phonetic homonyms. Homonyms: examples of words

Homonyms are words that are identical in sound composition, but not related in meaning: lezginka (dance) - lezginka (woman); rook (piece in chess) - rook (ship); ambassador (method of procurement of products) - ambassador (diplomat). The same external sound-letter and grammatical form of homonyms makes communication difficult, since distinguishing their meaning is possible only in context, in combination with other words. Homonyms, examples of which show this, cannot be understood without context: an advantageous offer is an impersonal offer; buds open - cure buds; right hand - right (innocent).

Types and examples of homonyms in Russian

Complete lexical homonymy is the coincidence of words related to the same part of speech in all forms: month (calendar) - month (luminary), assembly of a car (from the verb to collect) - assembly on fabric (fold), motive (musical) - motive (behavior), read (book) - read (adults, parents), outfit (order) - outfit (clothes), note (diplomatic) - note (musical). Incomplete lexical homonymy implies a coincidence in spelling and sounding of words belonging to the same part of speech, not in all forms: stingray (wheel; inanimate) - stingray (to the river; inanimate) - stingray (fish; animate); bury a hole (perfect view - bury) - bury medicine (perfect view - bury); cancer (river animal) - cancer (disease, has only a single number).

There are homonyms, examples of which can be seen below, associated with grammatical and sound change: mouth - gender (pronounced as [mouth]); three (from the verb to rub) - three (number); pair (boots) - (clubs) pair; oven (pies) - (Russian) oven.

Homonyms: examples and types by structure

root. They have a non-derivative basis: marriage (factory) and marriage (happy), peace (reigns in the family and the state) and peace (the Universe).
Derivative homonyms are the result of word formation: drill (drill song) and drill forest.

Phonetic, grammatical and graphic homonyms: examples of use

Homophones (phonetic homonyms) are words that are identical in sound composition, but different in spelling (letter composition): mushroom and flu, code and cat, fort and ford, illuminate and consecrate, people and fierce.

Homographs (letter, graphic homonyms) are words that have the same alphabetic composition, but differ in pronunciation: shelves - shelves, horns - horns, atlas - atlas, soar - soar (the stress in these words falls on different syllables).

Homoforms - coincidence of grammatical forms of one word or different words: window glass (noun) - glass on the floor (verb time to go - summer time; hunting (for predators) and hunting (desire); popsicle ice cream - frozen meat (noun and adjective) ; return in the spring - enjoy the spring (adverb and noun); flow on the floor - close up the leak (verb and noun).

Pun and homonyms: examples of words and casual statements

One must be careful in the use of homonyms, since in some situations homonymy can distort the meaning of the statement and lead to comedy. For example, the words of a football match commentator: “In today's match, the players left without goals” can be understood in two ways. And even writers are not immune from such speech incidents:

"Have you heard?"
"One cannot be indifferent to evil."

homonymy- this is a sound coincidence of various language units, the meanings of which are not related to each other.

Homonyms the same-sounding words are called that do not have common elements of meaning (sem) and are not associated associatively. For example, nouns are: bank 1 - "bank" and bank 2 - "shore (rivers, lakes)"; Verbs boast 1 - “boast” and boast 2 - “hew a stone in a rough”; adjectives close 1 - "closed" and close 2 - "close" etc.

Highly developed homonymy is a characteristic feature of the English language, which is due, firstly, to the presence in the English language of a large number of monosyllabic words related to the most commonly used vocabulary, and, secondly, to the analytical nature of the language. The frequency of words is inversely related to their length (the number of syllables in them), so monosyllabic words are the most frequent. In turn, the most frequent words are characterized by highly developed polysemy. And it is quite natural that in the process of development such words can acquire meanings that deviate very far from the main (central, direct nominative) meaning, which is known in linguistics as semantic differentiation, or divergence.

Homonym classification

An important place in the linguistic description of homonyms is occupied by the problem of their classification.

According to the degree of identity three types of coincidences of the sound and letter forms of different words are distinguished - full homonyms and incomplete homonyms (homophones and homographs).

Full homonyms words are called that coincide both in their sound and in written forms, but differ in meaning. These are, for example, the words back, n "part of the body" :: back, adv "away from the front" :: back, v "go back"; ball, n "a round object used in games" :: ball, n "a gathering of people for dancing"; bark, n "the noise made by a dog" :: bark, v "to utter sharp explosive cries" :: bark, n "the skin of a tree":: bark, n "a sailing ship"; base, n "bottom" :: base, v "build a place upon" :: base, a "mean"; bay, n "part of the sea or lake filling wide-mouth opening of land" :: bay, n "recess in a house or a room" :: bay, v "bark" :: bay, n "the European laurel" .

homophones units are called that are similar in sound, but differ in their spelling and meaning, for example: air:: heir; buy::by; him::hymn; knight::night; not::knot; or::oar; peace:: piece; rain::reign; steel::steal; storey::story; write::right.

homographs call words that are identical in spelling, but different in meaning and pronunciation (both in terms of sound composition and the place of stress in the word), for example: bow :: bow; lead::lead; row::row; sewer :: sewer; wind :: wind.

Along with the sound coincidence of words, the coincidence of individual forms of different words is possible. In these cases, we are no longer talking about lexical homonyms, but about morphological ones. Different forms of words that coincide in sound appearance are called homoforms (saw"drank" and saw form of the verb to see "to see").

By type of distinguishing value(i.e., according to the semantic differences observed between words that are identical in form), all homonyms are divided into the following groups:

lexical homonyms belonging to the same part of speech and characterized by one lexical and grammatical meaning and different lexical meanings (for example: night "night" - knight "knight"; ball 1 "ball" - ball 2 "ball"; seal "fur seal" - seal "seal");
lexico-grammatical homonyms , which differ both in their lexical and grammatical meanings, and, accordingly, in the paradigm of inflection (for example: rose "rose" - rose "rose"; sea "sea" - see "see");
grammatical homonyms - homonymous forms in the paradigm of the same word, differing in their grammatical meanings (for example: boys "boys" - boy's "boy" - boys' "boys"; in the paradigm of verbs, the forms of the past tense and participle II are homonymous (asked - asked)).

Of particular note are the lexico-grammatical homonyms formed in English according to the productive conversion model ( patterned homonymy ). Words formed by conversion always have a common semantic part with the generating stem, but refer to a different part of speech.

Professor A.I. Smirnitsky divides homonyms into two large classes: full homonyms and incomplete homonyms.

Full lexical homonyms words are called that belong to the same part of speech and have the same paradigm. For example: match "match" :: match "match".

Incomplete homonyms are divided into three subclasses:

1) Simple lexical and grammatical incomplete homonyms- words belonging to the same part of speech, the paradigms of which have the same form. For example: (to) found, v:: found, v(Past Indef., Past Part, of 'to find'); to lay, v:: lay, v (Past Indef. of 'to lie'); to bound, v:: bound, v(Past Indef, Past Part, of 'to bind').

2) Complex lexical and grammatical incomplete homonyms- words belonging to different parts of speech that have the same form in their paradigms. For example: maid, n:: made, v (Past Indef., Past Part, of ‘to make’); bean, n:: been, v (Past Part, of 'to be'); one, pet:: won, v(Past Indef., Past Part, of ‘to win’).

3) Incomplete lexical homonyms- words belonging to the same part of speech and the same only in the initial form. For example: to lie (lay, lain), v:: to lie (lied, lie), v; to hang (hung, hung), v:: to hang (hanged, hanged), v; to can (canned, canned), v:: can (could), v.

Sources of homonymy

The emergence of homonyms in the language is caused by various reasons. I.V. Arnold identifies two reasons for the emergence of homonyms in English:

1) as a result of a random coincidence of the sound and / or graphic form of completely different words (for example: case 1 in meaning "case, circumstance, position" and case 2 in meaning "box, casket, box", flaw "crack" and flaw "gust of wind", which have different sources of origin, but coincidentally in form). Such a phenomenon is called sound convergence ;

2) in the event that some intermediate links (meanings) fall out of the semantic structure of a polysemantic word, the new meanings may lose their connection with the rest of the semantic structure of the word and become an independent unit. This phenomenon is defined as split of polysemy . For example, in modern English board 1– a long and thin piece of timber, board 2– daily meals, esp. as provided for pay (e.g. room and board), board 3– an official group of persons who direct or supervise some activity (e.g. a board of directors) are treated as three homonyms, because there is no semantic connection between the meanings of these three words. However, in large dictionaries, you can sometimes find the already outdated and obsolete meaning of the word board - "a table", which once connected all the above meanings with each other, and they all together made up the semantic structure of the polysemantic word board, in which the second meaning came from the first as a result of metonymic transfer (material is a product from it), and the third and fourth meanings came from the second also as a result of metonymic transfer (contiguity in space: food is usually laid on the table, and people discuss some official business, as a rule, also at the table). After a loanword appeared in English table in meaning "a piece of furniture", it displaced the corresponding meaning of the word board, as a result of which the semantic connection between its remaining meanings was lost, which began to be perceived as different lexical units having the same form, i.e. homonyms.

G.B. Antrushina identifies the following sources of homonymy:

· phonetic changes , as a result of which two or more words that previously had different pronunciations can acquire the same sound, thus forming homonyms, for example: night:: knight, write:: right;

· borrowing from other languages, since a borrowed word may, at the last stage of phonetic adaptation, coincide in form with a word of a given language or with another borrowed word. So, in the group of homonyms rite, n:: to write, v. ::right,adj second and third word of English origin, and the word rite was borrowed from Latin (Lat. ritus);

· word formation. The most productive way in this regard is conversion: comb, n:: to comb, v; to make, v:: make, n; reduction, for example, fan, n in meaning "an enthusiastic admirer of some kind of sport or of an actor, singer, etc." is a shortened form fanatic. Its homonym is a borrowed word from Latin fan, n "an implement for waving lightly to produce a cool current air". Noun rep, n, denoting the type of material, has 3 homonyms formed by abbreviation: rep,n(repertory) rep,n(representative), rep,n(reputation).

The source of homonymy may be the imitative origin of one of the homonyms, cf .: bang, n ("a loud, sudden, explosive noise") :: bang, n ("a fringe of hair combed over the forehead"); mew, n (the sound a cat makes) :: mew, n ("a sea gull") :: mew, n("a pen in which poultry is fattened") :: mews("small terraced houses in Central London").

All of the above sources of homonymy have a common feature. In all cases, the homonyms originated from one or more different words and their similarity is completely accidental, with the exception of homonyms formed by conversion;

· collapse of polysemy - a break in the originally unified semantics of a polysemantic word. The complexity of this factor lies in the fact that the gap, the divergence of values, i.e. their loss of common semantic elements is usually carried out gradually.

The concept of homonymy

Homonym types

Ways of the emergence of homonymy (sources of homonymy)

Paronymy and paronomasia

Literature

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The concept of homonymy

homonymy(gr. homos‘same’ and ōnyma‘name’) is a sound and / or graphic match of language units, the meanings of which are not related to each other.

homonymy similar to polysemy in that same the sound (graphic) shell corresponds to several objects or phenomena of reality. BUT

at polysemysemantic connections between these realities clearly understood speaking,

at homonymyconnections between these realities for native speakers of modern language does not exist.

Those. at ambiguity we are dealing with one in a word, at homonymy- With two(and more) in the words [Rakhmanov, Suzdaltsev, p. 75].

[Girutsky, p. 131]

Homonym types

With a broad understanding of homonymy, they distinguish several types homonyms.

1. Lexical homonyms(actually homonyms) are words of different meanings that coincide in sound and spelling in all (almost all) forms and refer to the same part of speech.

beam‘building material’ ↔ beam'ravine';

stern from feed↔stern from stern;

smack‘cut at the seams’ ↔ smack‘cut’.

According to the degree of completeness lexical homonyms are divided into

full (absolute),

incomplete (partial).

Complete(absolute) are called homonyms that match in all forms:

key‘spring’ ↔ key'master key',

braid‘hair woven into one strand’ ↔ braid‘agricultural implement for mowing’ ↔ braid‘peninsula in the form of a narrow shoal’,

English.light ‘easy’ ↔ light'light coloured',

German.Mal ‘time’ ↔ Mal 'birthmark'.

Homonyms relating to to one part of speech, but matching not in all forms, are called incomplete:

onion'plant', lynx'run', boron‘chemical element’ does not have a plural form. hours;

fist'clasped hand' and fist‘wealthy peasant’ do not match in the form of V. p. units. and pl.;

conduct– perfective pair (CB) to the verb see off and an imperfective pair (NSV) to the verb spend.

2. Grammatical homonyms(homoforms) - one or more coinciding grammatical forms of different words.

Omoform is observed among words like one part of speech, and different:

flying- 1 l. unit from treat

from fly;

know- noun. in I. and V. p. and inf. verb;

three– D.p. numeral three

1 l. pl. h. verb rub;

saw- noun. in I.p. unit

ave. in. units h.zh.r. verb drink;

English. saw- noun. 'saw'

ave. verb to see.

Sometimes homonyms of this kind are called lexico-grammatical, because they differ both lexically and grammatically. And under grammatical homonyms understand units that differ only in grammatical meanings:

game- D. and P. p.

mothers– R., D., P. p.

3. Phonetic homonyms(homophones) are words or forms that are pronounced the same but are spelled differently:

company - campaign,

pretend - pretend,

bone - bone,

German die Page 'side'

die Website‘string’ [Kodukhov, p. 173]

Most often these are words that coincide in sound only in separate forms:

rod - pond (but rod - pond),

climb - forest,

metal is metal.

In languages with traditional orthography (for example, English and French), there are significantly more homophones:

English. write'write'

right‘right, correct’,

week'a week'

weak 'weak',

French.boulet ‘fat man’ – bowleau 'Birch',

pot ‘pot’ - peau ‘skin’ [LES, p. 344],

German.Moore'swamp' - Mohr‘Moor’ [Shaikevich, p. 155].

4. Graphic homonyms(homographs) are words or forms that are spelled the same but pronounced differently.

In Russian, these are usually words that differ accent:

castle - castle,

flour - flour,

to shake - to shake.

AT other languages homographs are not so strictly related to stress, cf.:

lead 'lead'

‘to lead,

tear 'tear'

‘tear’ [LES, p. 344].

Ways of the emergence of homonymy (sources of homonymy)

- (from Greek ὁμός identical and ονομα name) different in meaning, but identical in spelling and sounding units of the language (words, morphemes, etc.). The term was introduced by Aristotle. Not to be confused with homophones. Contents 1 Classification 2 Examples 2.1 Words ... Wikipedia

Phonetic variants- - different pronunciation of borrowed words. This happens when foreign words are borrowed at different times, from different languages, and also as a result of different degrees of their development by native speakers. Wed collapse - collapse, feluca - felucca, caliph - ... ... Language Contacts: A Concise Dictionary

homonymy- Homonyms (from Greek ὁμός identical and ονομα name) different in meaning, but identical in spelling and sounding units of the language (words, morphemes, etc.). The term was introduced by Aristotle. Not to be confused with homophones. Contents 1 Classification 2 Examples 2.1 Words ... Wikipedia

Homonym- This term has other meanings, see Homonym (meanings). Homonyms (other Greek ὁμός identical + ὄνομα name) are different in meaning, but the same in sound and spelling units of the language (words, morphemes, etc.). The term has been introduced ... ... Wikipedia

Homophone- This article lacks links to sources of information. Information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be questioned and removed. You can ... Wikipedia

Homophony

Homophones- Homophones, phonetic ambiguity, phonetic homonyms (other Greek ὁμόφωνος "consonant, consonant") words that sound the same, but are spelled differently and have different meanings. Examples in Russian: threshold vice park, meadow onion, fruit ... Wikipedia

Phonetic ambiguity- Homophones, phonetic ambiguity, phonetic homonyms (other Greek ὁμόφωνος "consonant, consonant") words that sound the same, but are spelled differently and have different meanings. Examples in Russian: threshold vice park, meadow onion, fruit ... Wikipedia

NONSENSE- § 1. The word nonsense in the Russian literary language means: nonsense, nonsense, nonsense, absurdity, nonsense, stupidity (cf. the words of Dahl 1903, 1, p. 78). Often used in frozen "phrases": carry nonsense, fence nonsense, smack nonsense, grind nonsense, ... ... History of words

Expressive means of language- - a concept that is defined differently in the specialized literature due to the ambiguous interpretation of the category of expressiveness (see: Expressiveness of speech). In the works of some researchers V. s. are identified with stylistic figures (see, for example ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

graphic homonyms- see homographs...

Homonyms- (from Greek ὁμός identical and ονομα name) different in meaning, but identical in spelling and sounding units of the language (words, morphemes, etc.). The term was introduced by Aristotle. Not to be confused with homophones. Contents 1 Classification 2 Examples 2.1 Words ... Wikipedia

graphic homonyms- see homographs... Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism

ambiguous term

Ambiguous term- A term (from lat. terminus limit, border) is a word or phrase that accurately and meaningfully names a concept and its relationship with other concepts within a special sphere. Terms serve as specializing, restrictive designations ... ... Wikipedia

homographs- (from the Greek homos the same + grapho I write) different words that coincide in spelling (but not in pronunciation). Rubric: language. Figuratively expressive means Synonym: graphic homonyms Antonym/correlative: homonyms Genus ... Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism

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