Lorenz von Stein

Stein, Lorenz von (1815-1890) - German philosopher, historian, economist. Author of various works on society, state, law. Stein is one of the brightest opponents of the ideas of socialism and communism, a subtle and consistent critic of Marx's work. He developed his theory of "above-class monarchy" as an alternative to socialism and as a means of saving historical progress from social revolutions. Stein's philosophical views are based on the teachings of Hegel. Stein paid the main attention to social philosophy. According to Stein, the main motive for the behavior of every person is the desire for self-realization.

Philosophical Dictionary / ed.-comp. S. Ya. Podoprigora, A. S. Podoprigora. - Ed. 2nd, sr. - Rostov n/a: Phoenix, 2013, p. 520.

Stein (Stein) Lorentz von (1815-1890) - German philosopher, historian, economist. Author of various works on society, state, law. Major works: "Socialism and communism in modern France" (1842), "History of the social movement in France from 1789 to the present day" (in three volumes), "Teaching about management" (the second volume was published after Sh.'s death), "The Present and Future of the Science of State and Law in Germany" (the third volume was published posthumously), etc. Sh. is one of the brightest opponents of the ideas of socialism and communism, a subtle and consistent critic of Marx's works. He developed his theory of "above-class monarchy" as an alternative to socialism and as a means of saving historical progress from social revolutions. Philosophical views Sh. based on the teachings of Hegel. Sh. paid special attention to social philosophy. The main motivating motive for the behavior of each person, according to Sh., is the desire for self-realization. The latter is expressed in the extraction, processing, production of goods. Any good produced by a person, according to S., "belongs to her, is identified with her and therefore becomes as inviolable as she herself. This inviolability of the good is the right. United through the right with the person into one inviolable whole, the good is property." A person cannot realize himself and engage in any type of activity alone, so he is forced to cooperate with others, i.e. live in society. Like Hegel, S. distinguishes between the concepts of "state" and "civil society". Civil society, according to Sh., is based on the division of labor, which, in turn, depends on the form of ownership. The law of social life is in S. "essentially a constant and unchanging order of dependence of those who do not own, from those who own." The entire history of mankind is represented by S. as a struggle between these two classes: there is not a single type of society in which this struggle has not been or will not be. The ideas of socialism and communism, which believe that it is possible to create a society of class harmony, according to Sh., are a wonderful, but unrealizable dream. In reality, any society is attributively divided into classes, each class strives to seize state power and use it in its own interests. The state, according to Sh.'s scheme, is based on completely different principles. Society is torn apart by contradictions and gives rise to revolutions (Sh. identifies revolution with collapse, death, etc.), and the state strives to establish an organic unity of the wills, interests, and actions of people. In human history there is a form of power that can guarantee the transition of the individual from the lack of freedom of civil society to freedom in the state. This form, from the point of view of Sh., is a constitutional dynastic monarchy. The dynastic monarch occupies such a high position that the interests of any class are alien to him. Moreover, only the monarch is able to realize the interests of society as a whole and consistently carry out social reforms. The constitutional dynastic monarchy is, according to Sh., not only a supra-class state, but also socially oriented, i.e. the monarch must carry out reforms in favor of the working people in order to improve their standard of living, raise their status, increase their educational and cultural potential, and so on. Thanks to the Prussian chancellor O. Bismarck, the theory of a supra-class monarchy was also called "social monarchy." The popularity of this theory, which goes back to the ideas of Sh., is still especially great in countries with a monarchical type of government.

T.K. Kandrichina

The latest philosophical dictionary. Comp. Gritsanov A.A. Minsk, 1998.

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Philosophers, lovers of wisdom (biographical index).

At that troubled time, when the famous adventurer Sonya the Golden Hand was serving her sentence in exile on the island of Sakhalin, another wave of crimes swept through Russia and Europe, in which a woman very similar to the famous Sonya was suspected of. There was even a rumor among the people that it was not the real Sonya who was serving time, but her double. No, Sonya was in exile, and in the underworld a new star rose to the sky - Olga Von Stein, who inherited the nickname Sonya the Golden Hand.

Childhood of Olga Stein

Olga Stein was born in 1869 in the family of a tradesman, the famous Tsarskoye Selo jeweler Segalovich. At the age of 25, having lost hope of marrying a nobleman (the Segalovichi were not noblemen), Olga married a friend of her father, Albert Tsabel, who was 34 years older than her, and moved to live with him in the capital. The harpist professor told his entire entourage that he had taken the “contemptible” 25-year-old girl Olga Segalovich as his wife out of compassion. Soon he regretted his “noble” deed, because his wife was a beautiful woman, accustomed to not denying herself anything and living in a big way. Crowds of young admirers at the feet of an elegant wife, and her count's manners dragged the family budget into debt. After seven years of married life, the professor filed for divorce and the marriage, unequal in all respects, broke up.

Olga was not very upset and in the same year she found herself a new husband. She married State Councilor von Stein, a man who did not meet the endless material needs of Olga Zeldovna, but who was quite significant in high society. Olga began to live as she dreamed. In their house, frequent receptions began to be held with the cream of high society, and she herself became well received in the high circles of the nobility of that time. It was during this period that the fatal beauty began to show her criminal talents.

Material needs of Olga Stein

Surrounded by numerous admirers, she skillfully found a reason to lure out money from almost any person, and was in no hurry to repay the borrowed money. Yes, many did not turn their tongues to ask for a refund from such a weighty and revolving person in noble circles. Those few who allowed themselves to wait for the general's wife for a conversation went away when they saw high-ranking guests. Indeed, who to ask and who to complain to when the power elite is friends here?

In those years (however, as now), the personnel scam was popular. Olga also took advantage of this, and promising to attach some kind of candidate to work in her mythical gold mines, she took a cash deposit from the victim as a confirmation of her integrity, and naturally this was the end of the matter. The candidate was left without money and without work, and some even managed to come to the “mines” in Siberia. Many people fell for her, but because of the big connections of the swindler, they were afraid to report to the police, especially since they had no evidence of transferring money to her.

Olga Stein's scams

Olga sent a certain tradesman Markov not to Siberia to the mines, but to picturesque Vienna, allegedly to buy a villa there for the von Stein family. Of the 3,000 rubles of bail received from him, he was given 100 for expenses and a passport as a bonus. Markov quickly found a decent option, flooded the hostess with telegrams, but eventually became impoverished and was returned at the request of the Russian consul in a vagabond car. It was Markov, who had suffered, who first wrote a statement addressed to the prosecutor about the atrocities of the unscrupulous adventurer.

Meanwhile, the insidious general's wife, having felt the taste of gratuitous money, came up with new and sophisticated ways to enrich herself. In her field, she turned other people's money, gold, jewelry, paintings by great artists, and even stolen cars. And the strangest thing is that her husband did not even suspect about her tricks, despite the fact that over time shop assistants, candidates for positions and other creditors began to crowd around their house on Liteiny.

When her pleading and bribery to prevent publication of her uncleanliness became ineffective, Olga invented the Parisian inheritance of a non-existent aunt for a large sum of money. Having forged a telegram about large receipts for clarity, General von Stein persuaded many people to contribute with contributions from 3,000 rubles to the registration of the inheritance. But suddenly one of the officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs established a forgery of the telegram, and the sword of justice hung over Olga.

The investigation hung over Olga Stein

In the summer of 1906, despite numerous acquaintances and connections with the "necessary" people from high society, Olga von Stein was under investigation. At the insistence of the prosecutor, she was kept in the House of Preliminary Detention. However, here, too, with her usual cunning, the adventurer pretended to be ill and, on the recommendation of doctors, was released home, where she was, as it were, under arrest. The endlessly drawn-out investigation and the twice adjourned hearings of the court already made us think that the trial of Olga would never take place. Finally, under public pressure, on November 30, 1907, the first court session took place.

When the case clearly smelled of hard labor, Olga's admirer, adviser and lawyer, State Duma deputy Pergament, advised her to flee abroad, in which he himself helped her a lot by creating a "corridor" through Finland. The police would have been looking for a fugitive for a long time if the detectives had not paid attention to a letter to Parchment from a certain Amalia Schultz from New York with a request for a money transfer. The American police detained and sent the fugitive to Russia.

Condemnation of Olga Stein

Already on December 9, 1908, hearings on the von Stein case continued in Russia. This time, no attention was paid to the trial, some of the victims did not appear in court, and the famous lawyer Bobrischev-Pushkin stood up for defense. As a result, the court sentenced Olga von Stein to only 16 months in prison for misappropriation of valuables and their embezzlement.


As soon as the adventurer was freed, she immediately began to invent new scams. Thanks to her former charm, the general's widow regained the right to reside in the capital. Deciding to change her last name, Olga meets a beggar baron, promises him 10,000 rubles for a fictitious marriage, and becomes Olga von der Osten-Saken. Naturally, "hubby" doesn't get a dime. Experienced in fraud, she again extorts money and valuables from gullible mid-level officials and visiting nobles. And not without success.

As a result, in 1915, another trial began over her. She is accused of the following fraudulent activities: fictitious marriage, scams with borrowed bills on an especially large scale, blackmailing officials of the City Duma, and so on, and so on, and so on ... On February 21, 1916, the court sentenced the swindler to 5 years in prison. But the revolution saved her from five years in prison. However, a little later, the unspent craving for dangerous adventures, and the terrible post-revolutionary conditions, forced Olga to take up the old again.

New verdict for Olga Stein

In 1920, she "threw" a simple Soviet citizen, Ashard - she took away his jewelry, promising textiles, cereals and sugar in return. Olga was once again convicted. The verdict read: life-long community service. Motaya time in the Kostroma colony, Olga, who exchanged her fifth decade, seduced her boss Krotov and fled with him to Moscow.

And of course, she took up the old - she received money under false documents, using Krotov. He was completely mad from big money and a beautiful life. Once, having decided to ride in style, Krotov stole a state car, put Olga in and rushed off with a breeze. But he was ambushed. In a shootout, he was killed by Chekists, and handcuffs were put on Olga Stein's hands.

And then she got out, telling the new authorities about the late Krotov as a rapist who intimidated the unfortunate woman and forced her to criminal acts and debauchery. In 1923, Olga conditionally receives only a year for her adventures and goes to Petrograd to her relatives for re-education.

According to rumors, in the 30s, Olga was selling sauerkraut at the Yamsky market. According to another version, she drove off abroad, where she ruined many more men ...

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Fraudster by vocation Olga von Stein

At the trial of the fraudster Olga von Stein in 1907, a long list of people was presented who she had fraudulently robbed of large sums of money over a period of 7 years. At the trial, it also turned out that her victims were very wealthy and even rich people. But Olga did not disdain deception and poor people who entrusted her with the last pennies. In the criminal history of Russia, she remains to this day the biggest (and most beautiful) swindler of the 20th century.

Olga's father, the tradesman Segalovich, was a respectable father of the family and a law-abiding citizen. Being an outstanding connoisseur of jewelry, he organized a branch of a well-known Parisian jewelry company in Tsarskoe Selo and became a supplier of products for the entire high society of St. Petersburg. He had four children who received an excellent education. Daughters Olga and Maria, after home training, studied at one of the privileged closed educational institutions.

In the 80s, the business of Segalovich's firm was shaken, and a longtime friend of the family, Professor of the Conservatory Tzabel, out of a sense of compassion, began to financially help the Segalovichs. On the same basis, he married his eldest daughter Olga, who, by age, was suitable for him as a daughter.

Olga, already sufficiently spoiled by her former luxurious life in her father's house and possessing a beautiful and elegant appearance, was constantly surrounded by a swarm of admirers from the most high-ranking persons. She devoted herself entirely to the pleasures of the lush and noisy life of the capital, without knowing any restrictions. Numerous valuable offerings from fans more and more inflamed her unusually greedy nature. Insignificant, by Olga's standards, the professor's budget did not suit him in any way. She went deeper and deeper into debt. Finally, the patience of the elderly husband ended, and he broke up with Olga. Thanks to her subtle and quirky mind and refined coquetry, Olga did not remain alone for long. She soon seduced the wealthy high-ranking official von Stein and married him to herself.

In the new marriage, Olga's life began to flow in a luxurious mansion with a huge staff of employees and servants. She even had her own trips. Thus, Olga began a truly fabulous life. But ... for a woman corrupted by wealth, all this was not enough. She always needed to win the wallets of her endless admirers, and simply all the men who were in her field of vision. The system of robbing men tormented by passion was basically not very diverse, and Olga did not need to come up with something new and special. She, under various pretexts, simply borrowed or pledged money, arranging her victims for some kind of mythical job. And then - the money is not returned. And she always got away with it without causing a loud scandal. In the case when some impatient creditors came to her for money, they, as a rule, left her without receiving a penny, and even lent new amounts. This was facilitated by a subtle, quirky mind, Olga's refined coquetry and her knowledge of men and their tastes in all respects. The chic furnishings in the house also played a significant role in obtaining loans.

There was a charming corner in Olga's house - a winter garden with rare plants and flowers. Here, in an atmosphere intoxicating with exotic aromas, the hostess received high-ranking guests and the visitors she needed. Here venerable old dignitaries with diamonds in trembling hands prayed to the "divine" woman for kindness. Creditors, having got into this corner, not only agreed to defer debts, but also carried new amounts and gifts to Olga. The room was also luxuriously furnished, arranged like a "grotto of Venus" - with fountains, showers and specially selected furnishings. There were also receptions of people needed by Olga. The sight of a beautiful female body, peering through the slits of oriental transparent robes, clouded the heads of men, making them helpless, and they went to the most ridiculous deeds associated with the loss of money.

One of the most ugly and gloomy pages of Olga Stein's dark activities is connected with the robbery of an old man - a retired sergeant major Desyatov. Olga offered him the position of head of the household of a small infirmary, which she owned, with a deposit of 4,000 rubles. The offered job suited the old man, and he agreed to the amount of the bail, although he had saved such an amount throughout his long life and had no other money. On the same day he paid the bail, Desyatov learned from his janitor friend that the hostess did not need people at all, but money, and she had already “hired” several people for this job. The frightened old man the next day rushed to the mistress and crying, on his knees, begged for the return of the money, but it was all in vain. Olga did not know pity. Having suffered such a heavy loss, the former warrior fell ill, began to lose weight quickly, and a month later he gave his soul to God.

The story of buying a villa in Austria most vividly characterizes Olga's diabolical ingenuity in robbing gullible people. The tradesman Markov became a victim of this story. He was hired, as they explained to him, to buy a country house with a garden in the Vienna region, taking from him a deposit of 3 thousand rubles. For a long trip he was given a foreign passport and only 100 rubles of his own money for the trip. Markov, diligently completing the task, found a very nice house with a large garden for a relatively moderate price. As agreed, he sent a telegram to St. Petersburg with a request for an urgent transfer of money for the purchase. Time passed, but neither money nor any news from the hostess was received. As a result of a long wait, Markov did not have money left not only for the return trip, but even for the most basic food. He became so impoverished that he was ready to beg for alms. Markov had to turn to the Russian consulate for help. As a result, he was sent by stage, like a vagabond, to Petersburg. In the meantime, the swindler, and not remembering poor Markov, was already conducting a new scam.

Carrying out an infinite number of all kinds of deceptions, Olga von Stein, of course, tried to hide them by any means. At the slightest danger of exposing her frauds in the newspapers, she pleaded and even bribed to prevent such publications. However, word of her deeds spread widely in the capital, and it became difficult for her to carry out fraudulent operations. It was necessary to come up with something new and original for deception, and then a “legacy” of 1 million 600 thousand francs appeared, which she allegedly received after the death of her aunt Sokolova-Segalovich, who lived in Paris.

The fact of the existence of a fabulous inheritance was documented by a telegram allegedly sent from Paris about the transfer of this fortune to Stein, with a note that the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs had received the telegram. With the help of her lover and faithful assistant von Deutsch, Olga began to take money for several days, "until the formalities for the issuance of an inheritance are completed." The first victim of this operation was a German subject, Mr. Becker, whom von Deutsch persuaded to give Stein 3,000 rubles for a short period of time. There were other victims as well.

However, the deception was soon exposed: an official of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs established that the telegram was fake - it was fabricated by a talented swindler. Olga had no rich aunt in Paris, no one bequeathed anything to her. Clouds were gathering over Olga von Stein - retribution for all her fraudulent deeds was approaching.

The case of Olga Stein in the district court: 1. The defendant is awaiting the prosecution's hearing; 2. Chief prosecution witness Mr. Sveshnikov; 3. Types of witnesses ("Petersburg leaflet", 1907, No. 331, December 2).

In the summer of 1906, despite numerous acquaintances and connections with the "necessary" people from high society, Olga von Stein was under investigation. At the insistence of the prosecutor, she was kept in the House of Preliminary Detention. However, here, too, with her usual cunning, the adventurer pretended to be ill and, on the recommendation of doctors, was released home, where she was, as it were, under arrest. The endlessly drawn-out investigation and the twice adjourned hearings of the court already made us think that the trial of Olga would never take place.

Finally, under public pressure, on November 30, 1907, the first court session took place. The indictment contained a huge list of her frauds. Despite the seriousness of the accusations, at first the adventurer retained her aplomb and confidence. Even at the court hearings, she arrived late and did not look like an accused, but an important lady. She had good reasons for such behavior: she was defended by the most famous lawyers of that time - Bodunov, who made a bail of 10 thousand rubles for Olga, as well as Parchment and Aronson. Stein also counted on her high-society connections.

But already on December 4, Stein realized that all her frauds were revealed, the attitude of the jury towards her is sharply negative and therefore nothing can help her - punishment is inevitable. Then she decides to run away from punishment. Perfectly mastering the talent of mystification, Stein deceives the court, pretending to be sick, and leaves the meeting a little earlier than usual. At this time, by prior arrangement, Olga's lover, retired naval lieutenant von Schultz, packs his suitcases with things to escape and rushes to the station, where his adored von Stein is already waiting for him.

Case of Olga Stein in the district court: 1. Olga Stein, von Deutsch and Malygin (defendants); 2. President of the District Court von Parkau; 3. Defenders: gg. Parchment, Bazunov, Trakhterev; 4. Prosecutor Gromov (Petersburg leaflet, 1907, No. 331.2 December).

The case of Olga Stein in the district court. Departure of the defendant from the hall before fleeing (Petersburg leaflet, 1907, No. 335.6 December).

One can imagine the situation of lawyers who did everything they could to mitigate the punishment of the swindler, receiving in return only big official troubles and loss of authority. In addition, they not only did not wait for the reward for the extremely difficult lawsuit, but also lost the money pledged.

Thanks to the comprehensive measures taken to search for the fugitive, she was discovered in New York in early February 1908. At the earnest request of the Russian government, Olga von Stein was arrested by the American police. In accordance with the international treaties that existed at that time, the fraudster was first taken to Spain, and then the Spanish law enforcement agencies handed her over to the Russian authorities. Finally, on May 5, 1908, Olga von Stein was taken to St. Petersburg. No one except the police knew about her arrival. A convict party was expected with a freight-passenger train, so a detachment of escort soldiers led by an officer arrived at the station. The prisoners were taken out of the car and lined up. According to an urgent order, Olga Stein, as the most dangerous criminal, was led separately by four soldiers. Then the arrested woman was put into a carriage guarded by two escorts (a second carriage followed her, also with two escorts) and taken to the solitary cell of the prison. The last troubles in life noticeably aged the former beauty, but she was still elegant, charming and sweet.

It was expected that with a new trial of the case, which was to be held at the end of the year, Olga Stein's accusations of embezzlement and fraud would add another one - an escape from the courtroom. However, this did not happen. Due to the fact that the lawyers who previously defended the fraudster categorically refused to deal with her, she had to look for a new lawyer. Again, thanks to her connections, she managed to hire the well-known lawyer Bobrischev-Pushkin (senior) to defend her.

The case of Olga Stein in the district court. Discussion of the defendant's flight on the sidelines of the court (Petersburg Leaflet, 1907, No. 335, December 6).

On December 4, 1908, a session of the St. Petersburg District Court opened. Over the past year, the loud fame of Olga von Stein has already become somewhat boring for the metropolitan public - there were noticeably fewer curious people at the meeting than the year before. The defendant looked beautiful in a strict black dress and behaved very modestly.

Her gaze was mournful and full of spiritual anguish. From time to time she brought a handkerchief to her eyes. However, all this did not give the desired effect.

Both the jury and the public had long studied Olga's acting talent, and no one believed her. At the process, which lasted almost two weeks, all Olga Stein's frauds were considered and all the main witnesses were heard.

Despite Olga's great guilt before the plaintiffs and the enormous moral damage inflicted on St. Petersburg society, the sentence was rather mild. This was facilitated by a very talented and skillful defense of the defendant by lawyer Bobrischev-Pushkin. Thanks to him, articles of punishment for fraud and flight from a court session were removed. The indictment contained only articles of punishment for misappropriation of money and embezzlement. For all her many frauds and scams, she received only 1 year and 4 months in prison.

This is how a talented, smart, rich and beautiful woman ended her young years. Did she draw the right conclusions for herself? Unfortunately no. Her further life path confirms the saying: only the grave corrects the hunchback.

As soon as Olga von Stein served her prison sentence, thanks to her numerous secular connections, she almost immediately received permission to live in St. Petersburg. Despite her already somewhat faded beauty, which in the old days drove men into a frenzy, she healed with her usual scope of a wealthy aristocrat. The recidivist often visited the Sporting Palace, located on Kamennoostrovsky Prospekt in the house where the Lenfilm studio is currently located. All the light of St. Petersburg society gathered there for roller skating and just for communication on the established days of the week.

The case of O. Stein in the district court: 1. Bringing the defendant under escort to court; 2. Olga Stein; 3. Malygin; 4. Deutsch; 5. Prosecutor Gromov; 6. The chief witness for the prosecution, Sveshnikov (Petersburg leaflet, 1908, No. 336, December 6).

In search of her next victim, Madame von Stein had some kind of sixth sense. And this time, Olga's attention was attracted by a pretty woman who came from Paris - Madame Blanche Darden, from whom, as it seemed to the scammer, you could "borrow" money. A chic life required large expenses, and, of course, there were no funds after serving time in prison. Knowing French well and being able to get along with people, Olga immediately made a favorable impression on the Frenchwoman. An acquaintance took place, which grew into friendship. Olga, thanks to her talent for eloquence, convinced her new friend that she was the widow of an admiral who left her a huge fortune, estimated at hundreds of thousands of rubles, and that she had houses in Kyiv and estates in various Russian provinces.

At the same time, Olga Stein, with tears in her eyes, told the Frenchwoman that worries about huge real estate did not allow her to live in peace. Blanche Darden, not knowing about the criminal past of her secular acquaintance, could not help but believe the "admiral". Having chosen a convenient moment, Olga proceeded to implement her scam plan - she began to persuade the Frenchwoman to buy at least one estate on the cheap, which actually existed only in the imagination of the scammer. But Blanche Darden's plans did not include the purchase of the estate, and most importantly, as it turned out later, she did not have money for such purchases.

Then the cunning adventurer came up with a new version of deception. Once, as if by the way, she secretly told the Frenchwoman that one manager involved in the sale of the estate delayed sending her money, and she asks to help her out - to lend at least a thousand rubles for a few days. The compassionate Frenchwoman gave Olga the 700 rubles she had available, however, taking a receipt for this amount. At the same time, Olga asked the Frenchwoman not to tell anyone about the borrowed money, explaining that her friends and acquaintances, knowing her prosperous financial situation, could spread rumors and gossip that were undesirable for her.

Having received the first jackpot, Olga could no longer stop in her scam. Continuing to develop the theme of the optional manager of the estate, after some time she received a new amount of money from the Frenchwoman, and then more and more ... Promising to return all the money in the very near future, and even with interest, Olga managed to take from Bdansh in a short period of "friendship" Darden a substantial amount - at least 2 thousand rubles. And then the day came when, to her surprise, Olga realized that the Frenchwoman had neither cash nor any other money anymore. Taking money from a naive Frenchwoman and spending it right and left, Olga Stein was not going to repay the debt. Yes, in fact, she had no money and was not expected.

Under various pretexts, Olga began to meet with a French woman less and less often, who, due to her naivety, could not understand the reason for the cooling in relations. But when Olga Stein, without warning anyone, disappeared from St. Petersburg altogether, poor Blanche Darden clutched her head - she ended up without a penny of money in a city that was foreign to her. She had no choice but to contact the police for help. Olga Stein did not foresee this, she believed that the Frenchwoman, for fear of falling into an absurd position, would not disclose the fact of a “voluntary” robbery and would not show receipts to anyone.

One can imagine the face of Blanche Darden when she was told by the police that the "wealthy lady of the world" was a well-known and convicted for fraud adventurer. The police authorities have launched an all-Russian search for the swindler. Thanks to the presence of photographs of Olga von Stein in the police investigation, detailed signs of her, as well as the good organization of the search, she was soon discovered in one of the provincial cities near St. Petersburg and once again ended up in prison.

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OLGA SLAVNIKOVA Slavnikova Olga Alexandrovna was born on October 23, 1957 in Sverdlovsk in a family of engineers. Graduated from the Faculty of Journalism of the Ural University (1981). Worked as an engineer of the department of scientific and technical information of NII-Tyazhmash (since 1981), organizer

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"Gold mines" by Olga Stein When, in August 1894, a professor at St. Petersburg University, Zabel, brought a young wife from suburban Strelna, hardly anyone could have foreseen in this pretty provincial woman the makings of a successful swindler on a national scale. Father

From the author's book

CHARAvnitsa swindler In December 2004, Russian news agencies reported that the investigation into the Chara bank fraud case, one of the most high-profile and large-scale cases of the mid-1990s, was closed due to the expiration of the statute of limitations for criminal

From the author's book

From the author's book

STEIN, Heinrich (1757-1831), in 1807-1808 head of the Prussian government, a reformer34 It saddens me that Your Excellency finds in me a Prussian, and in yourself a Hanoverian. I have only one fatherland - Germany. Letter to Count Ernst von Münster dated 1 December. 1812? Gefl. Worte-01,

(1890-09-23 ) (74 years old)

Biography

Born in Borby. He studied philosophy at the University of Kiel and Jena. Trained in France, studying socialism. The result of his research was the work "Socialism and Communism in Modern France" (), which introduced the German public (including Marx and Engels) to socialist ideals. In 1846, Lorenz von Stein became a professor at the University of Kiel, but in 1851 he was dismissed for his pro-Dat position on the annexation of Schleswig to Prussia. From to 1885 he was a professor at the University of Vienna, where in 1882 Japanese reform minister Ito Hirobumi attended his lectures. On December 13, 1874 he was elected a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Major writings

• Der Socialismus und Kommunismus des heutigen Frankreichs, 1842 (" Socialism and Communism in Modern France»)
• Geschichte der socialen Bewegung in Frankreich von 1789 bis auf unsere Tage, 1850 (“ History of the social movement in France from 1789 to the present day»)
• Die Verwaltungslehre, 1865-1868 (" The doctrine of management»)
• Gegenwart und Zukunft der Rechts- und Staatswissenschaft Deutschlands - Stuttgart, 1876 (" The present and future of the science of state and law in Germany»)

see also

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Literature

• Tarasov I. T. The main provisions of Lorenz Stein on police law in connection with his doctrine of management, set forth by a fellow of the University of St. Vladimir I. Tarasov. - Kyiv: Univ. type., 1874. - p.
• Bunge N. H. State and public education, primary and professional, that is, scientific, real and artistic, in Germany, England and France: Essays issled. Lorenz Stein: Extract. from op.: Das Elementar und Berufsbildungswesen von L. Stein / Comp. prof. N. H. Bunge. - Kyiv: Univ. type., 1877. -, II, 100, II p.
• Blok A.L. State power in European society: A look at the watered. theory of Lorenz Stein and in fr. polit. orders / [Coll.] A. Blok. - St. Petersburg: type. V. Demakova, qualification. 1880. -, II, , 191, p.
• Chizhov N. E. Encyclopedia and Philosophy of Law in German and Austrian Universities: Vol. 1- / N. Chizhov. - Odessa: type. P. A. Zeleny (former G. Ulrich), 1882.
  • Heidelberg University: prof. Strauch and Schulze; II. University of Vienna: prof. Lorenz von Stein: (Encyclopedia and methodology of jurisprudence and philosophy of law): (Philosophy of law). - 1882. -, 94 p.
• Chizhov N. E. Law and its content according to the teachings of Lorenz von Stein: Essay on modern. German legal lit. / [Coll.] N. Chizhova, prof. Novoros. university - Odessa: Economy. type. (former Odessa Vestn.), 1890. - VIII, 431 p.
  • Ivanovsky I. A. Analysis of the essay by prof. N. Chizhova "Law and its content according to the teachings of Lorenz von Stein": (At 2 hours Odessa. 1889-1890) / Prof. Novoros. University I. A. Ivanovsky. - St. Petersburg: type. V. S. Balasheva, 1891. - 25 p.
• Chizhov N. E. Response to the article by y.g. Nechaev and Lange "Russian book about Lorenz von Stein" / N. Chizhov. - Odessa: Economy. type. (former Odessa Vestn.), 1891. - 36 p.
• Evstratov A.E. The Genesis of the Idea of ​​the Welfare State: Historical and Theoretical Problems. Dis. ... cand. legal Sciences: 12.00.01: Omsk, 2005. 234 p. RSL OD, 61:05-12/1087.
• Evstratov A.E. . Dissertation abstract... / Omsk State University. Omsk, 2005. 24 p.
• Kochetkova L. N. . Philosophy and Society. Issue No. 3(51)/2008.
• Evstratov A.E. . Vestnik OmGU. Series "Law" Issue No. 4 (41) / 2014. p. 35-40.

Notes

Links

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

An excerpt characterizing Stein, Lorenz von

When Nikolushka was taken away, Princess Marya went up to her brother again, kissed him, and, unable to restrain herself any longer, began to cry.
He looked at her intently.
Are you talking about Nikolushka? - he said.
Princess Mary, weeping, bowed her head affirmatively.
“Marie, you know Evan…” but he suddenly fell silent.
- What are you saying?
- Nothing. There is no need to cry here,” he said, looking at her with the same cold look.

When Princess Mary began to cry, he realized that she was crying that Nikolushka would be left without a father. With great effort on himself, he tried to go back to life and transferred himself to their point of view.
“Yes, they must feel sorry for it! he thought. “How easy it is!”
“The birds of the air neither sow nor reap, but your father feeds them,” he said to himself and wanted to say the same to the princess. “But no, they will understand it in their own way, they will not understand! They cannot understand this, that all these feelings that they value are all ours, all these thoughts that seem so important to us that they are not needed. We can't understand each other." And he was silent.

The little son of Prince Andrei was seven years old. He could hardly read, he knew nothing. He experienced a lot after that day, acquiring knowledge, observation, experience; but if he had then mastered all these later acquired abilities, he could not have better, deeper understood the full significance of the scene that he saw between his father, Princess Mary and Natasha than he understood it now. He understood everything and, without crying, left the room, silently went up to Natasha, who followed him, looked shyly at her with beautiful, thoughtful eyes; his upturned ruddy upper lip quivered, he leaned his head against it and wept.
From that day on, he avoided Dessalles, avoided the countess who caressed him, and either sat alone or timidly approached Princess Marya and Natasha, whom he seemed to love even more than his aunt, and softly and shyly caressed them.
Princess Mary, leaving Prince Andrei, fully understood everything that Natasha's face told her. She no longer spoke to Natasha about the hope of saving his life. She took turns with her at his sofa and wept no more, but prayed incessantly, turning her soul to that eternal, incomprehensible, whose presence was now so palpable over the dying man.

Prince Andrei not only knew that he would die, but he felt that he was dying, that he was already half dead. He experienced a consciousness of alienation from everything earthly and a joyful and strange lightness of being. He, without haste and without anxiety, expected what lay ahead of him. That formidable, eternal, unknown and distant, the presence of which he had not ceased to feel throughout his life, was now close to him and - by that strange lightness of being that he experienced - almost understandable and felt.
Before, he was afraid of the end. He twice experienced this terrible tormenting feeling of fear of death, the end, and now he no longer understood it.
The first time he experienced this feeling was when a grenade was spinning like a top in front of him and he looked at the stubble, at the bushes, at the sky and knew that death was in front of him. When he woke up after the wound and in his soul, instantly, as if freed from the oppression of life that held him back, this flower of love blossomed, eternal, free, not dependent on this life, he no longer feared death and did not think about it.
The more he, in those hours of suffering solitude and semi-delusion that he spent after his wound, thought about the new beginning of eternal love revealed to him, the more he, without feeling it, renounced earthly life. Everything, to love everyone, to always sacrifice oneself for love, meant not to love anyone, meant not to live this earthly life. And the more he was imbued with this beginning of love, the more he renounced life and the more completely he destroyed that terrible barrier that, without love, stands between life and death. When, this first time, he remembered that he had to die, he said to himself: well, so much the better.
But after that night in Mytishchi, when the woman he desired appeared before him half-delirious, and when he, pressing her hand to his lips, wept quiet, joyful tears, love for one woman crept imperceptibly into his heart and again tied him to life. And joyful and disturbing thoughts began to come to him. Remembering that moment at the dressing station when he saw Kuragin, he now could not return to that feeling: he was tormented by the question of whether he was alive? And he didn't dare to ask.

His illness followed its own physical order, but what Natasha called it happened to him, happened to him two days before Princess Mary's arrival. It was that last moral struggle between life and death in which death triumphed. It was an unexpected realization that he still cherished life, which seemed to him in love for Natasha, and the last, subdued fit of horror before the unknown.
It was in the evening. He was, as usual after dinner, in a slight feverish state, and his thoughts were extremely clear. Sonya was sitting at the table. He dozed off. Suddenly a feeling of happiness swept over him.
“Ah, she came in!” he thought.
Indeed, Natasha, who had just entered with inaudible steps, was sitting in Sonya's place.
Ever since she'd followed him, he'd always had that physical sensation of her closeness. She was sitting on an armchair, sideways to him, blocking the light of the candle from him, and knitting a stocking. (She had learned to knit stockings ever since Prince Andrei had told her that no one knows how to look after the sick as well as old nannies who knit stockings, and that there is something soothing in knitting a stocking.) Her thin fingers quickly fingered from time to time spokes colliding, and the thoughtful profile of her lowered face was clearly visible to him. She made a move - the ball rolled from her knees. She shuddered, looked back at him, and shielding the candle with her hand, with a careful, flexible and precise movement, bent over, picked up the ball and sat down in her former position.
He looked at her without moving, and saw that after her movement she needed to take a deep breath, but she did not dare to do this and carefully caught her breath.

The thief, swindler and swindler Sofya Bluvshtein, nicknamed Sonya the Golden Hand, is a real legend of the underworld. But few people know that she had imitators, no less dexterous and successful in criminal matters. One of them is a certain Olga von Stein.

Criminal heiress

While the Golden Pen was serving her sentence on Sakhalin, a wave of crimes swept through Europe and the USA, the handwriting of which very much resembled Sonkin ... Finally, the criminal was arrested by the police. She called herself Archduchess Sophia Beck.

It turned out that her real name was Olga von Stein. This lady deliberately copied the handwriting of Sonya the Golden Pen and often called herself the name of the famous adventurer ...

Jeweler's Daughter

Olga was born in 1869 in Strelna, in the family of a jeweler Segalovich. At 25, she married her father's friend, Conservatory professor Albert Zabel, 34 years her senior. Young moved to St. Petersburg.

Soon a beautiful young wife began to acquire admirers. In addition, she wanted to live in a big way and this undermined the family budget. Seven years after the wedding, the professor filed for divorce ...

In the same year, Olga entered into a new marriage with the State Councilor, General von Stein. He was not wealthy, but he was a member of high society.

person with connections

General von Stein began by taking on the habit of borrowing money and not paying it back. Few dared to demand debts from a noble person revolving in high society.

Then Olga came up with a new scam. She began hiring people to manage the gold mines she allegedly owned in Siberia. She took a solid cash deposit from the candidates - and stopped communicating. No one reported to the police, since the general's wife had great connections.

Once Olga invented that a certain aunt in Paris had left her a rich inheritance. She even forged a telegram, which spoke of the receipt of a large amount of money, and showing it to her friends, persuaded them to help with money "for the registration of the inheritance." But the scam failed: one of the officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs discovered a fake, and in the summer of 1906 the general's wife came under investigation.

She was sent to the House of Preliminary Detention, but Olga managed to pretend to be sick, and her preventive measure was replaced with house arrest.

Career continues...

State Duma deputy Pergament, who was Olga's admirer, her adviser and lawyer, helped her to flee abroad. But, thanks to a letter from New York asking for a money transfer, the fugitive's whereabouts were located and she was deported back to Russia. It was at that time that Olga tried to impersonate Sonya the Golden Hand.

On December 9, 1908, the trial of Olga von Stein resumed. But the famous lawyer Bobrischev-Pushkin managed to “knock out” only 16 months in prison for his client.

Having been released, the general's wife, widowed by that time, entered into a fictitious marriage with the impoverished Baron von der Osten-Sacken, promising him 10,000 rubles for this. As a result, Olga received a title of nobility, and her newly-made husband - nothing.

Already under the new name "Baroness" began to extort money and valuables from people. In 1915, she was again tried for numerous frauds and on February 21, 1916 she was sentenced to five years in prison. But after the revolution, Olga was released and again took up the old. In 1920, she was convicted of embezzling other people's valuables, which the swindler promised to exchange for cereals, sugar and other scarce products ... This time, the verdict was indefinite correctional labor. Near Kostroma, she, no longer young, managed to seduce the head of the colony, Krotov. He achieved the early release of his beloved and left for her in Moscow, where they began to earn money on forged documents. Then the couple opened a company that allegedly sent various goods after prepayment. Of course, the buyers did not receive any goods.

Once the car in which the swindlers were traveling was ambushed. Krotov died in a shootout with criminal investigation officers, and Olga was arrested. But she managed to get out by telling a story about the fact that Krotov allegedly intimidated her and forced her to commit crimes ... As a result, she was given only a year of probation.

The further fate of the adventurer is shrouded in darkness. According to some rumors, in the 30s she was seen at the Yamsky market in Leningrad, where she sold sauerkraut, according to others, she managed to move abroad, where she led a beautiful life, ruining her fans ...