Message about the battle near the village of Kryukovo. Battles for Kryukovo

Zelenograd land - a place of fighting

autumn - winter 1941

Zelenograd is the only one of the administrative districts of Moscow, on the land of which the front line passed - the last line of defense of the capital.

Our land keeps the memory of the past. Until now, lines of fortifications are visible in the surrounding forests - trenches, dugouts, places of observation posts. I can’t even believe that many years ago it was here that the fate of not only Moscow, but also of our entire vast Motherland was decided.

Thousands of people donated their money to the defense fund, signed up for a loan, became donors.

The inhabitants of our region, like all Soviet people, brought victory closer.

Monuments of military glory in Zelenograd

The hard winter is over. Local residents buried Soviet soldiers whose lives were cut short during the fierce battles of 1941. They were buried where they were found: in the forest, on the outskirts of the village, at the end of the field. It was especially hard for the inhabitants of the villages: Matushkino, Rzhavki, as well as Kamenka. Collected soldiers melted out from under the snow, found "medallions of death." So many mass graves arose, modest pyramids were installed on them - a symbol of soldiers' eternal rest. There is such a burial on the territory of the tenth microdistrict. This collective grave consists of the remains of 17 Soviet soldiers, one of them is an officer. The monument was unveiled in December 1981. There is also a single burial on the territory of our 11 microdistrict. The burial was made by residents of the village of Kryukovo in December 1941. The grave is unmarked. Students of our school follow her, lay flowers on holidays. At the same time, a mass grave appeared on the forecourt of Kryukovo station. In 1947, a sculptural image of a warrior with a lowered machine gun and a memorial granite plaque with 38 names were installed on it.

In 1954 and 1958, government decrees appeared on the reburial of Soviet soldiers and the approach of mass graves to more accessible places - to settlements and roads. Obviously, at this time, mass graves appear in Aleksandrovka, near the Sputnik pioneer camp (Medvedki) and 40 km. Leningrad highway. In 1953, the remains of soldiers were brought from mass graves in the vicinity of the village of Matushkino at 40 km of the Leningrad highway. This place was not chosen by chance. During the war, this place was a well-equipped site for anti-aircraft guns. This place was deepened and it became the last shelter for the soldiers. Matushkintsy remember that there was a list of buried soldiers on the pyramid. So this modest soldier's obelisk existed until the start of the construction of a grandiose monument - a monument. In 1966, for the construction of the monument "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier" at the Kremlin wall in the Alexander Garden, from 40 km. The ashes of one of the heroes who died in the harsh days of December 1941 on the outskirts of the heart of the Motherland were taken on the Leningrad highway. The Izvestia newspaper wrote: “... he was slain for the Fatherland, for his native Moscow. That's all we know about him." Marshal of the Soviet Union, as the commander of the 16th Army, in which the Unknown Soldier served, said: “This is the tomb of the Unknown Soldier near the ancient walls of the Moscow Kremlin will become a monument of eternal glory to the heroes who died on the battlefield for their native Soviet land, the ashes of one of those who shielded Moscow with their breasts.

A few months later - on May 8, 1967 - on the eve of Victory Day, the monument "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier" was opened and the Eternal Flame was lit. Years pass, generations change, and many do not know that it was from here, from our land, that the ashes of the Unknown Soldier were taken.

On June 24, 1974, at the 40th kilometer of the Leningrad Highway, at the entrance to Zelenograd, a monument was opened - a monument to the defenders of Moscow. In the Slavic traditions, a 16-meter hill was poured, a mass grave (more than 760 Soviet soldiers) is under a bronze wreath. Three pointed ledges stood as if a symbolic barrier in the direction of Moscow. On one of the ledges there is a symbolic image of a warrior - liberator, on the other - a symbol of soldier's prowess - an asterisk and on the third the words: “1941. Here the defenders of Moscow, who died for their Motherland, remained forever immortal. On the very hill of the trihedral bayonet there are three closed faces. This is a symbolic image of the main branches of the armed forces: infantry, artillery, tankers. Or maybe this is a symbol of three neighboring armies: the 16th, 20th and 1st Shock? In any case, it is a symbol of unity; the unity of all those who have united their forces to repulse the enemy.

One of the last monuments that appeared on Zelenograd land is the Soldier's Stars monument at the entrance to the city cemetery. In 1978, when laying a sewer in the eighth microdistrict, the remains of two Soviet soldiers were found, which were reburied in the city cemetery. Considering that during the development of the city territory, the remains of the defenders of Moscow in 1941 can be found, it was decided to create a memorial complex at the city cemetery. A city-wide competition was announced to create a monument. He became the winner and author of the project.

Zelenograd land is the eternal feat of those who defended Moscow. The memory of them lives in scarlet carnations on the graves of soldiers, sparkling fireworks and in poems dedicated to their native city:

“Here in the forty-first there were battles,

Our countrymen fought.

Fascist tanks evil vents

Rested on Russian bayonets.

And Rokossovsky alarm

A soldier raised to the right battle.

Now on the outskirts of Moscow

Granite bayonets are standing.

Conclusion

The first sparks of victory in the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union against Nazi Germany sparkled in the Battle of Moscow in December 1941. Then the Red Army launched a counteroffensive and defeated the fascist units that were rushing towards the capital of our Motherland, Moscow.

The Battle of Moscow is a “great battle,” as Marshal of the Soviet Zhukov defined its significance. Indeed, in importance it was not surpassed by any battles and battles.

The most difficult defensive period lasted more than two months, during which the whole country gave all its strength to prevent the enemy from reaching Moscow.

Large forces of our army from Siberia, Central Asia and other regions of the country were thrown to the defense of the capital. Muscovites took an active part in organizing the defense of their native city. Georgy Zhukov, then commander of the Western Front, which was in charge of the defense of Moscow, wrote that hundreds of thousands of Muscovites worked around the clock on the construction of defensive lines surrounding the capital. Only in the inner belt of defense in October and November, up to 250 thousand people worked, three-quarters of whom were women and teenagers. They built 72,000 linear meters of anti-tank ditches, about 80,000 meters of scarps and counterscarps, dug almost 128,000 linear meters of trenches and communications. With their own hands, these people took out more than 3 million cubic meters of earth!

The situation around the capital in October-November was extremely difficult and dangerous. On such critical days of the defense of Moscow, on November 7, a traditional military parade took place on Red Square. The parade participants - soldiers of the Red Army with weapons in their hands, were heading straight from Red Square to the front.

In bloody battles with a technically equipped and dangerous enemy, who sought to break through to Moscow at any cost, our soldiers stopped the enemy’s advance, exhausted his forces, and on December 5-7, 1941, went on the counteroffensive. In December 1941 and in the first days of January 1942, they pushed back the fascist troops by 100-250 kilometers. The offensive ended on April 20, 1942. As a result, the enemy lost more than 500 thousand people, 1300 tanks, 2500 thousand guns, more than 15 thousand vehicles.

The victory near Moscow was of great international importance. It improved the military-political position of the Soviet Union. This was our first major victory, which made a turning point in the course of the entire war. The battle near Moscow dispelled the myth of the invincibility of the Nazi troops. This was the first major defeat of the Nazi troops in World War II since 1939.

Marshal Zhukov, who throughout the war was the Deputy Supreme Commander and signed the act of unconditional surrender of Germany, said: “When they ask me what I remember most from the last war, I always answer: the battle for Moscow.”

The year 1941 turned out to be the year of the greatest trials for our people. It was in this year, especially in the battle near Moscow, that his spiritual strength and greatness were revealed. The people, as in 1812, turned out to be the bearer and expression of that simplicity and greatness of spirit, about which after the war Goering said that German strategists could calculate everything - both tanks and planes - but they did not take into account the most important thing - the spirit of the Russian people, which turned war into Patriotic, national. This war became a liberation and holy war, as the people defended their Fatherland from the enemy - the aggressor, who by this time had captured almost all of Europe. The battle near Moscow became a moral victory for the Soviet troops.

More than a hundred years ago, still a young man, Alexander Pushkin, in his memoirs in Tsarskoe Selo, mentioning the defeat of Napoleon in the Patriotic War of 1812, wrote:

Take comfort, mother of the cities of Russia,

Behold the alien's death...

Look: they are running, they do not dare to look around,

Their blood does not stop flowing in rivers of snow...

These same words can be dedicated to the battles for Moscow in years.

Bodrova Anna, GOU secondary school No. 000, Zelenograd

This site won the competition - in total, six construction sites in the Moscow region were proposed for the construction of a new city.

The idea of satellite cities was born in the minds of the Soviet leaders of that time after the famous trip of N.S. Khrushchev to America, when he discovered to his surprise that a significant number of Americans who worked in smoky megacities, with their poor ecology, lived not in the cities themselves, but in more favorable conditions in the suburbs. It was decided to transfer the American experience to Soviet soil. Near Moscow, it was supposed to build several satellite cities, the inhabitants of which would work in the capital, and would live in its immediate vicinity. Zelenograd was supposed to be the first sign in this matter.

The place for the new city was chosen relatively close - only 37 kilometers from the center of Moscow. On the territory allotted for the construction of a new city, in addition to the village of Kryukovo, there were several more villages: Savelki, Matushkino, Nazarevo, Rzhavki. They were supposed to be demolished and new blocks built in their place.

The design of the satellite city was entrusted to workshop No. 3 of the Mosproekt-2 Department. Professor of the Moscow Architectural Institute Igor Evgenyevich Rozhin was appointed project manager. He headed the team, which, along with experienced architects, included young people. The development projects provided for the division of the city into residential and industrial zones, division into microdistricts, each of which was supposed to be a complex of residential buildings, schools, children's institutions and a shopping center, which included food and manufactured goods stores, a pharmacy, laundry and others. household services. The project envisaged the maximum preservation of forest plantations, the creation of footpaths connecting all microdistricts and industrial zones. It was decided to build up the city with four- and five-story prefabricated houses. It also provided for the construction of two-story cottages with garden plots. Of course, now, from the height of past years, such plans may even seem naive in some ways, but then it was essentially a new word in architectural practice.

In 1960, housing construction began in the 1st microdistrict. A year later, the first four-story houses, a shop, a canteen, a clinic, and a kindergarten were erected here. The first builders of the city were demobilized soldiers, graduates of construction schools in Moscow and the village of Setun near Moscow. Many of them were sent for construction in the order of organizational recruitment on Komsomol vouchers. The builders first lived in tents and only then built a hostel for themselves. The leading construction organization of the city was the Zelenogradstroy department, the first head of which was V.V. Voronkov.

Intensive construction began in 1962. Since it was assumed that the bulk of the population would work in Moscow, it was planned to organize only a few enterprises in the satellite city, mainly light industry: a garment and leather goods factory, an enterprise for assembling watches and household appliances, a soft goods factory toys. For them, already in the first years, two vocational schools were built: sewers and metalworkers.

Initially, the city was planned as a settlement of the future communism, which, according to the program of the Communist Party adopted at the same time, was to come by 1980. For the first time in the USSR, electric stoves were installed in all residential buildings. Much attention was paid to the creation of places for mass recreation, the creation of urban reservoirs, playgrounds in the forest park, etc. However, despite all these tempting living conditions at that time, Muscovites were in no hurry to move to Zelenograd. The designers did not take into account the smallest thing - the Americans got from the suburbs to work in the vast majority of their personal vehicles, while in those years in the Soviet Union a personal car for the majority of the population was an object of a pipe dream. The transport problem was never solved: daily trips to work in Moscow and back took up to four hours, and few people could afford it. All this led to the fact that the plan to create satellite cities near Moscow was unsuccessful.

As for Zelenograd, the situation with it was rectified due to the fact that in 1962 the newly built city was transferred to the State Committee for Electronic Technology in order to create an integrated Scientific Center for Microelectronics, a kind of Soviet analogue of the famous "Silicon Valley" in American California.

It was decided to create a microelectronics center in Zelenograd in a complex way - both research institutes and factories, as well as educational institutions that train specialists for them, were to be located here. All this led to the fact that the general plan for the development of the city underwent a radical alteration and, in fact, instead of the former, a new one was created, which largely determined the appearance of the current Zelenograd. The center, southern and northern industrial zones were created, the construction of the city was already designed for 130 thousand people. In accordance with the new plan, high-rise buildings appear here, and the construction of electronic industry enterprises begins. From that moment on, there was a turning point in the construction of the city and an intensive settlement of residential buildings began.

For the electronic industry of the country, the corresponding materials were in dire need, and here the Research Institute of Materials Science appeared with the Elma plant, which launched the mass production of silicon wafers. The scientific center also included: the Research Institute of Molecular Electronics, the Research Institute of Electronic Engineering with the Elion Pilot Plant, the Research Institute of Physical Problems, the Specialized Computing Center, the Research Institute of Microdevices with the Component Plant, the Research Institute of Precision Technology with the Angstrem Plant. For the production of computer systems in Zelenograd, the Kvant plant was built. The Moscow State Institute of Electronic Technology was established in Zelenograd to train specialists in the electronics industry.

On January 15, 1963, the Executive Committee of the Moscow Council decided: “1. Register a newly built settlement in the area of the Kryukovo station of the Oktyabrskaya railway, giving it the name Zelenograd. 2. To ask the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR to transform the settlement of Zelenograd into a city of regional significance. The next day, a corresponding decree was issued, according to which Zelenograd received the status of a city, and the Zelenograd city executive committee was subordinate to the Leningrad District Council of Moscow. Since that time, the fate of Zelenograd merges with the history of the rest of Moscow.

Kryukovo

The territory of the satellite city absorbed a number of settlements, the most famous of which was a village. In the surviving sources, it was first mentioned only in the second half of the 16th century, although, undoubtedly, it existed much earlier. According to academician S.B. Veselovsky, it could get its name from the nickname of its first owner: either Prince Ivan Fedorovich Kryuk Fominsky, who lived in the second half of the 14th century, or Boris Kuzmich Kryuk Sorokoumov-Glebov, who lived a century later. Unfortunately, the paucity of documents at the disposal of historians does not allow us to unequivocally resolve the question of which of these persons originally owned these lands.

From the scribe book of 1584 it becomes known that in the middle of the 16th century. Kryukovo was part of the estate of the regimental head Ivan Vasilyevich Shestov. He was a representative of a family of ordinary service people. Some elevation of the surname falls on the middle of the 16th century, when they managed to intermarry with the Romanov boyars. The nephew of the first wife of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, Anastasia Romanovna, Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, married the daughter of Ivan Shestov Xenia (in monasticism Martha), who in turn became the mother of Mikhail Fedorovich, the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty. Thanks to this, Ivan Shestov entered the so-called "Chosen Thousand" and in 1551 received an estate near Moscow. But by the time of the scribe's description, these lands had become deserted, and the scribe's book of 1584 recorded here only "a wasteland that was the village of Kryukov."

The next news about this area refers to 1646, when the census book noted here the village of Kryukovo, which was located on the estate of Ivan Vasilyevich Zhidovinov. By this time there was a landowner's yard in the village. This owner Kryukov served as the head of the Moscow archers, and after his death the estate went to his relative Ivan Tikhonovich Zhidovinov.

Judging by the materials of the Economic Notes, in the 1760s the village of Kryukovo was in the possession of Major General Yakov Timofeevich Polivanov. The manor's house and 10 peasant households were marked on the estate, in which 22 male and 24 female souls lived. Later, Kryukovo was owned by his relative Ivan Vasilyevich Polivanov. Next to the wooden manor there was a "regular" garden. The peasants "were on arable land", i.e. on the bar.

By the beginning of the XIX century. Alexander Yakovlevich Polivanov became the owner of Kryukov. Under him, the village suffered quite badly during the Patriotic War of 1812. Although the French did not reach here, the economy of the local peasants was undermined by the fact that the Cossacks standing next door seized literally everything - oats, hay, horses - against receipts for the needs of the army.

In 1820, Ekaterina Ivanovna Fonvizina bought Kryukovo with 52 male souls. But she owned the village for a very short time, and after her death in 1823, Kryukovo went to her son Mikhail Alexandrovich Fonvizin.

Major General M.A. Fonvizin was a participant in the war of 1812 and foreign campaigns of the Russian army in 1813-1815. Later, he joined the Decembrist movement and was an active member of the Welfare Union and the Northern Society, although he opposed radical measures. Contemporaries spoke of him as "a talented, brave military man and an honest citizen," who "was distinguished by intelligence and education." He became the actual owner of Kryukov during the life of his mother. In 1822 he retired, and in the autumn of that year he married Natalya Dmitrievna Apukhtina. The young couple settled near Moscow. Quite often other Decembrists also visited here. So, in the autumn of 1825, Ivan Ivanovich Pushchin, head of the Moscow Council of the secret society, twice visited the Fonvizins' estate.

Shortly after the defeat of the Decembrist uprising, the arrests of Moscow members of the secret society began. It was in Kryukov on January 9, 1826 that M.A. was arrested. Fonvizin. After several months of investigation, he was recognized as a state criminal and sentenced to 15 years of hard labor and an eternal settlement in Siberia. Later, the term of hard labor was reduced first to 12, then to 8 years. After serving this sentence in the Petrovsky factory, Fonvizin was exiled to a settlement in Yeniseisk. Then he was transferred to Krasnoyarsk, and then to Tobolsk. In 1853, he was allowed to move to his brother's estate in the Bronnitsky district of the Moscow region, where he died exactly one year after leaving Siberia.

Fonvizin's wife, Natalya Dmitrievna, shared all the hardships of her husband's fate, voluntarily following him into exile, leaving two children. In 1833, she sold Kryukovo to Sofya Lyudvigovna Mitkova, after whose death “the acquired movable and immovable estate in the village of Kryukov, with peasants with land and various buildings in it, the manor’s house and the barnyard” was inherited by her husband, collegiate adviser Valerian Fotievich Mitkov. Under him, according to the description of 1852, in Kryukov there was a manor house, 12 peasant households, in which 50 male and 60 female souls lived.

One of the reasons why N.D. Fonvizina was forced to sell the estate, there was a cholera epidemic in 1831, after which V.F. Mitkov was forced to relocate to Kryukovo part of the peasants from his estate in the Chembarsky district of the Penza province.

In November 1851, traffic was opened along the Nikolaevskaya (now Oktyabrskaya) railway, which connected Moscow with St. Petersburg.

A railway station was built in Kryukov (the second from Moscow, after Khimki), and a state-owned hotel appeared a quarter of a mile from it. Since that time, Kryukovo has become the center of the local district, which automatically led to an increase in land prices.

Valerian Fotievich quickly mastered the emerging situation. In addition, the peasant reform was approaching. The former serfs had to be given land, which meant that Mitkov could suffer serious financial losses. Therefore, he decides to move more than 100 of his serfs from Kryukov to the Dorogobuzh district of the Smolensk province, where land was much cheaper. The peasants resisted the forced resettlement as best they could, declaring to the authorities that it was "extremely shy and ruinous" for them. And yet the landowner managed to get his way. To begin with, in August 1859, he formally sold “uninhabited land with forests, hay meadows and all kinds of land located on it” near the village of Kryukov and the wasteland of Sotnikova to his second wife Evgenia Khristianovna. The peasants had only personal farmsteads. And soon a fire broke out in Kryukov, destroying most of the peasant households. Whether this was accidental or the result of deliberate arson remained unclear. Nevertheless, the peasants still refused to move, settling in the surviving barns. As a result, the authorities, accompanied by Cossacks, left for Kryukovo.

On December 9, 1859, the Kryukov peasants were sent to the Smolensk province under police supervision. True, at the same time, Mitkov, by order of the Moscow governor-general, had to pay 157 rubles 64 kopecks for the relocation of the peasants.

But this was nothing compared to the value of the land that Mitkov managed to keep for himself. Later he starts to sell it. In 1868-1869. together with his wife, he sold several plots for testing, with a total area of 2.5 acres for 542 rubles, to paramedic V.V. Novikov, process engineer P.A. Gordeev, the Klin tradesman M.V. Vasiliev and the Zvenigorod tradesman Ya.T. Klopovsky The new owners of the plots looked at them as well as Mitkov, as a subject of speculation. They erected "buildings" on them and soon sold them at a higher price. So, Ya.T. Klopovsky managed to sell his quarter of the tithe to the Moscow merchant S.I. Ivanov is 13.5 times more expensive than he bought himself.

In the 1870s, the estate of E.Kh. Mitkova was acquired by the Grigorovs, who built a small brick factory near the station, which employed 25 workers. The owner of the estate was Maria Ivanovna Grigorova, and her husband Pavel Fedorovich Grigorov was the manager of the plant. At the beginning of the XX century. The Grigorovs sold the estate and the factory to the merchant Ivan Karpovich Rakhmanov, who owned them until the revolution.

Kryukovo at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. It was a settlement near Moscow at the railway station, where, according to 1913, there was an officer’s apartment, a post office, a railway school, a pharmacy, a brick factory, a state-owned wine shop, and several summer cottages.

The revolution of 1917 and the events that followed brought about serious changes in the life of the locals. In 1918 some of the dachas were confiscated from their former owners. From the inventory of private estates compiled in December 1917 in the Skhodnenskaya volost, it turns out that the largest local landowner I.K. Rakhmanov, by that time there were 375 acres of convenient land, there were outbuildings, two cattle yards, two greenhouses, 10 sheds, 3 houses, 7 summer cottages, a timber warehouse, 5 premises for people, an office and two shops.

In the future, the history of Kryukov was typical for the settlements of the nearest suburbs, until the end of the 1950s, when it was decided to build a satellite city of Moscow here.

Kutuzovo

Another settlement on the territory of present-day Zelenograd was the village of Kutuzovo. Apparently, it arose around the same time as Kryukovo, and owes its name to Fyodor Kutuz, who lived at the turn of the 14th-15th centuries. He belonged to the top of the then Moscow boyars and became the ancestor of the famous Kutuzov family in Russian history.

The Kutuzovs owned the local lands until the middle of the 16th century, when the village was in the estate of Vasily Borisovich Kutuzov. But during the years of the oprichnina, many service people lost their possessions, and the scribe book of 1584 finds Kutuzovo on the estate of Prince Boris Kenbulatovich Cherkassky. He received this village not least because he was the cousin of Maria Temryukovna, the second wife of Tsar Ivan the Terrible.

Subsequent information about the owners of Kutuzov is rather sketchy. According to the census book of 1646, it was listed as the patrimony of the children of Yakov Chicherin, a century later it was owned by Major Ivan Vasilievich Pleshcheev, and then by his wife Maria Kirillovna.

Later they are replaced by the Strugovshchikovs. According to the "Economic Notes" of the XVIII century. the village was in the possession of Anna Grigorievna Guryaeva. According to this source, Kutuzovo was located “... on the left bank of the Goretovka River. On this river there is a flour mill with two stands. The lands are silty, bread and arable land are means. Timber forest. Peasants on arable land.

Confessional statements for 1815 call the owner of Kutuzov Dmitry Petrovich Katenin. Then it was owned by Captain Ivan Petrovich Anikeev, who sold the estate in 1828 to the headquarters-captain Elizaveta Khristoforovna Gradnitskaya. The latter owned it for a short time, having ceded the village with 44 souls of serfs to Maria Egorovna Tomashevskaya.

According to the data of 1852, the village of Kutuzov, in which the master's house, 6 peasant households, 45 male souls and 48 female souls were noted, was owned by state councilor Anton Frantsevich Tomashevsky. He owned it after the death of his wife Maria Yegorovna, who died in 1839.

A.F. Tomashevsky (1803-1883) was a fairly prominent publicist of his time and published in such popular magazines as Vestnik Evropy, Moskovsky Vestnik, Teleskop, Galatea, Russian Archive. Quite close relations connected him with the family of Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov, primarily with his sons. The letters of the brothers to their father S.T. have been preserved. Aksakov, telling about their trip to Kutuzovo. They are dated July 1838. Here is how Grigory Aksakov writes about these places: “... On Thursday, I, Kostya, Vanya and Misha went on a cart to Tomashevsky in the village and drove there for three hours, but its excellent location rewarded us for fatigue. Anton Frantsevich was very pleased and delighted with our arrival and kept the brothers to rest. But I went home... Returning, I met two birds with one stone, one - a very large hare. Shot at him but missed. The other one, the hare, I must have shot well... but due to the extreme density of Tomashevsky's grove, we could not find him. We didn't have a dog with us." On the same day, a letter from Ivan Aksakov: “…Yesterday we went to Tomashevsky. I, Kostya and Misha spent the night there and returned today from there in his carriage. What a village! I have never seen a better place in my life: a pond on the river, and what views! Even better than in ". Konstantin Aksakov also spoke no less enthusiastically: “Recently, all four of us were at Tomashevsky. His village is so good, so on the spot, that it's hard to imagine better ... What a Tomashevsky pond! What a river! What a bath! When you return, we will go there together!”

Maintaining the estate, however, was quite expensive, and in October 1855 A.F. Tomashevsky pledged it for 37 years to the Moscow Treasury. And in February 1861, he parted with the estate, giving it to his only son Georgy Antonovich Tomashevsky. A document drawn up on this occasion has been preserved, according to which George undertook to pay the Treasury the debt of 2918 rubles that lay on the estate. The transfer of Kutuzov to Georgy was associated with the marriage of the latter to one of the daughters of S.T. Aksakov - Maria Sergeevna. In the family, she was affectionately called Marikhen, and her brother Konstantin Sergeevich Aksakov dedicated the poem “My Marikhen” to her, the music for which was composed by P.I. Tchaikovsky (Later it became part of his famous album "My Lizochek".)

The estate, however, brought in very little income. This becomes known from a letter from Olga Semyonovna Aksakova to M.P. Pogodin in 1862: “Anton Frantsevich gave them (his son and his wife. - Auth.) a beautiful estate near Moscow, but this year, as deliberately lean, they had no income. Do not tell him (A.F. Tomashevsky. - Author) anything, I ask you, my friend, their relationship is currently so good that I am afraid to break them. It is not surprising that G.A. Tomashevsky was forced to gradually sell off his lands from the beginning of the 1870s. By the early 1890s, they sold it completely. According to the information of 1899, the former landowners in Kutuzov were replaced by new owners: merchants Alexander Klementievich Gorbunov, Alexei Fedorovich Morgunov (he was a stockbroker), nobleman Nikolai Vladimirovich Rukin and tradesmen Alexei Ivanovich Serebryakov and Pyotr Konstantinovich Skvortsov, who were registered as merchants. The estate itself was divided between A.I. Serebryakov and A.K. Gorubnov.

Shortly before the revolution, there were 17 households in Kutuzov, and the merchant Alexei Fedorovich Morgunov owned the estate. A description by a contemporary of the park near Morgunov's dacha has been preserved: “... the old birch park of the Morgunov estate runs steeply from the dam up. Rare, huge centuries-old birches generously cover the paths with a golden carpet. Their harmonious, regular order has long been broken by winds and time. Alleys can only be guessed by the ant mounds that rise in place of huge stumps. The old park will soon completely disappear, giving way to a disorderly free sparse grove.

After the revolution of 1917, significant changes took place in Kutuzov. The estate of A. K. Gorbunov was nationalized already in 1918. Nevertheless, some of the owners managed to keep their dachas. So one of them remained with the Serebryakovs, whose descendants still own the land here. Throughout the 20th century Kutuzovo remained a summer cottage.

Rzhavki

Another village on the territory of Zelenograd was the village of Rzhavka. This area got its name from the small river Rzhavka, and its first mention is contained in the cadastral book of 1584, which recorded here “behind the Novinsky monastery in the estate there was a wasteland that was the churchyard of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker on Rzhavets”. Nearby, on the river Rzhavka, was the wasteland of Zhilina.

Shortly after the events of the Time of Troubles at the beginning of the 17th century. on the site of the wasteland, the village of Rzhavka, Zhilino, also, appeared, which belonged in 1646 to Fyodor Vasilievich Buturlin. Then there were 3 peasant yards with 7 male souls, a Bobyl yard and a yard of “backyard people” with 3 inhabitants.

Fedor Vasilyevich Buturlin was first mentioned in documents from 1608. Later, under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, he was on a number of campaigns, and was repeatedly governor in various cities. In 1649, he received the rank of okolnichi, and later participated in the events related to the reunification of Ukraine with Russia. The last news about him dates back to 1665.

His son Ivan Fedorovich Buturlin, like his father, rose to the rank of roundabout. The first information about his service dates back to 1646. Later, he voivodship in Nizhny Novgorod, Putavl, Astrakhan. In 1672-1675, already being a courtier, he headed the Yamskaya Prikaz, and in 1680 he was the first judge in the Prikaz of the Grand Palace. According to the census book of 1678, his estate already included 4 peasant households with 15 souls, 2 courtyards of “backyards” and a courtyard of “business” people, in which the document swept aside 12 people.

The description of 1704 finds Rzhavki in the possession of his son Ivan Bolshoi Ivanovich Buturlin. The votchinnik yard with 12 "business" people and 5 peasant yards are marked. In 1709 I.I. Buturlin bought the neighboring Nikolsky churchyard on Rzhavets from the Monastyrsky order to his lands.

But I.I. Buturlin did not own the estate for long. He suffered for participating in a conspiracy against the all-powerful Prince A.D. Menshikov, was deprived of all ranks, and in 1712 his widow Akilina Petrovna Buturlina sold the village to Prince Alexei Borisovich Golitsyn.

After A.B. Golitsyn, the estate was owned by his son Yakov Alekseevich, and since 1749 by his grandson Alexander Yakovlevich. The “Economic Notes” compiled during the last report that “... a village on the right bank of the Rzhavka River, a master’s wooden house. The land is funded, the forest is pine, wood-spruce, aspen. Peasants in quitrent. In total, in the possession of A.Ya. Golitsyn was 993 acres of land.

In April 1778, Colonel Prince A.Ya. Golitsyn sold his estate, which, in addition to the villages of Nikolsky, Rzhavok, also included the villages of Petrishchevo and Savelki "with a landowner's house and a courtyard building" for 9 thousand rubles to Colonel Prince Nikolai Vladimirovich Dolgorukov.

Since that time, for more than a century, the local estate was in the possession of the Dolgorukov princes. First, Ivan Nikolaevich Dolgorukov was its owner, and then Andrey Nikolaevich Dolgorukov.

A.N. Dolgorukov decided to build a new stone church on his estate. The temple was supposed to be made two-story - the lower part is warm, the upper one is cold. However, its construction dragged on for a long time. The war of 1812 interfered. The temple was finally completed by 1826, and consecrated only in 1827. Today, the Nikolsky Church is the oldest building located on the territory of Zelenograd.

After the construction of the St. Petersburg Highway, Prince Dolgorukov allowed the peasants to move from the Rzhavka River to the main road, which brought additional income. Near the new settlements, about half a verst closer to Moscow, another village of Rzhavki appeared, where part of the peasants from Lyalovo and Klushin, who belonged to the neighboring landowner Anna Grigoryevna Kozitskaya, moved. This part of Rzhavok was called “Kozikha” by the locals by the distorted surname of the landowner.

In the last years of his life, Prince A.N. Dolgorukov decided to free the peasants of his estate from personal serfdom and transfer them to the position of "free cultivators" - without ransom, but with the obligation to serve their duties in favor of his wife until the latter's death. However, he failed to complete the paperwork. After the death of the prince, this wish was fulfilled by his widow Elizaveta Nikolaevna Dolgorukova. In February 1850 collegiate adviser N.I. Bush announced to the peasants of the villages of Rzhavka and Savelki that, according to the spiritual testament of Prince A.N. Dolgorukov, they “become free cultivators after the death of Princess Elizabeth Nikolaevna Dolgorukova.” The peasants were released without a ransom, but they assumed a number of obligations: to pay the princess dues and to cultivate the master's land.

Another part of Rzhavki (settlements on the Petersburg road), previously owned by A.G. Kozitskaya, on the eve of the abolition of serfdom, went to Prince Konstantin Esperovich Beloselsky-Belozersky. By 1869 they were able to redeem their estate plots, and they continued to pay dues for field lands.

In the future, the history of Rzhavok was quite typical. According to the zemstvo statistics of 1884, the church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker was noted here, with it an almshouse, two taverns, a manor with a manor house and 50 courtyards, in which 164 men and 175 women lived. After the revolution, a collective farm was organized, and later the village became part of Zelenograd.

Nazaryev

The first mention of Nazaryev in surviving sources dates back to the second half of the 16th century, when in the cadastral book of the Moscow district, among the description of the possession of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, the village of Nikonovo, Nikolskoye, and the same, and the wasteland “pulling” to it, which was the village of Nazarovskoye, were recorded. monastery as a contribution from Fyodor Ivanovich Khabarov.

Little is known about this owner. He belonged to a prominent boyar family, which derived its origin from the legendary Kassog prince Rededi, and was its last representative. The Khabarovs suffered greatly from the oprichnina, and Fyodor Khabarov’s decision to give his patrimony to the monks of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery in 1577 looks quite understandable. And just a few months later, while still a relatively young man, he dies. There was a lot of mystery in his death, the secret of which we are unlikely to ever unravel.

However, it was difficult for the monastery to immediately take up its new possession. The famine, foreign intervention, civil war, and self-proclaiming that soon followed put an end to this desire. Only after the turbulent events of the Time of Troubles, the Trinity-Sergius Monastery began to restore its possessions and at the same time enlarge small villages. Many of them were also difficult to restore. In the former estates of the Khabarovs along the Vskhodnya River, instead of the previous 17 villages, only Nazarevo was revived again. Peasants were resettled here from the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, where during the Time of Troubles many people gathered, hiding behind the walls of the monastery from the Polish-Lithuanian invaders and robber gangs. The memory of the rest of the villages remained only the names of the "tracts" that were part of the land of Nazaryev.

In 1762, in the village of Nazarevo, there were already a dozen and a half households, where 93 people lived. Including 48 male and 45 female souls. After the secularization of the monastic estates in 1764, the Nazarev peasants began to be called economic and received part of the monastic lands. Their former natural duties were replaced by a cash dues in favor of the treasury. From the end of the XVIII century. economic peasants merged with the state.

In the autumn of 1812, after the occupation of Moscow by the French, the Nazaryev peasants destroyed a detachment of the Napoleonic army that had entered the village to profit from food and fodder. It appears to have been small in number. At that time, there were 22 courtyards in Nazaryev and 80 male souls lived, including over 50 adults aged 16 and older. At the approach of the French, the peasants went into the nearest forest, allowed the uninvited "guests" to rest quietly and suddenly attacked them. According to the stories of old-timers, even women participated in the fight. The ravine in which the dead French were buried, until the beginning of the 20th century. called French.

In the 1830s, in the neighborhood of Nazaryev, the laying of the St. Petersburg highway with a hard surface of tightly rolled rubble was completed. It was the first paved road in Russia. She gave additional earnings and therefore soon a part of the Nazaryev peasants moved in it. This is how the village of Elina or Elinki (later Elino) arose. According to the data of 1852, there were 42 courtyards in Nazaryev and there were almost 300 inhabitants. The village was the center of the state Nazaryevskaya volost. In Elino, which was considered a suburb of the village, there were 7 households and 65 peasants.

In 1861, the emancipation of the peasants was proclaimed. According to the possession record for the villages of Nazarevo and Elino, compiled in 1867 in connection with the implementation of the reform, the Nazaryev peasants owned 400.6 acres of land. In addition, there were 122.5 acres under the forest assigned to supply the peasants with forest materials and fuel. Thus, the size of a per capita allotment was 3.2 acres (the average for the district was 2.7 acres). There were several such allotments for each yard. The amount of all payments due from the soul that received the allotment was 9.7 rubles (on average for other neighboring villages it was 12.1 rubles). In this case, the benefits of the reform in relation to state peasants affected. According to the provincial zemstvo, the peasants of Nazaryev and Yelin at that time had 55 horses, 80 cows and 50 heads of small livestock.

After the abolition of serfdom, peasant non-agricultural crafts began to develop. By the mid-1870s, in Nazaryev and Yelin, 13 houses were not engaged in arable farming at all, 26 houses were occupied by “domestic industry” (handicrafts), 26 people went to work. Men were engaged in carpentry, carting and shoemaking. Women knitted socks and stockings, one sewed gloves. In Nazaryev there was a constable's apartment and a tea shop.

At the beginning of the XX century. non-agricultural crafts were already the main occupation of the Nazaryev peasants. Men made furniture, mainly cabinets, as well as tables and cupboards. Women and girls were engaged in knitting. There were hand knitting and sewing machines. Many women knitted on needles. By 1911, Nazaryev already had carpentry workshops with hired workers, a small knitting establishment, 3 timber warehouses, 2 tea shops, 4 two-story and several five-walled houses. The number of literate and students in the countryside has increased markedly. In 1907, the Nazaryevsk Zemstvo three-year school was opened. True, it did not have its own building, and premises were rented from local peasants for classes.

The end of the Civil War and the transition to the New Economic Policy contributed to the restoration and further development of the carpentry and knitwear industries. All men were now engaged in the manufacture of furniture. Almost each of them had his own carpentry workshop in the house. The number of craftswomen engaged in knitwear was growing. They knitted stockings, sweaters, suits for children, gloves, etc. on knitting needles, mainly older women knitted on knitting needles. Finished products were sold in Moscow markets. Land and household plots were used mainly for growing potatoes and vegetables, making hay and grazing livestock.

From the beginning of the 1920s, three artels began to work in Nazaryev: furniture, knitwear and tow dressing. In 1923, a power station was opened in the village, from which the entire village was electrified. To power the engine, they first wanted to use the power of water. For this, a mill wheel was installed on the Skhodna River. But the power of the river was not enough and had to switch to an oil engine. The artel for the production of tow also had its own small engine.

The village itself has also grown significantly. By the end of the 1920s, there were 122 houses in which 674 people lived. There were already 4 streets in the village. At the end of it, closer to, a special building was built for a furniture artel. In 1925, with the participation of residents, a building was erected for the Nazaryevskaya elementary school. Its head was a local resident E.P. Vasilyeva, who graduated from the teacher's course. A club was opened where silent films were shown. Until the early 1930s, there was a chapel in the village, built before the revolution at the expense of local residents. Divine services were held in it on major church and patronal feasts. There were also icons and banners with which religious processions and services were performed in the houses of local peasants.

In the late 1920s, a collective farm arose in Nazaryev. Initially, only a small part of the inhabitants joined it, who were attracted by subsidies issued to the collective farm. In 1929, collectivization intensified. Simultaneously with the agitation, an offensive was launched against wealthy peasants and those who did not want to join the collective farm. The party cell, organized by the workers of the Artyom sanatorium (F.A. Sergeev) and chiefs from the Moscow writers' organization, united the actions of the collective farm board, the village council, and the group of the poor. This made it possible to move on to mass forced collectivization. In 1930, the dispossession of the inhabitants who had fishing establishments, and some of the "prosperous" middle peasants, was carried out. Their property was taken into the disposal of the collective farm. They themselves were arrested. Now even the frightened middle peasants were in a hurry to join the collective farm. Horses, working equipment and hay storage sheds were taken from them at the disposal of the collective farm. The men were united in carpentry brigades. But it was a collective farm on paper. After the appearance in Pravda of the article by I.V. Stalin's "Dizziness from Success", many residents of Nazaryev left the collective farm. The vast majority of men and young people went to work at enterprises in Moscow and the Moscow region, the Oktyabrskaya railway and the Nazaryevskaya furniture artel, which was expanded. Mostly women worked on the collective farm, but not all of them. Those who did not want to join the collective farm were pressured, arbitrariness was allowed. More than ten people were subjected to unjustified repressions, four of them were arrested 2-3 times. Several people died in the camps.

As a result of the "measures" carried out, an economically developed, wealthy village was ruined in less than ten years. Handicrafts were literally crushed. Those who tried to continue to engage in them were persecuted, crushed by taxes. As a result, the collective farm fell into decay. Even the poor fled from it. Many preferred to spend 3-5 hours a day on the road to get to work in Moscow and back, but not to work on the collective farm. For the debts of the collective farm, they took away two electric motors and a tractor, for which the entire population collected money. The village lost electricity. The regional newspaper wrote on December 8, 1940: “The Nazarevo collective farm of the Chernogryazhsky village council is experiencing serious financial difficulties. There are no funds on the current account, but there are only writ of execution. As soon as any amount arrives, it is immediately withdrawn to pay off the debt ... Out of 11 horses, 6-7 do not work, but only eat feed ... Half-destroyed carts. Wheels without spokes, without bushings, broken sleds, lack of harness, now plundered, now torn - everything bears the stamp of mismanagement, the absence of a master's eye.

During the Great Patriotic War, despite all the hardships and hardships, the inhabitants of Nazaryev actively helped the country's defense. Dozens of local residents died a heroic death in the battles for their homeland. Many selflessly worked at the factories of Moscow, Khimki, the Oktyabrskaya railway and on the collective farm. Feeling a constant need for food, they annually paid taxes, handed over potatoes to the state from their small household plots, subscribed to state military loans, collected money for tanks and planes, gifts for hospitals and sponsored units. Schoolchildren helped the collective farmers to harvest.

After the war, the number of residential buildings increased in Nazaryev. The village was again electrified. Residents raised the necessary funds for this. Instead of a reading hut, a club appeared again, where sound films were shown weekly, a library was opened. The road that ran through the village was paved with stone and later paved with asphalt. Buses began to run along it. The Nazarevo collective farm was transformed into the Iskra state farm and enlarged. Only one brigade of the state farm remained in the village. The Nazaryev furniture artel was transferred to the village of Elino. On its basis, the Elinsky furniture factory was created.

In the 1950s and 1960s, Nazaryevo actually turned into a workers' settlement. The vast majority of its inhabitants were employed at the industrial enterprises of the capital and the region. Only a few people worked on the farm. But administratively, the village was subordinate to the Iskrovsky (Chernogryazhsky) village council, which since 1960 has been included in the Solnechnogorsk region. All this was a great inconvenience for the local residents, especially in winter, when it was necessary to get the necessary information by "passengers". Therefore, they asked to attach Nazarevo to the neighboring village of Firsanovka, Khimki district. However, this caused resistance from the village council and district authorities. As a result, a large village, numbering about 150 houses, which had a school, a library, a club, a shop, connected by a good road with the Oktyabrskaya railway and was declared "unpromising", and then included in Zelenograd. Since 1974, the gradual demolition of the streets of the village began. Residents who did not have other housing, moved to Zelenograd.

There is nowhere to retreat

The 8th Guards Panfilov Rifle Division (former 316th Rifle Division) was part of the 16th Army of the Western Front. The commander, Lieutenant General K.K. Rokossovsky, had the idea to organize a strong defense on the eastern banks of the Istra River and the Istra reservoir - the so-called "front line". That is, the commander believed that his fighters could take a few more steps back.

Rokossovsky's plans were approved by the chief of the Soviet General Staff, Marshal B. M. Shaposhnikov. But the commander of the Western Front, G.K. Zhukov, personally put an end to them. He demanded to stay on the "army line", west of Istra. Zhukov, of course, understood the desire of the commander of the 16th Army to give his fighters the most advantageous position. That's just it threatened the plans of the front. Namely, the defense of the city of Klin and the cover of the concentration of troops of the 1st shock army, which came from the reserve of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command.

To tell the truth, neither the opinion of the commander-16, nor the objections of the front commander, no longer mattered. At the end of the cold autumn of the 41st, the shallow and frozen Istra reservoir was not a serious obstacle in the way of the Wehrmacht. Already on November 25, the Germans not only crossed it, but also pushed the Soviet troops back from the eastern coast. Rokossovsky ordered to counterattack the enemy and return what was lost, but our fighters could not achieve this. And the Germans, having transported the main (albeit thinned by that time) forces of the 11th and 5th tank divisions to the eastern coast, broke through the Soviet defenses by the middle of the day on November 28.

In particular, the headquarters of the 8th Guards Rifle Division and the 19th Tank Brigade, located in the village of Maryino, were hit. This led to the loss of control of the Soviet units, which fell under the "tank rink". Even the headquarters of Rokossovsky himself, at that time located in the village of Kryukovo, was under threat.

The village of Kryukovo and the station of the same name were to become one of the nodal points of the defense of the 16th Army. The 8th Guards Rifle Division, the best in Rokossovsky's army, was responsible for the site. But the Panfilovites were not ironclad either: two weeks of continuous fierce fighting at the last stage of repulsing the German Typhoon (attack on Moscow) cost the division dearly. Her fighters could not withstand a new blow. The urgent cipher, which went to the headquarters of the Western Front from the headquarters of the army on the morning of November 29, began with disturbing words: "The enemy broke through the front of the 8th Guards Rifle Division". A little later, the events received a more specific description: “The 8th Guards Rifle Division, being attacked by enemy tanks and infantry, could not withstand the attack and, having lost control, began to retreat in disarray to the east. By the end of the day, the division was stopped ".

Tug of war near Kryukovo

Rokossovsky answered quickly and harshly. Having criticized the command of the 8th division, he categorically demanded that the formation counterattack with all its forces: rifle, tank and cavalry units, to drive the enemy out of Kryukovo and advance further.

But both Rokossovsky and Zhukov, who also knew about the crisis in the sector of the Panfilov division, understood that even the most severe orders did not stop German tanks, let alone counterattack. More troops were needed. Zhukov could not put his hand into the reserves of the Headquarters: this jeopardized the entire plan of the general counteroffensive, which he developed. But the defense of the 16th Army was falling apart before our eyes, and it was no less dangerous. Zhukov decided to scrape together reinforcements for Rokossovsky in neighboring armies - literally by platoon.

"It is especially important

Komandarmam 5, 22.43, 49 A

Copy: Commander 16.

The commander ordered urgently from each rifle division to allocate one rifle platoon armed with the prescribed weapons and ammunition. Select platoons that have already participated in the battles.

The assembled platoons, no later than 17:00 on November 29, should be sent by road to the disposal of the Commander 16 for staffing the 8 and 9 guards, 18 rifle divisions ".

Quite recently, the command of the Red Army once again became convinced that tanks cannot be stopped by infantry alone. To help Rokossovsky, they ordered the 1st Guards Tank Brigade of M. Katukov to arrive. Mikhail Efimovich puzzledly specified in a cipher message addressed to the commander of the 8th Guards Rifle Division that, in fact, the brigade was currently involved in the battle and it would be nice to know that someone would replace it. At the same time, when composing this message, Katukov probably understood that his tankers would have to “break apart”: the situation near Kryukovo required immediate action. Since the 1st Guards Tank Brigade could not leave its sector of the front, the brigade commander threw to the aid of the Panfilovites everything that he could pull out of the battle at once - only 11 tanks, three to five for each of the three rifle regiments of the 8th Guards. Plus the motorized rifle battalion of the brigade, which took up a position on the flank of the Panfilovites. Eleven tanks. Very few, but in the next few days it was they who helped the 8th Guards Division to hold the defenses at Kryukovo.

The rest of the Katukov brigade was able to transfer their positions and come to the rescue only on the night of December 3. And in the afternoon, the 8th Guards Division went on the offensive, trying to kick the enemy out of Kryukovo. The Germans (35th Infantry and 5th Panzer Divisions) by that time were no longer so hot with offensive fervor, but the Germans were still capable of a solid defense. Especially in conditions when the advancing division barely reached the staff of an infantry regiment in terms of numbers.

During December 3-5, Panfilov's and Katukov's tankers stubbornly stormed Kryukovo, but could not succeed. The German counterattacks were equally unsuccessful. Having failed to break into the village and the Kryukovo station, the Soviet troops stopped, having suffered losses in manpower and tanks.

These unsuccessful battles clearly showed the command that Kryukovo could not be recaptured with the available forces. To prepare the next attack, the commander of the 8th Guards Major General V.A. Revyakin was given an artillery regiment, two rocket artillery divisions and the 17th rifle brigade. The latter had only recently arrived at the front and consisted of inexperienced fighters. But the brigade was fully equipped and armed! The rest of the “operational group of General Revyakin” created for the offensive could only dream of such happiness for a long time.

From the last frontier

The new Soviet attack on Kryukovo was no longer just another attempt by the Red Army to take control of Kryukovo and the surrounding area. At dawn on December 7, 1941, the command planned a general offensive by the troops of the Western Front. Due to the lack of shells, Rokossovsky ordered not to carry out artillery preparation, but to fire only at targets identified during the attack.

Meanwhile, the Germans did everything to turn their positions into a real fortified area. Kryukovo and the nearby village of Kamenka, of course, bore little resemblance to Stalingrad, especially in size. But the veterans who survived later recalled the fierce street fighting of early December as one of the worst of the entire war.

The Soviet infantry crossed the Goretovka river twice a day and attacked Kamenka from the south. Twice the enemy threw back our fighters with the strongest mortar fire. By midnight, the remaining 140 riflemen and 80 people of the mortar company were located on the edge of the grove near the northern outskirts of Kamenka.

Eight tanks from the Katukov brigade, under the command of the Soviet tank ace Dmitry Lavrinenko, fought the Germans all day on the eastern outskirts of Kryukovo. The advance of the tankers was stopped by heavy fire from German anti-tank artillery. On the other hand, a strike group of five combat vehicles under the command of Senior Lieutenant A. Burda (in the future - another outstanding tanker of the USSR) broke into Kamenka and entered into battle with enemy tanks and anti-tank guns. This group also did not fare well with the promotion. Too many anti-tank weapons were collected by the Germans.

The 17th Rifle Brigade caused the most fear due to the fact that it was not fired upon. Unfortunately, the fears are not groundless: the brigade went on the offensive late, and by the evening one of its battalions became "retreat from the front in disarray". To stop the fighters, it was necessary to use a barrage detachment from the reconnaissance company.

The strength and nerves of the Germans, too, at that moment were already at the limit. Just a few days ago, these same units broke through the front of the 8th Guards Division and forced the Panfilovites to retreat in disorder. However, every hour it became clearer to the Germans that they could not pass the few kilometers that remained to Moscow. Moreover, the question is more likely who will manage to get away alive.

“Operation summary by 12.00 8.12.41 shtadiv 8

1. 8 Guards. Kryukovo, Kamenka, after fierce three-day battles at 9.00 8.1241, with units attached to it, captured Kryukovo and Kamenka.

The enemy, having a significant numerical superiority, put up stubborn resistance. Under the influence of our units, he was broken and fled in a panic in the direction of Mikhailovka».

The result of the battles was summed up by the trophy teams of the Panfilov division, who reported on 29 captured German tanks, 41 vehicles, two artillery tractors and four armored personnel carriers. And this was only the beginning, the first "tribute" from the German units defeated and retreating from Moscow. In the coming weeks, the 8th Guards Division's trophymen will need a lot more paper to record all the equipment that the fleeing enemy has thrown.

Having stood at the "end of the world", designated Momysh-Uly, the soldiers of the Panfilov division and the 1st Guards Tank Brigade took their first steps to the west.

Text by Andrey Ulanov

Sources:

1. Documents of the site "Feat of the people".

Operational documents of the headquarters of the Western Front, 16th Army, 8th Guards Rifle Division, 1073rd Rifle Regiment, 1st Guards Tank Brigade.

Where Zelenograd grew up, during the Great Patriotic War, fierce fighting took place in the battle near Moscow. The troops of the 16th Army of the Western Front under the command of Lieutenant General Rokossovsky K.K. fought here.

Fighting was going on in the area between the Moscow-Leningrad railway and the Leningrad Highway near Kryukovo.

Back in October, in the region of Volokolamsk, army troops fought stubborn defensive battles with superior enemy forces, who were persistently striving to advance to the capital of our country, Moscow, at any cost.

The resistance of the defenders of the capital, especially the 316th Infantry Division under the command of Major General IV Panfilov, did not allow the enemy to achieve any success. In fierce battles in this area, the soldiers of the division destroyed dozens of tanks, several enemy battalions and halted its advance for 20 days.

“Waging continuous battles on the outskirts of Moscow for a month, parts of the division not only held their positions, but also defeated the 20th tank, 29th motorized rifle, 11th and 110th infantry divisions of the enemy with swift counterattacks, destroyed 9000 German soldiers and officers, more than 80 tanks and many guns, mortars and other weapons ”(from the award list for Major General I.V. Panfilov, approved by the Military Council of the Western Front).

On November 18, Major General IV Panfilov, while at his observation post, tragically died in battle. He was posthumously awarded the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union, and the 316th division became known as the 8th Panfilov Guards Division.

On November 23, the enemy occupied Solnechnogorsk and Klin.

The troops of the 16th Army, suffering significant losses, but putting up strong resistance to the Nazi invaders, were forced to retreat along the Leningrad highway with battles. On November 24, army formations ended up in the area of the village of Peshki. The command post of the division was located in the village of Lyalovo.

In the village of Peshki, when intense fighting was going on on its outskirts, Captain Troyanovsky, a correspondent for the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper, approached Commander Rokossovsky with a question about what could be written in the newspaper about the fighting at the front. Rokossovsky K.K. replied: “Fighting here, near Moscow, one must think about Berlin. We will definitely be in Berlin.”

This was said on November 24, 1941, when the Nazi troops, using their superiority in manpower and military equipment, rushed to Moscow. These words of the commander were destined to come true.

Marshal of the Soviet Union Rokossovsky K.K. in his book “Soldier's Duty” writes: “Remembering those days, in my thoughts I imagined the image of the 16th Army. Bloodless and bleeding from numerous wounds, she clung to every inch of her native land, giving the enemy a fierce rebuff; stepping back, she was again ready to strike back, and she did this, weakening the forces of the enemy. Haven't been able to stop it completely yet. But the enemy could not break through the solid front of the army either.

By the end of November 1941, both belligerents were in the highest tension. According to reports, the Soviet command was aware that all the reserves available to the commander of the Army Group Center, Field Marshal von Bock, were used and drawn into the battle.

The troops of the 16th Army and the entire Western Front, who defended Moscow, had to hold out at all costs, and then move on to active military offensive operations.

Based on this situation, the troops of the 16th Army were given the task of moving on to decisive offensive operations.

By this time the front line passed between Lyalovo and Kryukovo. At the same time, the 7th Guards Rifle Division of Colonel Gryaznov A.S., "saddling" the Leningrad Highway, was supposed to capture Chashnikovo. To the left of the 7th Guards Rifle Division, the line from Leningradskoye Shosse to Kryukovo was occupied by the 354th Rifle Division under the command of Colonel D.F. Alekseev, which was formed in the Penza Region and first entered the battle here on December 2.

The division had the task, in cooperation with the 7th Guards Division, to capture Chashnikovo, as well as Alabushev and Aleksandrovka.

The 8th Guards Panfilov Rifle Division under the command of Major General Revyakin V.A. (former commandant of Moscow) conducted stubborn military operations in the Kryukovo region and had a task together with those attached to the 1st Guards Tank Brigade of Colonel Katukov M.e., The 44th division and the 2nd guards cavalry corps of General Dovator L. M., the 17th rifle brigade, advancing in the direction of Zhili-no, capture the settlements of Andreevka, Goretovka. To the left of the 8th Infantry Division, units of the 18th Infantry Division were advancing. The most stubborn battles during December 5 and 7 took place in the Kryukovo region, some areas of which changed hands several times.

Fighting directly in Kryukovo itself was carried out by the 1077th, 1073rd and 1075th Rifle Guards Regiments of the 8th Guards Division. Commissar of the 1073rd regiment Logvinenko P.V., who acted as commander of this regiment, showed personal heroism, for which he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. And the former commander of the same regiment, Baurjan Momysh-uly, in the book “Moscow Behind Us” writes: “Kryukovo was the last frontier on the outskirts of the capital. Our regiment was in the center with the task of preventing the Nazis from entering Kryukovo. And further: “We fought for every house; 18 hours of continuous battle in a fierce cold! I must admit that in connection with my injury, the main burden of practical command of the regiment fell on the shoulders of our commissar P. V. Logvinenko. This heroic, courageous man knew how not to feel sorry for himself at the right moment. He literally rushed along the front line and survived miraculously in the crucible of battles.

After retiring, Colonel P. V. Logvinenko lived in Zelenograd from 1963 to 1993.

On the occasion of the 53rd anniversary of the defeat of the German fascist troops near Moscow, in the Zelenograd newspaper "Forty One" No. 95 of December 5, 1994, I. Lysenko in the article "Panfilov's Pyotr Logvinenko" writes: "The order of the Military Council of the front was categorical:" Kryukovo - The last point, from where you can not retreat further. There is nowhere else to retreat. Each further step back is a disruption of the defense of Moscow.

When the commander of the 16th Army, Rokossovsky, was asked how he assessed the battles for Kryukovo, he replied: “Perhaps, due to the fierceness of the fights, this was the second Borodino.”

As a result of active hostilities, units of the 16th Army reached the line by December 9: Lyalovo, Chashnikovo, Alabushevo, Andreevka, Goretovka.

To the right of the 16th Army, the troops of the 30th Army under the command of General Lelyushenko D.D. advanced, to the left - the 5th Army of General Govorov L.A.

The offensive of all the troops defending Moscow turned into a general counteroffensive, and in December 1941 - early January 1942 they pushed back the Nazi invaders by 100 - 250 km, inflicted a heavy defeat on 38 divisions, including 15 tank and motorized. The battle for Moscow ended on April 20, 1942. The enemy was thrown back far to the west, while he lost more than 500 thousand people, 1300 tanks, 2500 guns and mortars, more than 15 thousand vehicles.

The fighting of the 16th Army in the Kryukovo region, where Zelenograd now rises, is of great importance in the Great Battle of Moscow. The victory of our troops in late 1941 - early 1942 in the battle of Moscow was the first major victory that marked the beginning of a turning point in the course of the Great Patriotic War. This was the first major defeat of Nazi Germany during the entire Second World War.

This victory was of great international importance for our country.

It is no coincidence that Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov, Deputy Supreme Commander-in-Chief, who signed the act of unconditional surrender of fascist Germany in Berlin, said: “When they ask me what I remember most from the last war, I always say - the battle for Moscow.”

The newspaper "Soviet Russia" No. 145 of 16.12. 97 writes: “... near the village of Kryukovo ... in 1941, the defeat of the Nazis near Moscow began. Today, the first victorious frontier of that war is called Zelenograd.”

Footnotes (returns to text)

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