The essence of the survey. Questionnaire method

General information

Questioning in psychology is used to obtain psychological information, and sociological and demographic data play only a supporting role. The contact of the psychologist with the respondent during the survey, in contrast to the interview, is minimized. Questioning allows you to most strictly follow the planned research plan, since the “question-answer” procedure is strictly regulated.

With the help of the questionnaire method, it is possible to obtain a high level of mass research at the lowest cost. A feature of this method can be called its anonymity (the identity of the respondent is not recorded, only his answers are recorded). Questioning is carried out mainly in cases where it is necessary to find out the opinions of people on some issues and cover a large number of people in a short time.

F. Galton is considered the pioneer of using the questionnaire in psychological research.

Types of survey

By number of respondents

Individual survey - one respondent is interviewed;
Group survey - several respondents are interviewed;
Classroom questioning - a methodical and organizational type of questioning, consisting in the simultaneous filling out of questionnaires by a group of people gathered in one room in accordance with the rules of the selective procedure;
Mass survey - from a hundred to several thousand respondents participate (in practice, the work is time-consuming, and the results are less correct).

By coverage

Solid - survey of all representatives of the sample;
Selective - a survey of a part of the sample.

By type of contact with the respondent

Face-to-face - conducted in the presence of the researcher-questionnaire;
Correspondence - the questionnaire is absent:
- Distribution of questionnaires by mail;
- Publication of questionnaires in the press;
- Publication of questionnaires on the Internet;
- Delivery and collection of questionnaires at the place of residence, work, etc.

Online survey

With the rise of the Internet, an increasingly popular way to collect data is online survey. The design of online questionnaires often influences the outcome of a survey. These design factors include the quality of the questionnaire administration, available formats for presenting data (questions), management methods, sophistication and ethical components of the questionnaire. A number of sites provide a free opportunity to create an online questionnaire and collect data.

Notes

Literature

Yadov V. A. Sociological research - methodology, program, methods. - M .: Samara University Publishing House, 1995. - ISBN 5-230-06020-4
Nikandrov VV Verbal-communicative methods in psychology. - St. Petersburg: Rech, 2002. - ISBN 5-9268-0140-0

General characteristics of the method

Questionnaire(from French enkuete - a list of questions) - a system of questions united by a single research plan aimed at identifying the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the object and subject of analysis.

Questionnaire is a structurally organized set of questions, each of which is logically related to the central task of the study. Questionnaire questions may relate to professional orientation (motives, interests, hobbies), moral and psychological qualities of the individual, style of communication and behavior, character traits, etc.

Questionnaire - a research method that provides written answers to a system of questions, each of which is associated with the central task of the study.

This method has the following virtues:

high efficiency of obtaining information;

the possibility of organizing mass surveys;

relatively low labor intensity of the procedures for preparing and conducting research, processing their results;

the lack of influence of the personality and behavior of the interviewer on the work of the respondents;

the lack of expression in the researcher of the relationship of subjective predilection for any of the respondents.

However, questionnaires are also characterized by limitations:

the lack of personal contact does not allow changing the order and wording of questions depending on the answers or behavior of the respondents, as, for example, in a conversation;

the reliability of such “self-reports” is not always sufficient, the results of which are influenced by unconscious attitudes and motives of respondents or their desire to look in a more favorable light, deliberately embellishing the real state of affairs.

In modern psychology, questioning is considered an auxiliary research method, in such sciences as sociology or demography - one of the main ones.

Varieties of the survey method

There are several types of questionnaires.

Questionnaires based on self-assessment by the respondents of their properties and qualities. The form of the answer is an assessment in points of the degree of severity of one or another personal property, character traits (initiativity, sociability, anxiety, independence, etc.). When using this method, it is necessary to take into account its significant drawback; a high degree of subjectivity of answers due to the desire of a person to show himself from the best side and hide shortcomings. Using closed-ended questions with multiple choice answers (for example, ranked according to the degree of agreement: “No, it’s not at all true”, “Probably so”, “True”, “Absolutely true”), you can increase the informative value of the answers.

Assessment of socio-psychological, personal qualities can be carried out by a group of experts. The advantage of this method of questioning lies in the greater objectivity of the data obtained, since the group of experts includes people who have known a person for a long time and from different angles. However, interviewing several people is time-consuming and sometimes it is difficult to determine the competence of experts.

Another type of survey method is questionnaires, the questions of which are aimed at assessing the respondents of their actions in specific life situations. As a result of data processing, the specialist-psychologist draws a conclusion about the presence and level of development of the respondent's individual personality traits.

The types of questionnaires are determined by the form of the content of the questions, and checking their validity and reliability is one of the difficulties. The selection of questions should be truthful in relation to the problem and logically related to the objectives of the study. The phrases of the questions should be short, unambiguous, clear.

Questions in the questionnaire are classified according to the following criteria:

about the facts of consciousness (aimed at identifying opinions, plans for the future, motives, expectations, value judgments of the respondents);

about the facts of behavior (revealing real actions, actions and results of people's activities);

about the identity of the respondent (relating to his gender, age, education, profession, marital status, etc.). Their presence allows further processing of the results of the survey within a particular group of people, if necessary, comparing similar information with other groups.

form :

closed;

semi-closed;

open.

Closed - this is a form of questions to which pre-formulated answers are given in the questionnaire. Such a question provides a full set of answers, from which the subject will only have to choose. The researcher has the opportunity not only to find out the content of judgments, but also to measure the intensity of assessments, scaling them for each option. The advantages of closed questions are: the ability to exclude misunderstanding of the questions, the comparability of answers, a relatively easier form of filling out answers and processing the data received. It is advisable to use this variant of constructing questions when studying certain groups of the population (for example, soldiers (sailors)), and also when the researcher clearly imagines what answers to the proposed question can be.

There are several ways to present answer options for a closed question:

a) a dichotomous form, suggesting opposite, mutually exclusive answers (such as "yes - no", "agree - disagree", etc.);

b) polyvariant form, providing several answers. For example: “What lectures did you attend this week?

Psychology, - sociology, - philosophy, - aesthetics”;

c) a scale form used in cases where it is necessary to express the intensity of an attitude, experience, etc. Answers might look like this:

Completely agree - I don't know - Completely disagree;

d) tabular form. For example:

When processing data from large contingents of respondents, coding of responses to closed questions is used. In this case, all answers are accompanied by three-digit numbers, in which the first digits indicate the serial number of questions, and the third indicates the serial number of the answer.

The use of closed questions in the questionnaire allows you to effectively compare the results of the respondents. However, they lack the expression of individual assessments.

semi-closed the question is used either when the researcher does not know all the possible answers, or when he intends to more fully find out the individual opinions of the subjects. In addition to ready-made options, the list of answers contains the column "other answers" and a certain number of empty lines.

An open question implies that the respondent freely answers the proposed question without any restrictions, for example, when filling out a biographical questionnaire. An open question allows the subject to build his answer both in form and in content. The advantages of open questions are that they do not contain hints, do not impose someone else's opinion, and make it possible to collect more complete information. This form of questions is preferable when the psychologist does not know what the assessment of the phenomenon under study may be, wants to get frank independent answers. When using open-ended questions, comparability of answers is difficult. Therefore, such questions are used either at the early stages of the questionnaire, or when there is a need to express all the individual opinions in the group. Such questions are inappropriate in anonymous questionnaires.

Formulation method:

indirect.

AT direct The question provides for an answer that should be understood in the sense in which the respondent understands it. A direct question is aimed at direct, open receipt of information from the respondent.

However, sometimes when it is required to give a critical answer about themselves or others, many respondents tend to limit themselves to socially desirable and approved answers. In such cases, it is advisable to use indirect questions.

Indirect the question usually involves the use of some imaginary situation that masks real information. Indirect questions involve a transfer to something else; the answer to it involves deciphering in a different sense, hidden from the subject. For example, instead of asking a student: “Why do you miss lectures so often?”, you can ask the question: “It is no secret that some of the students in your course rarely attend lectures. Why do you think?

By function :

informational (basic);

questions-filters and control (not basic or clarifying).

Main questions are aimed at collecting information about the content of the phenomenon under study from each respondent.

Filter Questions are used when information is needed only from a part of the total population of respondents. This is a kind of "questionnaire in the questionnaire." The start and end of a filter are usually clearly marked.

For example:

“The next two questions are for psychology students only.

What is the quality of practical classes in the psychology of communication?

How can the acquired knowledge help you in your work in the specialty? Attention! Questions for everyone.

The presence of filter questions that limit the range of respondents allows you to prevent distortion of information that may arise from the answers of insufficiently competent persons.

Control questions provide an opportunity to clarify the correctness and reliability of the information provided by the respondents.

Control questions are of two types. The first is a repetition of informational questions, only in other words. If the answers to the main and control questions are diametrically opposed, then they are excluded from further analysis. Other control questions serve to identify individuals who tend to give socially approved answers. They offer many answers where in practice there can only be a single answer.

For example:

“Have you ever been naughty as a child?

Have you ever lied to people in the past?”

The likelihood of getting an honest, but not widespread answer to such questions is very small.

There are several requirements for improving the effectiveness of control when compiling questions in the questionnaire:

Questionnaire main and control questions should not be placed side by side, otherwise their relationship will be noticed;

Answers to direct questions are better controlled by indirect ones;

It is necessary to control only the most significant questions of the questionnaire;

The need for control, as a rule, decreases if a significant part of the questions allows for avoidance of answers, expressions of uncertainty of opinion (such as “I don’t know”, “when how”, etc.).

Question 2 Motor errors, their characteristics, causes, ways to eliminate them

Examination ticket number 6

1. Physical exercises, their classification. Versatility and conditionality of the influence of physical exercises on those involved.

2. General characteristics of physical qualities (concept, interrelation of abilities and qualities, classification, patterns of development).

3. Scheme of deployment of educational material on physical culture in elementary school.

Examination ticket number 5

1. Definition of the concept of "culture". The concept of "physical culture, its connection with the general culture..

2. Flexibility (concept; forms of manifestation; factors determining the level of development and manifestation; development methodology).

3. Cognitive universal learning activities, ways of their formation.

Ticket number 7 _________________________________________________________________________________

Ticket 8

1. Spatial characteristics

Examination ticket number 9

1. Game and competitive methods, their meaning and features of use:

2. Endurance (concept; manifestation forms; factors determining the level of development and manifestation; development methodology).

3. Formation of motor action self-assessment at the lesson of physical culture.

Examination ticket number 10

1. Circular training as an organizational and pedagogical form of the lesson (purpose, content, methodological features, options).

2. Coordinating abilities (concept; manifestation forms; factors determining the level of development and manifestation; development methodology).

Ticket number 11

1 question: . Methods of learning motor actions in general and in parts (appointment, content, methodological features, options).

2 Question: The content of the concepts: sport, sports activity, competitive activity, sport, classification of sports.

Question 3: Pedagogical analysis and assessment as a research method.

Ticket number 12:

Question 1: The method of uniform exercise (purpose, content, methodological features, options).

2 Question: Features of the construction of sports training (macrocycles, mesocycles, microcycles).

Question 3: Requirements for compiling a list of references (bibliographic list).

Ticket 13

1. Load and rest during physical exercises, their types. Techniques for regulating and dosing the load.

2. Tactical training of an athlete. Features of tactical training in various sports.

3. Pedagogical experiment as a research method

Ticket 14

1. Variable exercise method (purpose, content, methodological features, options)

2. Classes of the lesson type, their distinctive features, types of lessons.

3. Questioning as a research method

Examination ticket No. 15

3. Pulsometry as a research method.

Examination ticket No. 16

1. Interval exercise method (purpose, content, methodological features, options).

2. The concept of planning in physical culture (appointment, methodological requirements, types, content and documents). Technological map of the lesson.

3. Testing as a research method.

Ticket 17

Question 1. Methods of using the word

Question 2. Tasks, features of the methodology and forms of physical exercises with preschoolers.

Question 3. Conversation as a survey method in research

Ticket 18

Question 1. Methods for ensuring visibility during physical exercises (according to L.P. Matveev).

Question 2. Sports orientation and selection in sports.

Question 3. Pedagogical observation as a research method.

Ticket 19

Question 1:________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 2:____________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 3:________________________________________________________________________________________

Ticket 20

Question 1:________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 2:_________________________________________________________________________________

Question 3:________________________________________________________________________________

21 ticket

2. Training process as an object of control.

3. Factors influencing the effectiveness of teaching motor actions of students.

22 ticket

1. The principle of the continuity of the process of physical exercises (general characteristics, ways of implementation in the process of physical exercises).

2. Pedagogical control of physical culture at school, its meaning and content. Algorithm for creating control and measuring materials

16.3. Types, content and basics of control and accounting methods

Examination ticket No. 23

1. The principle of systematicity (general characteristics, ways of implementation in the process of physical exercises)

2. The essence of professionally applied physical training (meaning, tasks, means, methodological foundations of construction).

24 ticket

1. Analysis of the Federal State Educational Standard of Primary General Education

3.Content of concepts: sport, sports activity, competitive activity, sport, classification of sports.

3. Questioning as a research method

Questioning is a procedure for conducting a survey in writing using pre-prepared forms. Questionnaires (from the French “list of questions”) are filled in by the respondents themselves.

This method has the following advantages:

High efficiency of obtaining information;

The possibility of organizing mass surveys;

Relatively low labor intensity of the procedures for preparing and conducting research, processing their results;

The lack of influence of the personality and behavior of the interviewer on the work of the respondents;

The lack of expression in the researcher of the relationship of subjective predilection for any of the respondents,

However, surveys also have significant disadvantages:

The lack of personal contact does not allow, as, say, in a free interview, to change the order and wording of questions depending on the answers or behavior of the respondents;

The reliability of such “self-reports” is not always sufficient, the results of which are influenced by the unconscious attitudes and motives of the respondents or their desire to look in a more favorable light, deliberately embellishing the real state of affairs.

Consider the main types of questions in the questionnaire.

1) about the identity of the respondent, relating to his gender, age, education, profession, marital status, etc. Their presence allows further processing of the survey material within a particular subgroup of people, if necessary, comparing similar information from different subgroups;

2) about the facts of consciousness, intended to reveal the opinions, motives, expectations, plans, value judgments of the respondents;

3) about the facts of behavior that reveal the real actions, actions and results of people's activities.

When processing data from large contingents of respondents, coding of responses to closed questions is used. To do this, all answers are accompanied by three-digit numbers, in which the first two digits indicate the serial number of the question, and the third indicates the serial number of the answer. In practice, such coding is also common, in which all numbers serve to indicate the ordinal numbers of answers. The subject is asked to underline or circle the codes of the selected answers.

The use of closed questions in the questionnaire allows you to effectively compare the results of the respondents. However, they lack the completeness of expressions of individual opinions or assessments, which sometimes causes dissatisfaction of the subjects, and it is also known that such questions can provoke a series of rash, appropriately “mechanical” answers.

A semi-closed question is used if the compiler is not aware of all possible answers, or if he intends to more accurately and fully find out the individual points of view of the persons being examined. In addition to the list of ready-made answers, such a question contains the “other answers” column and a certain number of empty lines (usually five to seven);

An open-ended question assumes that the answer to it will be completely and completely formulated by the respondent himself,

Of course, this will greatly hinder the comparability of answers. Therefore, such questions are used either at the early stages of compiling the questionnaire, or when there is a need for the most complete expression of all individual answers available in the group. Such questions are also inappropriate in cases where the anonymity of respondents is of particular importance.

Questions can be direct or indirect, depending on how they are formulated.

A direct question is aimed at direct, open receipt of information from the respondent. It is expected that it will be given an equally direct and honest answer.

However, where it is required to express a sufficiently critical attitude towards themselves and others, many tend to confine themselves to socially approved answers, sometimes to the detriment of sincerity. Indeed, what will be the teacher's answer to the question "What prevents you from doing your classes well?" or a student's response "Why do you often miss lectures?"

In such cases, an indirect question is formed, which is usually associated with the use of some imaginary situation that masks the critical potential of the transmitted information. For example: "It's no secret that some of the students in your course rarely attend lectures." Why do you think? or “Sometimes you can hear the opinion that some teachers do not conduct their classes well. What explains this attitude towards work?

By function, the questions of the questionnaire are divided into information (basic), filters and control (clarifying).

At the same time, most of the questions are aimed at obtaining information from each of the respondents. This is the so-called. main questions.

Filter questions are used when information is needed not from the entire population of respondents, but only from a part of them. This is a kind of "questionnaire in the questionnaire." The beginning and end of the filter is usually clearly indicated graphically. For example:

“The next three questions are for psychology students only.

Are you a student of psychology? ...

What is the quality of practical classes in the psychology of communication? ...

To what extent can the knowledge gained on them help you in your work in your specialty?

Attention! Questions for everyone.

Restrictions on the range of respondents, carried out by the filter, make it possible to avoid distortions of information introduced by the answers of insufficiently competent persons.

Control questions provide an opportunity to clarify the correctness of the information provided by the respondents, as well as to exclude unreliable answers or even questionnaires from further consideration.

These are usually questions of two types. The first are repetitions of informational questions formulated in other words. If the answers of the main and control question are diametrically opposed, they are excluded from the subsequent analysis. Other control questions serve to identify individuals who have an increased propensity to choose socially approved answers. They offer a number of answers where in practice there can be only a single answer. For example:

"Have you ever been naughty as a child?"

As can be seen from the nature of these questions, the likelihood of getting an honest, but not actually widespread, answer is very small.

There are several ways to improve control efficiency:

In the questionnaire, the main and control question should not be placed side by side, otherwise their relationship will be detected;

Answers to direct questions are best controlled by indirect questions;

It is necessary to control only the most significant questions in the questionnaire;

The need for control, as a rule, decreases if a significant part of the questions allows evasion, expressions of uncertainty of opinion (such as “I don’t know”, “I find it difficult to answer”, “when how”, etc.).

Stages of preparation of the questionnaire.

I. Analysis of the survey topic, highlighting individual problems in it;

II. Development of a pilot questionnaire with a predominance of open questions;

III. Pilot survey. Analysis of its results;

IV. Clarification of the wording of the instructions and the content of the questions;

V. Questioning;

VI. Generalization and interpretation of the results. Preparing of report.

Questionnaire composition. Such a standardized and correspondence conversation with a respondent has a fairly stable scenario. It usually begins with a brief introduction - an appeal to the respondent, which sets out the topic of the survey, its goals, the name of the organization or person conducting the survey, and the strict confidentiality of the information received.

Then, as a rule, instructions for filling out the form are set out. In the event that the nature of the questions or their form change throughout the questionnaire, the instructions may be not only at the beginning, but also in other parts of the form.

It is very rare that the process of filling out the questionnaire is of particular benefit to the interviewees. Therefore, usually the first questions are as easy and interesting as possible. It is important to make sure that the majority of respondents want to answer them. The functions of such questions-contactors are:

a) the formation of a setting for cooperation;

b) stimulating the interest of the subjects;

c) introducing respondents to the range of problems discussed in the questionnaire;

d) getting information.

These are followed by more complex questions that make up the main content of the questionnaire.

And, finally, in the final part of the form, easier questions again follow, which is associated with the onset of exhaustion of attention, with increased fatigue of the respondents.

Requirements for the wording of questions for the questionnaire:

Does the question contain hints, either explicitly or implicitly? (After all, a question like “What do you like about ...?” already has a certain external assignment, since it assumes that something “likes”)

Does the question exceed the level of memory or thinking of the respondent? (As an example, you can try to accurately answer a question such as “How many hours per month do you spend preparing for seminars?”)

Does it contain words that are incomprehensible to the respondents or have extremely vague content? (For example, such as “tolerance”, “altruism”, “rating”, “infantilism”, etc., or words like such “often”, “rarely”, “on average”, ..., the content of which is very ambiguous for different not just a schoolboy, not every student will give an answer to the question "Do you often show conformity?" And how is it "often"? Once a day, a week, a year?)

Does the question hurt the dignity and pride of the respondent? Will it cause an excessive negative emotional reaction?

Isn't the question too long in terms of size? Are the answers to it overly detailed?

Is it not asked about several different subjects at the same time? Is there an error in the logic of presentation?

Will the question appeal to everyone? Is a filter needed?

Does the issue need to be controlled? In what exactly?

What type of question (according to the form of the answer and the method of formulation) is most preferable in this particular case?

Are there evasion options in a closed question? Are they needed?

Is there grammatical agreement between the question and the answers to it?

Were there any distortions when reprinting the questionnaire?

Topic: “Questioning as a method of pedagogical research. Types of questionnaires and questions»

CONTENT

INTRODUCTION

Relevance. Questioning is a method of collecting information about the object under study during direct (interview) or indirect (questionnaire) pedagogical communication between the teacher and the respondent (interrogated) by registering the respondents' answers to the questions formulated by the teacher, arising from the goals and objectives of the study.

With its help, you can get information that is not always reflected in documentary sources or accessible to direct observation. Questioning is resorted to when necessary, and often the only source of information is a person - a direct participant, representative, carrier of the studied phenomena or process. Verbal (verbal) information obtained through this method is much richer and generally more reliable than non-verbal information. It is easier to quantify and analyze, which makes it possible to widely use computer technology for this. The advantage of the method is also its versatility. It lies in the fact that during the survey, both the motives of the activities of individuals and the results of their activities are recorded. All this provides the questionnaire method with advantages that are not inherent in either the observation method or the document analysis method.

Analysis of scientific achievements and publications indicates that the system of research methods is considered by: M.I. Kuznetsova, E.E. Kochurova, E.A. Mikhalychev, P.I. Pidkasisty and others.

Purpose of the study: consider the features of the survey method.

Tasks: 1. Reveal the essence of the survey.

2. Consider the advantages and disadvantages of the survey method.

3. Analyze the types of questions placed in the questionnaire.

1. The essence of the survey method

Questioning is a method of mass collection of material using specially designed questionnaires, called questionnaires. This is a type of survey that involves the respondent filling out a special form with the questions of the questionnaire, which also contains socio-demographic information about the respondent.

The main types of surveys differ in the number of participants, the way the questionnaires are filled out, and the way of communication during the collection of information. If the survey involves a survey of all participants in a certain process without exception, or the entire social group, team, etc., then such a survey is called continuous. It is more often used when dealing with small numbers of people.

Direct questioning involves recording the answers of the questionnaire with their own hands by the interviewed persons, and indirect - if these answers are recorded by the questionnaire. This case is used when it is difficult or impossible for him to do it himself due to injury, poor eyesight, age, and the like.

Personal questioning provides for direct communication of the questionnaire with the respondent, and the questionnaire is filled out in the presence of the researcher. This method of questioning is the most convenient and informative, it allows the interviewer to check the correctness and completeness of filling out the questionnaires, to provide, if necessary, additional advice to the respondent.

Very similar to personal as well as group and individual surveys, which also require direct communication between the researcher and the respondents. During the group survey, the most common when interviewing schoolchildren, their parents, students, employees of one educational institution, participants are collected at a certain time in one room in groups of up to 20 people, with one questionnaire working with each of them. Such a survey makes it possible to control the procedure for collecting information, as well as save time and money. If it is not possible to collect respondents in one city, the survey is carried out in turn with each individual.

When using correspondence questionnaires, the questionnaire leaves the questionnaire to the respondent and he fills it out in the absence of the researcher. For example, the questionnaire sends questionnaires to parents with students. This type of survey does not provide a guarantee of obtaining reliable personal information from the respondent.

Press questioning provides for the publication of the text of the questionnaires on the pages of magazines and newspapers with a request to send the completed questionnaires to the address. In postal surveys, questionnaires are sent by mail to a select group of individuals with a request to provide answers and return them to the mail. These methods of questioning are quite ineffective, because on average about 5% of the questionnaires are returned, therefore, it is not necessary to talk about the representativeness, informativeness and objectivity of such a survey.

The handout questionnaire resembles a correspondence one, since the questionnaire hands the questionnaires to each participant, explains the goals of the study and the tasks, advises on the technique of filling out the questionnaires, and agrees with the interviewee on the date and method of their return.

The questionnaire consists of three main parts: introductory, main part and "passport". An extremely large role in the future effectiveness of the survey is given to the introductory part, since it should form the general attitude of the respondent to the survey procedure, his mental attitude, seriousness and conscientiousness. The main purpose of the introductory part is to induce a desire in a person to give answers. Most often, it is located on the title page of the questionnaire, is concise and contains an introduction that indicates the organization that conducts the survey, its purpose and objectives, reveals the importance of solving the problem under study and the role of the respondent, indicates the rules for filling out the questionnaire and expresses gratitude to the interviewee for participating in the study . It is especially necessary to note the aspect of anonymity of the questionnaire, or rather the opinions of the respondent and other information that he reports. It is necessary to guarantee the respondent that this information, especially of a private, confidential nature, will not be available to others without his consent.

The main part is the most important, most informative part of the questionnaire for the researcher, because it is she who provides meaningful information, which is then analyzed and interpreted, that is, it acts as the basis for formulating certain conclusions. The main part is conditionally divided into three components: first, the so-called contact questions are formulated, they are simple, simply formulated. Their main purpose is to interest the respondent, to include him in the problem, to give him the opportunity to test the technique of filling out the questionnaire.

The questions gradually become more difficult, but the respondent is already prepared for this. The second group of questions consists of the main - the most difficult questions.

The content of these questions corresponds to the purpose and objectives of the study and provides the researcher with key information regarding the problem under study. If it is necessary to solve several tasks, then first groups of questions are formulated for each task, but they can be placed in the questionnaire either in blocks, or mixed with questions from other blocks, however, they must be located only in the middle of the main part.

The main part of the questionnaire ends with final questions. It is worth noting one drawback of the questionnaire, which appears with such an arrangement of questions according to the level of complexity. Since all questions are logically interconnected and the topic is gradually narrowed down for consideration, then there is a mutual influence of previous questions on subsequent ones, which gradually distorts the overall picture.

This influence of questions is called the radiation effect or the echo effect.

And, finally, a “passport”, which contains questions about the profession, education, age, gender, social origin, marital status, place of residence, etc. The amount and nature of this information depends on the purpose and purpose of a particular study. Making a "passport" is not as easy as it seems at first glance. This information is of great importance during the analysis of the results of the study to identify certain patterns, characteristic trends and relationships between the identified answers (thoughts, behavior), and, for example, the place of residence of people or their religion, age or nature of activity. That is why the list of questions, gradation (classes) into certain groups must be clearly thought out. For example, when studying educational interests and plans for further education of students of different age categories in a particular HEI, you can include an age interval from 12 to 15 or up to 14 or 16 years.

2. Advantages and disadvantages of questionnaires

The benefits of a survey are:

The independence of the respondent's answers from the personality of the questionnaire, his worldview, value orientations, etc.;

Sufficient time for the respondent to think about the question and formulate (choose) the answer;

Using a well-designed questionnaire as a tool that has appropriate qualitative characteristics, which reduces the impact on the result due to the lack of experience of the questionnaire;

Preliminary thoughtfulness, balance of questions that are formulated in the questionnaire (subject to its high-quality development);

A fairly wide range of questions, unlimited in time, as, for example, when interviewing;

The possibility of standardizing the procedure for collecting data and their subsequent statistical processing, which makes it possible to use this information to develop managerial decisions and formulate balanced conclusions (subject to compliance with all the rules for forming a sample of respondents, conducting a survey procedure and the quality of the questionnaire itself as a tool) .

Various types of surveys make it possible to obtain information of varying degrees of reliability and reliability, which is natural due to the peculiarities of survey procedures in different cases. It is clear that the survey, which is conducted by an experienced questionnaire in his presence after a short briefing of the respondents (s), and the questionnaire is collected by the researcher with his own hand and its completion is checked (that is, the survey is direct, personal and individual) has significantly higher quality characteristics and can be used when quantitative studies of a particular situation or phenomenon.

However, surveys also have some common disadvantages, namely:

The impossibility of a flexible response to the process of obtaining information, transferring it to the other side, to more interesting, relevant aspects for the researcher;

Return of incomplete or partially completed questionnaires in case of using mail questionnaires or due to the inattention of the questionnaire;

The existence of certain restrictions in the use of certain types of questionnaires, which reduces the reliability of the data obtained (for example, filling out questionnaires by questionnaires based on the answers of respondents - children, sick people, etc., filling out questionnaires by other people during postal or press surveys, and some others.

3. Types of questions in the questionnaire

Consider briefly the different types of questions, their features and purpose.

Closed - these are questions of the questionnaire, if the questionnaire contains several answers. The respondent must underline or circle the selected option or response code. Such questions are convenient for future machine processing of questionnaires and statistical processing of results, but there are also disadvantages.

For example, the question:

“What extra-curricular activities aimed at popularizing the experience of teachers in your educational institution did you conduct?”

In order to improve its information content, it is recommended to use a semi-closed question in such a situation, adding to the specified list the line “Other (specify which ones)”, which provides, if necessary, an open answer of the respondent. The line “Other” instead of the completely uninformative “I can’t answer” or “I don’t know” is much more appropriate.

And, finally, open-ended answers do not imply any answers in the questionnaire, the respondent formulates a short answer on his own. For example, “By what criteria do you evaluate the effectiveness of the administration of your HEI?”

A direct question allows you to get direct information from the respondent to the questions and is usually formulated in a personal way. For example, "Did you receive special coach training within the program?"

The indirect question is formulated in such a way that allows the respondent to express his opinion from the position of a certain group, collective. Often the information you need is obtained through not one but a series of questions.

This form is more often used when questions relate to the respondent's personal life, intimate issues, attitudes towards certain negative phenomena, etc. At the same time, they are not asked how the respondent himself will directly behave in this or that situation, but how they relate to this situation or the phenomenon of his other acquaintances, colleagues, friends.

Findings. Despite the above shortcomings, questionnaires as a method of collecting primary information in monitoring studies, performance evaluation have become very widespread, especially in recent years due to the intensification of civil processes around the world, a large number of public opinion surveys, and the like.

CONCLUSION:

Thus, we found out the following.

Questionnaire - a common type of diagnostic and research methods, distributed as a series of thematically related questions, in a certain way ordered, open or closed, including demographic questions (the so-called "passport") and an appeal to the respondent. A professionally compiled questionnaire is developed on the basis of a previously developed construct that models the diagnosed phenomenon, the essential features and forms of the respondent's behavior.

The questionnaire is one whole, and not the sum of questions that reflect certain properties and are placed in the questionnaire at the request of the researcher.

The survey method has both advantages and disadvantages.

But, despite the imperfection, this method has become widespread, especially in recent times.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE:

Bolyubash Ya.Ya., Bulakh I., Mruga M.G., Filonchuk I.F. Pedagogical assessment and testing. Rules, standards, responsibility. Scientific publication. - K .: Master class, 2007. - 272 p.

Kuznetsova M.I., Kochurova E.E. Methodology for conducting pedagogical diagnostics and a set of diagnostic materials that determine the readiness of children to study at school. - Internet resource - .

Mikhalychev E.A. To the conceptual apparatus of pedagogical diagnostics // Pedagogical diagnostics. - 2006. - No. 2. – S. 57.

Society of Russia, - 2006. - 608 p.

APPENDIX

Table 1

BASIC CONCEPTS

Mikhalychev E.A. To the conceptual apparatus of pedagogical diagnostics // Pedagogical diagnostics. - 2006. - No. 2. - 16 s.

3. Types of survey: questioning and interviewing. The introductory part of the questionnaire plays a significant role in the effectiveness and informativeness of the survey; it should form a general positive attitude of the respondent to the survey procedure, his mental mood, seriousness and conscientiousness. The main part of the questionnaire is the most informative part of the questionnaire for the researcher; it provides meaningful information, which is then analyzed and interpreted, and serves as the basis for the researcher (analyst, expert) to formulate certain conclusions and recommendations.

Bolyubash Ya.Ya., Bulakh I., Mruga M.G., Filonchuk I.F. Pedagogical assessment and testing. Rules, standards, responsibility. Scientific publication. - K .: Master class, 2007. - 104 p.

4. Personal questioning provides for direct communication of the questionnaire with the respondent, and the questionnaire is filled out in the presence of the researcher. This method of questioning is the most convenient and informative, it allows the questionnaire to control the correctness and completeness of filling out the questionnaires, their volume

Pedagogy. Textbook for students of pedagogical universities and pedagogical colleges / ed. P.I. piddly. - M .: Pedagogical society of Russia, - 200 6. - 132 p.

5. Indirect question - formulated in such a way that allows the respondent to express his opinion from the position of a certain group, collective.

Mikhalychev E.A. To the conceptual apparatus of pedagogical diagnostics // Pedagogical diagnostics. - 2006. - No. 2. – 25 s.

6. Poll - the most popular method of collecting information, which makes it possible to obtain reliable information that is subjected to statistical processing. According to the method of conducting surveys, they are divided into questionnaires, which involve the respondent filling out a special form with the questions of the questionnaire and interviewing, during which the respondent answers the questions orally, and the interviewer records the answers.

7. “Passportichka” - a structural part of the questionnaire, which contains questions on profession, education, age, gender, social origin, marital status, place of residence, and the like.

Bolyubash Ya.Ya., Bulakh I., Mruga M.G., Filonchuk I.F. Pedagogical assessment and testing. Rules, standards, responsibility. Scientific publication. - K .: Master class, 2007. - 211 p.

8. Direct questioning involves recording the answers of the questionnaire with their own hands by the interviewed persons, and indirect - if these answers are recorded by the questionnaire. This case is used when it is difficult or impossible for him to do it himself due to injury, poor eyesight, age, and the like.

9. The structure of the questionnaire: introductory, main parts and "passport".

Pedagogy. Textbook for students of pedagogical universities and pedagogical colleges / ed. P.I. piddly. - M .: Pedagogical society of Russia, - 200 6. - 611 p.

10. Scale is a means of fixing the results of measuring the properties of objects by arranging them in a certain numerical system, in which the relationship between individual results is expressed in the corresponding numbers. In the process of ordering, each element of the sample is assigned a certain score (the so-called scale index), which determines the position of this result on the scale.

11. Scaling - assignment of points or other numerical indicators to the studied characteristics. Scaling helps to determine the highest and lowest levels of the phenomenon under study, makes it possible to identify the intensity of phenomena and processes, and makes it possible to numerically reflect qualitative data using scale steps.

Pedagogy. Textbook for students of pedagogical universities and pedagogical colleges / ed. P.I. piddly. - M .: Pedagogical society of Russia, - 200 6. - 429 p.

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creative essay

By discipline: General psychological workshop

On the topic: Questioning as a method of psychological research

Students of Dmitrikova Maria Alexandrovna

Questioning as a method of psychological research

Today, questioning is one of the most popular methods of psychological research. This method is used not only in psychology, but also in sociology and in many social and human sciences. The problem of studying the features of the survey is timely and most relevant for those who are mastering the profession of a psychologist.

The questionnaire method is a form of survey, which, as a rule, is carried out in absentia. That is, without direct contact between the interviewer and the respondent. It is rational in two cases. The first case is when it is necessary to interview a large number of respondents in a short time. The second case is relevant if the respondents are given time to think carefully about their answers, while having a printed questionnaire in front of them.

During the survey, you can get the necessary information, for this it is necessary that the questionnaire be carefully prepared. First of all, when preparing the questionnaire, it is necessary to draw up a questionnaire in which the questions will be precisely formulated. It is also necessary to take into account the educational and cultural level of the respondent. When preparing the questionnaire, it is necessary to take into account the wording of questions, the order in which words are used, since this also affects the answer. Do not neglect the rule of arranging questions, they should be placed not in a logical, but in a psychological sequence. Thus, the questions will capture more of the respondent's attention, and will encourage him to a more accurate answer.

Psychology today has a wide range of effective methods for conducting psychological research.

The questionnaire method is a psychological communicative-verbal method in which a list of questions is used as a means of collecting information from the respondent - a questionnaire specially designed for this study.

Questioning in psychology is used to obtain psychological data, sociological and demographic play only some supporting role. Communication psychologist with the defendant transferred to a minimum. Questioning allows the most strict adherence to the procedures of planned studies - "question - answer" is strictly checked.

With this method, it is possible to achieve a high rate of mass research at the lowest cost. A feature of this method can be called its anonymity (the identity of the respondent is not indicated, only answers are indicated). It is carried out mainly when it is necessary to find out the opinions of people on some issues and cover a large number of people in a short time.

You can also get a huge amount of information about a product in a short time, find out people's opinions on certain issues, tasks for the goals set. As the name implies: "Questioning", it is based on the main means of recording all the results of the study - questionnaires. According to the explanatory dictionary, a questionnaire is a set of questions (necessarily interconnected), for each of which the respondent (respondent) must give an accurate answer. Questions in the questionnaires may require answers that are precise (mathematical) or expressing a specific opinion (sociological and psychological). Based on these answers, the interviewers draw certain conclusions on the problem of interest to them. questionnaire

In the modern world, to analyze the opinions of different groups of people, questionnaires are most often used as a method of sociological research, therefore, professionals in this field, as well as experienced psychologists, whose task is to correctly compose questions for the respondent, are working on the creation of the relevant questionnaires. There are several rules that the so-called "checklist" must comply with.

1. The purpose and content of the total number of questions in the questionnaire should be taken into account.

2. in order to be able to analyze the results of various surveys, at the beginning of the questionnaire there should always be questions from the interlocutor to clarify personal data - surname, name, patronymic (not in all cases), gender and status.

3. Questioning as a research method should not be overloaded with vague or insignificant questions, the charter of which the respondent will not be able to fully answer the very important ones. methodologies

Among other things, the questions in the questionnaire should be clear and logical, follow a logical sequence, and gradually increase the interest of the respondent (in the case of a marketing survey). At the end of the survey, you should ask the most difficult questions, the answers to which you will have to think about. An important condition for the quality of the survey is the accuracy of the wording of the questions, which does not allow double interpretation or ambiguity. When creating a questionnaire, it is impossible to allow questions from several verbose sentences, using professional terms. In addition, if the questionnaire as a research method is not sociological, it should not address questions about memories, personal preferences, or the social environment in which the respondent lives. questionnaire

Finally, it should be noted: if the questionnaire was created for any type of surveys on your own, do not forget to check before the survey. You can ask questions to people who are not interested in order to assess how well the wording sounds and whether it is easy to give an answer. questionnaire

If the "pilot" test is successful - you can start the study.

Let's analyze the main types of questions in the questionnaire.

According to the content (or orientation) of questions, there are three types:

I) about the identity of the respondent, regarding his gender, age, education, profession, marital status, etc. Their presence allows further processing of the survey material within a particular subgroup of people, if necessary, comparing similar information from different subgroups;

II) about the facts of consciousness, intended to reveal the opinions, motives, expectations, plans, value judgments of the respondents;

III) about the facts of behavior that reveal the real actions, actions and results of people's activities.

Depending on the form of the answer, the questions are divided into closed, semi-closed and open.

A closed question contains a deep set of possible answers. At the same time, the respondent only graphically marks his choice from the options provided to him. The number of choices to be made (one or more) is usually specified in the instructions.

When processing data from large contingents of respondents, deciphering the answers to closed questions is used.

The use of closed questions in the questionnaire makes it possible to effectively compare the results of the respondents. However, they lack the completeness of the expression of individual opinions or assessments, which sometimes causes dissatisfaction of the subjects, and it is also known that such questions can provoke a series of incorrect, automatic answers.

A semi-closed question is used if the compiler is not aware of all possible answers, or if he intends to more accurately and fully find out the individual points of view of the persons being examined. In addition to the list of ready-made answers, such a question contains the column "other answers" and several empty lines (usually seven or eight);

questioning psychological method verbal

An open-ended question assumes that the answer to it will be completely and completely formulated by the respondent himself,

Of course, this will greatly hinder the comparability of responses. Therefore, such questions are used either at the early stages of compiling the questionnaire, or when there is a need for the most complete expression of all individual answers available in the group. Such questions are also inappropriate in cases where the anonymity of respondents is of particular importance.

Consider the classification of questions in the method of questioning.

Questions can be direct or indirect, depending on how they are formulated.

By function, the questions of the questionnaire are divided into information (basic), filters and control (clarifying).

At the same time, most of the questions are aimed at obtaining information from each of the respondents. These are the so-called basic questions.

Control questions provide an opportunity to clarify the correctness of the information declared by the respondents, as well as to skip unreliable answers or even questionnaires from further consideration.

These usually include questions of two types.

1) The first ones are repetitions of informational questions formulated in other words. If the answers of the main and control question are diametrically opposed, they are excluded from the subsequent analysis.

2) Other control questions serve to identify individuals who have an increased propensity to choose socially approved answers. They offer some set of answers where in practice there can be only a single answer.

As can be seen from the nature of these questions, the reliability of getting an honest, but actually unpopular answer to them is very small.

So, let's clarify the advantages and disadvantages of the survey method. methodologies

Pros: Acquisitions

high speed of information acquisition;

the possibility of organizing mass research;

a relatively small volume of labor-intensive procedures for training and research, processing their results;

the lack of influence of the personality and behavior of the interviewer on the work of the respondents;

the lack of expression in the researcher of the relationship of subjective commitment to any of the respondents. interviewers

However, surveys also have significant disadvantages:

the lack of personal contact does not allow, as, say, in a free interview, to change the order and wording of questions depending on the questions or the behavior of the respondents;

not always complete reliability of such "self-reports", the results of which are influenced by the unconscious attitudes and motives of the respondents or their desire to look in a more favorable light, deliberately embellishing the true state of affairs.

In modern psychology, interview questions as an auxiliary method of scientific research, such as sociology and demography, are one of the largest providers, by some estimates, 90% of the collected information.

Conclusion of the interviewers:

Thus, in our work, we examined the method of questioning in psychology. Let's make a corresponding conclusion on our creative work.

Questioning (translated from French enquete, literally - investigation), one of the main technical means of a specific public research; used in psychological, sociological, socio-psychological, economic, demographic and other studies. The questionnaire does not require any indication of the identity of the respondent. The information collected will be used solely for research purposes. Questioning is one of the most common research methods in psychology.

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...

The essence of the survey. Questionnaire method

General information

Types of survey

By number of respondents

By coverage

By type of contact with the respondent

Online survey

Notes

Literature

see also

See what the "Questionnaire Method" is in other dictionaries:

Books

General characteristics of the method

Varieties of the survey method

3. Questioning as a research method

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Questioning as a method of psychological research

Psychology today has a wide range of effective methods for conducting psychological research.

The questionnaire method is a psychological communicative-verbal method in which a list of questions is used as a means of collecting information from the respondent - a questionnaire specially designed for this study.

1. The purpose and content of the total number of questions in the questionnaire should be taken into account.

2. in order to be able to analyze the results of various surveys, at the beginning of the questionnaire there should always be questions from the interlocutor to clarify personal data - surname, name, patronymic (not in all cases), gender and status.

3. Questioning as a research method should not be overloaded with vague or insignificant questions, the charter of which the respondent will not be able to fully answer the very important ones. methodologies

Finally, it should be noted: if the questionnaire was created for any type of surveys on your own, do not forget to check before the survey. You can ask questions to people who are not interested in order to assess how well the wording sounds and whether it is easy to give an answer. questionnaire

If the "pilot" test is successful - you can start the study.

Let's analyze the main types of questions in the questionnaire.

According to the content (or orientation) of questions, there are three types:

I) about the identity of the respondent, regarding his gender, age, education, profession, marital status, etc. Their presence allows further processing of the survey material within a particular subgroup of people, if necessary, comparing similar information from different subgroups;

II) about the facts of consciousness, intended to reveal the opinions, motives, expectations, plans, value judgments of the respondents;

III) about the facts of behavior that reveal the real actions, actions and results of people's activities.

Depending on the form of the answer, the questions are divided into closed, semi-closed and open.

A closed question contains a deep set of possible answers. At the same time, the respondent only graphically marks his choice from the options provided to him. The number of choices to be made (one or more) is usually specified in the instructions.

When processing data from large contingents of respondents, deciphering the answers to closed questions is used.

Similar Documents

General information

Types of survey

By number of respondents

By coverage

By type of contact with the respondent

Online survey

Notes

Literature

see also

See what the "Questionnaire Method" is in other dictionaries:

Books

General characteristics of the method

Varieties of the survey method

3. Questioning as a research method

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Questioning as a method of psychological research

Psychology today has a wide range of effective methods for conducting psychological research.

The questionnaire method is a psychological communicative-verbal method in which a list of questions is used as a means of collecting information from the respondent - a questionnaire specially designed for this study.

1. The purpose and content of the total number of questions in the questionnaire should be taken into account.

2. in order to be able to analyze the results of various surveys, at the beginning of the questionnaire there should always be questions from the interlocutor to clarify personal data - surname, name, patronymic (not in all cases), gender and status.

3. Questioning as a research method should not be overloaded with vague or insignificant questions, the charter of which the respondent will not be able to fully answer the very important ones. methodologies

Finally, it should be noted: if the questionnaire was created for any type of surveys on your own, do not forget to check before the survey. You can ask questions to people who are not interested in order to assess how well the wording sounds and whether it is easy to give an answer. questionnaire

If the "pilot" test is successful - you can start the study.

Let's analyze the main types of questions in the questionnaire.

According to the content (or orientation) of questions, there are three types:

I) about the identity of the respondent, regarding his gender, age, education, profession, marital status, etc. Their presence allows further processing of the survey material within a particular subgroup of people, if necessary, comparing similar information from different subgroups;

II) about the facts of consciousness, intended to reveal the opinions, motives, expectations, plans, value judgments of the respondents;

III) about the facts of behavior that reveal the real actions, actions and results of people's activities.

Depending on the form of the answer, the questions are divided into closed, semi-closed and open.

A closed question contains a deep set of possible answers. At the same time, the respondent only graphically marks his choice from the options provided to him. The number of choices to be made (one or more) is usually specified in the instructions.

When processing data from large contingents of respondents, deciphering the answers to closed questions is used.

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