Aristotle (384-322 BC)

Aristotle is an outstanding ancient Greek scientist, encyclopedist, philosopher and logician, the founder of classical (formal) logic. Considered one of the greatest geniuses in history and the most influential philosopher of antiquity. He made a huge contribution to the development of logic and natural sciences, especially astronomy, physics and biology. Although many of his scientific theories have been refuted, they have contributed significantly to the search for new hypotheses to explain them.

Archimedes (287-212 BC)

Archimedes is a famous ancient Greek mathematician, inventor, astronomer, physicist and engineer. Generally considered the greatest mathematician of all time and one of the leading scientists of the classical period of antiquity. Among his contributions to the field of physics are the fundamental principles of hydrostatics, statics and an explanation of the principle of action on a lever. He is credited with inventing pioneering mechanisms, including siege engines and the screw pump named after him. Archimedes also invented the spiral that bears his name, formulas for calculating the volumes of surfaces of revolution, and an original system for expressing very large numbers.

Galileo (1564–1642)

In eighth place in the ranking of the greatest scientists in the history of the world is Galileo - an Italian physicist, astronomer, mathematician and philosopher. He has been called "the father of observational astronomy" and "the father of modern physics". Galileo was the first to use a telescope to observe celestial bodies. Thanks to this, he made a number of outstanding astronomical discoveries, such as the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, sunspots, the rotation of the Sun, and also established that Venus changes phases. He also invented the first thermometer (without a scale) and a proportional compass.

Michael Faraday (1791–1867)

Michael Faraday was an English physicist and chemist, primarily known for the discovery of electromagnetic induction. Faraday also discovered the chemical effect of current, diamagnetism, the effect of a magnetic field on light, and the laws of electrolysis. He also invented the first, albeit primitive, electric motor, and the first transformer. He introduced the terms cathode, anode, ion, electrolyte, diamagnetism, dielectric, paramagnetism, etc. In 1824, he discovered the chemical elements benzene and isobutylene. Some historians consider Michael Faraday the best experimenter in the history of science.

Thomas Alva Edison (1847–1931)

Thomas Alva Edison is an American inventor and businessman, founder of the prestigious scientific journal Science. Considered one of the most prolific inventors of his day, with a record 1,093 patents in his name and 1,239 elsewhere. Among his inventions are the creation in 1879 of an electric incandescent lamp, a system for distributing electricity to consumers, a phonograph, an improvement in the telegraph, telephone, film equipment, etc.

Marie Curie (1867–1934)

Maria Sklodowska-Curie - French physicist and chemist, teacher, public figure, pioneer in the field of radiology. The only woman to win the Nobel Prize in two different fields of science - physics and chemistry. First female professor teaching at the Sorbonne University. Her achievements include the development of the theory of radioactivity, methods for separating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two new chemical elements, radium and polonium. Marie Curie is one of the inventors who died from their inventions.

Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)

Louis Pasteur - French chemist and biologist, one of the founders of microbiology and immunology. He discovered the microbiological essence of fermentation and many human diseases. Initiated a new department of chemistry - stereochemistry. Pasteur's most important achievement is considered to be his work in bacteriology and virology, which resulted in the creation of the first vaccines against rabies and anthrax. His name is widely known thanks to the pasteurization technology he created and named after him later. All Pasteur's works have become a vivid example of a combination of fundamental and applied research in the field of chemistry, anatomy and physics.

Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727)

Isaac Newton is an outstanding English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, historian, Bible student and alchemist. He is the discoverer of the laws of motion. Sir Isaac Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation, laid the foundations of classical mechanics, formulated the principle of conservation of momentum, laid the foundations of modern physical optics, built the first reflecting telescope and developed the theory of color, formulated the empirical law of heat transfer, built the theory of the speed of sound, proclaimed the theory of the origin of stars and many other mathematical and physical theories. Newton was also the first to mathematically describe the phenomenon of tides.

Albert Einstein (1879–1955)

Second place in the list of the greatest scientists in the history of the world is occupied by Albert Einstein - a German physicist of Jewish origin, one of the greatest theoretical physicists of the twentieth century, the creator of general and special relativity, discovered the law of the relationship between mass and energy, as well as many other significant physical theories. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. Author of more than 300 scientific papers in physics and 150 books and articles in the field of history, philosophy, journalism, etc.

Nikola Tesla (1856–1943)

The greatest scientist of all time is considered to be Nikola Tesla - a Serbian and American inventor, physicist, electrical engineer, known for his achievements in the field of alternating current, magnetism and electrical engineering. In particular, he owns the invention of alternating current, polyphase system and alternating current electric motor. In total, Tesla is the author of about 800 inventions in the field of electrical and radio engineering, including the first electric clock, solar-powered engine, radio, etc. He was a key figure in the construction of the first hydroelectric power station at Niagara Falls.

When Russian scientists Andrey Geim and Konstantin Novoselov received the Nobel Prize in physics in 2010, it caused excitement among patriots and enthusiasm in the professional environment. True, it soon became clear that Geim was a citizen of the Netherlands, and Novoselov had British citizenship. T&P tells the stories of Russian scientists who earned international recognition while doing science abroad.

Andrey Game

Achievements: received the Nobel Prize in Physics, the Europhysics Prize, the Mott Prize of the International Institute of Physics, the John Carty Award of the US National Academy, the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society of Great Britain. Holds the title of Knight Bachelor of Great Britain.

Host countries: Holland, UK.

Scientific activity: The name of Andrei Geim thundered all over the world in 2010, when he and his colleague Konstantin Novoselov were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of graphene material - a layer of graphite only one atom thick.

By the time he received the award, Game had many years of experience working abroad. In 1990, he left for an internship in Nottingham (Great Britain), and upon completion of the internship, he took up direct scientific work in Copenhagen and Nijmegen. After working in these cities, Game became disillusioned with the Danish and Dutch scientific communities and chose Manchester as his next destination, where, together with his student Konstantin Novoselov, he made his discovery. After the Nobel success, Game was invited to work in Skolkovo, but in his interviews he made it clear that he was not going to return to his homeland.

Game is an amazing inventor with a great sense of humor. Exactly 10 years before the Nobel Prize, he received the Ig Nobel Prize, which is given for dubious scientific achievements. Game was awarded for a scientific article about how he made a frog levitate with a huge magnet.

“What the hell, sorry for the expression, does Russia need me? I got my Nobel Prize, I'm 50 years old. You (we) need to look not for Nobel laureates, but to support those young guys who can discover something new”

From an interview with Gazeta.ru.

Konstantin Novoselov

Achievements: received the Nobel Prize in Physics, the Europhysics Prize, the award of the International Union of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, was awarded the title of the best young scientist of the University of Manchester and the title of a British knight bachelor.

Host countries: Russia, UK.

Scientific activity: The scientific fate of Konstantin Novoselov is closely connected with the personality of Andrey Geim, his supervisor. In 1999, Novoselov moved to Holland, and a few years later, following his mentor, to the UK. In 2004, a duo of Russian scientists discovered graphene.

Together with Geim, Novoselov also worked on the development of an adhesive tape that would have the stickiness of a gecko's tongue. In 2010, the Nobel Prize committee considered graphene a more important discovery than the gecko's tongue, and it was for the invention of a super-strong material that Game and Novoselov were awarded this prize. Thus, at 36, Konstantin Novoselov became the youngest Nobel laureate with Russian citizenship.

“It seemed to me that there were more opportunities to do science in the West. And it really is. First I went to Holland and worked there much more intensively than in Russia. Then I came to Manchester. It is in the tradition of all scientists to move from place to place every three to five to seven years, so as not to stagnate.

From an interview with Radio Liberty.

Vladimir Vapnik

Achievements: created the Vapnik-Chervonenkis theory, was awarded the Franklin Medal, is a member of the American National Academy of Engineering.

Host countries: USA, UK.

Scientific activity: Vladimir Vapnik is one of the most prominent specialists in the field of machine learning. Without waiting for the final collapse of the USSR, in 1990 Vapnik emigrated to the United States, where he began his ascent in large corporations: first at AT & T Bell Laboratories, and since 2002 - at NEC.

From the mid-nineties, the professor began working for two countries: lecturing at the Royal Holloway University in London and Columbia University in New York. Together with his colleague Alexei Chervonenkis, he developed the Vapnik-Chervonenkis theory, which explains the principle of empirical risk minimization.

Maxim Kontsevich

Achievements: proved the Witten conjecture, discovered the Kontsevich integral, received the Poincaré, Crafoord and Fields prizes in mathematics.

Host country: France.

Scientific achievements: A graduate of the Mekhmat left for Germany in 1993, and a little later he settled in France - where, according to him, things are best with the concentration of mathematical brains. During his scientific career, Kontsevich brilliantly proved Witten's theorem, which was not brought to mind, and went down in history as the author of Kontsevich's model. This was followed by geometric discoveries, called "invariant Kontsevich knots." In 1998, Kontsevich was awarded the Fields Prize, often referred to as the Nobel Prize for mathematicians.

Forbes magazine named Maxim Kontsevich one of the ten most influential scientists of Russian origin.

“Before perestroika in terms of the concentration of mathematical brains, Moscow, of course, was the main city on the planet. Next came Paris, then Boston, Chicago. Now, in my opinion, Paris is in the lead. There are many good universities in America, but there they are scattered all over the country. Today, mathematics is developing rapidly, life is in full swing: every 15 years everything changes completely.

From an interview with AiF.

Evgeny Kunin

Achievements: listed on Stern's list as the most cited Russian engineer-biologist.

Host country: USA.

Scientific activity: Evgeny Kunin is engaged in comparative genomics and explores the patterns of the course of evolution. As part of his research, Kunin developed a mathematical model for the development of the genome, and also worked on finding the minimum genome - a set of genes sufficient for the further reproduction of the organism. Evgeny has been living in the USA since 1991 and works at the American National Center for Biotechnology Information, but at the same time he often comes to give lectures at his native Moscow State University.

Andrey Linde

Achievements: won the Peter Gruber Foundation and Paul Dirac Foundation Prizes for work on the theory of the origin of the universe, received the Oskar Klein medal in physics from Stockholm University, the Robinson Prize in cosmology from Newcastle University (UK), and in 2006 - the medal of the Institute of Astrophysics in Paris (France) for the development of inflationary cosmology.

Host country: USA.

Scientific activity: For a long time, scientists believed that the universe was formed as a result of a big bang, that it was constantly expanding, and that one day it would cease to exist. Andrey Linde approached the problem from a different point of view and proved with his cosmological theories that certain quantum processes make the universe eternally existing and self-reproducing.

“Now the scientific language of physics is English. Although in America now there is a problem. People are well aware that in the same physics it is now more difficult to get a job. It is quite indicative that a significant part of the guys from Russia who come to us to study physics, after that they stop doing it, and go into the mathematics of finance”

Our understanding of the world around us in the heyday of the technological era is all this, and much more, the result of the work of numerous scientists. We live in a progressive world that is developing at a tremendous pace. This growth and progression is the product of science, numerous studies and experiments. Everything we use, including cars, electricity, health care and science, is the result of the inventions and discoveries of these intellectuals. Were it not for the greatest minds of mankind, we would still be living in the Middle Ages. People take everything for granted, but it is still worth paying tribute to those thanks to whom we have what we have. This list features ten of the greatest scientists in history whose inventions have changed our lives.

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

Sir Isaac Newton is an English physicist and mathematician, widely regarded as one of the greatest scientists of all time. Newton's contribution to science is wide and unique, and the laws he derived are still taught in schools as the basis of scientific understanding. His genius is always mentioned along with a funny story - allegedly, Newton discovered the force of gravity thanks to an apple that fell from a tree on his head. Whether or not the apple story is true, Newton also established the heliocentric model of the cosmos, built the first telescope, formulated the empirical law of cooling, and studied the speed of sound. As a mathematician, Newton also made a lot of discoveries that influenced the further development of mankind.

Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

Albert Einstein is a German-born physicist. In 1921 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for discovering the law of the photoelectric effect. But the most important achievement of the greatest scientist in history is the theory of relativity, which, along with quantum mechanics, forms the basis of modern physics. He also formulated the mass energy equivalence relation E=m, which is named as the most famous equation in the world. He also collaborated with other scientists on works such as Bose-Einstein Statistics. Einstein's letter to President Roosevelt in 1939, alerting him to a possible nuclear weapon, is supposed to be a key impetus in the development of the US atomic bomb. Einstein believes that this is the biggest mistake of his life.

James Maxwell (1831-1879)

Maxwell - Scottish mathematician and physicist, introduced the concept of the electromagnetic field. He proved that light and electromagnetic field travel at the same speed. In 1861 Maxwell took the first color photograph after researching in the field of optics and colors. Maxwell's work on thermodynamics and kinetic theory also helped other scientists to make a number of important discoveries. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is another major contribution to the development of the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics.

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Louis Pasteur, French chemist and microbiologist, whose main invention was the process of pasteurization. Pasteur made a number of discoveries in the field of vaccination, creating vaccines against rabies and anthrax. He also studied the causes and developed methods for preventing diseases, which saved many lives. All this made Pasteur the "father of microbiology". This great scientist founded the Pasteur Institute to continue scientific research in many fields.

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

Charles Darwin is one of the most influential figures in human history. Darwin, an English naturalist and zoologist, advanced the theory of evolution and evolutionism. He provided a basis for understanding the origin of human life. Darwin explained that all life arose from common ancestors and that development occurred through natural selection. This is one of the dominant scientific explanations for the diversity of life.

Marie Curie (1867-1934)

Marie Curie was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1903) and Chemistry (1911). She became not only the first woman to win the award, but also the only woman to do so in two fields and the only person to achieve it across sciences. Her main field of research was radioactivity - methods for isolating radioactive isotopes and the discovery of the elements polonium and radium. During World War I, Curie opened the first radiology center in France and also developed a mobile field x-ray that helped save the lives of many soldiers. Unfortunately, prolonged exposure to radiation led to aplastic anemia, from which Curie died in 1934.

Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)

Nikola Tesla, Serbian American, best known for his work in the modern electrical system and AC research. Tesla at the initial stage worked for Thomas Edison - he developed engines and generators, but later quit. In 1887 he built an induction motor. Tesla's experiments gave rise to the invention of radio communication, and Tesla's special nature gave him the nickname "mad scientist". In honor of this greatest scientist, in 1960, the unit of measurement of magnetic field induction was called "tesla".

Niels Bohr (1885-1962)

The Danish physicist Niels Bohr was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1922 for his work on quantum theory and the structure of the atom. Bohr is famous for discovering the model of the atom. In honor of this greatest scientist, the element ‘Borium’, formerly known as hafnium, was even named. Bohr was also instrumental in founding CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research.

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

Galileo Galilei is best known for his achievements in astronomy. An Italian physicist, astronomer, mathematician and philosopher, he improved the telescope and made important astronomical observations, among them the confirmation of the phases of Venus and the discovery of the moons of Jupiter. The frantic support of heliocentrism became the reason for the persecution of the scientist, Galileo was even subjected to house arrest. During this time he wrote The Two New Sciences, for which he was called the "Father of Modern Physics".

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

Aristotle is a Greek philosopher who is the first real scientist in history. His views and ideas influenced scientists in later years as well. He was a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His work covers a wide variety of subjects - physics, metaphysics, ethics, biology, zoology. His views on the natural sciences and physics were innovative and became the basis for the further development of mankind.

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834 - 1907)

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev can be safely called one of the greatest scientists in the history of mankind. He discovered one of the fundamental laws of the universe - the periodic law of chemical elements, to which the entire universe is subject. The history of this amazing man deserves many volumes, and his discoveries have become the engine of the development of the modern world.

Everything that surrounds us now, everything that we know and can do, is their merit. What are we talking about? That's right, about the most famous scientists. Only their extraordinary work and the greatest discoveries contribute to the progress of mankind!

Great thinkers of antiquity

Ancient Greece is famous for its famous philosophers who tried to define the essence of being, interpret the thoughts and actions of man, and think about the problems of nature.

A striking example is the Greek philosopher Democritus. He was the first to submit the idea of ​​the presence of an atom as the basis of the structure of substances. After his thought began to develop and Epicurus. They wrote down all their assumptions in a scientific treatise, which was burned during the reign of the religious worldview. Only small fragments of their records have survived to this day, testifying to the greatness of the ancient Greek thinkers. The follower of the atomists (as Democritus and Epicurus are called) was Lucretius Carus. He wrote the essay "On the Nature of Things", which traced the theory of atomic structure.

Plato created his own school for the most gifted people, where he talked with them on various philosophical topics. Aristotle was his best student. This man had amazing curiosity and was incredibly smart. He wrote dozens of books on almost all branches of modern science: physics, metaphysics, meteorology, and even zoology.

Significantly contributed to the development of physics and Archimedes. The story of his discovery of the law of buoyancy is quite popular. As he sank into the full tub, the water overflowed the rim. With a cry of "Eureka", Archimedes ran to write down the calculation formulas and proved the existence of a buoyant force. In addition, the scientist developed the "golden rule of mechanics" and the theory of simple mechanisms.

He made a huge contribution to mathematical science by discovering the number Pi, which is currently used by all scientists for calculations. He proved the theorem on the intersection of 3 medians of a triangle at one point, discovered the properties of the curve, named after him the spiral of Archimedes. Calculate the formula that determines the volume of the ball, and wrote the formula for the sum of a decreasing geometric progression. He helped the defense of his island of Sicily by finding a way to set fire to enemy ships during the war. When the soldiers of the besieged city held mirrors in their hands and directed them at the enemy ship, the sunbeams were focused into a single beam that ignited the ships.

Thanks to his calculations, it was possible to launch the Syracosia ship, which was huge at that time, using block systems, which were controlled by only 1 person. The death of Archimedes is also surrounded by legend: when a Roman soldier stepped on the drawings of the scientist, written on wet sand, Archimedes rushed to protect them. Unaware of the great abilities of a brave adversary, the warrior fired an arrow directly into the chest of a scientist who died on his drawings, covered in blood. What was written in the sand is still not known, but it is assumed that this was another brilliant discovery.

And how famous Hippocrates became, who made a huge contribution to the development of medicine. Despite the fact that in those days people believed in the occurrence of diseases from the curse of evil spirits, the scientist incredibly accurately described many diseases, symptoms and ways to treat them. In addition, he described human anatomy by examining the corpses of the dead. Hippocrates was the first to propose the idea of ​​treating not a disease, but a specific person. In the course of his observations, he came to the conclusion that the same disease in everyone proceeds differently. It was then that he began to explore the types of temperament, human psychology and sought to find an individual approach to each patient. And today, graduates of medical universities traditionally swear to be merciful, disinterested and help the sick always and everywhere, as the great Hippocrates bequeathed.

Socrates was also a popular philosopher of antiquity. He sought to draw knowledge from all possible sources, after which he willingly shared it with his students. It was thanks to them that the world learned about the thoughts of the great Socrates, because the philosopher himself was rather modest and never wrote down his thoughts, renounced wealth and did not recognize his fame.

Herodotus is considered to be the father of history. A man who traveled all over the civilized world at that time and published his observations in 9 volumes of a treatise, which was called "History".

Confucius is considered to be the most famous thinker of China to this day. He himself grew up as a very obedient child who respected his elders, honored his parents and helped his mother in everything. Such simple foundations of upbringing and human relationships he explained to his students. It is the conclusions of Confucius about the rules of human education that are the basis of any society.

The famous Pythagoras is a brilliant scientist of antiquity who made many discoveries that are used by mathematicians. The theorem on the equality of the sum of the square of the legs to the square of the hypotenuse, the division of numbers into even and odd, the measurement of geometric figures relative to the plane - all these are the discoveries of Pythagoras. In addition to mathematics, he made a huge contribution to the development of natural science and astronomy.

The best Russian scientists

The legend of Russian science - Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. A person who always strived for knowledge and criticized previously made discoveries. He made a huge contribution to natural science, physics, formulating the corpuscular-kinetic theory. Being on the threshold of the discovery of oxygen and hydrogen molecules, he significantly accelerated the development of chemical science. He suspected the connection between chemical and physical phenomena, writing them down in a single branch of "physical chemistry".

Lomonosov opened his laboratory, created according to his drawings, where he conducted experiments with glass, improving the technology of its production. Mikhail Vasilyevich was also fond of astronomy, investigating the movements of the planets in the solar system. He opened a school of scientific and applied optics, where devices for night observation and an optical bathoscope were created. Together with I. Braun, Lomonosov was the first to obtain solid mercury. Developed a prototype of a modern helicopter. He studied atmospheric electricity. Lomonosov developed a geographical globe and a circumpolar map. In addition, Mikhail Vasilievich became famous for developing the rules of grammar and literary art.

Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich made a huge contribution to the development of medicine. During the Crimean War, he worked as a surgeon, saving the lives of hundreds of wounded and developing surgical techniques. He was the first to use a plaster cast to fix bone fractures. He developed the tactics of medical care depending on the severity of the patient's condition. Pirogov first introduced the idea of ​​using anesthesia during operations, because. Prior to this, all surgical procedures were performed live. And people died not so much from diseases, but from a painful shock. Pirogov also developed modern pedagogy, changing the approach to students from dictatorial to humane. Arguing this by the fact that students should learn not through force, but of their own free will. To do this, you just need to interest them.

No less famous scientist of medical sciences is Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov. He introduced physiology into the category of clinical disciplines and was engaged in the study of biological processes in the human body. Scientifically substantiated the importance of the mode of work and rest, studied the unconditioned reflexes of the brain. He stated the importance of considering a person at the cellular level in order to better understand the etiology of the pathological condition.

Important discoveries in the field of biology were made by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. He was engaged in the study of embryology and developed the phagocytic theory of immunity, proving the ability of a person to maintain resistance to various infectious agents. For which he was awarded the Nobel Prize. In addition, he studied the pathogens of cholera, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, etc.

He declared the importance of intestinal microflora and was engaged in the study of lactobacilli in the body.

The discovery of the famous Pavlov's reflex brought Ivan Petrovich immense popularity. Through long experiments, he managed to prove the ability of higher living organisms to develop new reflexes in the process of life. Many of his works are devoted to the study of the brain and higher nerve centers. And for research on the functions of the digestive system, Pavlov won the Nobel Prize.

Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin devoted himself to the study of plants. Thanks to his many years of work, he ate new varieties of plants: apple trees, pears, plums, apricots, blackberries, mountain ash, gooseberries - named after him.

It is impossible not to mention the legendary scientist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev. Everyone knows his periodic table of the arrangement of chemical elements. He was engaged in the study of the chemical properties of various substances and conducted numerous experiments, disassembling one or another object into its components. In addition, he made a significant contribution to the development of physics, thinking about the relationship between the volume of gases and their molecular weight. He was the first to develop a model of a stratospheric balloon and a balloon. In addition, Mendeleev was interested in shipbuilding and the basics of the movement of ships on water.

The list of Russian scientists is incredibly long. Our science is famous for such legendary people who, through their labors, helped humanity to rise to a higher standard of living. But even modern Russian specialists are actively engaged in the development of science and are among the top ten according to Forbes magazine.

The most famous scientists in the world today

To date, the most popular scientists are physicists Andrei Geima and Konstantin Novoselov. Now they are conducting their research at the University of Manchester in the UK. They have more than 20,000 scientific papers to their credit. Geim and Konstantinov are the 2010 Nobel Prize winners for the discovery of graphene, which they obtained using a pencil and duct tape.

Second place goes to Maxim Kontsevich, a mathematician. Works at the Institute for Higher Scientific Research in Paris. Winner of the Poincaré, Fields, Craford awards. He is a member of the French Academy of Sciences. Engaged in the study of superstring theory, the author of more than a thousand scientific papers.

Andrey Kravtsov, who works at the University of Chicago in the USA, is famous in the field of modern astrophysics. He is engaged in the study of the emergence and formation of galaxies, as well as a comparison of the astrophysical properties of new and old galactic systems. Author of 9,000 publications.

Evgeny Kunin, employee of the National Center for Biotechnology Information in the USA. Published 50,000 scientific papers on the study of evolution. He is engaged in computational biology, namely the study of genomes using computer analysis.

Another famous biologist who works in the US at Yale University and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences is Ruslan Medzhitov. Engaged in immunology and the study of the Toll protein, which he discovered in mammals.

Artem Oganov is a well-known geologist at the American University of Stony Brook. He is engaged in the study of the structure of the crystal according to the chemical formula. To do this, he created a whole algorithm. It was this sequence that helped him predict the structure of a magnesium silicate crystal at a depth of more than 2,500 km underground. The famous physicist of the Catalan University of Advanced Studies is Sergey Odintsov. He described dark energy, which saturates our Universe by 70%. For this he was awarded the attention of the Nobel Committee.

Grigory Perelman made a great discovery in the field of mathematics, solving one of the most difficult mathematical problems: the Poincare conjecture. But he did not publish his decisions and refused a cash bonus of $1 million.

In the field of mathematics, Stanislav Smirnov, an employee of the University of Geneva, also became famous. In 2010, he received the Fields Prize. Engaged in the study of the emergence of infinite connected structures.

Gleb Sukhorukov, professor of chemistry at the University of London. He is engaged in the development of polymer capsules that can deliver targeted drugs in the body without being destroyed by the action of accompanying substances.

Some discoveries of outstanding thinkers can turn into real cataclysms. .
Subscribe to our channel in Yandex.Zen

Russian scientists have removed the veil of the unknown, contributing to the evolution of scientific thought throughout the world. Many great Russian scientists worked abroad in research institutions of world renown. Our countrymen collaborated with many outstanding scientific minds. The discoveries of Russian scientists became a catalyst for the development of technology and knowledge throughout the world, and many revolutionary ideas and discoveries in the world were created on the basis of the scientific achievements of famous Russian scientists.

The world discoveries of Russian scientists in the field of chemistry glorified our compatriots for centuries. Mendeleev made the most important discovery for the world of chemistry - he described the periodic law of chemical elements. The periodic table has gained recognition throughout the world over time and is now used in all corners of our planet.

Sikorsky can be called a great Russian scientist in aviation. Aircraft designer Sikorsky is known for his developments in the creation of multi-engine aircraft. It was he who created the world's first aircraft with technical characteristics for vertical takeoff and landing - a helicopter.

Not only Russian scientists contributed to the aviation business. For example, the pilot Nesterov is considered the founder of aerobatics, in addition, he was the first to propose the use of runway lighting during night flights.

Famous Russian scientists were also in medicine: Pirogov, Botkin, Mechnikov and others. Mechnikov developed the doctrine of phagocytosis (protective factors of the body). Surgeon Pirogov was the first to use anesthesia in the field to treat a patient and developed classical means of surgical treatment, which are still used today. And the contribution of the Russian scientist Botkin was that he was the first in Russia to conduct research on experimental therapy and pharmacology.

On the example of these three areas of science, we see that the discoveries of Russian scientists are used in all spheres of life. But this is only a small fraction of all that was discovered by Russian scientists. Our compatriots glorified their outstanding homeland in absolutely all scientific disciplines, from medicine and biology to developments in the field of space technology. Russian scientists left for us, their descendants, a huge treasure of scientific knowledge to provide us with colossal material for creating new great discoveries.

Alexander Ivanovich Oparin is a famous Russian biochemist, the author of the materialistic theory of the appearance of life on Earth.

Academician, Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin Prize.

Childhood and youth

Curiosity, inquisitiveness and the desire to understand how, for example, a huge tree can grow from a tiny seed, manifested itself in the boy very early. Already in childhood, he was very interested in biology. He studied plant life not only from books, but also in practice.

The Oparin family moved from Uglich to a country house in the village of Kokaevo. The very first years of childhood passed there.

Yuri Kondratyuk (Alexander Ignatievich Shargei), one of the outstanding theorists of space flights.

In the 60s, he became world famous thanks to the scientific substantiation of the way spacecraft flew to the moon.

The trajectory calculated by him was called the “Kondratyuk route”. It was used by the American Apollo spacecraft to land a man on the lunar surface.

Childhood and youth

This one of the outstanding founders of astronautics was born in Poltava on June 9 (21), 1897. He spent his childhood in his grandmother's house. She was a midwife, and her husband was a zemstvo doctor and government official.

For some time he lived with his father in St. Petersburg, where from 1903 he studied at the gymnasium on Vasilyevsky Island. When his father died in 1910, the boy returned to his grandmother again.

Inventor of the telegraph. The name of the inventor of the telegraph is forever inscribed in history, since Schilling's invention made it possible to transmit information over long distances.

The apparatus made it possible to use radio and electrical signals that traveled through the wires. The need to transmit information has always existed, but in the 18-19 centuries. in the face of growing urbanization and the development of technology, data sharing has become relevant.

This problem was solved by the telegraph, the term from the ancient Greek language was translated as "to write far away."

Emily Khristianovich Lenz is a famous Russian scientist.

From the school bench, we are all familiar with the Joule-Lenz law, which establishes that the amount of heat released by the current in the conductor is proportional to the current strength and the resistance of the conductor.

Another well-known law is the "Lenz's rule", according to which the induction current always moves in the opposite direction to the action that generated it.

early years

The original name of the scientist is Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz. He was born in Dorpat (Tartu) and was a Baltic German by origin.

His brother Robert Khristianovich became a famous orientalist, and his son, also Robert, followed in his father's footsteps and became a physicist.

Trediakovsky Vasily is a man with a tragic fate. So it was fate that two nuggets lived in Russia at the same time - Lomonosov and Trediakovsky, but one will be treated kindly and remain in the memory of posterity, and the second will die in poverty, forgotten by everyone.

From schoolboy to philologist

In 1703, on March 5, Vasily Trediakovsky was born. He grew up in Astrakhan in a poor family of a clergyman. A 19-year-old boy went to Moscow on foot to continue his studies at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.

But he stayed in it for a short time (2 years) and without regret left to replenish his baggage of knowledge in Holland, and then to France - to the Sorbonne, where, suffering need and hunger, he studied for 3 years.

Here he participated in public disputes, comprehended mathematical and philosophical sciences, was a student of theology, studied French and Italian abroad.

"Father of Satan", academician Yangel Mikhail Kuzmich, was born on 10/25/1911 in the village. Zyryanov, Irkutsk region, came from a family of descendants of convict settlers. At the end of the 6th grade (1926), Mikhail leaves for Moscow - to his older brother Konstantin, who studied there. When I was in the 7th grade, I did a part-time job, delivering stacks of newspapers - orders from a printing house. At the end of the FZU, he worked in a factory and at the same time studied at the workers' faculty.

MAI student. The beginning of a professional career

In 1931, he entered the Moscow Aviation Institute with a degree in aircraft engineering, and graduated in 1937. While still a student, Mikhail Yangel settled in the Polikarpov Design Bureau, later, his supervisor to defend his graduation project: “High-altitude fighter with a pressurized cabin ". Having started his work at the Polikarpov Design Bureau as a designer of the 2nd category, ten years later M.K. Yangel was already a leading engineer, engaged in the development of projects for fighters of new modifications.

February 13, 1938, M.K. Yangel, as part of a group of Soviet specialists in the field of aircraft construction of the USSR, visits the United States - for the purpose of a business trip. It is worth noting that the 30s of the twentieth century was a fairly active period in the cooperation between the USSR and the USA, and not only in the field of mechanical engineering and aircraft building, in particular, small arms were purchased (in rather limited quantities) - Thompson submachine guns and Colt pistols.

Scientist, founder of the theory of helicopter engineering, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Mikhail Leontievich Mil, winner of the Lenin and State Prizes, Hero of Socialist Labor.

Childhood, education, youth

Mikhail Leontiev was born in Irkutsk, on November 22, 1909, in the family of a railway employee and a dentist. Before settling in the city of Irkutsk, his father, Leonty Samuilovich, searched for gold for 20 years, working in the mines. Grandfather, Samuil Mil, settled in Siberia at the end of 25 years of naval service. From childhood, Mikhail showed versatile talents: he loved to draw, was fond of music and easily mastered foreign languages, was engaged in an aircraft modeling circle. At the age of ten, he participated in the Siberian aircraft modeling competition, where, having passed the stage, Mishin's model was sent to the city of Novosibirsk, where she received one of the prizes.

Mikhail graduated from elementary school in Irkutsk, after which, in 1925, he entered the Siberian Institute of Technology.

A.A. Ukhtomsky is an outstanding physiologist, scientist, researcher of the muscular and nervous systems, as well as sensory organs, laureate of the Lenin Prize and a member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Childhood. Education

The birth of Alexei Alekseevich Ukhtomsky took place on June 13 (25), 1875 in the small town of Rybinsk. There he spent his childhood and youth. This Volga city forever left in the soul of Alexei Alekseevich the warmest and most tender memories. He proudly called himself Volgar throughout his life. When the boy graduated from the elementary school, his father sent him to Nizhny Novgorod and sent him to the local cadet corps. The son obediently graduated from it, but military service was never the ultimate dream of a young man who was more attracted to such sciences as history and philosophy.

Fascination with philosophy

Ignoring military service, he went to Moscow and entered the theological seminary in two faculties at once - philosophical and historical. Deeply studying philosophy, Ukhtomsky began to think a lot about the eternal questions about the world, about man, about the essence of being. Eventually philosophical mysteries led him to study the natural sciences. As a result, he settled on physiology.

A.P. Borodin is known as an outstanding composer, the author of the opera "Prince Igor", the symphony "Bogatyrskaya" and other musical works.

He is much less known as a scientist who made an invaluable contribution to science in the field of organic chemistry.

Origin. early years

A.P. Borodin was the illegitimate son of the 62-year-old Georgian prince L. S. Genevanishvili and A.K. Antonova. He was born on October 31 (November 12), 1833.

He was recorded as the son of the serf servants of the prince - the spouses Porfiry Ionovich and Tatyana Grigoryevna Borodin. Thus, for eight years the boy was listed in his father's house as a serf. But before his death (1840), the prince gave his son free, bought him and his mother Avdotya Konstantinovna Antonova a four-story house, after marrying her to the military doctor Kleineke.

The boy, in order to avoid unnecessary rumors, was presented as the nephew of Avdotya Konstantinovna. Since Alexander's origin did not allow him to study at the gymnasium, he studied at home all the subjects of the gymnasium, in addition to German and French, receiving an excellent education at home.