Often in school homework in the Russian language, students are faced with the need to perform one or another analysis of a word, phrase or sentence. Along with syntactic, lexical and morphemic analysis, the school program includes morphological analysis. Let's consider how to perform morphological analysis for a verb, and find out what morphological features characterize this part of speech.

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The verb and its forms

Determining the initial form, the part of speech to which the word belongs, and its role in the sentence is usually not difficult. However, students often have questions regarding the morphological features of the word. For each part of speech, their permanent and non-permanent features are distinguished: it can be gender and case for a noun, aspect and tense for a verb.

The verb is called an independent part of speech, denoting any action that answers the question "what to do?" or "what to do?" Here are some examples: clean, walk, wish, love, walk.

There are 4 verb forms. These include:

• infinitive, or initial form of the verb: run, sit, be;
• conjugated forms: read, sing, steal;
• participle: fallen, dormant, embedded;
• gerund: dreaming, answering, completing.

In a sentence, conjugated forms most often play the role of a predicate, and the remaining forms can be any other members of the sentence.

There are fixed and non-permanent signs of the verb. The infinitive has only constant features, since it is an invariable part of speech. For conjugated forms, it is also possible to define non-permanent signs, since these verbs can change, for example, in numbers or persons.

Permanent morphological features

Permanent signs include the following:

• conjugation;
• returnability;
• transitivity.

View is a category that defines how a given action proceeds over time and indicates whether it has been or will be completed at a particular point in time. View can be specified for all verb forms.

The perfect form includes verbs that are used when you need to show the completeness of the action. An imperfect view, on the contrary, denotes a certain prolongation in time, incompleteness. It is not difficult to distinguish them: the imperfect form answers the question “what to do?”, For the perfect form, the question “what to do?” is used.

Consider several sentences and determine the form for the verbs that were used in them.

He woke up as the sun was already setting.

Let's find out what question the first highlighted verb answers.

He (what did he do?) woke up.

This question is a sign of a perfect look. The value also indicates the completion of the action: he woke up, i.e. has already performed the action.

Let's look at the second verb. Let's ask him a question:

The sun was already (what was doing?) setting.

We define the form of the second word as imperfect. Really, the sun was setting, but it's not clear if the action was completed or not.

It should be remembered that there are two-spectrum verbs for which it is possible to determine the aspect only when the word is given in the context. As an example, consider the word use:

• It is convenient for students to study (what to do?) to use a laptop.
• To pass the most difficult level in the game, I had to (what to do?) use the last hint.

By asking appropriate questions to the word, we can easily determine the form of the verb: in the first phrase - the imperfect, and in the second - the perfect form.

Type conjugations There are 3 types of verbs: I conjugation, II conjugation and conjugated verbs. To determine the conjugation, you need to put the desired word in the infinitive form and see what it ends with. If before the suffix -th is the letter and ( drink, saw, repair, glue), the word belongs to the II conjugation. In the event that another letter stands before the infinitive suffix ( take, walk, prick, command, bend), we refer the verb to the I conjugation.

However, keep in mind that there are exceptions to this rule, as shown in the table below.

Also a constant feature is recurrence. The reflexive form differs from the non-reflexive form by the presence of a suffix -sya or -ss at the end of a word. Returns include the following: laugh, learn, have fun; are irrevocable walk, be able to, wash.

Transitivity characterized by the possibility of connecting a verb with a noun or pronoun in the genitive or accusative case without a preposition. Thus, turn on (light), open (window), see (forest) - examples of transitive infinitives, and believe (in oneself), laugh (at a joke) are examples of intransitives.

Inconstant signs of the verb

There are five non-permanent signs:

• mood;
• time;
• number;
• face;

It should be remembered that the presence of a particular category depends on the form in which the word is used.

Mood used to indicate how an action relates to reality. In the indicative mood, verb forms denote an action that actually happened, may happen at the moment, or will only happen in the future. Examples

• As children, we often walked in the park near the house.
• In a few days they will buy a new bike.

The conditional mood describes actions that are possible only when certain conditions are met. They are formed from the infinitive or the past tense with the particle would (b). For example: She would have to pay a large sum for this.

The imperative mood is used in requests and orders to indicate the required action. Examples:

• Please bring my book to school tomorrow.
• Put this cabinet a little closer to the window.

The category of time is defined only for the indicative mood. There are 3 forms: past tense for actions that have already happened before; present for actions taking place at the current moment; future tense - for what will happen after a certain time period. Here are some examples:

• came home, looked for a notebook, listened to music - past tense forms;
• I learn by heart, you look around, they make noise in the yard- present tense forms;
• we will know mathematics, find a wallet, watch a movie - forms of the future tense.

Number can be defined for any inflected verb forms. As with other changeable parts of speech, they distinguish the singular (when one actor is related to the performance of the action) and the plural (if there are several persons).

• come, would do, leave, learn, looking for- singular;
• bring, would like, reacted, fall, ride- plural.

Category faces are distinguished only for forms of the imperative mood, as well as for the present and future tenses of the indicative mood. 1 person means that the speaker refers this action to himself or the group of people in which he is ( I say, we think). If the described action refers to the interlocutor or interlocutors, then the verb is used in the form of 2 persons ( answer, repeat). 3 person means that the action is performed by people who are not related to the speaker or interlocutor ( silent, wipe).

Genus is a feature that is defined for the singular in the conditional mood or in the indicative mood in the past tense.

• bought, would come- masculine;
• wear, dream- feminine;
• broken, burnt- neuter gender.

An example of morphological parsing

Consider how you can determine what morphological features a verb has. To do this, we analyze the word mastered used in the sentence:

Fifth grade students easily mastered new topic.

1. Mastered denotes an action, therefore, we define a part of speech - a verb.
2. Initial form (infinitive) - master.
3. We define permanent signs:
   1. Students (what did they do?) mastered , the question refers to the perfect form.
   2. Pay attention to the form of the infinitive, pay attention to the fact that before -th located and(while the verb is not on the list of exceptions), this indicates the II conjugation.
   3. No suffix -sya or -ss says that the verb is irrevocable.
   4. The verb agrees with the noun in the accusative case ( mastered the topic), therefore, it belongs to the transitional ones.
4. We analyze what non-permanent signs can be determined for this form:
   1. The action is performed in reality, therefore its mood is indicative.
   2. The time of action is the past (you can add adverbs of time to the sentence yesterday, last year, the form of the verb will not change). Remember that the person is not defined in the past tense.
   3. Insofar as pupils - it's a lot of actors mastered is in the plural form. For the plural, it is impossible to determine the gender.
5. In this offer mastered is predicate.

Verb Parsing Plan

I	Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question.
II	Initial form (infinitive). Morphological features:
	A	Permanent morphological features:
		1	view(perfect, imperfect);
		2	recurrence(irrevocable, returnable);
		3	transitivity(transitive, intransitive);
		4	conjugation;
	B	Variable morphological features:
		1	mood;
		2	time(in the indicative mood);
		3	number;
		4	face(in the present, future tense; in the imperative mood);
		5	genus(for verbs in the past tense of the indicative and subjunctive moods of the singular).
III	Role in the proposal(which member of the sentence is the verb in this sentence).

Verb parsing patterns

Do you like to ride - love to carry sleds(proverb).

Do you love

1. what are you doing?
2. N. f. - be in love. Morphological features:
   1) imperfect view;
   2) irrevocable;
   3) transitional;
   4) II conjugation.
   
   2) present time;
   3) singular;
   4) 2nd person.

Ride

1. Verb; denotes an action; answers the question what to do?
2. N. f. - ride. Morphological features:
   A) Permanent morphological features:
   1) imperfect view;
   2) returnable;
   3) intransitive;
   4) I conjugation.
   B) Variable morphological characters. Used in the infinitive form (invariant form).
3. In a sentence, it is part of a compound verb predicate.

love

1. Verb; denotes an action; answers the question what do you do?
2. N. f. - be in love. Morphological features:
   A) Permanent morphological features:
   1) imperfect view;
   2) irrevocable;
   3) transitional;
   4) II conjugation.
   B) Variable morphological characters. Used in the form:
   1) imperative mood;
   2) singular;
   3) 2nd person.
3. In a sentence, it is part of a compound verb predicate.

Plowing has begun(Prishvin).

started

1. Verb; denotes an action; answers the question what did you do?
2. N. f. - start. Morphological features:
   A) Permanent morphological features:
   1) perfect look;
   2) returnable;
   3) intransitive;
   4) I conjugation.
   B) Variable morphological characters. Used in the form:
   1) indicative mood;
   2) past tense;
   3) singular;
   4) feminine.
3. In a sentence it is a predicate.

Mood (indicative, conditional, imperative)

AT indicative mood verbs denote actions that actually happened, are happening or will happen. In the indicative mood, verbs have tense forms:

Verbs NSV - present, past and future compound tense (

I write, I wrote, I will write);

Verbs ST - past and future simple tense (

wrote, write y).

AT conditional mood verbs denote actions that can occur only under certain conditions.

Conditional verbs:

Change by numbers, in units. hours - by birth (would read, would read, would read);

Formed by adding a particle to the past tense of the verb. AT commandingly In the m mood, verbs express an impulse to action (a request, an order, an appeal, a warning, a prohibition). Imperative verbs:

Do not change in time, but have the form of the 2nd person unit. and many others. h. ( sit, sit);

Formed from the basis of the present or future simple tense with the help of the ending -and or zero ending, in plural. h joins postfix -those (sit - sit, stop□ - stop□stay).

In the meaning of the imperative also used:

Infinitive: Do not shout! Do not smoke!

1st person pl. h. indicative mood in combination with particles come on, come on:Let's be quiet for a bit .

3rd person singular or many h. indicative mood in combination with particleslet, let, yes: Let the storm come on! (Maksim Gorky) .

Time (present, past, future)

Verbs in the present tense denote an action that is happening at the moment of speaking (reading, readingetc.). They vary in persons and numbers and are formed from the basis of the present tense with the help of personal endings:on [y "y] t - I sing, we sing (1st l. singular and plural); you sing, you sing (2nd l. singular and plural); sings, sings (3- e l units and plural) .

Verbs in the past tense denote an action that took place before the moment of speech (read, wroteetc.). They change by gender and number (droveØ□, carried, carried, carried ), but do not change in faces.

Verbs in the future tense denote an action that will take place after the moment of speaking. They have two forms - simple (write, write ) and complex ( I will write, you will write ).

Face

The person of the verb indicates the relation of the action to the speaker or the object ( 1st l. - I, we; 2nd l. - you you; 3rd l. - he, she, it, they ). According to persons, verbs in the form of the present and future tense, as well as verbs in the form of the imperative mood, change.

Genus(male, female, medium)

Gender is determined only for verbs in the past tense (he came, she came, it came ) and conditional mood (he would come, she would come, it would come ). · Number (singular and plural)

The verb, as a part of speech, is characterized by signs that can be changeable and constant. In the first case, grammatical categories change depending on the context; in the second case, they do not change under any circumstances. The article provides both features with examples.

Verb Features- these are grammatical categories of verb forms that are inherent in the verb as a part of speech. In Russian, permanent and non-permanent signs of the verb are distinguished.

Permanent signs of the verb

Permanent signs of the verb- these are grammatical categories inherent in all verbal forms (conjugated verbs, infinitive, participle, gerund). These signs do not change depending on the context in which the verb is used.

• View- a sign that determines exactly how an action occurs.
  • Perfective verbs answer the question "what to do?" (examples: read, multiply);
  • Imperfective verbs answer the question "what to do?" (transfer, share).
• recurrence- a category that defines a potential state (bites) or the action of the subject (washes), directed at himself, or the actions of several objects, the actions of which are directed at each other (put up).
  • Reflexive verbs (deal, hug);
  • Irreversible verbs (hug, hug).
• Transitivity- a sign that determines the process or action that passes to the object.
  • transitive verbs (drink coffee, chop vegetables);
  • Intransitive verbs (believe, play).
• Type of conjugation- a category that determines the features of the conjugation of verbs by numbers and persons.
  • I conjugation (sew, float);
  • II conjugation (shine, clean);
  • Heterogeneous (run, want).

Inconstant signs of the verb

Inconstant signs of the verb- these are grammatical categories characteristic of conjugated verbs and participles. These categories change depending on the context in which the word is used.

• Mood- a category that expresses the relation of an action or process to reality. The sign is characteristic of conjugated forms of verbs.
  • indicative (examples: rewriting, feeling);
  • imperative (rewrite, feel);
  • Conditional (I would rewrite, I would feel).
• Number– a category denoting the number of subjects performing an action. The sign is inherent in conjugated forms and participles.
  • plural (visited, booked);
  • The only thing (built, pasted over).
• Time- a category indicating at what moment the action was carried out in relation to the moment of speech. The sign is inherent in verbs in the indicative mood.
  • Future (I will assemble, they will ride, decorate);
  • The present (collects, ride, decorate);
  • Past (collected, traveled, decorated).
• Face- a category that indicates who is performing the action. The sign is characteristic of verbs of the indicative mood (present and future tense) and imperative mood.
  • 1st person (type, play, sing);
  • 2nd person (install, build, look, write);
  • 3rd person (translates, walk).
• Genus- a category indicating the gender of the subject, the action being performed. The sign is characteristic of participles, past tense verbs of the indicative mood and verbs of the conditional mood.
  • Male (filled, swept, would weld);
  • Female (sewn, washed, would move);
  • Average (cooked, rolled away, would be useful).

Morphological features of a noun

• Common noun (common noun or proper name)
• Animation
• declination
• Number
• case

Grammar

A noun has a number of attributes (nominal classes), the number of which varies in different languages. These attributes can be:

• gender (masculine, feminine, neuter, there are also nouns of common and mutual genders);
• case (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional);
• number (singular, plural);
• animation.

The set of these characteristics determines the paradigm of inflection, called declension.

All nouns have one of 3 declensions:

• Nouns of the 1st declension - masculine and feminine nouns ending in the nominative singular -and I, For example, dad, mom, family.
• Nouns 2 declensions - masculine and neuter nouns ending in the nominative singular: zero ending for masculine and zero or -o, -e for the neuter gender, for example, window, dove, table.
• Nouns 3 declensions - feminine nouns in the nominative singular zero ending, for example mouse, shawl, lie.

Words ending in "-iya" (for example, water area), vary according to 3 declension.

There are also heterogeneous nouns that do not follow the general rules of any of the declensions: for example, nouns ending in -my ( time, seed, tribe, burden, stirrup, crown, banner, flame, udder, name) and nouns way, child.

Verb

Morphological features of the verb

Permanent:

recurrence;
. transitivity;
. type (perfect or imperfect);
. conjugation (I or II).

Non-permanent:

Mood (indicative, imperative, conditional);
. time (in the indicative mood) - present, past, future;
. number (singular or plural);
. person (in the imperative mood; in the present and future tenses - the indicative mood);
. gender (in the past tense - singular, in the conditional mood).
The initial form is the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive).

Verbs transitive and intransitive

Transitive verbs can have a direct object: meet(friend) drink(tea); noun in the accusative case without a preposition: know(the address); a noun in the genitive case without a preposition, if the action covers part of the subject: put(Sahara); if the verb has a negation: do not see(horizon). Intransitive verbs cannot carry a direct object: run, smile.

Verb type:

Perfect (completed action) what to do? send, reply.

Imperfect (incomplete action) what to do? send, reply.

verb mood

Indicative.
The real actions that took place, are taking place and will actually take place: participates, participated, will participate.

Imperative.
Actions to which the speaker encourages someone (orders, asks, advises): (don't) participate, (don't) speak, (don't) come.

Conditional (subjunctive).
Actions intended, desirable or possible under certain conditions: (wouldn't) participate, (wouldn't) talk, (wouldn't) come.

Verb conjugations

Conjugation is the change of the verb in persons and numbers.

In modern Russian, there are two conjugations, which are traditionally indicated by Roman numerals - I conjugation and II conjugation.

If the stress falls on the end of the verb, then the conjugation is determined by ear at the end. If the stress falls on the stem and personal endings are difficult to distinguish by ear, then the conjugation is determined by an indefinite form.

To I conjugation include the verbs nel, the infinitive of which ends in -et, -at, -ot, -ut, -yat, -yt, -t, as well as several verbs in -it: shave, lay, rest, build up, sway, beat, twist, pour, drink, sew, rot, live, swell, -knock (bruise, make a mistake) (and formed from them). When conjugated, such verbs have endings: 1st person: singular - “y” (- “yu”), plural - “eat”. 2nd person: singular - “eat”, pl. - “eat” 3rd person: singular - “et”, pl. - “ut” (- “yut”)

Verbs II conjugation when conjugated, they have endings: 1st person: singular - “y” (- “u”), plural - “im”. 2nd person: singular - "ish", plural - "ite" 3rd person: singular - "it", plural - "yat" (-"at") These include:

• - verbs ending in -it(Besides shave, lay, rest, glimpse, build up, twist, beat, pour, drink, sew, rot, live, swell, make a mistake and formed from them)
• - some verbs -et:, shine, hurt(about a part of the body) order, twirl, see, hang, look, burn, rattle, buzz, gundet, blow, depend, ring, see(look), itch, boil, swarm, smoke, pore, grunt, fly, hate, offend, puff, itch, whistle, whistle, sit, whistle, mourn, creak, stink, look, sniff, rumble, endure, want(except for 2 persons unit present time) , snore, crunch, rustle, hiss, make noise(and derived from them)
• some verbs in -at: run away(Besides run, run), strum, grumble, grumble, squeal, squeal, grumble, drive, rattle, breathe, hold, tremble, buzz, murmur, sound, scream, lie down, be silent, rush, mumble, squeak, growl, hear, sleep, knock, hang around , rumble, rumble, snort, rustle, rumble(and formed from them);
• - some verbs -yat: stand, afraid;
• - other verbs with unstressed personal endings belong to the I conjugation.

Several verbs have an uncharacteristic (archaic) system of endings for verbs I and II conjugations: give, eat, create, be, bother(and their derivatives: eat, eat, recreate etc.).

Some verbs are differently conjugated, that is, they have part of the forms from the first conjugation, and part from the second: run, to want. Or have shapes to choose from honor- honor / honor, also pour- pour / pour (according to Lopatin's dictionary), wag, tweak and a number of others. In modern reference books and dictionaries glimpse already belongs to the second conjugation, previously it had forms according to the first conjugation.