stupid animal. The animal is not stupid at all. It has a great mind, but its mind is always connected with a certain situation. You know the expression: "Like a ram before a new gate." This does not mean that the ram is a stupid animal. The ram has a fairly high level of intelligence. But his intellect is chained to a certain situation, he is lost. A person is always in an unforeseen situation. And he has only two legs: intellect and conscience. Conscience without a developed intellect is blind, but not dangerous, but an intellect without conscience is dangerous.

We live in a very interesting time. And although there are no uninteresting times, there are times about which historians, leaving blank pages, note that nothing special happened. And those pages that are completely written over are an indicator of a stormy time, full of events and changes, when life is not easy and requires a lot from a person. And a person constantly has many situations when there is a choice: to act in one way or another. What? That's why conscience is given to man. To make the right choice. And by this choice one can judge a person. You can't judge a stone because it falls down. But a person cannot say to himself: “I was in such a position, I did not want anything bad, but there were such circumstances, I could not do otherwise ...” This is not true! There are no circumstances when it is impossible to do otherwise. And if we still have such circumstances, then we have no conscience. Conscience is what dictates what to do when there is a choice. And there is always a choice ... of course, a choice is a difficult thing, so it’s easier to be a fool, there’s no question from a fool: “I was ordered, but what could I do?”, “They brought me, but you yourself would try ...”

So what do people learn throughout their lives? People learn Knowledge, people learn Memory, people learn Conscience. These are three subjects that are necessary in any School.

Many features distinguish a person from an animal. The animal has a great mind, but its mind is connected with a certain situation. And when it is not in the situation with which it is "connected" but in a completely different one, then it is lost. But a person is always in an unforeseen situation. And he has only two legs: intellect and conscience. Conscience without a developed intellect is not dangerous; intellect without conscience is dangerous.

A person always has the choice to do one way or another. Conscience is given to a person to make the right choice. And by this choice one can judge a person. If a person, being in a choiceless situation (and this does not exist) and does a bad deed, this means that he has no conscience. Conscience dictates what to do when there is a choice, and there is always a choice. Throughout life, people learn knowledge, develop memory, and learn conscience. These three subjects are simply necessary in any school!!!

(1) ... There are many signs that distinguish a person from an animal. (2) I do not mean that the person is smart, but the animal is stupid. (3) The animal is not stupid at all. (4) The animal has a great mind, but its mind is always connected with a certain situation. (5) A person is always in an unforeseen situation. (6) And here he has two "legs": intellect and conscience. (7) As conscience without a developed intellect is blind, but not dangerous, so is intellect without conscience dangerous. (8) We live in a very interesting time. (9) And although there are no uninteresting times, there are times in which historians, leaving blank pages, note that nothing happened. (10) And those pages that are completely written are often devoted to a time in which life is nothing easy .. (11) Then it requires a lot from a person. (12) A person ceases to be a cog, he has many situations when there is a choice: to act in one way or another. (13) What? (14) For this he was given a conscience, and therefore he can. judge. (15) You can’t judge a stone for falling down, but don’t tell yourself: “I was in such a position, I didn’t want anything bad, but there were such circumstances, I couldn’t do otherwise ...” (16) This not true! (17) There are no circumstances when it is impossible to do otherwise. (18) And if we still have such circumstances, then we have no conscience. (19) Conscience is what dictates what to do when there is a choice. (20) And there is always a choice ... (21) The choice is a difficult thing, so it’s easier to be a fool, there’s no question from a fool: “I was ordered, but what could I do?” (22) “They brought me, and you yourself tried ... "(23) I recall the words of the Decembrist Pushchin, Pushkin's friend, said by him in a conversation with the tsar. (24) A person whose hands were chained; to the question of Nicholas 1: how did you decide on such a thing? - answered: otherwise I would consider myself a scoundrel. (25) By this he said: I have a conscience, I have a choice - either these hands are in chains, or I myself will consider myself a scoundrel. (26) History has shown that the high morality of the Decembrists helped them endure the most difficult trials that fell to their lot in Siberia. (27) So, what do people learn? (28) People learn Knowledge, people learn Memory, people learn Conscience. (29) And only in this case can we talk about human culture. (30) Of course, you can’t do this: I woke up today, I wanted to become cultured and began to sympathize with the humiliated and offended. (31) This does not happen, and the best intentions will not help here. (32) It is necessary to work out the soul .. (according to Yu.M. Lotman)

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In this text, Yuri Mikhailovich Lotman poses the problem of conscience.

Arguing over this problem, the author compares man and animal. The narrator says that a person, unlike an animal, is always in an unforeseen situation and can only be guided by intellect and conscience. "Just as conscience without a developed intellect is blind, so dangerous is intellect without conscience," the narrator notes. The author believes that in a person's life there are many situations when he has to choose what to do. At such moments, conscience helps us to make the right choice. Lotman is convinced that conscience dictates to us what to do when there is a choice, and there is always a choice. As proof, the author reminds us of Pushchin's words about participation in the Decembrist uprising. According to Pushchin, if he did otherwise, he would consider himself a scoundrel. It was high moral qualities that helped the Decembrists to endure severe trials. " People learn knowledge, memory, conscience and only then can we talk about human culture," the narrator believes.

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It often happens that it is not so easy to distinguish an honest and sincere person from someone who pretends to be one. However, there are signs that will help you figure out exactly who is in front of you, you just have to take a closer look at how a person communicates with his grandmother and whether he often makes promises.

We are in website identified 8 main markers by which you can determine whether a person is honest with you or a pretender. And also picked up examples, thanks to which the signs will be remembered as easy as shelling pears.

8. The pretender respects only those who have power and popularity. A good person respects everyone

When a person does not pursue any selfish goals, he does not care about high ranks and regalia, he respects personality and spiritual qualities in people. For example, Harry Potter, a character in the books of JK Rowling, never cared about Ron's social position or Hermione's popularity, while Malfoy measured everyone only by these standards and listened only to those who had power.

7. The pretender always wants others to do what is beneficial to him. A good person does not try to educate others to please himself.

Can you imagine a good person manipulating someone? But an attempt to make everyone around do what is beneficial to the pretender - this is manipulation. For example, Lucy, the heroine of The Chronicles of Narnia, never tried to change others. Whereas her cousin Eustace always tried to threaten, pressure and with the help of other intrigues to make everything turn out in accordance with his desires.

6. The pretender cannot live without attention. A good man doesn't like to be attracted to him

When a person is a self-sufficient person, he doesn't have to prove anything to society, attracting attention. Who doesn't remember Shrek from the famous cartoon? Remember, he never wanted to be popular and always acted according to his conscience. Prince Charming, on the contrary, suffered from a lack of attention and was ready to sacrifice many moral principles for him.

5. The pretender constantly praises himself. A good person doesn't brag about anything.

Any boasting is the lot of a pretender and a marker by which it is easy to identify it. A good person does not throw words to the wind and does not brag about his achievements, because this is also an attempt to attract the attention of the crowd. Remember the Beast from the famous fairy tale - imprisonment in the castle and meeting with Belle changed him for the better: he was very educated and well-read, but he never boasted about it. Gaston, on the other hand, always exaggerated his merits and sometimes boasted of what had not even happened to him, which means that he was already simply lying.

4. The pretender gossips a lot. A good person speaks his mind openly

The ability to openly express one's point of view is based on willpower and high moral principles. After all, often the opinion of one person may not coincide with the opinion of the majority, and you need to find the strength to fight back. The unsinkable Molly Brown, a character in the film and a real-life passenger on the Titanic, is shown as a strong woman who does not stoop to gossip or be led by high society opinion. Rosa's mother, on the other hand, considers it natural to gossip behind other people's backs and build intrigues.

3. The pretender often makes promises but rarely keeps them. A good person always tries to keep what he promises.

At the beginning of Jane Austen's book Pride and Prejudice, it is just unclear which of the two main characters is a good person and which is a pretender. In the course of the story, we learn that Mr. Wickham does not consider it necessary to keep his promises. For example, having promised Mr. Darcy's father to become a priest, he easily changes his plans. Mr. Darcy himself, despite his outward arrogance, was always a man of his word. By not keeping a promise, we can greatly injure people close to us, which never want to do a really good person.Game of Thrones, then you might not notice the intimidating nature of your wife Cersei. She would have been surprisingly nice to you, when in fact she planned your murder. Cersei is always nice to those from whom she needs something. Jon Snow, on the other hand, with all the same in communication and seems to be the noblest character in the entire series.

Have you ever had a hard time telling a good person from a pretender? Or do you immediately understand who is in front of you?

From a speech at the opening of the Russian Gymnasium at the University of Tartu, 1990

From the speech:
"The life of every person passes in some isolated circles.
One lives in a small circle, another in a larger circle, and a third in an even larger one. The size of your circle is determined by many signs: what are you curious about, what do you know, what interests you and - another and very important - what hurts you? One, for example, hurts when they hit him, and the other will only say: well, in the face, it's not dangerous, as long as they don't kill him. A larger circle, when a person responded to an insult with a duel, and said that an insult is worse than death: death cannot humiliate a person, and I cannot bear the insult. Another will say, I will not endure the insults of the people I love: I will not let them offend my children, I will not let them insult my mother, but here is a stranger ... Remember, as in Gogol, "what indifferent eyes do not see." When it hurts from someone else's pain - this is the largest circle, the circle of a cultured person.

Of course, it is impossible to do this: today I woke up, I wanted to become cultured and began to sympathize with the humiliated and offended. This does not happen, and the best intentions will not help here.
We have to develop the soul.

There are many signs that distinguish a person from an animal. I do not mean that a person is smart, but an animal is stupid. The animal is not stupid at all. The animal has a great mind, but its mind is always connected with a certain situation. You know the expression: "Like a ram before a new gate." This does not mean that the ram is a stupid animal. The ram has a high level of intelligence. But his intellect is chained to a certain situation, he is lost. A person is always in an unforeseen situation. And here he has only two legs: intellect and conscience.
Just as a conscience without a developed intellect is blind but not dangerous, so is an intellect without a conscience.

Life is nothing easy. It requires a lot from a person. There are many situations when there is a choice: to act one way or another. What? - On this he was given a conscience and therefore he can be judged. You can’t judge a stone because it falls down, but don’t say to yourself: “I was in such a position, I didn’t want anything bad, but there were such circumstances, I could not do otherwise.” It is not true! There are no circumstances when it is impossible to do otherwise. And if we still have such circumstances, then we have no conscience. Conscience is what dictates what to do when there is a choice. And there is always a choice. Choice is a difficult thing, therefore it is easier to be a fool, there is no question from a fool: "I was ordered, but what could I do?", "They brought me, but you would have tried it yourself."

What are people learning?
People learn Knowledge, people learn Memory, people learn Conscience. These are the three subjects that are necessary in any school, and which art has absorbed. And art is essentially a Book of Memory and Conscience. We just need to learn to read this Book."

Ivan Maslyukov

Director, entrepreneur. Creator of the international network of urban games Encounter.

1. A smart person talks with a purpose

At a meeting, by phone, in a chat. Conversation is a tool to achieve a goal.

Stupid people talk for the sake of talking. So they indulge their laziness when they are busy. Or they struggle with boredom and idleness in their free time.

2. Feels comfortable being alone

A smart man is not bored with his thoughts. He understands that important events and discoveries can occur within a person.

Stupid people, on the contrary, do their best to avoid loneliness: remaining alone with themselves, they are forced to observe their own emptiness. Therefore, it seems to them that something important and meaningful can only happen around them. They follow the news, tend to companies and hangouts, check social networks a hundred times a day.

3. Trying to keep balance

• Between external experience (movies, books, stories of friends) and own experience.
• Between believing in himself and knowing that he could be wrong.
• Between ready knowledge (templates) and new knowledge (thinking).
• Between an intuitive hint from the subconscious and an accurate logical analysis of limited data.

Stupid people easily fall into one extreme.

4. Strives to expand the range of his perception

A smart person wants to achieve accuracy in sensations, feelings, thoughts. He understands that the whole consists of the smallest details, therefore he is so attentive to trifles, shades, to the small.

Stupid people are content with average stamps.

5. Knows many "languages"

A smart person communicates with architects through buildings, with writers through books, with designers through interfaces, with artists through paintings, with composers through music, with a janitor through a clean yard. He knows how to communicate with people through what they do.

Foolish people understand only the language of words.

6. A smart person finishes what they start.

The foolish one stops as soon as he starts, or in the middle, or almost finishes, on the assumption that what he has done may turn out to be unclaimed and will not bring any benefit to anyone.

7. Understands that a huge part of the world around was invented and created by people

After all, a shoe, concrete, a bottle, a sheet of paper, a light bulb, a window once did not exist. Taking advantage of what was invented and created, he wants to give something of himself to humanity in gratitude. He happily creates himself. And when he uses what others have done, he gladly gives money for it.

Stupid people, when they pay for a thing, a service, an object of art, do it without gratitude and with regret that there is less money.

8. Follows an information diet

A smart person has a memory of facts and data that are not needed to solve current problems. At the same time, studying the world, he seeks, first of all, to understand the causal relationships between events, phenomena, things.

Stupid people consume information indiscriminately and without trying to understand the relationships.

9. Understands that nothing can be appreciated without context.

Therefore, he is in no hurry with conclusions and assessments of any things, events, phenomena, until he analyzes the totality of all circumstances and details. Smart very rarely criticizes, condemns.

A stupid person easily evaluates things, events, phenomena, without delving into the details and circumstances. He takes pleasure in criticizing and condemning, thus, as it were, feeling superior to that which is the object of his criticism.

10. Considers the authority of the one who has earned his authority

The smart one never forgets that even if everyone is of the same opinion, they can be wrong.

Fools recognize an opinion as correct if it is supported by the majority. It is enough for them that many other people consider a certain person to be an authority.

11. Very selective about books and films.

A smart person does not care at all when and by whom the book was written or when the film was made. Priority is content and meaning.

A stupid person prefers trendy books and movies.

12. Has a passion for self-development and growth

In order to grow, a smart person says to himself: "I'm not good enough, I can become better."

Stupid, seeking to exalt themselves in the eyes of others, humiliate others and, thus, humiliate themselves.

13. Not afraid to make mistakes

A smart person perceives it as a natural component of moving forward. At the same time, he tries not to repeat them.

Fools have learned once and for all the shame of making mistakes.

14. Knows how to concentrate

For maximum concentration, an intelligent person can withdraw into himself, be inaccessible to anyone and nothing.

Stupid people are always open to communication.

15. A smart person convinces himself that everything in this life depends only on him.

Although he understands that this is not so. Therefore, he believes in himself, and not in the word "luck."

Stupid people convince themselves that everything in this life depends on circumstances and other people. This allows them to relieve themselves of all responsibility for what is happening in their lives.

16. It can be hard as steel or soft as clay

At the same time, an intelligent person proceeds from his ideas about how he should be under different circumstances.

A fool is hard as steel, or soft as clay, based on the desire to meet the expectations of others.

17. Easily admits his mistakes

His goal is to understand the real state of things, and not to be always right. He understands only too well how difficult it is to make sense of the diversity of life. Therefore, he does not lie.

Fools deceive themselves and others.

18. Acts mostly like a smart person

Sometimes smart people allow themselves to relax and behave like stupid people.

Stupid people sometimes concentrate, show willpower, make an effort and behave like smart people.

Of course, no one can act smart always and everywhere. But the more you are from a smart person, the more you are. The more stupid, the more stupid.