science leads to the differentiation of scientific knowledge and to the deepening of specialization, which cannot but give rise to the need to search for "conceptual" bridges between them, the desire to integrate knowledge from various fields that study the same object - social identity.

The dictionary is convenient for use primarily because it is rationally organized structurally on the basis of the “mental identity map” developed by the authors. It consists of six special sections (“Framework Identity”, “Social and Role Identity”, “Identity in the Political Dimension”, “Identity in the Sociocultural Dimension”, “Space-Territorial Identity”, “Identity: Discourses and Practices”, there is section "Information about the authors" (encyclopedic in nature).

The dictionary is built in compliance with most of the rules adopted in domestic encyclopedic publications. The order of articles arrangement strictly corresponds to the cognitive scheme of description of the conceptual structure of the dictionary substantiated in the first two articles. The volume of reference articles is clearly balanced and structured, despite the fact that the articles are written by authors with different methodological positions.

The dictionary, published in 2007 by an authoritative domestic specialized publishing house, embodies the experience of creating the first domestic combined reference encyclopedic dictionary of modern political science, which includes content components of a terminological branch dictionary.

The object of the description of the encyclopedic dictionary is the basic concepts of modern political science, which arose in the process of evolution of political science discourse and the institutionalization of political science, concepts and categories that make up the main content of modern political science. Along with materials devoted to the analysis of problems traditional for political science, the reader will also find here a theoretical description of terms that characterize a number of new political processes and phenomena. In their totality, the articles devoted to various manifestations of the world of politics provide an opportunity to see the interdisciplinary facets of this field of knowledge, get a systematic understanding of the political sphere of life, get acquainted with the experience and modern problems of studying its various aspects and manifestations. Dictionary entries are arranged in alphabetical order. The dictionary is based on articles that characterize the semantic and conceptual-semantic orientation of the terminological formalization of the main areas of research in modern political science. The dictionary also describes a terminological layer of concepts related to interdisciplinary research at the intersection of political science and other social sciences. It is important that the dictionary entries take into account the specifics of the political system of modern Russia.

The functional structure of the dictionary and its entries reflects the subject area of ​​political science. Facilitates the use of the encyclopedic dictionary available in the contents of the publication alphabetical index. The dictionary is written in a professional language, the style of describing the institutional, organizational and ideal dimensions of politics, the meaning and meaning of which is expressed by political terms, is ideologically neutral.

It should be noted the high quality of interpretations of the meaning and content of the concepts of modern political science, accompanied by examples of the correct use of special political science terminology by authoritative representatives of modern political science. This dictionary in its interdisciplinary manifestations makes it possible to use existing political science knowledge from the scientific standpoint of observing new political and linguistic realities in Russia.

The dictionary is addressed not only to physicians, but also to a wide range of representatives of related specialties: scientists in the field of medicine, students of medical schools, as well as linguists. It is built in compliance with the basic rules adopted in domestic encyclopedic publications - the alphabetical arrangement of articles, the system of references, the principles of abbreviations, the placement of stresses in words, etc. The order of articles consisting of two or more words, as a rule, corresponds to that used in the medical literature. Inversions are allowed in those cases when it is advisable to put the main word in the first place or the title of the article contains a proper name. A brief etymological reference is given to most foreign language terms, and a Latin or Greek equivalent is given to the main anatomical and morphological terms. As an appendix, the dictionary includes an etymological reference book of Greek-Latin terminological elements. A number of articles are accompanied by bibliographic references.

The dictionary is built in compliance with the basic rules adopted in domestic encyclopedic publications - the alphabetical arrangement of articles, the system of references, the principles of abbreviations, etc. A number of articles are accompanied by bibliographic references. The order of allocation of key information units of the description is clear and understandable. The functional structure of the dictionary, focused on finding the necessary information, is such that it does not cause difficulties for the reader. Many foreign terms and concepts are given a Latin or Greek equivalent. The dictionary has a subject index. The edition is well illustrated. Unfortunately, the stress is not indicated in the defined terms. The total number of entries is about 4-5 thousand lexical units, which fully covers the declared subject of the dictionary.

The authors of the dictionary are more than 30 major specialists (employees of universities and academic institutions of St. Petersburg) in the relevant field of natural sciences, which indicates the breadth and impartiality of the selection of terms for the dictionary, as well as the reliability of definitions. The glossary is characterized by the consistency and predictability of the selection of information in the declared area. The quality of interpretations and uses of special terminology allows using the dictionary in those natural science areas of knowledge that are relevant from the point of view of socio-political and cultural-linguistic construction, and also makes it possible to use professional knowledge about new realities and concepts of modern life in the context of using the Russian language as state.

The reference edition is characterized by uniform principles for presenting information about the objects of description. The content of the articles is presented in a clear and understandable language. If there are different views of scientists about any concept, the authors give them and, as a rule, adhere to a neutral style of presentation. Simplicity of presentation, however, does not lead to simplification of interpretations and limitation in the choice of terms. Analysis of the content of the articles shows that the dictionary contains reliable information accumulated by modern biological science and practice. The dictionary opens up ample opportunities for assimilation and accumulation of reference information in order to teach the language of the specialty and expand the public zone of conscious, professional use of terms.

Explanatory Dictionary of Selected Medical Terms: Eponyms and Figurative Expressions

Ed. L. P. Churilova, A. V. Kolobova, Yu. I. Stroeva

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The dictionary contains about 1700 lexical units, mainly eponyms and figurative terms. Rich in content, the language material included in the dictionary is notable for its novelty and is presented for the first time in a Russian-language edition of this kind.

The publication is of interest not only to physicians, but also to a wide range of representatives of related biomedical specialties, as well as historians of natural science and medicine. The objects of study of the authors were terms that arose through a metaphorical rethinking of well-known expressions. In addition, the authors distinguish a special group of terms, the so-called eponyms, which are understood as terms derived from the names of doctors and scientists who described various symptoms, syndromes and diseases, and sometimes from the names of patients who were diagnosed with a particular disease.

Naval dictionary

Ed. V. N. Chernavina

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"Naval Dictionary" is a scientific and reference encyclopedic publication intended for military personnel, as well as for a wider range of readers interested in naval affairs. The dictionary contains about 11,000 entries, giving in a concise form a systematic and uniform interpretation of not only naval, but also basic military terms.

Articles in the Dictionary are arranged in alphabetical order. Each word in the title has an accent mark. If the heading word has a common literary variant of spelling, then it is given in brackets along with the main term. If a headword in Russian has several meanings, then the Dictionary lists only those meanings that denote terminological concepts related to maritime affairs. Terms of the same order are combined into complex articles with a generalized name in the heading of the dictionary entry.

The title of an article often includes two or more words. In this case, phrases are reduced, as a rule, to the singular, but sometimes, in accordance with accepted scientific terminology, they are preserved in plural forms.

Terms borrowed from other languages ​​have a brief etymological reference. Links to other articles are given only if they contain additional information on this subject area.

The Dictionary uses the system of abbreviations adopted in Russian encyclopedias. In addition to generally accepted abbreviations, abbreviations specially developed for this publication are also used.

The language of interpretations in the "Naval Dictionary" has the properties of an encyclopedic description of an object or concept. In practice, this means that interpretations of this type are characterized by subject-sign specificity, and the vocabulary contains a significant number of unique concepts that characterize events and objects of the real world. The description of linguistic concepts - terms - in this dictionary has not a predominant, but an equal value with encyclopedic objects.

The dictionary observes hierarchical relationships between the interpreted concepts and the integral concept used in the interpretation. We can note the consistency in indicating the conceptual links between the definitions characterizing the same type and semantically close terms. The dictionary maintains a good correspondence between the definition of a term and the meanings in which these terms are used in other dictionary entries of the same dictionary. The dictionary does not contain factual errors - in this, it seems, a significant merit belongs to the team of professionals in the scientific editorial board and the editorial board of the Naval Dictionary of the Military Publishing House.

Encyclopedia of Epistemology and Philosophy of Science

Ed. I. T. Kasavina

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"Encyclopedia of Epistemology and Philosophy of Science" is a reference publication prepared in the section of social epistemology of the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The total volume of the publication is 1248 pp. "Encyclopedia of Epistemology and Philosophy of Science" is focused on a specific target audience of readers. This determined not only the quality of published materials, the chosen format of their organization, the composition of the recommended literature, but the possibility of using it as a scientific and information resource when creating dictionaries and reference books containing the norms of the modern Russian language when it is used as a state language.

The encyclopedia is intended not only for teachers of philosophy in higher education and those who pass the candidate minimum in the history and methodology of scientific knowledge, but also for those students and teachers for whom the connections between scientific disciplines are important, which, due to their integral significance, acquire a complex general scientific and philosophical character. The authors of the encyclopedia manage to combine accuracy in reproducing the logic of the development of the basic concepts and ideas of scientific and philosophical thinking with the spirit of knowing the world as an intellectual and psychological adventure. This is evidenced by at least the selection of literature for many articles and the stereoscopic description. So the problem of consciousness - one of the most difficult and important in the modern sciences of man - is devoted to three independent articles written by different authors and considering it from different angles of view.

Legal Encyclopedia

Edited by B. N. Topornin

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In modern Russia, this encyclopedia is the most authoritative scientific reference book on jurisprudence. This is an outstanding joint project of the Institute of State and Law (IGP) of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Yurist publishing house, which has no precedents in the recent history of domestic jurisprudence. Among the 27 members of the editorial board and project leaders were two deceased full members and one now living corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 18 more doctors and six - then - candidates of legal sciences. And in general, the team of authors, consisting of leading experts, has 180 people: apparently, the entire staff of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences by the beginning of the 21st century, headed by its then director of the IGP, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Boris Nikolaevich Topornin. The encyclopedia contains about 2300 dictionary entries, including references, which explain the meaning of a proportionate number of terms and special expressions from the field of legal science and legislative practice. The thematic completeness of the encyclopedia is due to the fact that its articles cover all major branches of Russian, foreign and international law, as well as theoretical and applied sections of legal knowledge: agrarian and administrative, atomic and civil, land and constitutional, international public and international private, business and banking, financial and tax, Roman, family and labor, criminal and penitentiary, environmental law o, arbitration and civil procedure, criminal procedure, as well as the science of the history of state and law in Russia and foreign countries, the history of political doctrines, the theory of state and law - there are about three dozen branches, disciplines and areas of jurisprudence in total. Being like an industry encyclopedia, this publication is intended for a wide range of readers, i.e. everyone who is interested in law, its origin, development and current state, including lawmakers and law enforcers, statesmen and politicians, deputies of legislative and representative bodies, employees of the administrative apparatus, judges, prosecutors, lawyers. The articles of the encyclopedia are also designed for use in the educational process by teachers, graduate students, and students of higher educational institutions. legislation, as well as special scientific literature, scientists relied on the results of their own scientific research. Thus, this book is independent in terms of the sources of vocabulary formation, the completeness of the thematic selection of concepts included in it, the novelty of information compared to previous similar editions. The functional structure of the encyclopedia is clear to the reader, it is characterized by consistency and predictability of information selection. The order of dictionary entries is strictly alphabetical; comparison references were not found, however, there are traditional cross-references of two types: simple - with highlighting in the text in light italics of the concept to which the reader is referring, and complementary, when at the end of the dictionary entry there is an indication "See. also"). A feature of the structure of the dictionary entries of the encyclopedia is that several entries are sometimes combined under one title. This is usually associated with the multisectoral or intersectoral nature of the defined concept or phenomenon, which is interpreted differently by representatives of individual legal disciplines.