If you do not take into account dependent regions and not fully recognized states, then Europe for 2017 covers 44 powers. Each of them has a capital in which not only its administration is located, but also the highest authority, that is, the government of the state.

In contact with

States of Europe

The territory of Europe stretches from east to west for more than 3 thousand kilometers, and from south to north (from the island of Crete to the island of Svalbard) for 5 thousand kilometers. The European powers are, for the most part, comparatively small. With such small sizes of territories and good transport accessibility, these states either closely border on each other or are separated by very small distances.

The European continent is divided territorially into parts:

• western;
• eastern;
• northern;
• southern.

All powers located on the European continent belong to one of these territories.

• There are 11 countries in the western region.
• In the east - 10 (including Russia).
• In the north - 8.
• In the south - 15.

Let's list all the countries of Europe and their capitals. We will divide the list of countries and capitals of Europe into four parts according to the territorial and geographical position of the powers on the world map.

Western

List of states belonging to Western Europe, with a list of main cities:

The states of Western Europe are washed mainly by the currents of the Atlantic Ocean and only in the north of the Scandinavian Peninsula border on the waters of the Arctic Ocean. In general, these are highly developed and prosperous powers. But they are distinguished by an unfavorable demographic situation. This is a low birth rate and a low level of natural growth of inhabitants. In Germany, there is even a decline in population. All this led to the fact that developed Western Europe began to play the role of a subregion in the global system of population migration, it turned into the main center of labor immigration.

Eastern

List of states located in the eastern zone of the European continent and their capitals:

The states of Eastern Europe have a lower level of economic development than their Western neighbors. However, they better preserved cultural and ethnic identity. Eastern Europe is more of a cultural and historical region than a geographical one. The Russian expanses can also be attributed to the eastern territory of Europe. And the geographical center of Eastern Europe is located approximately within Ukraine.

Northern

The list of states that make up northern Europe, including capitals, looks like this:

The territories of the states of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jutland, the Baltic States, the islands of Svalbard and Iceland are included in the northern part of Europe. The population of these regions is only 4% of the entire European composition. Sweden is the largest country in the G8 and Iceland is the smallest. The population density in these lands is less in Europe - 22 people / m 2, and in Iceland - only 3 people / m 2. This is due to the harsh conditions of the climatic zone. But the economic indicators of development distinguish northern Europe as the leader of the entire world economy.

South

And finally, the most numerous list of territories located in the southern part, and the capitals of European states:

The Balkan and Iberian Peninsulas are occupied by these South European powers. Industry is developed here, especially ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The countries are rich in mineral resources. In agriculture, the main efforts focused on the cultivation of food products, such as:

• grape;
• olives;
• Garnet;
• dates.

It is known that Spain is the world's leading country in the collection of olives. It is here that 45% of all olive oil in the world is produced. Spain is also famous for its famous artists - Salvador Dali, Pablo Picasso, Joan Miro.

European Union

The idea of ​​creating a single community of European powers appeared in the middle of the twentieth century, or rather after the Second World War. The official unification of the countries of the European Union (EU) took place only in 1992, when this union was sealed by the legal consent of the parties. Over time, the number of members of the European Union has expanded, and now it includes 28 allies. And states that want to join these prosperous countries will have to prove their compliance with the European foundations and principles of the EU, such as:

• protection of the rights of citizens;
• democracy;
• freedom of trade in a developed economy.

Members of the EU

The European Union for 2017 includes the following states:

There are now applicant countries to join this foreign community. These include:

1. Albania.
2. Serbia.
3. Macedonia.
4. Montenegro.
5. Turkey.

On the map of the European Union, you can clearly see its geography, the countries of Europe and their capitals.

Regulations and prerogatives of EU partners

The EU has a customs policy under which its members can trade with each other without duties and without restrictions. And in relation to other powers, the adopted customs tariff applies. Having common laws, the EU countries created a single market and introduced a single monetary currency - the euro. Many EU member states are part of the so-called Schengen zone, which allows their citizens to move freely through the territory of all allies.

The European Union has common governing bodies for member countries, which include:

• European Court.
• European Parliament.
• European Commission.
• The audit community that controls the EU budget.

Despite unity, the European states that have joined the community have full independence and state sovereignty. Each country uses its own national language and has its own governing bodies. But for all participants there are certain criteria, and they must meet them. For example, coordination of all important political decisions with the European Parliament.

It should be noted that since its founding, only one power has left the European community. It was Danish autonomy - Greenland. In 1985, she was outraged by the low quotas introduced by the European Union for fishing. You can also recall the sensational events in 2016 referendum in the UK, when the population voted to leave the country from the European Union. This suggests that even in such an influential and seemingly stable community, serious problems are brewing.

Certainly a very important article for understanding both the reasons for the emergence of the greatest cultures and civilizations on earth, and the reasons for the difference in mentality and, accordingly, the different psychology of nations within even one white race.

About the Romans and the Germans.

In continuation of the controversy about the relationship between Romanesque and German origins in Europe.

A very important question is touched upon - the question of the correlation in a given civilization of racial and cultural principles. Assuming the real superiority of the Romance culture over the German one, we are simultaneously talking about the dominance of the cultural component over the racial one. Which of course is not entirely true. But the attitude to the culture of the people is also incorrect only from the point of view of its racial composition, according to the principle "the more Nords, the more perfect the culture." Both approaches lead to idiocy. The first approach, in its maximum idiocy, claims that genetics is completely unimportant, yesterday's black cannibal, who went through education in a developed culture, will be equal to a European. The second approach, not lagging behind in idiocy, will elevate the culture of Norwegian fishermen above the Italian Renaissance and French classicism.

Obviously, the truth lies somewhere in the middle. Man is a complex being, in which both cultural and biological components are difficult to correlate with each other. The easiest way to understand the question of this ratio is to use a computer analogy.

The biological in a person can be compared to factory hardware in a computer. The frequency of the processor, RAM, the power of the video card, the quality of the parts and their reliability, and so on and so forth - this is human genetics. True, unlike a computer, in a person it is impossible to take and replace individual parts. The "system block" is tightly sealed and cannot be changed.

In turn, culture and education are a set of programs that are installed from above on factory hardware.
It is clear that not every piece of hardware can be supplied with the same set of programs. Some programs have large requirements for the power of iron, and weak hardware does not pull them. In turn, poorly written, crooked programs can leave most of the great hardware unused, or even harm it. And also, good programs may not be compatible with this particular, also good hardware.

It is also difficult to say what is more important than hardware or more important than software. Just as the most perfect computer without programs is a pile of silicon, so the most perfect person without cultural firmware is an animal. It is absolutely impossible to put convenient, modern programs on a bad, weak computer.

Among Europeans, it is the North Europeans who have the most advanced hardware. The skull of the North European is on average larger, the brain is larger than that of the South European. Late puberty of the Northern Europeans provides them with a longer period of learning (with the onset of a riot of sex hormones, both the beast and the person become dumb, become poorly trained, conflict, focused on the implementation of instinctive programs). The peoples of the Nordic-Cro-Magnid composition - the Germans of Hanover, the Danes, the Scots - have the highest average brain mass in the world. In addition to intellectual advantages, northern Europeans are not deprived of physical parameters. They, unlike also very large-headed Mongoloids, do not have a reduced level of male hormones, which is expressed in a decrease in body size and weight, reduced libido, reduced aggressiveness and self-esteem. Clever and strong, it was not by chance that the North Europeans conquered and populated vast expanses, forming the ruling class everywhere. The original habitat of the North Europeans is harsh enough to ensure natural selection, allowing only the smartest and strongest to survive and give offspring.

(note: the colossal difference in the structure of the Nordic-Cro-Magnid and Mongoloid skulls shows that with comparable brain sizes of a North European and a Mongoloid, the development of different lobes of the brain will be very different. That is, with the same weight of 1600 grams, the German brain will be heavier due to completely different areas than the Chinese brain)

However, the same harsh environment until recently has not been conducive to the development of rich and strong cultures. Two factors prevented this:
1. Natural. In the harsh northern conditions, most of the forces and energy had to be expended on fighting the environment. When the question of survival is at stake, there is no time for art and philosophy.
2. Racial-social. To create high examples of culture, even the most intelligent person needs an excess of time. Excess time, in the technological conditions of the ancient world, is created with the help of a hierarchy. When a dependent person - a slave, a trell, a serf - does the menial work for the master, helping him free up time for something else. But the Germanic tribe, surrounded by other Germanic tribes (consisting of smart and strong North Europeans) simply did not have a constant source of slave power.

But in the south, where the climate allowed the northerners to exhale and significantly increase their numbers, and all the rough work fell on the shoulders of the conquered population, the descendants of the northern invaders created great civilizations and amazed the world with the magnificence of their cultures. Such cultures thrived until they ran out of northern blood, then became the prey of another wave from the north. Actually, these are the Romanesque cultures, which are completely wrong to consider, especially in retrospect, as an exclusively South European product.

(note: The process of creation and fall of ancient cultures was brilliantly revealed by Hans Günther in his work "The Racial History of the Hellenic and Roman Peoples")

European history is a history of constant interchange. In the direction from north to south, the best human material flowed, and the high culture created with the active participation of this material returned home after centuries, from south to north, where it created purely Germanic cultures. That is, the Germanic cultures in historical terms are indeed later than the Romanesque, and often secondary to them.

When comparing Germanic and Romanesque cultures proper, the following is striking. German culture is always a culture of clear hierarchy and order. German ordnung, Roman Legem et Ordinis. German society is a society of harsh but fair laws, a rigid but obvious hierarchy. In German culture, valor, directness, honesty, decency, restraint and practicality are extolled, cunning, cunning, talkativeness, intemperance, explosive emotionality are disapproved.

Romanesque society is a farce and a brothel, where, behind the outward appearance of chaos, a certain order is nevertheless hidden, maintained through all sorts of secret societies, diasporas, mafias, sects, lodges. In the Romanesque culture, intelligence, cunning, acquisitiveness, enterprise, eloquence, masks, situational morality are extolled, they cause disapproval and ridicule - directness, inflexibility, stiffness. Decency is perceived as a lack of intelligence and cunning.

A significant drawback of Germanic culture is that it is suitable only for peoples who are predominantly North Caucasian in racial terms. Formed by northern Europeans to communicate with northern Europeans, the entire Germanic culture is built on education and upbringing, which are addressed primarily to the mind of the student. The German, by default, assumes in any person the same qualities that are inherent in himself. Rationality, logic, restraint in emotions, the ability to see and understand one’s own interest and correlate it with someone else’s, the ability to make reasonable compromises and concessions, the ability to correct instinctive behavior with the head are necessary conditions for a full perception of German culture.

Faced with other peoples who demonstrate behavior that is illogical from the point of view of the North European, the German always tries to act as a teacher, appealing to reason, explaining to his students that they are wrong. For obvious reasons, to no avail. Then the German moves from moralizing to punishment, and again with a negative result.

Roman culture, on the contrary, demonstrates a very good understanding of people of other ethnic groups and races. It was born as a product of interaction between northern and southern Europeans, and was originally built on an understanding of how different people are. Romance cultures easily find a common language with any natives, never aiming to re-educate them. Therefore, it was the Romance nations that became famous for their colonial successes - the colonizer always sees the native as he is, uses his strengths and takes into account the weaknesses. Where the German sees a threat in a non-European native, the Roman always sees an opportunity to profit from him.

Actually, even racial theories can be conditionally divided into 2 branches:
- The first - Romanesque - affirms the non-white world as the world of people slightly deprived of God. The Romance nations treat the natives as inferior, but very useful assistants who require a certain subtlety in mastering and managing, but who do not pose any danger at all. The idea of ​​​​the total superiority of Europeans over non-Europeans among the Romanesque peoples is adjacent to a condescending and benevolent attitude towards the natives, like children or pets, completely incapacitated without a master.
- The second - German - perceives non-Europeans as a threat. Incomprehensible in their thoughts and illogical in their actions, not amenable to re-education, colored for the German is a threat that requires constant monitoring and periodic military suppression. The inability to manage the colored population for people of Germanic culture is a huge headache. Colored people are not people for a German. The ideal option for a German is to solve the color issue through the destruction of the colored population, but this option is due to the fact that the meaning of the existence of colonies is to withdraw valuable resources, and North Europeans are not adapted to live in a hot tropical climate. The same Nazism is a purely German phenomenon, if only because the Nazis perceived non-Europeans, especially half-breed Semites, as a real threat and enemy. A thought that would never have found a response in a person of Romanesque culture.

The conclusions from the above are very simple. European cultures, both Romance and Germanic, have both their strengths and significant weaknesses. Living at the beginning of the post-national era, modern Europeans are able to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each culture, forming the right views and guidelines for themselves. Moreover, there is one culture in the world that has demonstrated a successful synthesis of Romanesque and Germanic cultures.

The dominance of the Anglo-Saxons in the modern world is not at all accidental. Having retained a significant Nordic component, especially in the middle and upper strata of society, the British created a fairly transparent and stable legal system for a comfortable life for Europeans. At the same time, having masterfully mastered the Romanesque techniques of subtle control, the British received a serious weapon in the fight against other nations and maintaining control over the colonies. Combining the Romanesque and Germanic understanding of non-European races, the British rationally used and continue to use the natives where necessary, and destroyed where they were a problem or were useless (that is, in those climatic conditions where Europeans could live in peace).

Geographical position. The region is located on the northwestern outskirts of Eurasia, washed by the Atlantic and Arctic oceans. It includes part of the continent - the plains Fennoscandia and the largest peninsula in Europe - Scandinavian, as well as islands - Iceland and the Spitsbergen archipelago. The Northern Europe region includes five countries: Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland.

geological structure, relief, minerals. Most of the mountainous Scandinavian Peninsula, midlands and plains of Fennoscandia correspond to the Baltic Shield of the ancient East European Platform. The deflection of this platform occupies the Baltic Sea. The Scandinavian mountains and the Svalbard archipelago are located in the area of ​​ancient folding. And the island of Iceland is the top of the crest of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rising above the ocean - a modern rift that separated North America from Eurasia in the recent geological past.

Iceland is an island created by volcanic activity. Its surface is a lava plateau, and out of 150 island volcanoes, 26 are active (Fig. 93). The most active of them - Hekla- a fissure volcano that cuts through a volcanic mountain range. In the Middle Ages, it was considered the "gates of hell." Life on the island is literally "life on the volcano". The internal heat of the Earth causes hot springs - geysers - to pulsate. There are about 30 of them in Iceland. Every 2 hours, a mixture of water and steam from the Grila geyser - the “Jumping Witch” erupts at a height of a volcano in Iceland of 15 meters. And the most active is Strokkur, it erupts every 10-15 minutes.

Rice. 93. Eruption

Scandinavian mountains - the center of ancient glaciation, from here the glacier "slid" to the plains of Europe. On the slopes of the mountains, he carved deep trough valleys, turning off the coast into fjords. The coasts are bordered by numerous small islands polished by the glacier - skerries. On the plains - in Fennoscandia - the glacier plowed out many lake basins elongated in the direction of its movement, which are interspersed with winding ribbons of hills. The crystalline rocks of the Scandinavian mountains and Fennoscandia contain iron and uranium ores. Large reserves of oil and natural gas are concentrated in the Norwegian zone of the North Sea shelf.

Climate, inland waters, landscapes. The northern location of the region is due to long cold winters and short cool (+8 ... +16 ° С - depending on latitude) summers. However in winter, the severity of the climate is noticeably softened by the North Atlantic Current. Numerous cyclones form over its warm waters, reinforcing the Icelandic low - an area of ​​low pressure. They are picked up and transported to the continent by the western transfer. Therefore, there is a lot of precipitation everywhere. Combined with low winter temperatures, this contributes to the formation of glaciation.

In Iceland, located at the Arctic Circle, but in the center of the ocean and currents, it is warm in winter (from -1 ° to +2 ° С) and very windy. Fennoscandia is protected from the influence of the current by the Scandinavian mountains, and continental air dominates here. Therefore, in the northeast Lapland, the coldest winters on the Scandinavian Peninsula (up to -14 °С), and in the southeast - the warmest summer (up to +17 °С). Precipitation is also unevenly distributed: on the lowlands of Fennoscandia, about 500 mm of precipitation falls annually, and on the western windward slopes of the Scandinavian mountains - up to 2000 mm.

The glacier covers 60% of the territory of the Svalbard archipelago, which lies near the 80th parallel. And the most powerful in Europe is the Icelandic glacier with a thickness of 1000 m. In the Scandinavian mountains, glaciers occupy slopes from a height of 1800 m.

The rivers of the region are numerous, short and very full-flowing.

In the mountains they are fast, abound in waterfalls. A particularly dense river network on the plains of Finland and Sweden is in the region of lakes, which occupy here, respectively, 8% and 10% of the territory. The lakes are mainly glacial-tectonic and glacial. And in Iceland - volcanic, often with warm water heated by internal heat.

In Sweden, there are more than 4 thousand lakes with an area of ​​​​more than 1 km 2. The largest lake is Vänern. Its area is more than 5.5 thousand km 2, and the depth is 119 m. The lake basin is a fault processed by an ancient glacier (Fig. 94). Therefore, the bottom and shores are rocky. Underground nutrition is key, the water in the lake is clear and cold (6-7 ° C). Due to constant strong unrest, it freezes late - by February (and in the widest part - not every year). The lake is connected by canals and rivers to the North and Baltic Seas, and to another large lake in Northern Europe - Vättern.

Rice. 94. Venern

The slopes of the Scandinavian mountains are covered with heaths and taiga of pine and spruce. In the south, the taiga gives way to broad-leaved oak, elm and maple forests (in Sweden) and mixed forests (in Finland). The flat part of Northern Europe is the most forested part of Eurasia. There are many swamps in Fennoscandia.

Population. The total population of the Nordic countries is about 25 million people. Most of the inhabitants in Sweden - 9 million people, the least - in Iceland - 0.3 million. Norway has 4.9 million people, Finland - 5.4 million, Denmark - 5.5 million. All countries are characterized low population growth rates. The birth rate only slightly exceeds the death rate. For the countries of Northern Europe, the problem of the aging of the nation is very relevant. In terms of life expectancy (about 80 years), they are leading in the world and have the highest (15-17%) proportion of older people.

The share of Danes, Norwegians, Finns, Swedes and Icelanders in the total population of their countries still exceeds 90%. However, in large cities there are numerous immigrants from other countries of Europe, Asia and Africa. Most of the believing population belongs to the Protestants. By European standards, Northern Europe is a sparsely populated region. The average population density is from 3 people / km 2 in Iceland to 21 people / km 2 - in Sweden. The exception is densely populated Denmark - 129 people / km 2. Due to harsh environmental conditions the population is concentrated in the south along the coasts of the Baltic and North Seas. The interior mountainous regions and polar regions are the least populated in Europe. High level of urbanization: in Iceland 94%, Sweden 84%, Norway 80% and Finland 65%. Cities are mostly small, located on the coast. More than 1 million people have only agglomerations around Copenhagen and Stockholm. The rural population lives on hamlets, solitary farms or in small fishing villages.

economy . The formation of the economy of Norway and Iceland was decisively influenced by the sea shores washing them, rich in fish and sea animals. On the economic development of Finland and Sweden - extensive coniferous forests covering the territory of the countries. The richness of the subsoil allowed Sweden to become a major exporter of iron ore. The flat relief, mild climate and lush meadows of Denmark were ideal conditions for the development of animal husbandry.

Traditional areas of economic activity currently continue to be branches of international specialization. However the main part of the GDP of the countries of the region is formed in the sphere of non-material production. A "socially oriented" type of economy has been created here. A high level of development has been achieved by science, the sphere of education and medical care for the population, trade, public catering.

Industry.In terms of per capita electricity production, the Nordic countries are world leaders. The absolute leader is Norway, where more than 30 thousand kWh is produced per inhabitant. The main part of electricity is produced at thermal power plants. The development of thermal power engineering in Norway was facilitated by the discovery of large deposits of oil and natural gas on the shelf of the North Sea. In terms of their production, Norway is in 7th place in the world and is the largest exporter of them in Europe. In Sweden, rich in uranium ores, about 50% of electricity is produced at nuclear power plants.

Rice. 95. Use of inexhaustible sources of energy (sun and wind)

In all countries, much attention is paid to the development of alternative energy based on the use of renewable energy sources (Fig. 95). Wind energy is developed in Denmark. In Sweden and Finland, organic waste is processed into biogas. Iceland uses geothermal energy.

Leading industry in the region- mechanical engineering . It is most powerfully developed in Sweden, which produces automobiles, electronics and electrical engineering, machine tools, and equipment for the pulp and paper industry. In all countries, except Iceland, shipbuilding is developed. Swedish, Norwegian and Danish shipyards build tankers and container ships, Finnish shipyards build icebreakers and tugboats. Developing at a fast pace non-ferrous metallurgy based on the use of cheap hydropower and certain types of local ore raw materials. Norway is a major producer of primary aluminum, Sweden - copper, lead and zinc, Finland - copper, nickel, chromium. The traditional branch of the Swedish industry remains ferrous metallurgy based on the extraction of local iron ores. Enterprises make a big contribution to the economic development of Finland, Sweden and Norway forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industry . The main logging operations are concentrated in the north of these countries (Fig. 96). Sawmilling centers are located in logging sites or at the mouths of rafting rivers. Sweden and Finland are traditionally among the ten leading countries in the world in terms of logging, production of sawn timber, paper and cardboard. Most of the products are exported.

Agriculture. animal husbandry provides about 70% of the production of marketable agricultural products in the region. A significant part of it is exported. The basis of animal husbandry is the breeding of highly productive dairy and beef cattle (Fig. 97). Bacon pig breeding is developed. Poultry farming has been put on an industrial basis. In Iceland and Norway, sheep breeding, traditional for the region, has been preserved, in the northern regions of Norway and Finland - reindeer breeding. The highest level of development crop production Denmark stands out. Winter wheat and potatoes are grown here. Industrial crops are produced - sugar beet (in Denmark) and fiber flax (in Finland). Gardening and vegetable growing are developing in the suburbs. In Iceland, greenhouse heating has been widely developed, based on the use of hot spring water.

Fishing - one of the oldest occupations of the peoples of Northern Europe. Fishing (herring, cod, mackerel and shrimp) is carried out in the Barents and North Seas, in the waters of the Arctic Ocean. A significant part of fish and fish products is exported (Fig. 98, 99).

Transport and foreign economic relations. In transport, a particularly significant role belongs to the types that allow communication between the countries of the region and mainland Europe. Foreign trade transportation provides nautical transport. Norway is one of the countries in the world with the most powerful merchant fleet. There are regular passenger ferry crossings between the main ports of the countries of the region and neighboring states. The basis of foreign economic relations is trade with European countries. Oil and oil products, lumber, pulp and paper, ships and cars, iron ore are exported. Food is exported: fish and fish products, butter, cheese, Rice. 100. Norwegian landscape drinks.

All countries have excellent conditions for development international tourism . Numerous tourists are attracted by the natural, historical and cultural attractions of the countries of the region (Fig. 100).

Bibliography

1. Geography grade 9 / Textbook for grade 9 institutions of general secondary education with the Russian language of instruction / Edited by N. V. Naumenko/ Minsk "People's Asveta" 2011

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Books

• , Chernysheva O.V., Komarov A.A. (Ed.). The collection chronologically covers the period from the early Middle Ages to the present day. Of particular interest are materials on modern and recent history: political events in Sweden - elections in ...
• Northern Europe. Problems of history. Issue 8, . The collection chronologically covers the period from the early Middle Ages to the present day. Of particular interest are materials on modern and recent history: political events in Sweden - elections in ...