Heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812. There are many of these heroes, we will talk about some of them briefly.
The victory of the Russian army created a wonderful constellation of the names of its participants - outstanding generals and privates. The gallery of heroism, courage and courage is the military glory of Russia and begins with the Emperor Alexander I.
Alexander I the Blessed (1777 - 1825)
The years of his reign are a difficult period in European politics, when Russia had to maneuver between the powerful Great Britain and France, striving for world domination.
Participating in the anti-French coalition of 1805-1807 allowed Russia to become one of the decisive players in European politics. After these events, the Russian empire turned from a regional country into a serious adversary.
The events of the Patriotic War of 1812 fully confirmed the strength of the Russians, and Emperor Alexander I personified the prestige of the country, unprecedented to this day.
Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich (1745-1813)
Sometimes even now, as in life, one can hear skeptical statements that Kutuzov was not the most outstanding strategist and tactician, they were better, smarter, smarter.
These critics of Mikhail Illarionovich's actions forget that it was his figure of a military leader who personified the national self-consciousness in the troops. The officers and soldiers in the difficult hour of trials needed the Russian commander in chief and the merit of Emperor Alexander, that he was able to catch this patriotic impulse not only in the troops, but also in society, and appointed Kutuzov to command the Russian army.
Under his command, the Russian army was able to defeat the hitherto invincible army of Napoleon. He was the first full knight of the Order of St. George.
Barclay de Tolly Mikhail Bogdanovich (1761 -1818)
By the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly had been in military service for more than 30 years and was considered a competent and courageous commander. He distinguished himself in several major military companies.
Michael Barclay de Tolly photo
At the beginning of 1812, he served as Minister of War, and with the outbreak of hostilities, he was at the head of the 1st Western Army. At the same time, the 2nd Western Army was transferred to his submission. Despite the military-literate actions of Barclay de Tolly during the retreat of the Russian army, the military, like the whole society as a whole, were dissatisfied with him as commander in chief.
Barclay was removed from general command, only one army remained under his command. During the Battle of Borodino, Mikhail Bogdanovich ruled with great skill and personal courage the right wing and the center of the Russian army. He was a full knight of the Order of St. George.
Nadezhda Andreevna Durova (1783-1866)
This little woman defended her Motherland. Back in 1806, she ran away from home and changed into a Cossack uniform. In the city of Grodno, she was assigned to a cavalry regiment. Serving Nadezhda was difficult, but she enjoyed it. Later, she wrote a letter to her father, asking him to forgive her. The uncle told one general about the nephew, and soon Emperor Alexander 1 himself found out about the brave girl.
At a meeting with Durova, the emperor handed her the St. George Cross with admiration. It was in December 1807. In the Patriotic War of 1812, Nadezhda Andreevna participated in many battles, both near Smolensk and on the Borodino field. She was wounded, but remained in the ranks.
Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration (1765-1812)
Hereditary military man from the family of Georgian princes. Field Marshal Suvorov's favorite, distinguished himself in his European campaigns. A general who never lost a single battle.
Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration photo
He was distinguished by great courage and often showed heroism at critical moments of the battle - he personally led the attack, for which he received a very honorable nickname "The Lion of the Russian Army". He was respected by the common people for supporting the partisan movement.
During Borodino, he commanded the left wing of the Russian army and in this sector all French attacks were repulsed. The general himself was mortally wounded on the battlefield, but did not leave the position until it became clear that the Russian army had won.
Alexei Petrovich Ermolov (1777-1861)
A talented general, a brave and strong-willed man, one of the most talented military leaders. Alexey Petrovich was the chief of staff of the 1st Western Army and was the organizer of the defense of Smolensk.
Alex Ermolov photo
He proved himself in the battle of Maloyaroslavets, preventing Napoleon from approaching the grain regions. By right he deserves to be a hero of the Patriotic War of 1812.
Tormasov Alexander Petrovich (1752-1819)
Despite the fact that he served in the main military companies as an adjutant, he was a courageous and intelligent commander. This allowed him to prove himself excellently and successfully advance in the service.
Tormasov Alexander Petrovich photo
By the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, he commanded the Russian army in the Caucasus, but was appointed commander-in-chief of the 3rd Observation Army, which won the first significant victory in this company - captured the Saxon brigade of General Kleingel and at the same time successfully repelled the onslaught of two Napoleonic corps. Tormasov was the only one who received the Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called for the Patriotic War of 1812.
Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, famous Russian commander, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, savior of the Fatherland. For the first time he distinguished himself in the first Turkish company, then, in 1774, he was seriously wounded near Alushta and lost his right eye, which did not prevent him from remaining in the ranks. Kutuzov received another serious wound in the second Turkish company during the siege of Ochakov in 1788. Under the command participates in the assault on Ishmael. His column successfully captured the bastion, and was the first to break into the city. He defeated the Poles in 1792 as part of Kakhovskiy's army.
He proved himself a subtle diplomat, carrying out an assignment in Constantinople. Alexander I appoints Kutuzov the military governor of St. Petersburg, but in 1802 dismisses him. In 1805 he was appointed commander in chief of the Russian army. The failure at Austerlitz, when the Russian soldiers turned out to be only cannon fodder for the Austrians, again caused disgrace of the sovereign, and before the start of World War II, Kutuzov was on the sidelines. In August 1812, he was appointed commander in chief instead of Barclay.
Kutuzov's appointment lifted the spirits of the retreating Russian army, although he continued Barclay's retreat tactics. This made it possible to lure the enemy deep into the country, stretch his lines and make it possible to attack the French from two sides at once. He forced the enemy to retreat along the devastated Smolensk road, completely demoralized the enemy. He was not a supporter of shedding the blood of Russian soldiers for the liberation of Europe, so he was in no hurry to catch up with Napoleon. Field Marshal Kutuzov died in the Silesian town of Bunzlau. His ashes were transported to his homeland and buried in the Kazan Cathedral.
Prince Barclay de Tolly
Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly, prince, famous Russian commander, best known for commanding the Russian army in the Patriotic War of 1812. The official career of Barclay de Tolly is similar to the career of his namesake Kutuzov. They took part, and equally successfully, in the same military companies. In the war with Napoleon, they turned out to be involuntarily rivals, although they were commanders of the Russian army. The military abilities of Barclay de Tolly were not always appreciated by his contemporaries, and even less so by his descendants. But he was a great clever man, this native of a Scottish princely family!
This is confirmed by his actions in 1806 at Gough, when he had to confront almost the entire army of Bonaparte. As a result of the brilliantly conducted march through Kvarken and the capture of the city of Umeå, Russia made peace with Sweden, and this allowed her not to fight on two fronts in the future. While serving as Minister of War in 1810, Barclay de Tolly made great efforts, which made it possible to almost double the army, put the fortresses on alert, replenish arsenals and food supplies. But the forces of the Napoleonic army were much superior to the Russian even after quite decent training.
The ingenious plan to retreat to lure the enemy deep into the vast Russian territories was proposed by Barclay. But at a moment of acute danger to the Fatherland, public vision wanted to see its own commander in chief, the Russian commander. After the transfer of the post of commander in chief, Barclay de Tolly remained as before in the front echelon. In he, being responsible for the right flank, he showed miracles of heroism and personally led the soldiers on the attack. After the sudden death of Kutuzov, he led the Russian-Prussian army.
In the battle of nations near Leipzig, he was one of the winners, for which he was awarded the rank of field marshal and elevated to princely dignity.
Prince Bagration P.I.
A descendant of a glorious Georgian family, he took part in many military companies under the command of Suvorov himself, and was a fairly well-known military commander by the beginning of the French company. Behind him were the capture of Ochakov, the famous crossing of the Alps. The name of Bagration is still remembered by the Swiss. After all, this legendary Russian knocked out the French from Saint-Gothard, moved with his fellows across the Devil's Bridge, and pursued the enemy to Lake Lucerne, where he captured them. In all military companies, he showed not only personal courage, but also diligence and talent as a commander. Obeying public opinion, although he did not agree with him, he supported the attacks on Barclay de Tolly, which he could not forgive himself.
In the Battle of Borodino, he proved himself to be a skilled commander and a real hero, was mortally wounded and died on September 12. His ashes rest on the Borodino field.
Denis Davydov - poet and partisan
The brave, reckless, reckless Colonel of the Life Hussars Regiment Denis Vasilievich Davydov was a member of the first company against Napoleon. After the outbreak of World War II, on his own initiative, he created the first partisan detachment from his hussars. The detachment inflicted great damage on the French, and when Napoleon crossed the Berezina, only a chance prevented Davydov from capturing the French emperor. For successful participation in Davydov, he received the rank of general, and this despite his free-thinking and penchant for anarchy.
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Introduction
Heroes of the War of 1812
Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich
Family and clan Kutuzov
Russian-Turkish wars
War with Napoleon in 1805
At war with Turkey in 1811
Patriotic War of 1812
Service start
Bagration
Pedigree
Military service
Patriotic War
Personal life of Bagration
Gerasim Kurin
Nadezhda Durova
Biography
Literary activity
Conclusion
Related apps
Bibliography
Introduction
I chose this topic for research because the Patriotic War of 1812, the just national liberation war of Russia against Napoleonic France that attacked it. It was the result of deep political and economic contradictions between bourgeois France and feudal-feudal Russia.
In this war, the peoples of Russia and its army showed great heroism and courage and dispelled the myth of Napoleon's invincibility, freeing their Fatherland from foreign invaders.
The Patriotic War left a deep mark on the public life of Russia. Under its influence, the ideology of the Decembrists began to take shape. The bright events of the Patriotic War inspired the work of many Russian writers, artists, and composers. The events of the war are captured in numerous monuments and works of art, among which the most famous monuments on the Borodino field (1) Borodino Museum, monuments in Maloyaroslavets and Tarutino, Triumphal Arches in Moscow (3) Leningrad, Kazan Cathedral in Leningrad, "Military Gallery" of the Winter Palace , panorama "Battle of Borodino" in Moscow (2).
Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich
Family and clan Kutuzov
The noble family of the Golenishchev-Kutuzovs traces its origins to a certain Gabriel, who settled in the Novgorod lands during the time of Alexander Nevsky (mid-13th century). Among his descendants in the 15th century was Fedor, nicknamed Kutuz, whose nephew was called Vasily, nicknamed Shaft. The sons of the latter began to be called the Golenishchev-Kutuzovs and were in the royal service. The grandfather of M. I. Kutuzov rose only to the rank of captain, his father already to the lieutenant general, and Mikhail Illarionovich earned hereditary princely dignity.
Illarion Matveyevich was buried in the village of Terebeni, Opochetsky District, in a special crypt. Currently, a church stands on the burial site, in the basement of which in the 20th century. crypt discovered. The expedition of the TV project "Searchers" found out that the body of Illarion Matveyevich was mummified and, thanks to this, was well preserved.
Kutuzov got married in the church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in the village of Golenishchevo, Samoluk Volost, Loknyansky District, Pskov Region. Today, only ruins remain of this church.
The wife of Mikhail Illarionovich, Ekaterina Ilyinichna (1754-1824), was the daughter of Lieutenant General Ilya Alexandrovich Bibikov, the son of Catherine's nobleman Bibikov. She married a thirty-year-old colonel Kutuzov in 1778 and gave birth to five daughters in a happy marriage (the only son, Nikolai, died of smallpox in infancy).
Praskovya (1777-1844) - wife of Matvey Fedorovich Tolstoy (1772-1815);
Anna (1782-1846) - wife of Nikolai Zakharovich Khitrovo (1779-1826);
Elizabeth (1783-1839) - in the first marriage, the wife of Fyodor Ivanovich Tizenhausen (1782-1805); in the second - Nikolai Fedorovich Khitrovo (1771-1819);
Catherine (1787-1826) - wife of Prince Nikolai Danilovich Kudashev (1786-1813); in the second - I. S. Saraginsky;
Daria (1788-1854) - wife of Fyodor Petrovich Opochinin (1779-1852).
Two of them (Liza and Katya) had their first husbands killed fighting under the command of Kutuzov. Since the field marshal left no offspring in the male line, the name of Golenishchev-Kutuzov in 1859 was transferred to his grandson, Major General P. M. Tolstoy, son of Praskovya.
Kutuzov also related to the Imperial House: his great-granddaughter Daria Konstantinovna Opochinina (1844-1870) became the wife of Evgeny Maximilianovich Leuchtenberg.
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The only son of lieutenant general and senator Illarion Matveyevich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (1717-1784) and his wife, nee Beklemisheva.
The generally accepted year of birth of Mikhail Kutuzov, which was established in the literature until recent years, was considered to be 1745, indicated on his grave. However, the data contained in a number of formulary lists of 1769, 1785, 1791. and private letters, indicate the possibility of referring this date to 1747. 1747 is indicated as the year of birth of M.I. Kutuzov in his later biographies.
From the age of seven, Mikhail studied at home, in July 1759 he was sent to the Noble Artillery and Engineering School, where his father taught artillery sciences. Already in December of the same year, Kutuzov was given the rank of conductor of the 1st class with swearing in and the appointment of a salary. A capable young man is recruited to train officers.
In February 1761, Mikhail graduated from school and, with the rank of ensign engineer, was left with her to teach mathematics to pupils. Five months later, he became the adjutant wing of the Reval Governor-General of Holstein-Beksky. Quickly managing the office of Holstein-Beksky, he quickly managed to earn the rank of captain in 1762. In the same year he was appointed company commander of the Astrakhan infantry regiment, which at that time was commanded by Colonel A.V. Suvorov.
Since 1764, he was at the disposal of the commander of the Russian troops in Poland, Lieutenant General I. I. Veymarn, commanded small detachments operating against the Polish confederates.
In 1767, he was recruited to work on the "Commission for the drafting of a new Code", an important legal and philosophical document of the 18th century, which consolidated the foundations of an "enlightened monarchy". Apparently, Mikhail Kutuzov was involved as a secretary-translator, since in his certificate it is written "in French and German he speaks and translates quite well, he understands the author in Latin."
In 1770 he was transferred to the 1st Army of Field Marshal P. A. Rumyantsev, located in the south, and took part in the war with Turkey that began in 1768.
Russian-Turkish wars
Of great importance in the formation of Kutuzov as a military leader was the combat experience accumulated by him during the Russian-Turkish wars of the 2nd half of the 18th century under the leadership of commanders P. A. Rumyantsev and A. V. Suvorov. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-74. Kutuzov, as a combatant and staff officer, took part in the battles of Ryaba Mogila, Larga and Cahul. For distinction in battles he was promoted to Prime Major. In the position of chief quartermaster (chief of staff) of the corps, he was an active assistant to the commander, and for success in the battle of Popesty in December 1771 he received the rank of lieutenant colonel.
In 1772, an incident occurred that, according to contemporaries, had a great influence on the character of Kutuzov. In a close comradely circle, the 25-year-old Kutuzov, who knows how to imitate everyone in gait, pronunciation and gimmicks, allowed himself to mimic the commander-in-chief Rumyantsev. The field marshal found out about this, and Kutuzov received a transfer to the 2nd Crimean Army under the command of Prince Dolgoruky. As they said, since that time he developed restraint, isolation and caution, he learned to hide his thoughts and feelings, that is, he acquired those qualities that became characteristic of his future military activity.
According to another version, the reason for the transfer of Kutuzov to the 2nd Crimean Army was the words of Catherine II repeated by him about the Most Serene Prince Potemkin, that the prince was brave not with his mind, but with his heart. In a conversation with his father, Kutuzov was perplexed about the reasons for the anger of the Most Serene Prince, to which he received an answer from his father that it was not in vain that a person was given two ears and one mouth so that he listened more and spoke less.
In July 1774, in a battle near the village of Shumy (now Kutuzovka) north of Alushta, Kutuzov, who commanded a battalion, was seriously wounded by a bullet that pierced his left temple and came out near his right eye, which forever stopped seeing. The Empress awarded him the military order of St. George 4th class and sent him abroad for treatment, taking on all the expenses of the trip. Kutuzov used two years of treatment to replenish his military education.
Upon returning to Russia in 1776 again in military service. At first he formed parts of the light cavalry, in 1777 he was promoted to colonel and appointed commander of the Lugansk pike regiment, with whom he was in Azov. He was transferred to the Crimea in 1783 with the rank of brigadier and was appointed commander of the Mariupol Light Horse Regiment. In November 1784 he received the rank of major general after the successful suppression of the uprising in the Crimea. Since 1785 he was the commander of the Bug Chasseur Corps formed by him. Commanding the corps and teaching rangers, he developed new tactical methods of struggle for them and outlined them in a special instruction. He covered the border along the Bug with his corps when the second war with Turkey broke out in 1787.
In the summer of 1788, with his corps, he took part in the siege of Ochakov, where in August 1788 he was again seriously wounded in the head. This time the bullet pierced the cheek and exited at the base of the skull. Mikhail Illarionovich survived and in 1789 accepted a separate corps, with which Akkerman occupied, fought near Kaushany and during the assault on Bendery.
In December 1790, he distinguished himself during the assault and capture of Ishmael, where he commanded the 6th column, which was marching on the attack. Suvorov described the actions of General Kutuzov in a report:
“Showing a personal example of courage and fearlessness, he overcame all the difficulties he encountered under heavy enemy fire; I jumped over the palisade, forestalled the striving of the Turks, quickly flew up to the ramparts of the fortress, took possession of the bastion and many batteries ... General Kutuzov walked on my left wing; but was my right hand."
According to legend, when Kutuzov sent a messenger to Suvorov with a report about the impossibility of staying on the ramparts, he received a response from Suvorov that a messenger had already been sent to Petersburg with the news to Empress Catherine II about the capture of Ishmael. After the capture of Izmail Kutuzov, he was promoted to lieutenant general, awarded George of the 3rd degree and appointed commandant of the fortress. Having repelled the attempts of the Turks to take possession of Izmail, on June 4 (16), 1791, he defeated the 23,000-strong Turkish army at Babadag with a sudden blow. In the Battle of Machinsky in June 1791, under the command of Prince Repnin, Kutuzov dealt a crushing blow to the right flank of the Turkish troops. For the victory at Machin, Kutuzov was awarded the Order of George 2nd degree.
Alexander Khristoforovich was born on June 23, 1783 in the family of a nobleman. He was educated at the Jesuit school of Abbé Nokol. In 1798, Benckendorff began military service with the rank of non-commissioned officer of the Semyonovsky regiment. Already in December 1798 he became an aide-de-camp with the rank of ensign. In 1803-1804, he was a participant in military operations in the Caucasus under the leadership of Tsitsianov. For distinction in the battles for Ganja, as well as in battles with the Lezgins, he was awarded the fourth degree and the fourth degree.
left in many feats of the most different people. In the middle of the year there are both simple peasant partisans, soldiers, officers, and even Russian clergy. Now we will talk about the Russian priest Vasily Vasilkovsky.
Our hero was born in 1778. In 1804 he graduated from the theological seminary, became a priest and was sent to serve in the Elias Church in the city of Sumy. The life of a priest was not easy. His wife died, the father was left alone with his young son. In the summer of 1810, Vasilkovsky was appointed regimental shepherd of the 19th Jaeger Regiment. The head of the regiment, Colonel Zagorsky, could not get enough of the new priest, noted his excellent education. Vasilkovsky was strong in physics, mathematics, history, geography, he knew several foreign languages. In general, he was a talented and versatile person.
K, Stepan Balabin already had considerable combat experience:from 1778, that is, from the year of his entry into the service, and to 1785fought with "non-peaceful" highlanders for the Kuban. Participated in militaryexpeditions, in the protection of the state border, which passed alonglines of Russian fortifications in the North Caucasus. Was well acquaintedwith a camping life.
Stepan Fedorovich took part in and received the rank of centurion for military distinctions. He distinguished himself in the battle on the Kinburn Spit, in which the Janissary troops were almost completely destroyed by the Suvorov troops. He courageously and courageously accepted the battle, participating in hand-to-hand fights.
Stepan Fedorovich took part in the battles for the Bendery fortress in the GZD year, one of the strongest strongholds of the Ottoman Port in the Northern Black Sea region. Then the Don Cossack received a saber wound in the shoulder, but remained in the regimental formation.
In 1790, he walked in a Cossack assault column already in the rank of centurion. Then he was shot in the leg. The reward for the glorious Izmail case for Russian weapons to the Cossack officer was the Golden Cross “For Ishmael”, which was bestowed on those who distinguished themselves by command on the St. George ribbon. In the same year, Stepan Fedorovich received the rank of army lieutenant.
The baptism of fire for Mikhail Arseniev occurred in the wars against Napoleonic France. His regiment for valor received special standards "For Distinction" with a ribbon and the inscription "For the Capture of the Enemy Banner at Austerlitz." Then the cavalry guards distinguished themselves in attacks on the fields of Gutstadt and Friedland. The chief of the regiment was Tsesarevich (heir to the throne) Konstantin Pavlovich.
In August 1807, Mikhail Arseniev was granted the rank of colonel of the guard. His service went well, and in March 1812 he was appointed commander of the Life Guards of the Horse Regiment, with whom he joined. Regiment, in which there are four squadrons; 39 officers, 742 lower ranks, was part of the 1st Cuirassier Division of the 5th Infantry Corps.
The Life Guards Cavalry Regiment became one of the heroes of Borodin's day, being among those troops who courageously defended the center of the Russian position. When Emperor Napoleon finally decided to break the resistance of the enemy army at any cost, he ordered the entire mass of his cavalry to break through the center of its location. French and Saxon warriors began to deliver "ramming" blows.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky - famous,.
Nikolai Raevsky was born on September 14, 1771, in the city of Moscow. Nikolai was a sickly boy.
Raevsky was raised by his mother's parents, he spent a lot of time in their house. Here he was educated, knew French perfectly.
Nikolai Raevsky began his service in the Russian army in 1786, at the age of 14, in the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment.
A year later, in 1787, the war with Turkey began. Raevsky sends to the theater of military operations as a volunteer. Nikolai was assigned to the active Russian army, to the Cossack detachment, under the command of Orlov.
At the time, Raevsky showed himself to be a brave and courageous warrior, participated in many difficult battles of that military campaign.
In 1792 he was granted the rank of colonel in the Russian army. For participation in the Russian-Polish war of 1792, Raevsky was awarded the fourth degree and the fourth degree.
Matvey Ivanovich Platov is a famous Russian military leader, a participant in many campaigns, one of the heroes.
He was born in 1751, in the village of Starocherkasskaya, in the family of a military foreman. Matvey Ivanovich received the usual primary education, and at the age of 13 he entered the military service.
At the age of 19 he went to the first war in his life with Turkey. In battles with the Turks, he showed bravery and courage, for which he was promoted to captain of the Russian army, became the commander of the Cossack hundreds.
The war continued - new battles, new exploits, new successes. Platov became a military foreman, commanded a regiment. But he was still very young, he was just over 20 years old.
In 1774, Matvey Ivanovich became famous in the Russian army. His soldiers were surrounded by the Crimean Khan, accompanied by transport convoys.
Platov set up camp, erected fortifications, and managed to repulse several dashing attacks of the enemy. Reinforcements soon arrived. After this event, he was awarded a gold medal.
Ivan Ivanovich Dibich is famous, one of the heroes.
Unfortunately, few people know the name of Dibich today, although there is one very remarkable fact in the biography of this remarkable person.
Ivan Dibich is a full holder of the Order of St. George, and there are only four of them in Russian history - Paskevich and Dibich.
Ivan Ivanovich Dibich was the son of a Prussian army officer who entered the Russian service. Dibich was born in the spring of 1785 in Silesia, where he grew up.
Ivan Ivanovich received his education in the Berlin Cadet Corps. During his studies, Dibich proved himself to be an outstanding personality.
In 1801, Dibich's father achieved serious success in the service in the Russian army, becoming a lieutenant general. At the same time, the father attaches his son to the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment, in the rank of ensign.
Soon a series of wars broke out with Napoleonic France. Ivan Dibich received his first combat experience on the battlefields near Austerlitz.
It was lost, but the courage and stamina of the Russian soldiers and officers in this battle could only be envied.
There are many examples in Russian history when women, on an equal footing with men, defended Russia from the hordes of the enemy with weapons in their hands.
It will be about a simple Russian woman - Nadezhda Andreevna Durova, who devoted her life to serving the Motherland.
The name of Nadezhda Durova is also reflected in art. In the film "Hussar Ballad" there is a heroine Shura Azarova, who at the beginning went to fight the French. The image of Shura was written off from Durova.
Nadezhda Andreevna was born in 1783 in Kyiv. Her father, Andrei Durov, was an officer in the Russian army.
Mother Anastasia Alexandrovna was the daughter of a Ukrainian landowner. When she was 16, she unconsciously fell in love with Andrei and, without the permission of her parents, married an officer. Ivan Paskevich is a significant figure in Russian history. He was able, with his sweat and blood, to make a glorious path from an unknown warrior to one of the most authoritative and significant people in the Russian Empire.
Ivan Fedorovich was born in 1782, in a family of noble Belarusian and Ukrainian nobles who lived in Poltava. Ivan had four younger brothers, who, like him, later became famous and respected people.
The brothers should be grateful to their grandfather, who in 1793 took his grandchildren to the capital of the Russian Empire. Two brothers Stepan and Ivan were enrolled in the Corps of Pages.
Ivan Fedorovich becomes the emperor's personal page. Soon, having the rank of lieutenant of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, he was promoted to the adjutant wing.
The first military campaign in which Paskevich participated was the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812. He was an adjutant to the commanders-in-chief of the Russian army, changing like gloves.
He was the son of a court councilor who lived in the Tver Governorate. Born in 1780. And he always had an example to follow.
The future hero received military skills in the Artillery and Engineering Gentry Cadet Corps, and four of his brothers were trained there.
After graduation, Alexander Nikitich served in horse artillery, and participated in the wars with France and Turkey. In them, he showed himself as a brave warrior of the Russian Land.
He received his first baptism of fire in 1807 in battles with the armies of Napoleon. For the courage shown in the battle of Heilsberg, he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir. In the same battle, he receives a bullet wound.
Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich (Golenishchev-Kutuzov) Kutuzov (Golenishchev-Kutuzov, His Serene Highness Prince Smolensky), Mikhail Illarionovich - the famous commander (1745 - 1813). He was brought up in the artillery and engineering corps (now the 2nd Cadet). He distinguished himself during the 1st Turkish War in the battles of Ryaba Mogila, Larga and Cahul. In 1774, during an attack on the village of Shumy (near Alushta), he was seriously wounded (a bullet hit the left temple and exited near the right eye). During the 2nd Turkish war, during the siege of Ochakov, Kutuzov was seriously wounded again (1788). In 1790, participating, under the command of Suvorov, in the assault on Izmail, Kutuzov, at the head of the column, captured the bastion and was the first to break into the city. He also distinguished himself in the battles near Babadag and Machny. In 1792, Kutuzov, commanding the left-flank column in the army of General Kakhovsky, contributed to the victory over the Poles at Dubenka. In 1793 he successfully completed the diplomatic mission of Catherine II in Constantinople. In 1795 he was appointed general director of the land gentry corps. Upon the accession to the throne of Alexander I, Kutuzov received the post of St. Petersburg military governor, but in 1802 he displeased the sovereign with the unsatisfactory state of the St. Petersburg police and was dismissed to his estates. In 1805 he was placed at the head of the Russian army sent to help Austria. Hindered by the orders of the Austrian military council, he could not come to the rescue of Mack, but successfully led his army to Bohemia, where he joined up with Buxhowden. Responsibility for the Austerlitz defeat cannot be placed on Kutuzov: in fact, he did not have the power of commander in chief, and the battle was not fought according to his plan. Nevertheless, Emperor Alexander I after Austerlitz forever retained a dislike for Kutuzov. In 1808, Kutuzov was sent to Wallachia to help the elderly Prince Prozorovsky, but due to disagreements with the commander-in-chief, he was recalled and appointed Vilna military governor. In 1811, Kutuzov took command of the army operating on the Danube. A number of his successful operations led to the conclusion of peace with the Turks, which is necessary for Russia in view of the upcoming French invasion. Kutuzov, however, continued to be out of favor and at the beginning of World War II remained out of work. Public opinion treated him differently: they looked at him as the only leader who could be entrusted with the leadership of the Russian armies in a decisive struggle against Napoleon. A sign of public respect for Kutuzov was the unanimous election of him by the St. Petersburg nobility as the chief of the zemstvo militia of the province. As the French succeeded, dissatisfaction with Barclay grew in society. The decision on the appointment of a new commander-in-chief was entrusted to a special committee, which unanimously pointed out to the sovereign on Kutuzov. The emperor gave in to the general desire. Arriving on August 17 in the army, Kutuzov raised her spirits, but, like Barclay, recognized the need for a retreat into the interior of the country in order to save the army. This was achieved by lengthening the communication line of the enemy, weakening his forces and drawing closer to his own reinforcements and reserves. The battle of Borodino was on the part of Kutuzov a concession to public opinion and the spirit of the army. Kutuzov's further actions reveal his outstanding strategic talents. The transfer of the Russian army from the Ryazan road to the Kaluga road was a deeply thought out and skillfully executed operation. Kutuzov, by this maneuver, put his army in the most advantageous position relative to the enemy, whose messages became open to the blows of our army. The gradual encirclement of the French army was carried out, its pursuit by partisan detachments. Having forced the French to retreat along the Smolensk road devastated by the previous campaign, Kutuzov considered his main task to be the expulsion of the enemy from the borders of Russia and continued to spare his army, leaving the enemy to complete the destruction of the difficult natural conditions of retreat. The plan to capture Napoleon himself and his army does not belong to him; during Napoleon's crossing of the Berezina, he did not act energetically. Awarded with the title of His Serene Highness Prince Smolensky and the rank of Field Marshal, Kutuzov did not sympathize with the transfer of the war outside of Russia; in his opinion, Russian blood should not have been shed for the liberation of Europe. Soon he died in the Silesian city of Bunzlau. His ashes were transported to St. Petersburg and rest in the Kazan Cathedral, on the square of which a monument was erected to him. Kutuzov had a clear and subtle mind, strong will, deep military knowledge and extensive combat experience. As a strategist, he always tried to study his opponent, knew how to take into account all the elements of the situation and steadily strived to achieve the intended goal. The main feature of his military talent is caution. Thinking deeply about his every step, he tried to take by cunning where the use of force was inappropriate. The balance of his clear mind and steady will was never disturbed. He knew how to be charming in address, understood the nature of the Russian soldier, knew how to raise his spirit and enjoyed the boundless trust of his subordinates. For literature, see the article Patriotic War.Barclay de Tolly Mikhail Bogdanovich
Barclay de Tolly, an earl, then a princely family, originating from Scotland, from where he moved to Livonia in the 17th century. On December 29, 1814, General of Infantry, Field Marshal Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly, "in commemoration of the exploits on the battlefield and the special merits rendered by him to the Throne and Fatherland", was elevated to the dignity of a count of the Russian Empire; and by decree - on August 15, 1815, he was also elevated to the princely dignity of the Russian Empire.
Barclay de Tolly, Mikhail Bogdanovich, prince, famous Russian commander, of Scottish origin. During the troubles of the 17th century, one of the members of this family left the fatherland and settled in Riga; his descendant was B. He was born in 1761, as a child he was recorded in the Novotroitsk cuirassier regiment and in 1778 he was promoted to cornet. In 1788, B., being the adjutant of the Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, took part in the assault on Ochakov, and in 1789, in the defeat of the Turks near Kaushany and in the capture of Akkerman and Bendery. In 1790, B., together with the prince, participated in cases against the Swedes, in 1794 - in hostilities against the Poles. In the campaign of 1806, B. especially distinguished himself in the battles near Pultusk, for which he was awarded the Order of St.. George of the 3rd degree, and at Gough, where he withstood the pressure of almost the entire army of Napoleon; near Preisisch-Eylau was wounded in the right arm with a broken bone. In the Swedish War of 1808, B. first commanded a separate detachment, but, on disagreement with General Buxgevden, left Finland; in 1809 he was again sent there, made the famous passage through the Kvarken and took possession of the mountains. Umeå, which resulted in the conclusion of peace with Sweden. Promoted to general of infantry, B. was appointed governor-general of Finland and commander of the Finnish army, and on January 20, 1810, he took the post of minister of war. Under him, an "Institution for the management of a large active army" was drawn up and significant improvements were introduced in various branches of the military administration, which turned out to be especially useful in view of the impending war with Napoleon: the army was almost doubled; brought to a defensive state and armed with new fortresses, food stocks were prepared, arsenals were replenished, parks with shells were established. Before the start of World War II, B. took command of the 1st Western Army. He clearly foresaw that the war would be "terrible in intentions, unique in its kind and most important in consequences," but for the sake of caution did not consider it possible to "anticipate the public about the critical situation of the fatherland" and preferred to endure insults and attacks, "calmly expecting justifications from the very consequences ". Napoleon's forces turned out to be so great that it was impossible to wage, as was supposed before, even a defensive war. B.'s ingenious plan to retreat and "lure the enemy into the bowels of the fatherland itself, force him to acquire at the cost of blood every step, every means of reinforcement and even his livelihood, and, finally, exhausting his strength with as little as possible shedding of his blood, inflict on him decisive blow, "was not understood, and reproaches even of treason were heard against the commander; even those who understood the plan sometimes echoed the public voice. As a result, Kutuzov was appointed commander in chief of the armies, but he was forced to follow the plan of his predecessor and retreat. In the Battle of Borodino, B. commanded the right wing of the army and appeared, as if seeking death, in the most dangerous places; he personally led the regiments into the attack, and they enthusiastically greeted him, as if instinctively realizing their previous wrong. All the insults and disturbances experienced affected B.'s health, and he left the army in the Tarutino camp. He returned to the troops already in 1813, accepting first the 3rd, and then the Russian-Prussian army. May 8 and 9 near Bautzen reflected the main attacks of Napoleon; On August 18 near Kulm he completed the defeat of Vandam (he was awarded the Order of St. George of the 1st degree), and in the "battle of the peoples" near Leipzig he was one of the main culprits of the victory; for this campaign B. was elevated to the dignity of a count. In the campaign of 1814, the battles at Brienne, Arcy-on-Aube, Fer-Champenoise and Paris brought B. a field marshal's baton. In 1815, B., being the commander-in-chief of the 1st Army, again entered France, where, after a review in Vertu, he was elevated to princely dignity. Upon his return to Russia, B. continued to command the 1st Army. Having left abroad due to poor health, he died on the way in the city of Insterburg; his body was brought to Russia and interred on May 14, 1818 in the town of Bekhof, in Livonia. B. erected a monument in St. Petersburg; The 4th Nesvizh Grenadier Regiment is still named after him. - Wed: Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky, "The Military Gallery of the Winter Palace".
Bagrations
Bagrations, princes. The oldest and one of the most famous families of Georgia, which gave many Armenian and Georgian kings. It originates from Athanasius Bagratida, whose son Ashod Kuropalat, who died in 826, was the king of Georgia. From Ashod the line of Georgian kings continued. Queen Tamara (the Great), died in 1211, was in her first marriage to the Russian prince Yuri, nephew of Andrei Bogolyubsky, and in the second to the Ossetian prince Davyd, the son of Prince Janderon from his first marriage. Some Georgian chroniclers consider Janderon the grandson of Prince Davyd, who fled to Ossetia, the grandson of Tsar George I. If these legends are true, then the current princes of B., Georgian and Mukhranian, are descendants in the direct male tribe of the ancient Bagratids; if the testimony of the chroniclers is erroneous, then in this case the Bagratid family ceased in 1184, with the death of Tsar George III, and then the origin of these families should be considered from the Ossetian rulers. Some members of the Bagration clan became kings of Imereti, Kartaly and Kakheti. One of the kings of Imereti (whose descendants reigned in Imeretia before its annexation to Russia in 1810), Mikhail, died in 1329, is considered the ancestor of the kings of Imereti, as well as the princes of Bagration-Imeretinsky and Bagration-Davydov; the latter were recognized in princely dignity on December 6, 1850. From Prince Teimuraz, the ruler (batoni) of Mukhran, descended from the former Georgian royal family of the Bagratids, he traces his lineage and branch of the princes of Bagration-Mukhran. The ancient inheritance of the princes of Mukhransky was in Kartaliniya. The former Georgian royal house is divided into 4 branches: 1) the eldest branch, whose ancestors reigned in Kartalinia until 1724; 2) princes B., the younger branch of the previous branch; 3) Princes B.-Mukhransky - a branch that separated from the common root in the 17th century and until the beginning of the 19th century owned the inheritance of Mukhransky; 4) the younger branch, whose ancestors reigned in Kakhetia and Kartalinia until 1800. The second branch was included in the number of Russian-princely families in 1803. The grandson of Tsar Vakhtang VI, Prince Ivan Vakhushtovich B., served under Catherine II as a lieutenant general and commanded a Siberian division. His nephew, Tsarevich Alexander Iesseevich, the founder of the current princes B., left for Russia in 1757 and served as a lieutenant colonel in the Caucasian division. His son, Prince Kirill, was a senator.
Grandson of Alexander Iesseevich B.,
Prince Peter Ivanovich , born in 1765, in 1782 he entered the service as a sergeant; participated in the cases of 1783-90 against the Chechens and was seriously wounded; in 1788 he was at the capture of Ochakov; in 1794 he took part in almost all cases against the Confederates and attracted the attention of Suvorov. In 1798 he was appointed chief of the 6th Jaeger Regiment, and a year later, with the rank of major general, he went on an Italian campaign. In this campaign, as well as in the famous passage through the Alps, B. took a brilliant part, receiving from Suvorov the most responsible and difficult assignments; affairs at Pozzolo, Bergamo, Lecco, Tidon, Trebia, Nura and Novi are associated with his name. Upon entering Switzerland, B. commanded the vanguard; September 13 attacked and drove back the French, who occupied St. Gotthard; On September 14, he crossed the Devil's Bridge and pursued the enemy to Lake Lucerne; September 16, in the Mutten Valley, he surrounded and captured a strong French detachment; On September 19 and 20, he withstood a successful battle near the village of Kloptal, where he received a severe shell shock, and then commanded the rearguard, covering our retreat from Switzerland. Upon his return from the campaign, B. was appointed chief of the Life Guards of the Jaeger battalion and reorganized it into a regiment. In the campaign of 1805 and in the war of 1806-07, B. participated in almost all battles and, often in a dangerous situation, constantly showed courage and diligence. B. distinguished himself in affairs at Lambach, Enz and Amshteten, at Rausnitz, Wischau and in the battle of Austerlitz, especially at the village of Shengraben, where he, with a detachment of 6,000 people, held the strongest enemy all day, who was going across our path of retreat, for which he received the Order of St. George 2nd degree. During the Swedish war of 1808-09 B. became famous for the occupation of the Åland Islands. In August 1809, B. was appointed commander of the army against the Turks; under him, Machin, Girsov, Brailov, Ishmael were taken and the Turks were defeated at Rassevat, but the siege of Silistria, whose garrison was almost equal to the besieging army, was not successful. In 1810 B. was replaced by Kamensky. During the Patriotic War B. commanded the second Western army. During the initial retreat of our armies, B. had to make a difficult detour march, under pressure from an excellent enemy, to join the army of Barclay de Tolly; having united near Smolensk, B., being older than Barclay de Tolly, who had previously been under his command several times, nevertheless submitted to him for the sake of unity of command, bearing in mind that Barclay, as Minister of War, knew better the desires of the sovereign and the general plan actions. With further retreat, when public opinion rebelled against Barclay, B., although he understood the full benefits of such a course of action, also condemned him. During the Battle of Borodino, B. was wounded by a grenade fragment in the leg with crushing of the bone; from the dressing station, realizing his wrong before Barclay, he sent an adjutant to tell him that "the salvation of the army depends on him." The wound, which at first seemed harmless, brought him to the grave on September 12, in the village of Simakh, Vladimir province; now his ashes rest on the Borodino field. In memory of B., the 104th Ustyug Infantry Regiment bears his name.Davydov Denis Vasilievich
