§one. Punctuation marks used in complex sentences
Punctuation marks are placed
In complex sentences, the main and subordinate parts are separated from each other by punctuation marks:
1) comma,
2) semicolon,
3) dash,
4) comma and dash.
If the subordinate clause is inside the main clause, then it is distinguished by punctuation marks on both sides.
Compare:
When the door opened 1 , / the girls immediately fell silent 2 .
Scheme: (when…) 1 , […] 2 .
(The main part 2 is after the subordinate 1.)
Girls 1 , / when the door opened 2 , / immediately fell silent 1 .
Scheme: […, (when…) 2 , …] 1
(The subordinate part 2 is inside the main part 1.)
1. Comma is the most common sign. It is placed before subordinating conjunctions.
He dreamed 1 / that everyone was happy 2 .
Scheme: […] 1 to (…) 2 .
2. Semicolon is placed if the parts of the sentence are significantly common and already have commas inside them, or if there are several parts in the sentence, for example:
If I wanted to set a goal for myself and achieve it by hook or by crook 1; / if I didn't strive not to offend people 2 ;/ if I didn't choose means, going towards the goal 3 ;/ then I wouldn't be me 4 .
Scheme: (if…) 1 ; (if…) 2 ; (if…) 3 ; [then…] 4 .
3. Dash can be placed in different cases, for example, if the subordinate part is in front of the main:
When there is love 1 / - a holiday in the soul 2 .
Scheme: (when…) 1 - […] 2 .
(The subordinate part 1 is in front of the main 2.)
4. Comma and dash are put when separating several homogeneous subordinate clauses from the main one standing after them, for example:
When the weather is bad 1, / when a strong wind is raging 2, / when it is angry, biting rain 3, - / staying at home is already a great happiness 4.
Scheme: (when…) 1, (when…) 2, (when…) 3, - […] 4
(The main part 4 is at the end, it is preceded by several homogeneous subordinate clauses 1, 2, 3.)
§2. Cases of setting commas in sentences with several subordinate clauses
1. In sentences with several subordinate clauses, commas are placed between the main and subordinate clauses before conjunctions or allied words, for example:
She could not understand 1 / what is written in the instructions 2 , / how to follow it 3 , / how to do everything right and not make mistakes 4 .
Scheme: […] 1 , (what ...) 2 , (how ...) 3 , (how ...) 4 .
Understand 1 , / what is written in the instructions 2 , / how to follow it 3 , / how to do everything right and not make mistakes 4 , / she could not 1 .
Scheme: […, (what…) 2, (like…) 3, (like…) 4, …] 1
(Supplementary parts 2, 3, 4 are inside the main part 1.)
2. In complex sentences with complex conjunctions because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, instead of, while, after, since, in order to, in order to put a comma :
- before the union (neutral design), for example:
I'm not going to visit them because I don't want to go there.
(neutral variant of intonation: the tone rises on the word guests, because it is pronounced together)
- before the second part of the union, if it is highlighted intonationally (with underlining), for example:
I'm not going to visit them because I don't want to go there.
(the word because is highlighted with a rise in tone, after it there is a pause, the pronunciation of the union is dissected, the option is more emotional)
§3. Cases where a comma is not put
No punctuation marks:
1) between homogeneous subordinate clauses, if they are connected by non-repeating unions and, yes (in the sense and), or, or, for example:
She could not understand 1 , / what is written in the instruction 2 / and how to use it 3 .
Scheme: […] 1 , (what…) 2 and (how…) 3 .
2) before a subordinate clause if it starts with a negative particle not, for example:
He called us 1 / not when all passions subsided 2 , / but when the scandal had just begun to flare up 3 .
Scheme: […] 1 (not when…) 2, (but when…) 3.
3) before subordinating conjunctions in subordinate clauses, if they are preceded by repeated coordinating conjunctions and, or, either, neither ... nor, not that ... not that, or ... or etc., for example.
Complex sentences- these are complex sentences, parts of which are connected by intonation and subordinating conjunctions and allied words.
In a complex sentence, the subordinate clause is separated from the main comma, and if it is inside the main one, it is separated by commas on both sides:
I really want everything to work out. The road we were driving on was winding.
No comma between main and subordinate clauses, if:
- homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected by single unions AND, OR:
We knew that the weather would be good and that the campaign would succeed;
- before the subordinating union or allied word is NOT:
He came not to study, but to chat with friends;
- the subordinate clause consists of one union or allied word:
I'm writing to you by chance, really, I don't know how or why. (M.Yu. Lermontov)
Punctuation marks for compound conjunctions.
If the subordinate clause is attached to the main one with compound union due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, because, despite the fact that, instead of, after, while, due to the fact that, like, since, a comma is placed depending on the meaning of the statement and intonation only once:
We were able to overcome this obstacle due to the fact that we prepared for the test for a long time.
A comma is placed between two or more subordinate clauses., if:
- they are homogeneous and are not connected by unions or connected by repeated unions (In this city, where he was born, where he spent his childhood, he felt especially good.);
- they are connected in parallel subordination (In order to catch the train, we got up early and packed the things we had prepared the day before.)
Remember: the comma is not placed with two subordinating unions standing side by side if the second part of the complex union follows:
She decided what if If the weather is fine, then we'll go out to the dacha. (The subordinate clause cannot be omitted or rearranged elsewhere in the sentence without affecting the meaning.)
Distinguish: sentences with indirect and direct question:
Everyone wanted to know if the tour would take place. - Where can I find out if the tour will take place?
In a complex sentence, in addition to commas, the following punctuation marks can be used:
|
Dash |
Colon |
Semicolon |
|
for intonational separation of the main part from the subordinate, if the main is preceded by the subordinate: |
Before a subordinating conjunction when the main clause contains a warning for further clarification: |
If homogeneous clauses are common and there are already punctuation marks inside them: |
Test tasks (B7)
In the sentences below from the read text, all commas are numbered. Write down the numbers denoting commas between parts of a complex sentence.
1 option
She did not yet know (1) what lay ahead of her. (2) being your wife, (3) certainly, (4) does not give me any advantage. (A. Rybakov)
Option 2
And the more he looked at her, (1) the more his heart became clouded with soft and bright sadness, (2) compassionate for himself, (3) joyful for her, (4) for this new Lenochka, (5) and quiet gratitude to former. It was exactly the same feeling (6) that he so longed for in Moscow, (7) only bright, (8) almost completely cleansed of selfishness. (A. Kuprin)
3 option
And on such a night, (1) at that late hour, (2) when only he alone did not sleep in the city, (3) you were waiting for me in your garden, which had already dried up by autumn. Quietly opened the gate, (4) previously unlocked by you, (5) quietly and quickly ran around the yard and behind the barn in the back of the yard entered the motley twilight of the garden, (6) where it was faintly white in the distance, (7) on a bench under the apple trees, (8 ) your dress. (I. Bunin)
4 option
And at this time, amazing music, (1) as if obeying her grief, (2) continued to persuade. She simultaneously thought about (3) that a great love passed her by, (4) which is repeated only once in a thousand years. (A. Kuprin)
5 option
It seemed (1) that the day was over and it was already dusk. Maybe (2) there was some kind of clearing or undercut, (3) by which you can understand, (4) where did you climb? (V. Belov)
Keys to tests
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1 option | |
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Option 2 | |
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3 option | |
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4 option | |
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5 option |
Spelling -n- and -nn- in adjectives and participles
Attention! When studying this topic, first of all, learn to distinguish between denominative adjectives and verbal adjectives and participles, since their spelling is subject to different rules.
-Н- and -НН- in non-derivative adjectives and adjectives formed from nouns
NN is written:
in adjectives with stems in -n- formed with the suffix -n-:
cardboard - cardboard-n-th; truth - true-n-th; name - name - name-n-oh;
in adjectives with suffixes -onn-, -enn-: revolutionary, medicinal.
Exception: windy.
But prefix adjectives windless, windward, leeward are written with a double n.
Attention! There are adjectives: windy (windy day, windy man) and windy (wind engine, windmill, chicken pox).
N is written:
in non-derivative adjectives, for example: young, zealous, pig, crimson, spicy, ruddy;
in adjectives with suffixes -an-, -yan-, -in-: sandy, silver, duck.
Exceptions: wood, tin, glass.
Spelling -Н- and -НН- in full participles and verbal adjectives
NN is written:
in adjectives and participles formed from perfective verbs (with and without prefixes): bought, in love, educated, mended, broken, abandoned.
Exceptions: finished man, wounded, shell-shocked, named brother, imprisoned father, dowry, Forgiveness Sunday, baptized;
in passive past participles formed from imperfective verbs, if the participle has dependent words: a suit woven with gold, a wall painted with minium;
in participles and adjectives formed from verbs, into -ovanny, -evanny: rhymed, lined, spoiled, uprooted.
Attention! In adjectives forged, chewed, pecked, one letter n is written (but: chained, chewed, pecked).
N is written:
in verbal adjectives formed from imperfective verbs that do not have
no prefixes, no dependent words: boiled (vegetables), frozen (fish), confused (trace).
Attention! In a few adjectives formed from non-prefixed imperfective verbs, -nn- is written. These exceptions should be remembered: desired, sacred, unheard of, unprecedented, unexpected, unexpected, inadvertent, chased, conceited, slow, awake, cutesy, made, scribbled, read, etc.
in the adjective smart, formed from the imperfective verb to understand,
and in compound adjectives with a repetitive stem, the second part of which has a prefix: read-reread (books), darned-redarned (socks).
The prefix non- and the presence of another root in front of the word do not affect the spelling of one or two n in adjectives: ice cream - not frozen, freshly frozen (but frozen - not frozen, freshly frozen).
-Н- in short participles, short adjectives AND adverbs
The difference between short participles and short adjectives
In short participles, only one n is always written: the windows are curtained, the tree is cut down.
In short adjectives and adverbs, the same number of n is written as in full adjectives,
from which they are formed: ordinary people - ordinary people - went as usual.
Attention! Some participles in full form coincide with verbal adjectives. The short form of such participles and adjectives should be distinguished: The clouds are scattered by the wind. The exhibition is organized by veterans. (What is done by something? by someone? - short participles). Students are scattered and disorganized. (What are? - short adjectives).
You can point to the following signs of short participles:
denote an action and can be replaced by verbs: the desk was assembled in an hour - the desk was assembled
in an hour. Compare: my mother is very collected;
with them, or you can add to them a dependent word in the instrumental case: the desk was assembled (by whom?) by the students.
Attention!
In nouns formed from participles and verbal adjectives, as many n are written as there were in the generating basis: the chosen one is the chosen one; confused - confused; educated - educated.
Types of complex sentence
The concept of a complex sentence
A complex sentence (CSS) consists of unequal parts, where one part depends
from another. The independent part is called the main part, and the dependent part is called the subordinate part. Parts of the NGN are connected using subordinating conjunctions and allied words that are in the subordinate part. For example: And all the fish rushed away in horror into their deep depths, when we whipped sparkling foamy waterfalls with laughter (Gaidar). And the black mustachioed crayfish, which I pulled out of its underwater country, thrashed and jumped in fear (Gaidar). We approached the fence from the side from where the estate was guarded by tall, like soldiers, flowers - sunflowers (Gaidar). Here we saw a log house on the edge of the forest and immediately guessed that the watchman's daughter Valentina and her son Fyodor (Gaidar) lived here.
Subordinating conjunctions have the following ranks in meaning:
temporary: when, while, barely, only;
causal: since, because, because (obsolete);
conditional: if, if (obsolete), if (obsolete);
target: in order to, in order to (obsolete);
concessive: although, despite the fact that;
consequences: so;
comparative: as, as if, as if, exactly, than;
explanatory: what, how, to.
In addition, there are compound subordinating conjunctions: while, as if, only, in connection
so that, for the purpose of, so long as.
Allied words are:
relative pronouns (who, what, which, whose, which, how much, etc.);
pronominal adverbs (where, where, where, when, why, how, etc.).
Unlike unions, allied words not only serve as a means of connecting parts of the NGN, but are also members of the sentence in the subordinate part.
Some allied words (what, how, when, than - the form of the pronoun that) are homonymous with unions. In order to distinguish between them, it is necessary to try to replace the allied word with a significant one (if such a replacement is not possible, this is a union): I know that you love me - a union. I know what (what thing) they will buy for me as a gift - a union word, an addition. In addition, phrasal stress falls on the allied word: I broke a vase and don’t know what (what words) to tell my mother.
Attention!
The criterion for distinguishing between unions and allied words can often be the type of subordinate clause, since some of them are joined only by unions or only by allied words.
When determining the type of a subordinate clause, the means of communication and semantic relations between the main and the subordinate clauses are taken into account.
In most cases, from the main part to the subordinate, a question can be asked that reveals the semantic relationships between the parts. A special group is made up of NGN with subordinate connecting parts, in which the question of the subordinate part is not raised.
The subordinate clause can refer to a specific word in the main clause or to the entire main clause as a whole.
The accessory part can be located behind the main part, in front of the main part or inside the main part.
Attention!
Some types of subordinate clauses can only be placed after main or specific words.
in the main clause, the location of other types of subordinate clauses is free.
In the main part, there may be demonstrative words that show that there is a subordinate clause with the main part. These are demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs then, that, such, there, there, then, so many others that are paired with certain conjunctions and allied words: that - that, there - where, so much - how much, etc. When certain types of subordinate clauses, the presence of a demonstrative word is mandatory, in this case the subordinate clause refers specifically to it.
Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
Commas between the main and subordinate parts of a complex sentence
The subordinate part in a complex sentence is distinguished by commas on both sides if it is inside the main part: Several Antonov apples, which by chance remained on the tree, turned into plump white lamps (Koval). If the subordinate part is before or after the main part, then it is separated from it by a comma: When I am unwell, I like to wrap myself in a warm blanket and read my favorite children's books. Once I was sailing on a ship and saw how it was snowing in the sea (Grishkovets).
A comma between the main part and the subordinate clause, attached by a simple union or allied word, is not put:
if a subordinating union or allied word is preceded by a coordinating union and: It will soon become known who committed this crime. He did not forgive me even when many years passed after these events;
if before a subordinating union or allied word there is a particle not: I was interested to know not what he had already done, but what he was going to do. Precautions should be taken not when the fire started, but much earlier;
if the subordinate clause is reduced to a union word: I would also like to know why (L. Tolstoy). I don’t know why, but I didn’t understand him (Trifonov). They invited one of the players from their team, but I would like to know who;
if the subordinate part, thanks to the unions and, or, is included in a series of homogeneous members: While studying at school and when I entered the university, I did not really think about it. He suddenly wanted ice cream and that it was fruity, sour, in a crispy waffle cup. Come to me every day or whenever you want.
Comma before a simple subordinating union with reinforcing-restrictive unions
If a simple subordinating conjunction is preceded by reinforcing-restrictive words (particles, unions or their combinations, introductory words) especially, even, in particular, including, especially, namely, and also, and (but) only, just, only, exclusively, only, etc., then a comma is placed before them, and not before the union.
For example: My sister promised me to sew a dress for the doll, but only when she did all the homework. Good at the end of May in the forest, especially when lilies of the valley bloom. She loved to fly to Kyiv in the spring to see her friends and also to enjoy the chestnut blossoms. It's not bad to go to the conservatory at least once a month in winter, especially if there are many good concerts.
A comma or its absence with complex (compound) subordinating unions
If the subordinate part of the NGN is connected to the main part using a complex (compound) subordinating union due to the fact that, because, instead of, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, if, while, due to the fact that , on the basis of the fact that, meanwhile, in spite of the fact that, because, before, just as, as, because, before, for the sake of, before, in order to, since as long as, with the aim that, just as, so, especially since others, then this union is usually not broken by a comma - commas are placed in the same way as with a simple union.
For example: All the carts, because they had bales of wool on them, seemed very tall and plump (Chekhov). The apple trees disappeared because the mice ate all the bark around. But before this piece had time to fall to the ground, the worker with extraordinary dexterity wrapped it with a chain as thick as his hand (Kuprin).
Sometimes, depending on the meaning of the sentence, the logical allocation (strengthening) of the first part of the union, the compound union can be divided into two parts: the first is part of the main sentence, and the second plays the role of the union. In these cases, a comma is placed only before the second part of the allied combination: I fell in love with going here because I first met you here. From the fact that I spent the whole day lying in bed with a book in my hands, my head was filled with lead weight and mercilessly hurt.
Compound subordinating unions usually do not break up while, as, before, if the subordinate part precedes the main one: As the chaise approached the porch, Manilov's eyes became more cheerful (Gogol). Before taking up the violin, he rolled up the sleeves of his shirt, bared his chest and stood by the window (Fedin).
So the union is not dismembered if it has the meaning of the consequence: A cold rain was falling, the wind was blowing, so it was getting cooler outside (subordinate consequence). The wind howled so that it became scary (subordinate modus operandi).
The union at the time is dismembered when the temporal meaning is strengthened, especially when the words are added just, more, most, namely:
I understood the solution of the problem just at the moment when the teacher decided to put me a unit in the journal. Such sentences are close to sentences with the union when (at the time when): The legends and myths of Ancient Greece were my favorite reading even when I was a child.
Attention! The dismemberment of the union while at the beginning of the sentence is permissible, although somewhat outdated: While I was taking a nap, the moon rose (L. Tolstoy).
A comma in a complex sentence when dismembering a subordinating union
The dismemberment of a complex union is mandatory:
if there are words that pull the stress on the first part of the union. These words (particles, introductory words, adverbs) adjoin the first part of the union and logically single it out: I am not telling you all this because I want to offend you. I only came to remind you of your promise. Are you not answering me just because you don't know what to say?
if the first part of the allied combination is included in a homogeneous series of members of the sentence: I was ashamed of my helplessness, and it hurt for my sister, and because I could not help her in her grief;
in opposition: I cry not because it hurts me, but because you are near and I have someone to cry.
1. writing connection.
Spaces have become more accessible, (1) roads have shortened in time. Once, in one day, I had to visit the capitals of three European states, (2) and in the evening I still managed to gawk at the public in the port of Marseille, (3) but during the day, due to fatigue and haste, almost nothing remained in my memory ...
It seems to many, (4) that the more a person travels, (5) the more cultured he will be and the wider his horizons will become.
Answer: 2, 3.
2. Write down the number(s) that indicate(s) in a complex sentence the comma(s) between the parts connected writing connection.
Once upon a time there lived a master icon painter in Moscow. The king highly appreciated his skill, (1) generously rewarded for his labors. The master loved his craft, (2) but most of all he loved the free life and one day he secretly left the royal court. He dreamed of such art, (3) which would become dear to everyone, (4) like a simple Russian song, (5) so that the beauty of his native land would be reflected in it. This is how Khokhloma cups appeared, (6) decorated with lush flowers and thin twigs. (According to N. Bednik)
Answer: 2.
3. Write out the numbers that indicate in a complex sentence commas between the parts connected writing connection.
Such is the legend. They always tell it a little differently, (1) and every inquisitive person can read it in the collections of legends and fairy tales of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Like any legend, (2) there is a lot of fiction in it, (3) but its truth is, (4) that great skill and great art are preserved only when, (5) when passed from hand to hand, (6) from teacher to student. (According to N. Bednik)
Answer: 1, 3.
4. Write out the numbers that indicate in a complex sentence commas between the parts connected writing connection.
It is easy to reproach others, (1) when you are in a situation of distress, (2) but you must also remember yourself. I can’t say (3) that I had exactly such a case, (4) but I also found something similar in my own behavior - (5) a desire to move away, (6) avoid, (7) not get involved ... And, (8 ) having caught himself, (9) began to understand, (10) how familiar this feeling became, (11) how it warmed up, (12) imperceptibly took root. (D.Granin)
Answer: 2, 4.
5. Write out the numbers that indicate in a complex sentence commas between the parts connected writing connection.
The doctor was returning home. He rode along the widest asphalt streets, (1) which were brightly lit. A chain of lanterns ran above him high in the sky, (2) and the lanterns were like balls, (3) filled with dazzling boiling milk.
He rode along the embankments, (4) along the stone walls, (5) where bronze lions held shields in their paws and stuck out their long tongues. Below, water flowed slowly and thickly, (6) black and shiny, (7) like tar, (8) and the city capsized into the water, (9) drowned, (10) floated away and could not swim away, (11) only dissolved in delicate golden spots. (Yu. Olesha)
Answer: 2, 8.
6. Write out the numbers that indicate in a complex sentence commas between the parts connected writing connection.
There are many lakes in the world - large and small, (1) deep and shallow, (2) harsh and picturesque, (3) but none of them can compare with Baikal, (4) and there is no other such reservoir in the world, (5 ) who could compete with him with such wide popularity and loud fame. And there are so many legends and tales, (6) songs and poems, (7) poems and stories about any lake. (According to A. Muranov)
Answer: 3, 4.
7. Write out the numbers that indicate in a complex sentence commas between the parts connected writing connection.
You see, (1) what a strange case. I just went to the telephone exchange, (2) and from the very gate of our park a maple leaf followed me. When I stopped, (3) he stopped too. When I walked faster, (4) he also ran faster. He did not leave me a single step, (5) but did not go to the telephone exchange. I stroked his back, (6) and he remained waiting for me at the door. But when I went out, (7) he was gone. (According to K. Paustovsky)
Answer: 2, 6.
8. Write out the numbers that indicate in a complex sentence commas between the parts connected writing connection.
Here and there, silver threads of forest streams and swamps flickered through the thicket of trees. The frogs filled them with their hasty deafening cry, (1) and the toads echoed them with a rarer, (2) melodic sad hoot. From time to time a duck flew overhead with a shy quacking, (3) yes it was heard, (4) how a snipe-ram flies from place to place with a loud and short bleating. The first stars fell, (5) and never did their shimmering radiance seem to me so golden, (6) so pure, (7) meek and joyful. (A. Kuprin)
Answer: 1, 3, 5.
9. Write out the numbers that indicate in a complex sentence commas between the parts connected writing connection.
Soon the dawn began to break in the west, (1) and the light approached the east, (2) as if the morning dawn was below, (3) invisibly beyond the horizon, (4) took the evening and pulled it towards itself. I walked very quickly and got so warm, (5) that I didn’t even notice, (6) how severe frost grabbed the grass and the first flowers. When the morning hour passed and the frost came into force, (7) I took one purple leaf and wanted to warm it with a warm hand, (8) but the flower was hard and broke in my hand. (M. Prishvin)
Answer: 1, 8.
Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
1. complex subordinate suggestions.
There was a time (1) when the night watchman in the estate rang the bell, (2) beating the evening and morning dawn. The ringing broke out of the outskirts, (3) spread over the Sorotya River, (4) lakes and faded in Mikhailov's groves. Some colors were replaced by others, (5) some sounds were absorbed or, (6) on the contrary, (7) amplified. All this and much more was what (8) made up the life of the Pushkin estate.
Answer: 1, 8.
2. Write down the numbers indicating the commas between the parts complex subordinate suggestions.
What makes a man take up a pen for the first time, (1) not to let it go for the rest of his life? The hardest thing to remember is (2) when it started. Obviously, (3) writing arises in a person, (4) as a state of mind, (5) much earlier, (6) before he begins to write reams of papers. Occurs in youth, (7) and maybe (8) in childhood.
In childhood, the sun is hotter, (9) the grass is thicker, (10) the rains are more abundant, (11) the sky is brighter, (12) every person is deadly interesting. (According to K. Paustovsky)
Answer: 1, 2, 6.
3. Write down the numbers indicating the commas between the parts complex subordinate suggestions.
Most likely, (1) talent accumulates drop by drop, (2) is inherited, (3) from knee to knee, (4) like hair color, (5) facial features or character. It breaks through the pedigree, (6) like a light on a fickford cord, (7) so that one day, (8) in some generation there, (9) burst into a blinding explosion. No one knows (10) what talent is, (11) where to look for it in a person. (According to V. Soloukhin)
Answer: 7, 10, 11.
4. Write down the numbers indicating the commas between the parts complex subordinate suggestions.
I myself do not yet know (1) what I will write. The thought exists in me as an excitement, (2) as a desire to convey to others everything that (3) that fills my mind now, (4) my heart, (5) my whole being. What thought will result in and what paths it will find for its existence, (6) it is not yet clear to me myself. But I know (7) for whom I will write. I will speak to the whole world.
Answer: 1, 3, 6, 7.
5. Write down the numbers indicating the commas between the parts complex subordinate suggestions.
When a person consciously or intuitively chooses some goal in life, (1) a life task, (2) at the same time he involuntarily gives himself an assessment. By (3) what a person lives for, (4) one can also judge his self-esteem - low or high.
If a person expects to acquire all material goods, (5) he evaluates himself at the level of these goods. If a person lives, (6) to bring good to people, (7) to alleviate their suffering, (8) then he evaluates himself at the level of his humanity.
Answer: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8.
6. Write down the numbers indicating the commas between the parts complex subordinate suggestions.
When setting a career or acquisition goal, (1) a person experiences more grief, (2) rather than joy, (3) and risks losing everything. And what can a man lose, (4) who rejoiced in every good deed he did? It is only important (5) that the good, (6) that a person does, (7) would be an internal need, (8) come from a smart heart, (9) and not from the head.
Answer: 4, 5, 6, 7.
7. Write down the numbers indicating the commas between the parts complex subordinate suggestions.
Now the last light has gone out in the deep valleys, (1) and a gray fog reigns over us, (2) knowing (3) that his hour has come, (4) a long hour, (5) when it seems, (6) that everything has died out on earth and the morning will never come again; (7) fogs will only grow, (8) enveloping the mountains majestic in their midnight guard, (9) forests will hum dully over the mountains and snow will fly thicker and thicker on the desert pass. (I.A. Bunin)
Answer: 3, 5, 6.
8. Write down the numbers indicating the commas between the parts complex subordinate suggestions.
Everyone now knows, (1) that the earth is a sphere. And how to check it?
When a ship goes to sea, (2) it does not immediately disappear into the distance. First, its hull is hidden behind the horizon, (3) then the deck, (4) and the masts are still visible for a long time, (5) but, (6) finally, (7) they are also hidden. This is because (8) the surface of the sea is convex. And it is convex because (9) the Earth is a sphere.
Answer: 1, 2, 8, 9.
9. Write down the numbers indicating the commas between the parts complex subordinate suggestions.
For some reason, the doctor did not start the appointment, (1) and near the door in a cramped corridor, (2) lit by a stunted light bulb, (3) there was a real Babylonian pandemonium. Elderly women, (4) whose faces were flushed from stuffiness. Gloomy old people, (5) high school girls, (6) shrill screams, (7) that they will pass out of line, (8) because they just need to put a stamp. Babies cried in the arms of mothers, exhausted by expectation, (9) who wearily shook them and looked in mute anguish at the closed door of the office. (According to K. Akulinin)
Answer: 4, 7, 8, 9.
10. Write down the numbers indicating the commas between the parts complex subordinate suggestions.
The student frowned at the curtained windows, (1) where outside the windows, (2) probably (3) people were sleeping, (4) not hearing the mail bells, (5) not feeling the cold, (6) not seeing the angry face of the postman. And if the bell wakes up some lady, (7) she will turn on the other side, (8) she will smile from excess warmth and, (9) tucking her legs and putting her hand under her cheek, (10) she will fall asleep even more soundly.
Answer: 1, 7.
Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence
1. unionless proposal.
Have you ever thought about (1) how many words there are in Russian, (2) can they be counted? Obviously, (3) to establish the exact number of words in the Russian language, (4) and indeed any other, (5) it is absolutely impossible, if only because, (6) that the vocabulary is in constant motion: (7) some words leave the language, (8 ) others are fixed in it.
Answer: 7, 8.
2. Write down the number(s) representing the punctuation mark(s) between parts unionless proposal.
Great mute. This was the name of the cinema, (1) when the equipment for scoring films had not yet been invented. But the first movies, (2) filmed by the Lumiere brothers, (3) were accompanied by playing the piano during the screening.
It seemed to the visitors of the silent screenings (4) that they were in the realm of shadows, (5) they involuntarily wanted to be in the real world, (6) where the visible and the audible are inseparably united. (According to L. Tarasov)
Answer: 5.
3. Write down the numbers indicating the punctuation marks between the parts unionless proposal.
Experts have long noticed (1) that a person has great difficulties, (2) when he is left alone with a book. After all, it is important to consider (3) how the book is written, (4) its artistic value. There is a danger of not seeing a good, (5) real book, (6) not distinguishing it from a fake. In such artificial works, everything seems to be as it should be: (7) events are developing, (8) the characters are experiencing. But the main thing is missing: feelings, (9) thoughts and beauty. (According to V.Pekelis)
Answer: 7, 8.
4. Write down the numbers indicating the punctuation marks between the parts unionless proposal.
Try to read more, (1) not swallow books, (2) and strive to find the most important thing, (3) what the author wanted to say to you. Don't be afraid to reread books, (4) it's a must. I think (5) that only the second reading of a work of art becomes real. Then, necessarily, a new one is added to the first impression, (6) new thoughts appear, (7) a new look at things.
A real reader should treat books like an intelligent conversationalist, (8) they know more than the most educated person.
Answer: 4, 6, 8.
5. Write down the numbers indicating the punctuation marks between the parts unionless proposal.
All day long it was raining, (1) then snow, (2) the sky was in an unusual steppe side for me, (3) not supported by anything, (4) converged very close to the ground, (5) and in the gray haze it was difficult to then consider.
Toward evening, a dark haze began to roll in, (6) forcing us to look at the clock. Oncoming cars scurried by with headlights on, (7) the white light closed and was clogged with sleet, (8) roadside villages swooped in somehow by accident.
Answer: 2, 7, 8.
6. Write down the numbers indicating the punctuation marks between the parts unionless proposal.
The twilight tundra opened up to meet and responded under the melodious runners, (1) the last reflections of the sun faded on the snowdrifts ...
The next day, the trappers put on their skis, (2) put pieces of frozen meat in their shoulder bags, (3) traps and set off on the road. After half an hour of walking, we stumbled upon a lone wolf trail.
Grandfather set six traps: (4) two of them were surrounded by a low hedge of thin poles, (5) and spruce paws were poked into the poles. (According to Yu.Kachaev)
Answer: 1, 4.
7. Write down the numbers indicating the punctuation marks between the parts unionless proposal.
At a table with instruments, (1) next to the director, (2) the sound engineer sits, (3) he moves the levers during recording, (4) makes sure that (5) the sound is recorded softly, (6) not too loud, (7) but not too quiet, (8) just right. He can talk to the director: (9) not a single sound will penetrate the studio, (10) that's how it works. (According to M. Gumilevskaya)
Answer: 3, 9, 10.
8. Write down the numbers indicating the punctuation marks between the parts unionless proposal.
For four days the inhabitants of the Spanish city of Grenada could not understand (1) what was going on. Every now and then, in different streets, for no reason, sharp police whistles were heard, (2) but neither the disturbers of the order, (3) nor the police themselves were visible. It was very difficult for the drivers: (4) sharp whistles forced them to stop endlessly, (5) although the drivers did not feel any guilt.
On the fifth day, everything turned out: (6) the invisible policeman turned out to be a parrot flying out of the cage, (7) able to imitate the sounds of a police whistle. (Yu.Dmitriev)
Answer: 4, 6.
9. Write down the numbers indicating the punctuation marks between the parts unionless proposal.
The forest was noisy ... There was always a noise in it, (1) because it was an old, (2) dense forest, (3) which the saw and ax of the forest dealer did not touch. It was quiet below, (4) it smelled of tar; (5) through the canopy of pine needles, (6) with which the soil was strewn, (7) bright ferns made their way ... In damp corners, green grasses stretched with tall stems; (8) the white porridge bowed with heavy heads, (9) as if in quiet languor. (According to V.Korolenko)
Answer: 4, 5, 8.
10. Write down the numbers indicating the punctuation marks between the parts unionless proposal.
There is no former riot of crimson colors in nature, (1) they have been replaced by soft silvery undertones. A brilliant sea, (2) a bright sky, (3) a distant strip of coast - everything looks light and ghostly, (4) as if the entire visible world is made of glass or something even more transparent. It is the farewell smile of the departing summer light; (5) soon the nights will turn blue, (6) and then, (7) like everywhere else, (8) black. (I. Zykov)
Answer: 1, 5.
11. Write down the numbers indicating the punctuation marks between the parts unionless proposal.
Slowly, (1) whirling in the air, (2) yellowed light leaves fall from the birches. A hazel grouse will whistle thinly, (3) cranes flying in a school will call in the sky.
Something sad, (4) farewell is heard and seen in the autumn forest. You are walking, (5) it happened, (6) through the autumn, (7) forest, painted with colors, (8) the soul is filled with a musical poetic feeling.
Transparent in autumn and clean air, (9) clear water in forest streams. The late flowers are still in bloom. Still green, (10) dropping ripe acorns, (11) an old branchy oak stands on the edge of the forest. (According to I. Sokolov-Mikitov)
Answer: 3, 8, 9.
12. Write down the numbers indicating the punctuation marks between the parts unionless proposal.
The sun rising to its zenith removed all the shadows from the earth. The contours disappeared, (1) the convexity of earthly objects, (2) the fresh coolness disappeared somewhere, (3) the dew burning, (4) and its sparkling; (5) the meadow flowers faded, (6) the water dimmed, (7) and in the sky, instead of bright and lush clouds, an even, (8) whitish haze spread like a veil. (V. Soloukhin)
Answer: 2, 5, 6.
M.N. PRICULE,
Chita
1. I shuddered, (1) climbed under the sheet, (2) and the interrupted dream continued. The final and irrevocable awakening came at the moment (3) when, together with a tub of water, thunder and lightning fell on my sinful head, (4) spewed out by my grandmother.
2. - You may (1) have to open the skull, (2) it could be a tumor ... - Look, (3) "open the skull"! Grandma screamed. - This is not a pumpkin for you! Son, (4) get up, (5) otherwise he will drive you to the grave!
3. I remember that (1) we built a collective farm mill, (2) behind the village, (3) and let our river flow through the gutter. It fought, (4) the water fought, (5) and still couldn’t move the wheel from its place - there wasn’t enough strength. Then we brought the second branch of the river, (6) and things started to go!
4. At least (1) Kintel was captured by sad and bright music immediately, (2) and the girl herself too. Kintel looked at the young violinist, (3) and his heart sank in sweet anguish.
5. Now this tank cemetery is gone. It has been plowed up and sown, (1) and the iron scrap of war has long been swallowed up by open-hearths. Smallpox potholes from mines and land mines were leveled and smoothed out, (2) and mass graves remained only along the hills. Uncle Sasha, (3) sometimes visiting the fields with a gun, noticed (4) how the tractor drivers circle around the plows, (5) leave the red bald spots untouched among the arable land ..
6. Walking is easy, (1) even fun. The load almost does not press on the shoulder, (2) and sparkling blueberry beads play near the very mouth. You can lick one or the other with your tongue, (3) but for some reason you don’t feel like it yet ...
7. From here, the brightly lit windows of the lower floor of the new four-story building, (1) where Varya lived, were clearly visible. Heading home, (2) Varya does not miss the move, (3) and Lyoshka will immediately notice her, (4) but she does not.
8. And, (1) whenever I opened my eyes, (2) you were always near me, (3) and the night light burned in the room, (4) and you looked at me with your sunken eyes, (5) as if from darkness , (6) she herself is all quiet and bright, (7) as if in robes.
9. And, (1) of course, (2) the key keeper willingly let Misha go to all four sides, (3) and even set him as an example to the rest. Three months passed, (4) and they began to collect Mishka for departure to Belgorod. Maria Timofeevna walked all in tears: Misha is not yet seven, (5) and he is going to a strange distant city and will be there all alone. In Belgorod, Misha Shchepkin spent almost four years (6) studying history and languages - Latin and French.
10. There was no other, (1) and the remaining one was a pitiful sight: scorched and one-sided, (2) with a thick ugly trunk, (3) rotten with a clumsy crack-hollow, (4) it is not clear how it held several powerful boughs.
11. I'm going from the fair, (1) buying something and selling something, (2) finding something, (3) losing something, (4) I don't know, (5) I'm in profit or for nothing, (6) but my chaise does not creak under the load of antique junk.
12. His passion delighted me, (1) and in his struggle for the purity of the language, he often grabbed over the edge. He, (2) for example, (3) required, (4) that the word must be kind, (5) helpful.
13. Everything in this piece of endless savannah was good for the leopard, (1) and, (2) bypassing his possessions, (3) the owner jealously watched (4) so that no one would dare to challenge his rights to this “sacred” territory .
14. Perhaps (1) in the second half of the twentieth century, people no longer dream of peace, (2) but still we crave peace of mind, (3) in which only creative restlessness and beneficial restlessness in any other activity is possible, ( 4) necessary for society.
15. Lanterns hung over both doors, (1) and burned in them in the evenings, (2) dimly illuminating the inside of the horse, (3) candles.
16. She left, (1) ruthlessly, (2) subtly creaked under the window with her narrow felt boots, (3) and after her departure, a restless, (4) mixed smell of frost and freshness, frosty fur remained in the room.
17. In my inescapable curiosity and playfulness, I looked at these incomprehensible pictures, (1) drawn evenly by lines, (2) took a bottle of ink, (3) carefully poured it over the entire project, (4) and the paint flooded the drawing.
Exercise: write out the number(s) denoting the commas between the parts of the complex sentence:
1. In the sentence below, from the read text, all punctuation marks are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between the parts.
A great goal embraces the whole person, (1) is reflected in each of his actions, (2) and one cannot think (3) that a good goal can be achieved by bad means.
2. In the sentence below, from the read text, all punctuation marks are numbered. Write down the number(s) denoting the comma(s) between parts of a complex sentence.
3. complex subordinate suggestions.
I believe (1) that a person should have one rule in life, (2) in his goal of life, (3) in his principles of life, (4) in his behavior: one must live life with dignity, (5) in order to remembered, (6) so as not to be ashamed to remember.
4. In the sentence below, from the read text, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between the parts complex subordinate suggestions.
Gradually, children become objects of ever higher care and they themselves begin to show real and wide care - not only about the family, (1) but also about the school, (2) where parental care placed them, (3) about their village, (4) city and country...
5. In the sentence below, from the read text, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between the parts.
A self-respecting person will never throw mud at other people, (1) his country, (2) no matter what happens, (3) because (4) he feels his belonging to it and responsibility for everything, (5) what happens here .
6. In the sentence below, from the read text, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between the parts complex sentence.
People (1) whom he once respected, (2) whom he trusted, (3) may turn out to be hypocritical and cruel narcissists, (4) ready to sacrifice conscience and honor for their own success.
7. In the sentence below, from the read text, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between the parts complex sentence.
Having performed some necessary mathematical operation in your mind, (1) you will be able to respond to an insult with more dignity, (2) which will be the more noble, (3) the less importance you attach to the insult.
8. In the sentence below, from the read text, all punctuation marks are numbered. Write down all the numbers that represent the punctuation marks that separate parts of a complex sentence.
And I really want to hope (1) that someday in the future the concepts of honor and conscience throughout the world will be the same, (2) uniting in different countries now and those (3) that were before, (4) but have not reached our time.
9. In the sentences of the text read below, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between the parts complex sentence.
Until the 18th century, Russia was guided by the Domostroy set of rules, (1) which was based on a strict class division, (2) the subordination of the younger to the elder, (3) the lower to the higher.
10. In the sentence below, punctuation marks are numbered from the read text. Write down the numbers with which punctuation marks are used to separate main and subordinate parts of a complex sentence.
Seeing (1) how others successfully use their abilities and available opportunities, (2) exert all their strength, (3) measure their strength with fate and jump above their heads - (4) a reasonable occupation for a worthy person.
